Chapter 11 – Development of in endocrine system 

Adolescence and Adulthood gonads and adrenal

gland
The Transition of Adolescence - puberty: the stage
that marks the
- adolescences begins beginning of
around 13 and end at adolescences and ruing
22 which sexual functions
- not universal, varies reach maturity
amongst cultures - primary sex
- usually seen in characteristics:
industrial societies structures needed for
- our society, college reproduction, develop
students have during puberty
“marginal status” – - onset of puberty for
capable of reproduction females based on
and physically mature, menarche: first
but have not achieved occurrence of
emotional and menstruation (around
economic 12-13) – mostly sterile,
independence but can get pregnant
- onset of puberty for
Physical Changes males based on
spermache: first
- adolescent growth ejaculation; not valid,
spurt – rapid growth in may not have seminal
height and weight (11 fluid but no active
for girls and 2 years sperm
later in boys) - girl’s begin and end
- pubescence: the two-year span puberty earlier than
preceding puberty during which males
the changes leading to physical - heart and lungs
and sexual maturity takes place grow, muscle content
- secondary sex increase  more
characteristics: obvious in boys; both
physical features that boy and girl the same
distinguish one gender in strength, speed
from the other but that and endurance before
are not essential for 12, but boys are
reproduction (eg. facial advantages after
hair, deeper voice in puberty in all 3 areas
men; breast - secondary sex
development in characteristics
women) continue to develop up
- pituitary gland  until 17 in girls and 20
 in boys identity moratorium
- Crisis absent, commitment present =
identity foreclosure
- girls who mature early and boys who- Crisis absent, commitment absent =
mature late  more self-aware of body, lessidentity diffusion
- Identity achievement: successful achievement of
popular, more prone psychological disorders,
isolations, more likely to perform deviantsense of identity; flexible, successful
behavior relationships, etc.
- optimal adjustment: girls is “on time”
- Identity moratorium: active struggling for a
maturation and boys is “early maturation”
sense of identity; conflicted between
conforming/rebelling, ambivalent feelings
Cognitive Changes towards parents, intense
Identity foreclosure: premature commitment
- adolescence: to visions, values, roles prescribed by parents;
1. think abstractly and efficiently
connected to family, cognitively rigid, etc..
2. self-aware and self-reflective
Identity diffusion: inability to make identity
3. can view points in several
commitment,
perceptions
given up in finding identity;
4. solve problems by generating
alienatedhypothesis
from parents, low levels of moral
and testing them reasoning, less emotional intimacy
5. overanalyze – pseudostupidity: “Why didn’t I
think of that” Time of Turmoil?
6. acquire more knowledge - Edward T. Hall – adolescence
7. skilled at deductive reasoning is a period of “Storm and Stress”
8. better at math, science, spatial - Adolescence tend to: increase
9. more likely to engage in “risky” behavior
parent-adolescent conflicts;
experience more volatile emotions
Personality Changes and extremes of mood; engage in
more risky behavior
- challenges for adolescence – greater- autonomy
Not consistent in other
and “individuation” cultures
- Even with conflicts, most
The Search for Identity teens close to parents
- each stage has a psychosocial crisis-thatMinority
one cannot cope with
has to overcome transition to adulthood (6-18)
- identity: having a relatively clear and
- stable
More likely to: fell less
sense of who one is in the larger society
competent, depression, suicidal,
- gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation
drugplay
alcohol abuse, chronic
big role delinquency
- identity emerges from “identity crisis” – gradual;
end with commitment to
Adolescent
certain career
Suicide
and
personal values
- Marcia’s Four Identity statuses: - Increasing number of suicides (15-24)
- - identity
Crisis and commitment present = Parasuicides: self-destructive
achievement behavior that is not fatal nor
- Crisis present, commitment absent
entirely
= intentional; eg. attempted
 suicides (can range from small to
deadly acts)
- Ratio of attempted to
completed in adolescence = 100:1
- Boys complete suicides more,
girls attempted suicide more
- Homosexuals more like for
suicides (stress, lack social help)
- Girls use less lethal methods
while boy uses deadly methods
- Lower tolerance for perceived
weakness implied in attempt
suicides
- Suicides is a mean of
escaping averse self=awareness
- Suicidal ideation: thinking
about committing suicides
(common in high school)
- History of stress since
childhood, may be rooted in family
and friends, etc…, engage in more
risky acts
family and career are concerned
Erikson’s Theory: Intimacy vs. Isolation
- the more you can share, the longer the
relationship
- 5 statuses: (Orlofsky)
1. intimate – can form open and close
relationships and are involved in committed
relationships
2. preintimate – haven’t experienced
committed relationship because they are
ambivalent about making commitments
3. stereotyped – superficial relationships, not
close, see each other as objects to manipulate
4. pseudointimate – involved in permanent
relationships, but resembles stereotyped qualities
5. isolate – avoid social situation, loners whose
social interaction only involve a few acquaintances
- successful relationship depend on identity
status, Identity of self must be clear before
relationships or individual may rely too much on
the other as their identity  short relationships

The Expanse of Adulthood Adjusting to the World of Work

- men changes jobs every 2 years during 20s
- Social clock: person’s notion - men in full-time stay till retire
of a developmental schedule that - women have many disruptions, eg child care,
specifies what he or she should etc….
have accomplished by certain - women usually take part-time, household
points in life chores fall upon women mostly
- if events come too early or too late, it causes
stress, psychological distress Adjusting to Marriage and Family Life
- Later marriages (women: 25, male: 27), having
Early Adulthood (From Age 20 to 40) children later
- First few years very happy
- “demographically dense” – most role changes
First child  discrepancies
occur during this period between the responsibilities of parent after
- Time to sort sexual orientation,
childbirth
homosexuals
 conflicts, martial dissatisfaction
take longer,  stressful and mental health (esp. women)
- “emerging adulthood” (late teen throughDual-earner
20s) family – women
- Not marrying or having
havechildren
greateras
responsibility
early at home  more
- Dependence on parents
work-family
for emotional
conflict
and
financial support longer than previously
Homosexuals – more flexible
- Arnett suggests, young
division
people
of labor,
use this
workload is shared and
time to discover identity
completed
more fully
based
where
on personal preference

Middle Adulthood (From Age 40-65)
Erikson’s Theory: Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Generativity: concern for
welfare of future generation, give
back and pass on knowledge to
the next generation
- Demonstrate generativity
when providing unselfish guidance
to younger people (not necessarily
their children)
- Stagnation: self-absorbed and
self-indulgent preoccupation with
one’s own needs
- High generative individuals
are: well adjusted and high in life
satisfaction
Confronting the Aging Process
- No middle age in the past due
to low life expectancy
- New concept today due to
increase life expectancy
- Challenges: coming to terms
with aging process
- Many physical changes such
as weight gain, bad eye sight,
saggy skin, wrinkles, body aches,
decrease height, etc….
- After early adulthood, people
perceive themselves as younger
than they are
- Women find hard to accept
growing old  support “double
standard of aging”: perception
that women’s attractiveness
declines more with age than men
- Feeling younger  greater
psychological adjustment and
health
Transitions in the Parenting Role
- during adolescence of child 
conflicts and power struggles
- “emptying of the nest” – only
25% of parents report sadness
(not a lot), younger siblings report
sadness
- “empty nest”  (mothers)
improved mood and well being
- When child returns  moods
and sexual relationships can suffer
- Today, increase young adults
coming home
- Reasons: find job, marital separation, divorce,
job loss
- Postparental period gives parents more time to
devote to each other, more travel and leisure
time, can pursue new interests
- Marital satisfaction goes up
Transitions in the Work Role
- Stable career pattern: peak if their careers, more
responsibility, more money, etc…
- use this opportunity to mentor younger workers
(generativity)
- changing careers pattern: seek to begin different
kinds of work due to being laid of or simply just
wanting to change fields
- third group are women coming back into
workforce after family concerns
Is there a Midlife Crisis?
- when individuals feel they are out of control of
their own life (psychology, social wellbeing,
physical health, relationships)
- midlife crisis: turbulent period of doubts and
reappraisals of one’s life (around 35-45)
- many people go through this stage
- other research suggest, midlife bring a period of
reflection but midlife crisis is not typical
- mostly men that go through “midlife crisis”
- women go through “midcourse corrections” –
new adventures, new relationship, new purpose
(constructive)
Late Adulthood (after 65)
Erikson’s Theory: Integrity vs Despair
 - ego integrity: able to look back in life
for
and
support
have a
sense of satisfaction and find meaning
- andAfrican American elders: ritual
purpose there kin: neighbors or peers acquire
- despair: tend to dwell on past mistakes,
status as close family and render
contemplate the approach of death mutual aid
bitterness - Church play central role in
- resolutions earlier in life  better resolutions
psychological
in adjustment
the future
- well-being correlated Aging: a Gradual
to increasing age and Process
psychological maturity and the factors of
generativity and integrity
Physical
account
Changes
for most of
relation
Changes in Appearance
Retirement - Height decreases, weight increase (more fat
- declining retirement age (to 62) content), Skin wrinkles, saggy, face changes as
- most people welcome retirement, show
features
no stretch and jaw gets smaller, Grey hair
adverse impact on health or life satisfaction
- Declining attractiveness –
- maybe problem for people who wereaffect
forcedwomen
to due to “double
retire (eg. illness, retirement policy, job
standard of aging”
elimination, etc) - Women worth decreases
- stressful if it occurs at the same time
along
as other
with physical attractiveness
life changes
Changes in support Networks Sensory Changes
- older people still maintain - Deterioration in hearing and vision (more
close relationship with children frequent in men)
- however, being close with fam - Vision between 30-mid 60  far sighted
doesn’t mean they are happier - 60+  near sighted
- friends are more important - Poor depth perception, do not
- friendship provide recover as fast from glare, poor
companionship, as well as darkness adaptability, etc.
opportunities for leisure activities - Poor eyesight  more traffic
and sharing thoughts and accidents
emotions
- older people have less friends
since they are more selective
- have friends that make them
happy, not give them stress Neurological Changes
- can serve as buffer for - neurons: individuals cells that receive, integrate
changing social roles, loss of and transmit info
status - neurons declines in brain
- Men have larger networks, - dementia: abnormal condition marked by
women have smaller but more multiple cognitive deficits that include memory
intimate impairment
- Men rely heavily on wife for - Dementia caused by disease such as AIDS,
support, while wife rely on children Parkinson’s Alzheimer’s, etc..
 - Dementia and senility are not normal aging
process Intelligence
- Alzheimer’s disease account for 50-60%
- stable
of intelligence even after 60
dementia - intelligence varies
-
- It is progressive and takes 8-10 years high cognitive functioning 
- Aging, Gender and ethnicity can be used
bettertohealth and life satisfaction,
predict alzheimers (women, americans
etc.
and
Europeans more vulnerable)
- Engaging in cognitiveInformation
stimulating Processing
activities and Problem Solving
reduces chance of alzheimers - ability to handle simultaneous
- Symptoms: memory loss, reduced energy,
inputs decreases
loss
temper, depression - ability to narrow one’s focus
- As it gets worse: difficulty speaking,decreases
comprehending, performing complicated
- tasks,
decrease efficiency in filtering
memory loss (recent events), lose bladder
out info
control,
etc  death - info processing is much
slower
Hormonal Changes - problem solving skills
- reduction of sexual activity in older age
decrease
is not
because of hormonal changes but conforming to
societal views
- menopause: time when menstruation
- ceases
working memory decreases
- decrease estrogen with age
- loss bone density  prone to bone
- fractures
working memory: short-term,
- women suffer little psychological
limited
distress
capacity memory store
- reactions vary that people use to juggle info they
- idea of “male menopause” – sperm decreases
are currently focusing on
but still ale to bare child - decline in episodic memory –
where the keys are, where the car
Changes in Health Status is parked
- health diminishes with age - people beliefs trigger of
- vital organs lose some functional
memory
capacity
loss trigger self-fulfilling
- more vulnerable to diseases prophecies  memory loss
- diseases have greater seriousness
- older people do not have vivid
- lifestyle affect health early memories of the past
- affluent individuals are healthier
- varies amongst ethnicPersonalities
groups, based on social
status - contradictory conclusions
- home health care and assisted living- facilities
can be both stable or can be
alterative to nursing homes – allow elderly
changed
to be
(I assume it varies)
more independent
- use of nursing homes Death and Dying
varies ethnically based on
family member available to take care of elderly
Attitudes About Death
Cognitive Changes
- western societies AVOID the topic of death
ties with deceased loved ones
- death system: collection of - however, people still report that they talk, or feel
rituals and procedures used by a their presence
culture to handle death (varies in - Asian, African Hispanic cultures, maintain
different cultures) emotional ties
- negativism and avoidance are
not universal death systems The Grieving Process
- death anxiety: fear and - distress is inevitable response to loss, failed to
apprehension about one’s own feel distress mean improper grieving
death - Stages:
- terror management suggests 1. Numbness – survivors dazed and confused,
cultures have traditions and neasea or tightness in through, occurs when death is
institution that deal with death unexpected
anxiety  eg. churches 2. yearning – survivors try to recover the lost
- person, have illusions, frustration and angry, sadness
- well-formulated personal-philosophyand
andsob
life uncontrollably
satisfaction reduced death anxiety 3. disorganization and despair – acceptance of
- death anxiety declines with age, oldloss
people
 helplessness, despair and depression,
scared of the uncertainty before death
extreme fatigue
4. reorganization – resume normal routine
The Process of Dying
- varies amongst individuals
Stage 1: denial - researchers can separate
Stage 2: Anger preloss depression from loss-
Stage 3: Bargaining – wants more time, postpone
induced depression
death - participants’ grief patterns:
Stage 4: depression – “preparatory grief: sadness
absent
of grief/resilient pattern –
anticipating an impending loss low levels of depression before and after
Stage 5: acceptance – taken care of
death
unfinished
business, ready to die, desire of having someone
chronic grief – depression
warm close exist before and after
- however, do not necessary follow stages,common
usually grief – increase in
jumble of emotions depression after death and decrease
- these are all affected by age, depression
ethnicity, social
over time
setting, personality, etc… depressed-improved –
decrease in depression after death
Bereavement and Grieving chronic depression -
depressed both before and after
- bereavement: painful loss of a loved- oneabsent grief more common –
through death early acceptance
- mourning: formal practices of an individual
- chronic
and grief – preloss
a community in response to a death dependency on spouse
- positive emotions and
Cultural Variations laughing can alleviate stress from
- western culture, motivated to break grief
emotional
Coping with various types of loss
- Coping with miscarriage and
still birth is painful  highest level
of depression
- Loss husband more depressed
than loss parent
- Death of intimate is an
adjustment challenge – experience
may vary (bereavement)
- When child loses a parent 
frequent crying, angry outbursts,
trouble concentrating, etc…
- Symptoms can last for months
to years
- Bereavement overload:
individuals experience several
deaths at the sametime or in a
close succession (eg. natural
disasters)
- Elderly and gay’s suffer from
bereavement overload
- Sympathy and support and
time  coping with loss
Application
Dimensions of Childrearing
- 2 dimensions of parental
behavior
1. parental acceptance – high
acceptance, higher self-esteem in
children
2. parental control - strictness
- Authoritative parents: high
acceptance, high control, best
parenting style
- Authoritarian parents: low
acceptance, high control
- Permissive parents: high
acceptance, low control
- Neglectful parents: low acceptance, 4.
Correlates of Parenting Styles
- authoritative  positive outcomes, do well in
school, self-reliant, friendly, cooperative
- authoritarian  less well in school, low self-
esteem, poor social skills
- permissive  undisciplined, impulsive, and
easily frustrated
- neglectful  maladaptive behavior, low
academics and social competence, delinquency,
alcohol and substance abuse
- ALL correlational
Rearing Adolescents
- during adolescences, there is an increase power
struggle between child and parent
- authoratiative – highest competence and
adjustment
- neglectful – lowest
toward effective parenting
1. set high, but reasonable standards
2. stay alert for goo behavior and reward it
3. explain your reasons when you ask a child to do
something
4. encourage children to take the perspective of
others
5. enforce rules consistently
using punishment effectively
- often has unintended negative side effects
- can lead to, reduced quality of parent-child
relationship, poorer mental health, increased
delinquency and aggression in both child and
adulthood
- guidelines for effective punishments
1. punishment should not damage the child’s
self-esteem
2. punishment should be swift
3. punishment should be consistent
low control
punishment should be explained
5. point out alternatives, positives ways for you
child to behave and reinforce these actions
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