MCS 351 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

SOLUTION OF CHAPTER 13-14-15

Prof. Dr.

Ismet KARACA
ERWIN KREYSZIG, 9TH EDITION
NOVEMBER 2012
CHAPTER 13 - COMPLEX NUMBERS AND FUNCTIONS
13.1
1. We can write i as 0 + i(1). Then,
i
2
= [0 + i(1)][0 + i(1)] = 0 1 + i.(0 + 0) = 1,
i
3
= i
2
.i = (1).i = i,
i
4
= i
3
.i = (i).i = i
2
= (1) = 1,
i
5
= i
4
.i = 1.i = i
We know that i = i.

1
i
=
i
i
2
=
i
1
= i,

1
i
2
=
1
1
= 1,

1
i
3
=
1
i
=
i
i
2
=
i
1
= i.
2. Let z = 2 + 2i. Then we obtain iz = i(2 + 2i) = 2 + 2i.
Let z = 1 5i. Then iz = i(1 5i) = 5 i.
a + b = 90

Let z = 4 3i. Then iz = i(4 3i) = 3 + 4i.

1
a + b = 90

3.
z
1
z
2
=
x
1
+ iy
1
x
2
+ iy
2
=
(x
1
+ iy
1
)(x
2
iy
2
)
(x
2
+ iy
2
)(x
2
iy
2
)
=
x
1
x
2
x
1
iy
2
+ iy
1
x
2
iy
1
iy
2
x
2
2
ix
2
y
2
+ ix
2
y
2
i
2
y
2
2
=
x
1
x
2
+ y
1
y
2
+ i(x
1
y
2
+ x
2
y
1
)
x
2
2
+ y
2
2
=
x
1
x
2
+ y
1
y
2
x
2
2
+ y
2
2
+ i.
x
2
y
1
+ x
1
y
2
x
2
2
+ y
2
2
4. We assume that z
1
= 0.
0 =
0
z
1
=
z
1
z
2
z
1
= z
2
That is, if z
1
= 0 then z
2
= 0.
Similarly you can show that if z
2
= 0 then z
1
must be zero. So, at least one factor must be zero.
5. () If z = x + iy is pure imaginary then x = 0. So z = iy and z = iy. That is z = z.
() Let z = z.
z = x iy = (x + iy) = x iy
x must be zero because x R and x = x. So z is pure imaginary.
6. z
1
= 24 + 10i, z
2
= 4 + 6i
z
1
+z
2
= (24 + 10i)+(4 + 6i) = (2410i)+(46i) = 2816i = (28 + 16i) = [(24 + 10i) + (4 + 6i)]
= (z
1
+ z
2
)
z
1
z
2
= (24 + 10i)(4 + 6i) = (2410i)(46i) = 204i = (20 + 4i) = [(24 + 10i) (4 + 6i)]
= (z
1
z
2
)
z
1
.z
2
= (24 + 10i).(4 + 6i) = (2410i).(46i) = 36184i = (36 + 184i) = [(24 + 10i).(4 + 6i)]
= (z
1
.z
2
)

z
1
z
2
= (
24+10i
4+6i
) = (
(24+10i)(46i)
16+36
) = (
156
52

104
52
i) =
156
52
+
104
52
i =
(24+10i)
(4+6i)
=
z
1
z
2
2
7-15: Complex Aritmetic Let z
1
= 2 + 3i and z
2
= 4 5i.
7. (5z
1
+ 3z
2
)
2
= [5.(2 + 3i) + 3.(4 5i)]
2
= [(10 + 15i) + (12 15i)]
2
= (22)
2
= 484
8. z
1
.z
2
= (2 3i).(4 + 5i) = 23 2i
9. Re(
1
z
2
1
) = Re(
1
5+12i
) = Re(
512i
169
) = Re(
5
169

12
169
i) =
5
169
10. z
2
2
= (4 5i)
2
= 9 40i Re(z
2
2
) = 9
(Rez
2
)
2
= 4
2
= 16
11.
z
2
z
1
=
45i
2+3i
=
(45i)(23i)
4+9
=
722i
13
=
7
13

22
13
i
12.
z
1
z
2
=
(2+3i)
(45i)
=
23i
4+5i
=
722i
41
=
7
41

22
41
i
(
z
1
z
2
) = (
2+3i
45i
) = (
7+22i
41
) = (
7
41
+
22
41
i) =
7
41

22
41
i
13. (4z
1
z
2
)
2
= [4.(2 + 3i) (4 5i)]
2
= (8 + 12i 4 + 5i)
2
= (4 + 17i)
2
= 273 + 136i
14.
z
1
z
1
=
23i
2+3i
=
512i
4+9
=
5
13

12
13
i

z
1
z
1
=
2+3i
23i
=
5+12i
4+9
=
5
13
+
12
13
i
15.
z
1
+z
2
z
1
z
2
=
(2+3i)+(45i)
(2+3i)(45i)
=
62i
2+8i
=
2844i
68
=
7
17

11
17
i
16-19: Let z = x + iy.
16. Im(z
3
) = Im((x + iy)
3
) = Im((x
3
3xy
2
) + i.(3x
2
y y
3
)) = 3x
2
y y
3
(Imz)
3
= (Im(x + iy))
3
= y
3
17.
1
z
=
1
xiy
=
x+iy
x
2
+y
2
=
x
x
2
+y
2
+ i
y
x
2
+y
2
Re(
1
z
) =
x
x
2
+y
2
18. At rst we will nd (1 + i)
8
:
(1 + i)
2
= 2i,
(1 + i)
3
= (1 + i)
2
.(1 + i) = 2i.(1 + i) = 2 + 2i,
(1 + i)
4
= (1 + i)
3
.(1 + i) = (2 + 2i).(1 + i) = 4,
(1 + i)
5
= (1 + i)
4
.(1 + i) = (4).(1 + i) = 4 4i,
(1 + i)
6
= (1 + i)
5
.(1 + i) = (4 4i).(1 + i) = 8i,
(1 + i)
7
= (1 + i)
6
.(1 + i) = (8i).(1 + i) = 8 8i,
(1 + i)
8
= (1 + i)
7
.(1 + i) = (8 8i).(1 + i) = 16.
Then, Im((1+i)
8
.z
2
) = Im(16.z
2
) = Im(16.(x
2
y
2
+i2xy)) = Im(16(x
2
y
2
) +i32xy) = 32xy
19. Re(
1
z
2
) = Re(
1
(xiy)
2
) = Re(
1
x
2
y
2
i2xy
) = Re(
x
2
y
2
+i2xy
x
4
+2x
2
y
2
+y
4
) =
x
2
y
2
x
4
+2x
2
y
2
+y
4
.
13.2
1-8 Represent the followings in the polar form:
1. Let z = 3 3i. Then |z| =
_
3
2
+ (3)
2
=

9 + 9 =

18 = 3

2 and since tan =

3
3
= 1,
we get
=
7
4
z = 3

2(cos(
7
4
) + i. sin(
7
4
)).
3
2. Let z = 2i. We can say that |z| =

2
2
=

4 = 2. Because of =

2
, the result is
z = 2(cos(

2
) + i. sin(

2
)).
On the other hand, for z = 2i, |z| =
_
(2)
2
=

4 = 2 and also by =

2
z = 2(cos(

2
) + i. sin(

2
))
is found.
3. If z = 5 |z| =
_
(5)
2
=

25 = 5. As = , we have
z = 5(cos + i. sin ).
4. For z =
1
2
+
1
4
i, we calculate desired result which |z| =
_
(
1
2
)
2
+ (
1
4
)
2
=
_

2
+4
16
. Besides due to
the fact that tan =

2
,
= arctan(

2
)
and
z =
_

2
+ 4
16
(cos(arctan(

2
)) + i. sin(arctan(

2
))).
5. Let z =
1+i
1i
. Firstly, we have to say that
z =
1 + i
1 i
=
(1 + i)(1 i)
(1 i)
2
=
1 i + i i
2
1 2i + i
2
=
1 (1)
1 2i 1
=
2
2i
=
2i
(2i.i)
=
2i
2
= i.
After that, now we could calculate |z| =

1
2
=

1 = 1. Moreover, =

2
, we conclude that
z = cos(

2
) + i. sin(

2
).
6. Let z =
3

2+2i

22

3i
. Then
z =
3

2 + 2i

2 2

3i
=
(3

2 + 2i)(

2 + 2

3i)
(

2 2

3i)(

2 + 2

3i)
=
(6 + 6

6i 2

2i 4

3)
10
=
11
5
.
Finally, we have |z| =
_
(
11
5
)
2
=
_
121
25
=
11
5
. From = ,
z =
11
5
(cos + i. sin ).
7. If z =
6+5i
3i
, we can alternatively interpret it:
z =
6 + 5i
3i
=
(6 + 5i)(3i)
(3i)(3i)
=
18i + 15
9
=
5
3
+ 2i.
By this reason, we get
|z| =
_
(
5
3
)
2
+ 2
2
=
_
25
9
+ 4 =

61
3
.
4
As we know that tan =
6
5
, we immediately conclude that = arctan
6
5
and
z =

61
3
(cos(arctan(
6
5
)) + i. sin(arctan(
6
5
))).
8. Let z =
2+3i
5+4i
. This can be simple form as following :
z =
2 + 3i
5 + 4i
=
(2 + 3i)(5 4i)
(5 + 4i)(5 4i
=
22 + 7i
41
==
22
41
+
7
41
i.
From this equality,
|z| =
_
(
22
41
)
2
+ (
7
41
)
2
=
_
444
1681
+
49
1681
=

533
41
.
From above, we can say that
tan =
7
22
= arctan
7
22
,
consequently
z =

533
41
(cos(arctan(
7
2
)) + i. sin(arctan(
7
2
))).
9-15 Determine the principle value of the argument:
9. Let z = 1 i. Then tan = 1 and since z is in 3. region, we get =
5
4
.
10. Let z = 20 + i. For z,
tan =
1
20
= arctan(
1
20
) = 3, 09163
On the other hand, for z = 20 i, tan =
1
20
and so
= arctan(
1
20
) = 3, 09163.
11. We take z = 4 3i. As a result,
tan =
3
4
= arctan(
3
4
) = 0, 6435.
12. If z =
2
, then tan = 0 and due to this we get = .
13. Let z = 7 + 7i. In conclusion
tan = 1 = arctan(

4
) = 1, 5485.
On the other hand, for z = 7 7i
tan = 1 = arctan(

4
) = 1, 5485.
14. Take z = (1 + i)
12
. We can this clearly as following :
z = (1 + i)
12
= ((1 + i)
2
)
6
= (1 + 2i 1)
6
= 64(i
2
)
3
= 64(1)
3
= 64.
5
For this reason, tan = 0 and so = .
15. Let z = (9 + 9i)
3
. This could be interpret more simple:
z = (9 + 9i)
3
= 9
3
+ 3.9
2
.9i + 3.9.9
2
.i
2
+ 9
3
.i
3
= 729 + 2187i 2187 729i = 1458(1 + i).
By this reality, tan = 1 and since z is in 3. region, we conclude that =
5
4
.
16-20 Represent in the form x + iy:
16. We take z = cos
1
2
+ i. sin
1
2
. Moreover, we know cos
1
2
= 0 and sin
1
2
= 1. Then we get that
z = cos
1
2
+ i. sin
1
2
= i.
17. If z = 3(cos 0.2 + i. sin 0.2), then from cos 0.2 = 2, 99 and sin 0.2 = 0, 01,
z = 3(cos 0.2 + i. sin 0.2) = 3. cos 0.2 + 3. sin 0.2 = 2, 99 + 0, 01i
is found.
18. Let z = 4(cos

3
i sin

3
). Because
cos

3
=
1
2
and sin

3
=

3
2
,
the result is
4(cos

3
i sin

3
) = 4.(
1
2
i.

3
2
) = 2 2

3i.
19. For z = cos(1) + i. sin(1), since cos(1) = 0, 99 and sin(1) = 0, 01, we have
cos(1) + i. sin(1) = 0, 99 0, 01i.
20. Let z = 12(cos
3
2
+ i sin
3
2
). Because of the fact that
cos
3
2
= 0 and sin
3
2
= 1,
we conclude that
12(cos
3
2
+ i sin
3
2
) = 12.(0 + i.(1)) = 12i.
21-25 Find all roots in the complex plane:
21. Let z = x + iy. Then
z =

i z
2
= i x
2
y
2
+ 2xyi = i x
2
y
2
= 0, 2xy = 1.
As a consequence,
y
4
=
1
4
x = y =
1

2
z =
1

2
i.
6
22. Let z =
8

1. Since
1 = cos(2k) + i sin(2k), k = 0, 1, 2, ...,
Above equation can be rewrite in the following form:
z =
8

1 = cos(
2k
8
) + i sin(
2k
8
)
There are 8 roots as following:
k = 0 =z
0
= 1,
k = 1 =z
1
=
1

2
+ i
1

2
,
k = 2 =z
2
= i,
k = 3 =z
3
=
1

2
+ i
1

2
,
k = 4 =z
4
= 1,
k = 5 =z
5
=
1

2
i
1

2
,
k = 6 =z
6
= i,
k = 7 =z
7
=
1

2
i
1

2
,
23. Let z = x + iy. If z =
4

1, then z
4
= 1.
(x+iy)
4
= (x
4
6x
2
y
2
+y
4
)+(4x
3
y4xy
3
)i = 1 x
4
6x
2
y
2
+y
4
= 1 and 4x
3
y4xy
3
= 0.
Solving latter equation, we have x = y. After, solving rst equation with x = y, we have x = y =
1

2
.
Therefore, z =
1

2

1

2
i.
24. Let w = 3 + 4i and z =
3

w. From this, we get

arg(w) = =tan =
4
3
=arctan(
4
3
) = .
For = arg(z), we can say that
= =

3
=
1
3
arctan(
4
3
).
There are 3 roots:
=z
k
=
3

5(cos( +
2k
3
) + i sin( +
2k
3
))
k = 0 =z
0
=
3

5(cos + i sin )
k = 1 =z
1
=
3

5(cos( +
2
3
) + i sin( +
2
3
))
7
k = 2 =z
2
=
3

5(cos( +
4
3
) + i sin( +
4
3
)).
25. Taking z =
5

1, z
5
= 1 = cos + i sin can be written. So
z
k
= cos(
+ 2k
5
) + i sin(
+ 2k
5
)
For k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, respectively there are 6 roots. These are as following :
z
0
= cos

5
+ i sin

5
,
z
1
= cos
3
5
+ i sin
3
5
,
z
2
= 1,
z
3
= cos
7
5
+ i sin
7
5
,
z
4
= cos
9
5
+ i sin
9
5
.
27-30 Solve the following equations:
27. To nd all roots of z
2
(8 5i)z + 40 20i, we should calculate
= (8 5i)
2
4.1.(40 20i) = 121.
Consequently,
z
1,2
=
8 5i

121
2
Two roots are z
1
= 4 8i and z
2
= 4 + 3i.
28. Lets determine the all roots of z
4
+(5 14i)z
2
(24 +10i). For this reason, if we take z
2
= u, we
get u
2
+ (5 14i)u (24 + 10i) = 0. So we nd that
= (5 14i)
2
4.1.(24 10i) = 85 100i.
Hence two roots are following:
u
1,2
=
14 i

85 100i
2
.
29. Given 8z
2
(36 6i)z + 42 11i = 0, we now nd all roots. First of all,
= (36 6i)
2
4.8.(42 11i) = 84 + 96i
is calculated. By this knowledge, we say
z
1,2
=
36 6i

84 + 96i
16
.
8
30. For z
4
+ 16 = 0, let z
2
= u. Then
u
2
= 16 u = 4i z
2
= 4i z = 2

i.

i can be determined as following:

i = [
_
1
2
+ 1.i.
_
1
2
] =
1

2
(1 + i).
As a result, all roots are (1 i).

2.
13.3
1-10 Find and graph followings in the complex plane:
1. Let |z 3 2i| =
4
3
and z = a + ib. Since
|z 3 2i| = |(a 3) + (b 2)i| =
_
(a 3)
2
+ (b 2)
2
=
4
3
(a 3)
2
+ (b 2)
2
=
16
9
,
we get a circle with radius r =
4
3
and centered at (3, 2). For graph, look at the following picture.
2. Let 1 |z 1 + 4i| 5 and z = a + bi. Because of
1 |z 1 + 4i| 5 1 |(a 1) + (b + 4)i| 5 1 (a 1)
2
+ (b + 4)
2
25,
we nd that closed annulus bounded by circles of radius 1 and 5 centered at (1, 4).
3. If we take 0 < |z 1| < 1 and z = a + bi, then we get
0 < |z 1| < 1 0 < |(a 1) + bi| < 1 0 < (a 1)
2
+ b
2
< 1,
i.e. a circle with radius 1 and centered at (1, 0).
9
4. Lets now determine the region of < Rez < . For this reason, we take z = x + iy. As
< Rez < < x < ,
we get open vertical strip of width 2. For the region, look at this picture.
5. Let Imz
2
= 2 and z = x + iy. From z
2
= (x + iy)
2
= x
2
y
2
+ 2xyi, we can say that
Im(x
2
y
2
+ 2xyi) = 2 2xy = 2 xy = 1.
Consequently, its region is pictured as following:
6. For Rez > 1, let z = x + iy. Then
Rez = x > 1, y R.
So, open half-plane extending from the vertical line x = 1 to the right is found.
10
7. Let |z + 1| = |z 1| and z = a + bi. If same things occur,
|z + 1| = |z 1| |(a + 1) + bi| = |(a 1) + bi|
_
(a + 1)
2
+ b
2
=
_
(a 1)
2
+ b
2
(a + 1)
2
+ b
2
= (a 1)
2
+ b
2
a = 0 z = bi, b R
is found. Then we could picture it as following:
8. We now determine the region of |Argz|
1
4
. For this reason, z = x + iy is taken.
|Argz|
1
4
| tan(
y
x
)|
1
4


4
tan(
y
x
)

4
arctan(

4
)
y
x
arctan(

4
) 1
y
x
1.
Angular region of angle

2
symmetric to the positive x-axis is found.
9. If Rez Imz and z = x + iy, then x y. So
10. For Re(
1
z
) < 1, we take z = x + iy. Because we know that
1
z
=
1
x + iy
=
x
x
2
+ y
2
,
we conclude that
Re(
1
x + iy
)
x
x
2
+ y
2
< 1
1
4
< (x
1
2
)
2
+ y
2
.
This is the exterior of the circle of radius
1
2
centered at
1
2
.
11
12-15 Function values:
12. For z = 2 + i, since f(z) = 3z
2
6z + 3i,
f(z) = f(2 + i) = 3(2 + i)
2
6(2 + i) + 3i = 3(4 + 4i 1) 12 6i + 3i
= 3(3 + 4i) 12 3i = 9 + 12i 12 3i = 3 + 9i
is found. Let z = x + iy.
f(z) = 3(x + iy)
2
6(x + iy) + 3i = (3x
2
3y
2
6x) + (6xy 6y + 3)i
Ref = 3x
2
3y
2
6x, Imf = 6xy 6y + 3.
13. Let z = 4 5i. Because f(z) =
z
z+1
, we get
f(z) = f(4 5i) =
4 5i
5 5i
=
(4 5i)(5 + 5i)
(5 5i)(5 + 5i)
=
20 + 20i 25i + 25
25 + 25
=
45 5i
50
=
9 i
10
.
Let z = x + iy. Then
f(z) =
x + iy
x + 1 + iy
=
(x + iy)(x + 1 iy)
(x + 1 + iy)(x + 1 iy)
=
x
2
+ x + y
2
+ (xy + y)i
x
2
+ 2x + 1 + y
2
Ref =
x
2
+ x + y
2
x
2
+ 2x + 1 + y
2
, Imf =
xy + y
x
2
+ 2x + 1 + y
2
.
14. Let z =
1
2
+
1
4
i. Since f(z) =
1
1z
, we have
f(z) = f(
1
2
+
1
4
i) =
1
1
1
2

1
4
i
=
1
1
2

1
4
i
=
1
2
+
1
4
i
(
1
2

1
4
i)(
1
2
+
1
4
i)
= 1, 6 + 0, 8i.
Let z = x + iy.
f(z) =
1
1 x iy
=
1 x + iy
(1 x iy)(1 x + iy)
= (
1 x
(1 x)
2
+ y
2
) + (
y
(1 x)
2
+ y
2
)i
As a result, we have
Ref =
1 x
(1 x)
2
+ y
2
, Imf =
y
(1 x)
2
+ y
2
.
12
15. Let z = 1 + i. Since f(z) =
1
z
2
, we have
f(z) = f(1 + i) =
1
(1 + i)
2
=
1
1 + 2i 1
=
1
2i
=
2i
(2i)(2i)
=
2i
4
=
i
2
.
For z = x + iy,
f(z) =
1
(x + iy)
2
=
1
x
2
y
2
+ 2xyi
=
x
2
y
2
2xyi
(x
2
y
2
+ 2xyi)(x
2
y
2
2xyi)
=
x
2
y
2
2xyi
(x
2
y
2
)
2
+ 4x
2
y
2
and so we can say
Ref =
x
2
y
2
(x
2
y
2
)
2
+ 4x
2
y
2
, Imf =
2xyi
(x
2
y
2
)
2
+ 4x
2
y
2
.
16-19 Continuity:
16. Let z = r.(cos + i. sin ). Then z
2
= r
2
.(cos 2 + i. sin 2). Because
[Re(z
2
)]/|z|
2
= r
2
. cos 2/r
2
= cos 2,
this function isnt continuous at z = 0.
17. Let z = r.(cos + i. sin ). Then z
2
= r
2
.(cos 2 + i. sin 2). Because
[Im(z
2
)]/|z| = r
2
. sin 2/r = r. sin 2
r0
0,
this function is continuous at z = 0.
18. Let z = r.(cos + i. sin ). Then z
2
= r
2
.(cos 2 + i. sin 2) and Re(
1
z
) =
r. cos
r
2
. Because
|z|
2
.Re(
1
z
) = r
2
.r. cos /r
2
= r. cos
r0
0,
this function is continuous at z = 0.
19. Let z = r.(cos + i. sin ). Then z
2
= r
2
.(cos 2 + i. sin 2). Because
(Imz)/(1 |z|) = r. sin /(1 r) =
r
1 r
. sin
r0
0,
this function is continuous at z = 0.
20-24 Derivative:
20. (
z
2
9
z
2
+1
)

=
(2z).(z
2
+1)(z
2
9).(2z)
(z
2
+1)
2
=
2z
3
+2z2z
3
+18z
(z
2
+1)
2
=
20z
(z
2
+1)
2
.
21. [(z
3
+ i)
2
]

= 2.(z
3
+ i).3z
2
= 6z
5
+ 6z
2
i.
22. (
3z+4i
1,5iz2
)

=
3.(1,5iz2)(3z+4i).1,5i
(1,5iz2)
2
=
4,5iz64,5iz+6
(1,5iz2)
2
= 0.
23. (
i
(1z)
2
)

=
i.2.(1z).(1)
(1z)
4
=
2i
(1z)
3
.
24. (
z
2
(z+i)
2
)

=
2z.(z+i)
2
z
2
.2.(z+i)
(z+i)
4
=
2zi
(z+i)
3
.
13
13.4
1-10 Cauchy-Riemann equations:
1. For f(z) = z
4
, let z = x + iy.
=(x + iy)
4
= x
4
+ 4x
3
iy + 6x
2
i
2
y
2
+ 4xi
3
y
3
+ i
4
y
4
= (x
4
6x
2
y
2
+ y
4
) + (4x
3
y 4xy
3
)i
Let u = x
4
6x
2
y
2
+ y
4
and v = 4x
3
y 4xy
3
.
u
x
= 4x
3
12xy
2
, u
y
= 12x
2
y + 4y
3
, v
x
= 12x
2
y 4y
3
and v
y
= 4x
3
12xy
2
.
=u
x
= v
y
and u
y
= v
x
=f is analytic.
2. f(z) = Im(z
2
)
z
2
= x
2
y
2
+ 2xyi =f(z) = 2xy.
Let u = 2xy and v = 0. =u
x
= 2y, u
y
= 2x, v
x
= 0 and v
y
= 0.
=u
x
= v
y
and u
y
= v
x
=f isnt analytic.
3. e
2x
.(cos y + i sin y) = Let be u = e
2x
cos y and v = e
2x
sin y
u
x
= 2e
2x
cos y, u
y
= e
2x
sin y, v
x
= 2e
2x
sin y and v
y
= e
2x
cos y.
=u
x
= v
y
, u
y
= v
x
=f isnt analytic.
4. f(z) =
1
1z
4
, 1 z
4
= 0 =z
4
= 1 = When z = i and z = 1, f is analytic.
5. e
x
(cos y i sin y)
Let u = e
x
cos y and v = e
x
sin y.
=u
x
= e
x
cos y, u
y
= e
x
sin y, v
x
= e
x
sin y and v
y
= e
x
cos y.
=u
x
= v
y
and u
y
= v
x
=f is analytic.
6. f(z) = arg(z)
z = x + iy =arg(z) = arctan(
y
x
)
=u = arctan(
y
x
) and v = 0 =u
x
=
x
2
x
2
+y
2
= v
y
= 0 =f isnt analytic.
7. f(z) = Rez + Imz = x + y =u = x + y and v = 0.
=u
x
= 1 = v
y
= 0 =f isnt analytic function.
8. f(z) = ln |z| + i. arg z, |z| =
_
x
2
+ y
2
f is analytic for every z C, |z| > 0 =ln |z| is dened =arg z = is dened. =f is analytic.
9. f(z) =
i
z
8
When z = 0, f is analytic.
10. f(z) = z
2
+
1
z
2
=
z
4
+1
z
2
When z = 0, f is analytic.
11. Let x = r cos , y = r sin and u
x
= v
y
, u
y
= v
x
.
u
r
=
u
x
.
x
r
+
u
y
.
y
r
= u
x
cos + u
y
sin = v
y
cos v
x
sin
14
u

=
u
x
.
x

+
u
y
.
y

= u
x
(r sin ) + u
y
(r cos ) = rv
y
sin rv
x
cos
v
r
=
v
x
.
x
r
+
v
y
.
y
r
= v
x
cos + v
y
sin
v

=
v
x
.
x

+
v
y
.
y

= v
x
(r sin ) + v
y
(r cos )
=u
r
=
1
r
v

and v
r
=
1
r
u

.
12-21 Harmonic functions:
12. u = xy
u
xx
= 0 and u
yy
= 0 =u
xx
+ u
yy
= 0 =u is harmonic.
u
x
= v
y
=y = v
y
=v =
y
2
2
+ h(x) =v
x
=
dh
dx
u
y
= v
x
=x =
dh
dx
=h(x) =
x
2
2
+ c =f(z) = xy + (
y
2
2

x
2
2
+ c)i.
13. v = xy
v
xx
= 0, v
yy
= 0 =v
xx
+ v
yy
= 0 =v is harmonic.
v
x
= u
y
=u
y
= y =u =
y
2
2
+ h(x) =u
x
=
dh
dx
.
Since u
x
= v
y
= x,
dh
dx
= x =h(x) =
x
2
2
+ c.
=f(z) =
y
2
2
+
x
2
2
+ c + xyi.
14. v =
y
x
2
+y
2
u
y
= v
x
=
2xy
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
, u
x
= v
y
=
y
2
x
2
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
=v
xx
=
6x
2
y+2y
3
(x
2
+y
2
)
3
and v
yy
=
6x
2
y2y
3
(x
2
+y
2
)
3
=v
xx
+ v
yy
= 0 =v is harmonic.
u =
x
x
2
+y
2
+ c =f(z) =
x
x
2
+y
2
+ c + i
y
x
2
+y
2
.
15. u = ln |z| = ln
_
x
2
+ y
2
v
y
= u
x
=
x
2(x
2
+y
2
)
, v
x
= u
y
=
y
2(x
2
+y
2
)
=u
xx
=
y
2
x
2
2(x
2
+y
2
)
2
and u
yy
=
x
2
y
2
2(x
2
+y
2
)
2
=u
xx
+ u
yy
= 0 =u is harmonic.
v =
1
2
arctan(
y
x
) + h(x) =v
x
=
y
2(x
2
+y
2
)
+
dh
dx
=
dh
dx
= 0 =h(x) = c.
=f(z) = ln |z| +
1
2
arctan(
y
x
) + c.
16. v = ln |z| = ln
_
x
2
+ y
2
u
y
= v
x
=
x
2(x
2
+y
2
)
, u
x
= v
y
=
y
2(x
2
+y
2
)
=v
xx
=
y
2
x
2
2(x
2
+y
2
)
2
and v
yy
=
x
2
y
2
2(x
2
+y
2
)
2
=v
xx
+ v
yy
= 0 =v is harmonic.
u =
1
2
arctan(
y
x
) + h(x) =u
x
=
y
2(x
2
+y
2
)
+
dh
dx
=h(x) = c.
=f(z) =
1
2
arctan(
y
x
) + c + i ln |z|.
17. u = x
3
3xy
2
v
y
= u
x
= 3x
2
3y
2
, v
x
= u
y
= 6xy
=u
xx
= 6x and u
yy
= 6x =u
xx
+ u
yy
= 0 =u is harmonic.
v = 3x
2
y y
3
+ h(x) =v
x
= 6xy +
dh
dx
=h(x) = c.
15
=f(z) = x
3
3xy
2
+ i(3x
2
y y
3
+ c).
18. u =
1
x
2
+y
2
u
x
=
2x
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
, u
y
=
2y
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
=u
xx
=
6x
2
2y
2
(x
2
+y
2
)
3
and u
yy
=
6y
2
2x
2
(x
2
+y
2
)
3
=u
xx
+ u
yy
= 0 =u isnt harmonic.
19. v = (x
2
y
2
)
2
u
y
= v
x
= 4x
3
4xy
2
, u
x
= v
y
= 4x
2
y + 4y
3
=v
xx
= 12x
2
4y
2
and v
yy
= 4x
2
+12y
2
= When x, y = 0v
xx
+v
yy
= 0 =v isnt harmonic.
20. u = cos xcosh y
v
y
= u
x
= sin xcosh y, v
x
= u
y
= cos xsinh y
=u
xx
= cos xcosh y and u
yy
= cos xcosh y =u
xx
+ u
yy
= 0 =u is harmonic.
v = sin xsinh y + h(x) =v
x
= cos xsinh y +
dh
dx
=h(x) = c.
=f(z) = cos xcosh y i sin xsinh y + c.
21. u = e
x
sin 2y
u
x
= e
x
sin 2y, u
y
= 2e
x
cos 2y
=u
xx
= e
x
sin 2y and u
yy
= 4e
x
sin 2y = When y = k, u
xx
+ u
yy
= 3e
x
sin 2y = 0
=u isnt harmonic.
22-24 Harmonic conjugate:
22. u = e
3x
cos ay harmonic =u
xx
+ u
yy
= 0.
u
x
= 3e
3x
cos ay, u
y
= ae
3x
sin ay
=u
xx
= 9e
3x
cos ay and u
yy
= a
2
e
3x
cos ay =u
xx
+u
yy
= e
3x
cos ay(9a
2
) = 0 =a = 3
When a = 3, u = e
3x
cos(3y)
v
y
= u
x
= 3e
3x
cos(3y), v
x
= u
y
= 3e
3x
sin(3y) =v = e
3x
sin(3y) + h(x)
=v
x
= 3e
3x
sin(3y) +
dh
dx
=h(x) = c.
=v = e
3x
sin(3y) + c.
When a = 3, u = e
3x
cos(3y)
v
y
= u
x
= 3e
3x
cos(3y), v
x
= u
y
= 3e
3x
sin(3y) =v = e
3x
sin(3y) + h(x)
=v
x
= 3e
3x
sin(3y) +
dh
dx
=h(x) = c.
v = e
3x
sin(3y) + c
23. u = sin xcosh(cy) harmonic =u
xx
+ u
yy
= 0.
u
x
= cos xcosh(cy), u
y
= c sin xsinh(cy)
=u
xx
= sinxcosh(cy) and u
yy
= c
2
sin xcosh(cy) and u
xx
+ u
yy
= 0 =c
2
1 = 0
=c = 1
When c = 1, u = sin xcosh(y)
16
v
y
= u
x
= cos xcosh(y), v
x
= u
y
= c sin xsinh(y) =v = cos xsinh(y) + h(x)
=v
x
= sin xsinh(y) +
dh
dx
=h(x) = c
=v = cos xsinh(y) + c.
When c = 1, u = sin xcosh(y)
v
y
= u
x
= cos xcosh(y), v
x
= u
y
= c sin xsinh(y) =v = cos xsinh(y) + h(x)
=v
x
= sin xsinh(y) +
dh
dx
=h(x) = c
=v = cos xsinh(y) + c.
24. u = ax
3
+ by
3
harmonic =u
xx
+ u
yy
= 0.
u
x
= 3ax
2
, u
y
= 3by
2
=u
xx
= 6ax and u
yy
= 6by =u
xx
+ u
yy
= 0 and ax + by = 0 =a = b = 0.
=u
x
= v
y
= 0 =v = h(x) =v
x
=
dh
dx
=h(x) = c =v = c is constant.
13.5
1. e
z
= e
x+iy
= e
x
.e
iy
= e
x
(cos y + i sin y)
u = e
x
cos y and v = e
x
sin y =u
x
= e
x
cos y, u
y
= e
x
sin y, v
x
= e
x
sin y and v
y
= e
x
cos y.
=u
x
= v
y
and u
y
= v
x
.
=e
z
is analytic for every z. =e
z
is entire.
2-8 Values of e
z
:
2. z = 3 + i e
3+i
= e
3
(cos i. sin ) = e
3
= 20, 086 and |e
3+i
|

= 20, 086.
3. e
1+2i
= e(cos 2 + i. sin 2) and |e
1+2i
| = e
_
cos
2
2 + i. sin
2
2.
4. e

2
i
= e

2
[cos(

2
) + i. sin(

2
)] = e

2
i

= 4, 11325i and |e

2
i
|

= 4, 11325.
5. e
7i/2
= e
0
[cos(7i/2) + i. sin(7i/2)] = i and |e
7i/2
| = |i| = 1.
6. e
(1+i)
= e

(cos + i sin ) = e

= 23, 1407 and |e
(1+i)
|

= 23, 1407.
7. e
0,85i
= e
0,8
.(cos(5) + i. sin(5)) = 2, 23.(0, 28 + i.0, 95) and |e
0,85i
|

= 2, 2.
8. e
9i/2
= e
0
[cos(9i/2) + i. sin(9i/2)] = i and |e
9i/2
| = |i| = 1.
9-12 Real and Imaginary parts: Let z = x + iy.
9. e
2z
= e
2x2yi
= e
2x
(cos(2y) + i. sin(2y))
Re(e
2z
) = e
2x
(cos(2y) and Im(e
2z
) = e
2x
(sin(2y).
10. e
z
3
= e
(x+iy)
3
= e
(x
3
3xy
2
)+(3x
2
yy
3
)i
= e
(x
3
3xy
2
)
(cos(3x
2
y y
3
) + i. sin(3x
2
y y
3
))
Re(e
z
3
) = e
(x
3
3xy
2
)
cos(3x
2
y y
3
) and Im(e
z
3
) = e
(x
3
3xy
2
)
sin(3x
2
y y
3
).
11. e
z
2
= e
(x+iy)
2
= e
x
2
y
2
+2xyi
= e
x
2
y
2
(cos(2xy) + i. sin(2xy)).
12. e
1
z
= e
1
x+iy
= e
xiy
x
2
+y
2
= e
x
x
2
+y
2
[cos(
y
x
2
+y
2
) i. sin(
y
x
2
+y
2
)].
17
13-17 Polar form:
13. z =

i = [
_
1
2
+ i.
_
1
2
] =
1

2
(1 + i) |z| = 1, tan = 1 =

4
,
7
4
e

4
and e
7
4
.
14. z = 1 + i r = |z| =

2, tan = 1 and because z is in the 1. region, =

4
, so that

2e
i
4
.
15. z = r.e
i

z =
n

r.e
i
= r
1
n
.e
i
n
.
16. z = 3 + 4i r = |z| = 5 and tan =
4
3
= arctan(
4
3
), so that 5e
i. arctan(
4
3
)
.
17. z = 9 r = |z| = 9, because z is on the left of x-axis, = , thus 9e
i
.
18-21 Solution of equations: Let z = x + iy.
18. e
3z
= 4 e
3x
(cos 3y + i. sin 3y) = 4 e
3x
cos 3y = 4 and e
3x
sin 3y = 0
e
6x
cos
2
3y + e
6x
sin
2
3y = 16 e
6x
(cos
2
3y + sin
2
3y) = 16 e
3x
= 4 x =
ln 4
3
tan 3y = 0 y =
2k
3
, k Z
Thus, we get that z =
ln 4
3
+ i.
2k
3
.
19. e
z
= 2 e
x
(cos y + i. sin y) = 2 e
x
cos y = 2 and e
x
sin y = 0
e
2x
cos
2
y + e
2x
sin
2
y = 4 e
2x
(cos
2
y + sin
2
y) = 4 e
2x
= 4 x = ln 2
tan y = 0 y = (2k 1), k Z
So, we have z = ln 2 + i.(2k 1).
20. e
z
= 0 e
x+iy
= 0 e
x
(cos y + i. sin y) = 0 e
x
cos y = e
x
sin y = 0.
We know that cos y = sin y = 0 isnt possible at the same time. Hence there is no solution of e
z
= 0.
21. e
z
= 4 3i e
x
(cos y + i. sin y) = 4 3i e
x
cos y = 4 and e
x
sin y = 3
e
2x
cos
2
y + e
2x
sin
2
y = 16 e
2x
(cos
2
y + sin
2
y) = 9 e
2x
= 25 x = ln 5
tan y =
3
4
y = arctan(
3
4
)
Finally, we have z = ln 5 i. arctan(
4
3
).
13.6
1.
cos z =
e
iz
+ e
iz
2

d
dz
cos z =
i
2
(e
iz
e
iz
) = sin z
cos z is dened and differentiable at all points of C. So, cos z is entire.
sin z =
e
iz
e
iz
2i

d
dz
sinz =
ie
iz
+ ie
iz
2i
=
e
iz
+ e
iz
2
= cos z
18
sin z is dened and differentiable at all points of C. Hence sin z is entire.
cosh z =
e
z
+ e
z
2

d
dz
coshz =
e
z
e
z
2
= sinh z
cosh z is dened and differentiable at all points of C. So cosh z is entire.
sinh z =
e
z
e
z
2

d
dz
sinhz =
e
z
+ e
z
2
= cosh z
sinh z is dened and differentiable at all points of C. Therefore sinh z is entire.
2. Let z = x + iy. Then we can write
cos z = cos xcosh y i sin xsinh y
Re(cos z) = cos xcosh y. Let u(x, y) = cos xcosh y and v(x, y) = 0.
u
x
= sin xcosh y, u
xx
= cos xcosh y
u
y
= cos xsinh y, u
yy
= cos xcosh y
Then we obtain that
2
u = u
xx
+ u
yy
= cos xcosh y + cos xcosh y = 0.
v
xx
, v
yy
= 0 because v(x, y) = 0. So,
2
v = v
xx
+ v
yy
= 0.
Hence Re(cos z) is harmonic.
We know that
sin z = sin xcosh y + i cos xsinh y
Then Im(sin z) = cos xsinh y. Let u(x, y) = cos xsinh y and v(x, y) = 0.
u
x
= sin xsinh y, u
xx
= cos xsinh y
u
y
= cos xcosh y, u
yy
= cos xsinh y

2
u = u
xx
+ u
yy
= cos xsinh y + cos xsinh y = 0.
Because of v(x, y) = 0, v
xx
and v
yy
is zero. Hence
2
v = v
xx
+ v
yy
= 0. Im(sin z) is harmonic.
3. We know that cosiz = coshz and siniz = isinhz. Furthermore cos z = cos xcosh y i sin xsinh y.
cosh z = cos iz = cos(i(x + iy)) = cos(y + ix) = cos(y) cosh(x) i sin(y) sinh(x)
= cos y cosh x + i sin y sinh x
We know that sin z = sin xcosh y + i cos xsinh y Then,
sinh z =
sin iz
i
= i sin(iz) = i sin(y + ix) = i(sin(y) cosh(x) + i cos(y) sinh(x))
= i(sin y cosh x + i cos y sinh x) = cos y sinh x + i sin y cosh x.
4. We know that cos iz = cosh z and sin iz = i sinh z. If we use
cos(z
1
+ z
2
) = cos z
1
cos z
2
sin z
1
sin z
2
19
then,
cosh(z
1
+ z
2
) = cos(i(z
1
+ z
2
))
= cos(iz
1
+ iz
2
)
= cos(iz
1
) cos(iz
2
) sin(iz
1
) sin(iz
2
)
= cosh z
1
cosh z
2
i sinh z
1
.i sinh z
2
= cosh z
1
cosh z
2
+ sinh z
1
sinh z
2
.
If we use
sin(z
1
+ z
2
) = sin z
1
cos z
2
+ sin z
2
cos z
2
then,
sinh(z
1
+ z
2
) =
sin(i(z
1
+z
2
))
i
= i(sin(iz
1
+ iz
2
))
= i[sin(iz
1
) cos(iz
2
) + sin(iz
2
) cos(iz
1
)]
= i[i sinh z
1
cosh z
2
+ i sinh z
2
. cosh z
1
]
= sinh z
1
cosh z
2
+ cosh z
1
sinh z
2
.
5. cosh
2
z sinh
2
z = (
e
z
+e
z
2
)
2
(
e
z
e
z
2
)
2
=
e
2z
+e
2z
+2e
2z
e
2z
+2
4
=
4
4
= 1
6. cosh
2
z + sinh
2
z = (
e
z
+e
z
2
)
2
+ (
e
z
e
z
2
)
2
=
e
2z
+e
2z
+2+e
2z
+e
2z
2
4
=
e
2z+e
2z
2
= cosh 2z
7-15: Function Values
7. cos(1 + i) =
e
i(1+i)
+e
i(1+i)
2
=
e
1+i
+e
1i
2
=
e
1
(cos 1+i sin 1)+e(cos(1)+i sin(1))
2
=
e
1
cos 1+e
1
i sin 1+e cos 1ei sin 1
2
= (
e
1
+e
1
2
). cos 1 + i(
e
1
e
2
). sin 1
= cos1.cos1 + i.(sin 1). sin 1
= cos
2
1 i sin
2
1.
8. sin(1 + i) =
e
i(1+i)
e
i(1+i)
2i
=
e
1+i
e
1i
2i
=
e
1
(cos 1+i sin 1)e
1
(cos(1)+i sin(1))
2i
= cos 1(
e
1
e
2i
) + i sin 1(
e
1
+e
2i
)
= cos 1.(sin 1) + i sin 1.
cos 1
i
= cos 1 sin 1 + cos 1 sin 1
= 0
9. sin 5i =
e
i(5i)
e
i(5i)
2i
=
e
5
e
5
2i
=
2i.(e
5
e
5
)
4
=
i.(e
5
e
5
)
2
= i(sinh 5) = i sinh 5.
20
10. cos 3i =
e
i(3i)
+e
i(3i)
2
=
e
3
+e
3
2
= cosh 3.
11. cosh(2 + 3i) =
e
2+3i
+e
23i
2
=
e
2
(cos 3+i sin 3)+e
2
(cos(3)+isin(3))
2
= cos 3(
e
2
+e
2
2
) + i sin 3(
e
2
e
2
2
)
= cos 3 cosh 2 i sin 3sinh2.
12. i sinh( + 2i) = i(
e
+2i
e
2i
2
)
= i(
e

(cos 2+i sin 2)e

(cos(2)+i sin(2))
2
)
= i(cos 2(
e

2
) + i sin 2(
e

+e

2
))
= i(cos 2(sinh ) + i sin 2 cosh )
= sin 2 cosh + i cos 2 sinh .
sin(2 + i) =
sinh i(2+i)
i
=
sinh(+2i)
i
=
i sinh(+2i)
1
= i cos 2 sinh + sin 2 cosh .
13. cosh(2n + 1)i =
e
(2n+1)i
+e
(2n+1)i
2
=
e
0
(cos((2n+1))+i sin((2n+1)))+e
0
(cos((2n1))+i sin((2n1))
2
=
cos((2n+1))+cos((2n1))
2
=
cos()+cos()
2
= 1, n = 1, 2, ...
14. sinh(4 3i) =
e
43i
e
4+3i
2
=
e
4
(cos(3)+i sin(3))e
4
(cos 3+i sin 3)
2
= cos 3(
e
4
e
4
2
) + i sin 3(
e
4
e
4
2
)
= cos 3 sinh 4 i sin 3 cosh 4.
15. cosh(4 6i) =
e
46i
e
4+6i
2
=
e
4
(cos(6)+i sin(6))+e
4
(cos(6)+i sin(6))
2
=
e
4
+e
4
2
= cosh 4.
16. We know that tan a =
sin a
cos a
and tan(a + b) =
tan a+tan b
1tan a tan b
.
tan z = tan(x + iy) =
tan x+tan iy
1tan xtan iy
=
sin x
cos x
+
sin iy
cos iy
1
sin x
cos x
.
sin iy
cos iy
=
sin x cos iy+sin iy cos x
cos x cos iy
cos x cos iysin x sin iy
cos x cos iy
=
sin xcos iy+sin iy cos x
cos xcos iysin xsin iy
=
sin xcosh y+i sinh y cos x
cos xcosh yi sin xsinh y
=
sin xcos xcosh
2
y+i cos
2
xcosh y sinh y+i sin
2
xsinh y cosh ysinh
2
y cos xsin x
cos
2
xcosh
2
y+sin
2
xsinh
2
y
=
cosh y sinh y(i(cos
2
x+sin
2
x))+cos xsin x(cosh
2
ysinh
2
y)
cos
2
x(1+sinh
2
y)+sin
2
xsinh
2
y
=
i cosh y sinh y+cos xsin x
cos
2
x+cos
2
xsinh
2
y+sin
2
xsinh
2
y
=
cos xsin x+i cosh y sinh y
cos
2
x+sinh
2
y(cos
2
x+sin
2
x)
=
cos xsin x
cos
2
x+sinh
2
y
+ i
cosh y sinh y
cos
2
x+sinh
2
y
Hence we get Re(tan z) =
cos xsin x
cos
2
x+sinh
2
y
and Im(tan z) =
cosh y sinh y
cos
2
x+sinh
2
y
.
17-21: Equations
17. 0 = cosh z =
e
z
+e
z
2
=
1
2
(e
z
+
1
e
z
) =
1
2
e
2z
+1
e
z
.
21
Then we obtain that
e
2z
+ 1 = 0 e
2z
= 1 e
2z
= (i)
2
e
z
= i ln e
z
= ln i z = ln i.
We know that ln z = ln |z| + i(Arg(z) + 2k), k Z. Then,
z
k
= ln i = ln |i| + i(Arg(i) + 2k) = ln 1 + i(

2
+ 2k) = i(

2
+ 2k)
So, z
k
= i
(4k+1)
2
, k Z.
18. 100 = sin z =
e
iz
e
iz
2i
200i =
e
2iz
1
e
iz
200i.e
iz
= e
2iz
1 e
2iz
200i.e
iz
1 = 0.
Let t = e
iz
. Then we can write t
2
200it 1 = 0.
= b
2
4ac, a = 1, b = 200i, c = 1 = 39996
t
1,2
=
b+

2a
=
200i+199,9i
2
t
1
=
399,9i
2
and t
2
=
0,1i
2
t
1
= e
iz
1
ln t
1
= ln e
iz
1
= iz
1
z
1
=
1
i
[ln |t
1
| + i(Arg(t
1
) + 2k)]
= i[ln(
399,9
2
) + i(

2
+ 2k)] = i ln(
399,9
2
) +
4k+1
2
, k Z
t
2
= e
iz
2
ln t
2
= ln e
iz
2
= iz
2
z
2
=
1
i
[ln |t
2
| + i(Arg(t
2
) + 2k)]
= i[ln(
1
20
) + i(

2
+ 2k)] = i ln(
1
20
) +
4k+1
2
, k Z
19. 2i = cos z =
e
iz
+e
iz
2
=
1
2
(
e
2iz
+1
e
iz
) e
2iz
4ie
iz
+ 1 = 0
Let t = e
iz
. Then we obtain t
2
4it + 1 = 0.
= b
2
4ac, a = 1, b = 4i, c = 1 = 20
t
1,2
=
b+

2a
=
4i+2

5i
2
= i(2+

5) t
1
= i(2 +

5) and t
2
= i(2

5)
t
1
= e
iz
1
ln t
1
= ln e
iz
1
= iz
1
z
1
=
1
i
[ln |t
1
| + i(Arg(t
1
) + 2k)]
= i[ln(2 +

5) + i(

2
+ 2k)] = i ln(2 +

5) +
4k+1
2
, k Z
t
2
= e
iz
2
ln t
2
= ln e
iz
2
= iz
2
z
2
=
1
i
[ln |t
2
| + i(Arg(t
2
) + 2k)]
= i[ln(2

5) + i(

2
+ 2k)] = i ln(

5 2) +
4k1
2
, k Z
20. 1 = cosh z =
e
z
+e
z
2
e
2z
+ 2e
z
+ 1 = 0
Let t = e
z
. Then we obtain
t
2
+ 2t + 1 = 0 (t + 1)
2
= 0 (t + 1) = 0 t = 1
22
e
z
= t = 1 ln e
z
= ln(1)
z = ln(1) = ln | 1| + i(Arg(1) + 2k) k Z
z = ln 1 + i(2k + 1), k Z
21. 0 = sinh z =
e
z
e
z
2
e
z
e
z
= 0 e
2z
= 1
ln e
2z
= ln 1 2z = ln |1| + i(Arg(1) + 2k), k Z
2z = ln 1 + i(0 + 2k), k Z
z = ki, k Z.
13.7
1-9 Find Ln(z) when z equals:
1. Ln(10) = ln | 10| + i.Arg(10) = ln 10 + i.
2. Ln(2+2i) = ln |2 +2i| +i.Arg(2 +2i) = ln(

2
2
+ 2
2
) +i. arctan(
2
2
) = ln(

8) +i. arctan(1) =
1
2
ln 8 + i.

4
.
3. Ln(2 2i) = ln |2 2i| + i.Arg(2 2i) =
1
2
ln 8 + i.
7
4
.
4. Ln(5 0.1i) = ln | 5 0.1i| + i.Arg(5 0.1i) = ln(5.001) i.0.02
5. Ln(3 4i) = ln | 3 4i| + i.Arg(3 4i) = ln 5 + i. arctan(
4
3
).
6. Ln(100) = ln | 100| + i.Arg(100) = ln 100 + i. = 4.605 + 3.142i.
7. Ln(0.6 + 0.8i) = ln |0.6 + 0.8i| + i.Arg(0.6 + 0.8i) = ln 1 + i. arctan(
4
3
) = arctan(
4
3
)i.
8. Ln(ei) = ln | ei| + i.Arg(ei) = ln e + i.

2
= 1

2
i.
9. Ln(1 i) = ln |1 i| + i.Arg(1 i) =
1
2
ln 2 +
7
2
i.
10-16 Find all values and graph some of them in the complex plane:
10. z = ln 1 e
z
= 1 e
x+iy
= 1 e
x
. cos y = 1 and e
x
. sin y = 0
y = 2k, k Z, x = 0 2ki.
11. z = ln(1) e
z
= 1 e
x+iy
= 1 e
x
. cos y = 1 and e
x
. sin y = 0
y = (2k 1), k Z, x = 0 (2k 1)i.
12. z = ln e e
z
= e e
x+iy
= 1 e
x
. cos y = e and e
x
. sin y = 0
y = 2k, k Z, e
x
= e x = 1 1 2ki.
13. z = ln(6) e
z
= 6 e
x+iy
= 6 e
x
. cos y = 6 and e
x
. sin y = 0
y = (2k 1), k Z, e
x
= 6 x = ln 6 ln 6(2k 1)i.
14. z = ln(4 + 3i) e
z
= 4 + 3i e
x+iy
= 4 + 3i e
x
. cos y = 4 and e
x
. sin y = 3
y = arctan
3
4
2n, n Z, e
2x
= 25 e
x
= 5 x = ln 5
ln 5 + (arctan
3
4
2n)i.
15. z = ln(e
i
) e
z
= e
i
e
x+iy
= cos(1) + i. sin(1)
23
e
x
. cos y = cos(1) and e
x
. sin y = sin(1).
Because suitable x and y couldnt be found, there is no solution.
16. z = ln(e
3i
) e
z
= e
3i
e
x+iy
= cos(3) + i. sin(3)
e
x
. cos y = cos(3) and e
x
. sin y = sin(3) y = 3, e
2x
= 1 x = 0 3i.
Show that the set of values of ln(i
2
) differs from the set of values of 2 ln i:
17. z = ln(i
2
) e
z
= 1 e
x+iy
= 1 e
x
. cos y = 1 and e
x
. sin y = 0
y = (2k 1), k Z, e
2x
= 1 x = 0 (2k 1)i ... (I).
On the other hand, z = 2 ln i e
z
2
= i e
x
2
. cos(
y
2
) = 0 and e
x
2
. sin(
y
2
) = 1
y = (4k +1), k Z, e
x
= 1 x = 0 (4k +1)i ... (II).
Hence (I) = (II).
18-21 Solve for z:
18. ln z = (2
1
2
i) z = e
(2
1
2
i)
= e
2
.(cos(

2
) + i. sin(

2
)) = e
2
i.
19. ln z = 0.3 + 0.7i z = e
0.3+0.7i
= e
0.3
.(cos(0.7) + i. sin(0.7)).
20. ln z = e i z = e
ei
= e
e
.(cos() + i. sin()) = e
e
= 15, 154.
21. ln z = 2 +

4
i z = e
2+

4
i
= e
2
.(cos(

4
) + i. sin(

4
)) =

2
2
e
2
(1 + i).
22-28 Find the principal value of:
22. i
2i
= e
2iLni
= e
2i.i.

2
= e

,
(2i)
i
= e
iLn2i
= e
i(ln 2+

2
i)
= e

2
[cos(ln 2) + i. sin(ln 2)].
23. 4
3+i
= e
(3+i) ln 4
= e
3 ln 4+ln 4i
= e
3 ln 4
(e
ln 4i
) = e
3 ln 4
(i. sin(ln 4)).
24. (1 i)
1+i
= e
(1+i)Ln(1i)
= e
(1+i)(ln

4
i)
=

2e

4
[cos(

4
+ ln

2) + i. sin(

4
+ ln

2))].
25. (1 + i)
1i
= e
(1i)Ln(1+i)
= e
(1i)(ln

2+

4
i)
=

2e

4
[cos(

4
ln

2) + i. sin(

4
ln

2))].
26. (1)
12i
= e
(12i)Ln(1)
= e
(12i)(ln |1|+i.Arg(1))
= e
i+2
= e
2
(cos + i. sin ) = e
2
.
27. i
1/2
= e
(1/2)Ln(i)
= e
(1/2)(ln |1|+i.Arg(i))
= e

4
i
=

2
2
(1 + i).
28. (3 4i)
1/3
= e
(1/3)Ln(34i)
= e
(1/3)(ln 5+i. arctan
4
3
)
=
3

5[cos(
1
3
arctan
4
3
) i. sin(
1
3
arctan
4
3
)]

=
1, 6289 0, 5202.i.
CHAPTER 14 - COMPLEX INTEGRATION
14.1
1-9: Parametric Representations
1. z(t) = t + i3t, 1 t 4 x(t) = t, y(t) = 3t
t = 1 x(1) = 1, y(1) = 3 starting point:(1, 3)
t = 4 x(4) = 4, y(4) = 12 ending point:(4, 12)
We can sketch as follows:
24
2. z(t) = 5 2it, 3 t 3 x(t) = 5, y(t) = 2t
t = 3 x(3) = 5, y(3) = 6 starting point:(5, 6)
t = 3 x(3) = 5, y(3) = 6 ending point:(5, 6)
Then we obtain gure below:
3. z(t) = z
0
+ re
it
, 0 t 2 denotes the circle of radius r with center z
0
.
For z(t) = 4 + i + 3e
it
, we nd z
0
= 4 + i and r = 3.
z(t) = 4 +i +3(cos t +i sin t) = (4 +3 cos t) +i(1 +3 sin t) x(t) = 4 +3 cos t, y(t) = 1 +3 sin t
For nding orientation, we should determine z(t) at some points.
t = 0 z(0) = 4 + i + 3e
0
= 7 + i
t = z() = 4 + i + 3e
i
= 4 + i + 3(cos + i sin ) = 4 + i + 3(1 + i.0) = 1 + i
t = 2 z(2) = 4 + i + 3e
i2
= 4 + i + 3(cos 2 + i sin 2) = 4 + i + 3(1 + i.0) = 7 + i
25
4. z(t) = 1 + i + e
it
, 0 t 2 denotes the circle of radius r = 1 with center z
0
= 1 + i.
z(t) = 1 + i + e
it
= 1 + i + cos(t) + i sin(t) = (1 + cos(t)) + i(1 sin(t))
x(t) = 1 + cos(t), y(t) = 1 sin(t)
For nding orientation, we should determine z(t) at some points.
t = 0 z(0) = 1 + i + e
0
= 2 + i
t = 1 z(1) = 1 + i + e
i
= 1 + i + (cos() + i sin()) = 1 + i + (cos() i sin())
= 1 + i 1 + 0 = i
t = 2 z(2) = 1 +i +e
i2
= 1 +i +(cos(2) +i sin(2)) = 1 +i +(cos(2) i sin(2))
= 1 + i + 1 + 0 = 2 + i
5. z(t) = e
it
denotes the circle of radius r = 1 with center z
0
= 0.
z(t) = e
it
= cos t + i sin t x(t) = cos t, y(t) = sin t
For nding orientation and the range of graphic, we will determine z(t) at t = 0 and t = .
t = 0 z(0) = e
0
= 1
t = z() = e
i
= cos + i sin = 1 + 0 = 1
Hence we obtain the gure below:
6. z(t) = 3 + 4i + 5e
it
denotes the circle of radius r = 5 with center z
0
= 3 + 4i.
z(t) = 3 + 4i + 5e
it
= 3 + 4i + 5(cos t + i sin t) = (3 + 5 cos t) + i(4 + 5 sin t)
x(t) = 3 + 5 cos t, y(t) = 4 + 5 sin t, t 2
We will determine z(t) at t = and z = 2 for nding orientation and range of path.
26
t = z() = 3 + 4i + 5e
i
= 3 + 4i + 5(cos + i sin ) = 2 + 4i
t = 2 z(2) = 3 + 4i + 5e
i2
= 3 + 4i + 5(cos 2 + i sin 2) = 8 + 4i
7. z(t) = 6 cos 2t + i5 sin 2t, 0 t . Let x(t) = 6 cos 2t and y(t) = 5 sin 2t.
t = 0 z(0) = 6
t =

2
z(

2
) = 6
t = z() = 6
This parametric equation denotes the ellipse below:
8. z(t) = 1 + 2t + 8it
2
, 1 t 1 denotes parabola.
t = 1 z(1) = 1 + 8i
t = 0 z(0) = 1
t = 1 z(1) = 3 + 8i
9. z(t) = 1 +
1
2
it
3
, 1 t 2
t = 1 z(1) = 1
1
2
i
27
t = 0 z(0) = 0
t = 2 z(2) = 2 + 4i
So we obtain gure below:
10. The starting point is 1 + i. We can write as (1, 1).
The ending point is 4 2i. We can write as (4, 2).
How far does 1 have to move to get to 4? 3 units. So x(t) = 1 + 3t.
How far does 1 have to move to get to 2? 3 units. So y(t) = 1 3t.
We obtain z(t) = x(t) + iy(t) = (1 + 3t) + i(1 3t).
11. Lets nd parametric equation of the unit circle with center z
0
= x
0
+ iy
0
.
z(t) = z
0
+ 1.e
it
= x
0
+ iy
0
+ cos t + i sin t = (x
0
+ cos t) + i(y
0
+ sin t), 0 t 2
Hence we obtain x(t) = x
0
+ cos t, y(t) = y
0
+ sin t, 0 t 2.
12. Let starting point z
0
= a + ib and ending point z
1
= c + id.
28
So, we get x(t) = a + (c a)t and y(t) = b + (d b)t. Hence
z(t) = x(t) + iy(t) = (a + (c a)t) + i(b + (d b)t)
13. Let x(t) = t and y(t) =
1
t
. Then we obtain parametric equation z(t) = t + i
1
t
.
14. The equation of an ellipse whose major and minor axess coincide with the cartesian axis is
(
x
a
)
2
+ (
y
b
)
2
= 1
Because of y 0 we obtain following graphic:
Parametric equation is x(t) = a cos t, y(t) = b sin t, y 0.
15. At rst we determine y at x = 1, x = 0 and x = 1 for helping us to get graphic.
29
x = 1 y = 4 4 = 0
x = 0 y = 4
x = 1 y = 0
Now we can sketch as follows:
Parametric equation: x(t) = t, y(t) = 4 4t
2
, 1 x 1
16. |z 2 + 3i| = 4 denotes the circle of radius r = 4 with center at z
0
= 2 3i.
If z
0
= 2 3i and r = 4, then
z(t) = 2 3i + 4e
it
= 2 3i + 4(cos t + i sin t) = 2 4 cos t + i(3 + sin t)
So we get x(t) = 2 4 cos t, y(t) = 3 + sin t, 0 t 2.
17. |z + a + ib| = r denotes the circle of radius r with center at z
0
= a ib.
z(t) = a ib + re
it
= a ib + r(cos t + i sin t) = (a + r cos t) + i(b + r sin t)
30
Hence we get x(t) = a + r cos t, y(t) = b + r sin t, 2 t 0.
18. 4(x 1)
2
+ 9(y + 2)
2
= 36 denotes an ellips.
4(x 1)
2
+ 9(y + 2)
2
= 36 (
x 1
3
)
2
+ (
y + 2
2
)
2
= 1
x
0
1 = 0, y
0
+ 2 = 0 x
0
= 1, y
0
= 2 z
0
= (1, 2)
Hence we get ellips below:
Parametric equation: x(t) = 3 cos t + 1, y(t) = 2 sin t 2, 0 y 2
19-29 Integration:
19. Let z = x + iy. Then f(z) = Rez = x is analytic in C. So we can use the rst method:
_
z
1
z
0
f(z)dz = F(z
1
) F(z
0
), F(z) analytic, F

(z) = f(z)
Let F(z) =
x
2
2
. F

(z) = 2
x
2
= x = f(x).
_
1+i
0
f(z)dz =
_
1+i
0
xdz = F(1 + i) F(0) =
1
2
20. We can sketch C as follows:
If z = x + iy, then f(z) = Rez = x is analytic in C. So we can use the rst method.
F(z) =
x
2
2
is analytic in C and F

(z) = 2
x
2
= x = f(x).
_
C
Rez =
_
1+i
0
f(z)dz =
_
1+i
0
xdz = F(1 + i) F(0) =
1
2
21.
31
f(z) = e
2z
is analytic in C. So we can use the rst method. Let F(z) =
1
2
e
2z
. F(z) is is analytic in C
and F

(z) =
1
2
2e
2z
= f(z). So,
_
2i
i
e
2z
dz = F(2i) F(i) =
1
2
e
4i

1
2
e
2i
=
1
2
(cos 4 + i sin 4 cos 2 i sin 2) = 0
22. f(z) = sin z is analytic function. Hence we can use rst method to nd the integral.
Let F(z) = cos z. F(z) is analytic also and F

(z) = sin z = f(z). So we obtain,

_
C
sin zdz =
_
2i
0
sin zdz = F(2i) F(0) = cos 2i (cos 0) = cos 2i + 1 = 1 cosh 2
23. At rst, we sketch C:
f(z) = cos
2
z =
cos 2z+1
2
is analytic in C. So, we can use rst method.
Let F(z) =
sin 2z+z
2
. F(z) is analytic in C and F

(z) =
cos 2z+1
2
= f(z). Hence we get
_
C
f(z)dz =
_
i
i
cos
2
zdz
= F(i) F(i)
=
sin(2i)+i
2

sin(2i)i
2
= sin(2i)
= i sinh(2)
24. We cant use rst method here because f(z) = z + z
1
isnt dened at z = 0. Hence f(z) isnt
analytic in C. We should use second method:
32
_
C
f(z)dz =
_
a
b
f(z(t))z

(t)dt, z

=
dz
dt
C : z(t) = cos t + i sin t, 0 t 2
z

(t) = ie
it
f(z(t)) = z(t) +
1
z(t)
= e
it
+ e
it
_
C
z + z
1
dz =
_
2
0
(e
it
+ e
it
).ie
it
=
_
2
0
i.(e
2it
+ 1)dt
= i.(
1
2i
e
2it
+ t)

2
0
= (
1
2
e
2it
+ it)

2
0
=
1
2
e
4i
+ 2i
1
2
e
0
0
=
1
2
(cos 4 + i sin 4) + 2i
1
2
=
1
2
+ 2i
1
2
= 2i
25. f(z) = cosh 4z is analytic in C. So, we use rst method. Let F(z) =
1
4
sinh 4z. F(z) is analytic also
and F

(z) =
1
4
.4. cosh 4z = cosh 4z = f(z).
_
C
cosh 4zdz =
_
i
8

i
8
cosh 4z
= F(
i
8
) F(
i
8
)
=
1
4
sinh(
4i
8
)
1
4
sinh(
4i
8
)
=
1
4
(i sin

2
+ i sin

2
)
=
1
4
.2i
=
i
2
26. z(t) = t + it
2
, (1 t 1), z

(t) = 1 + 2it, z = t it
2
, so that
_
1
1
(t it
2
)(1 + 2it)dt =
_
1
1
(2t
3
+ it
2
+ t)dt =
1
3
it
3

1
1
=
2
3
i.
33
27. z(t) = (

4
t) + ti, (0 t

4
), z

(t) = (1 + i), so that

_
4
0
sec
2
[(

4
t) + ti](1 + i)dt =
_ i
4
0
sec
2
udu = tan u

i
4
0
= tan
i
4
.
28. Imz
2
= 2xy is 0 on the axes. Thus the only contribution to the integral comes from the segment
from 1 to i, represented by, say,
z(t) = 1 t + it (0 t 1).
Hence z

(t) = 1 + i, and the integral is

_
1
0
2(1 t)t(1 + i)dt = 2(1 + i)
_
1
0
(t t
2
)dt =
1
3
(1 + i).
29. z(t) = (1 t) + it, (0 t 1), z

(t) = 1 + i, so that
_
1
0
ze
z
2
2
(1 + i)dz = (1 + i)
_ 1
2
0
e
u
du = (1 + i)
e
u
u

1
2
0
= (1 + i)
e
( 1
2
t + i(1 t)t)
(1 t) + it

1
0
= (1 i)(e
1
2
i + e
1
2
).
14.2
1,2,6 :
1.
f(z) = Rez is dened and differentiable at all points of D.
=f(z) is analytic. Then by Cauchys integral theorem
_
Rezdz = 0.
2.
f(z) =
1
3zi
and let C be the unit circle. 3z i = 0 =z =

3
i.
Since this point lies outside C, f is dened and differentiable on C and inside C.
34
=f is analytic. Then by Cauchys integral theorem
_
dz
3z
= 0.
6.
f(z) = sec(
z
2
) =f(z) =
1
cos(
z
2
)
cos(
z
2
) = 0 =z = (2k + 1), k Z
But these points lie outside the unit circle. Then f is dened and differentiable on C and inside C.
=f is analytic. Then by Cauchys integral theorem
_
sec(
z
2
)dz = 0.
12-17 :
12.
a) f(z) =
1
z
2
+4
z
2
+ 4 = 0 =z
2
= 4 =z = 2i.
These points lie outside the region.
=f is analytic.
=
_
dz
z
2
+4
= 0.
b) f(z) =
1
z
2
+4
35
z
2
+ 4 = 0 =z
2
= 4 =z = 2i.
These points lie inside the region. =f isnt analytic in the region.
13.
Since z
2
is differentiable in the region, it is analytic. By Cauchys integral theorem
_
z
2
dz = 0.
14.
a) f(z) =
1
z
From here if z = 0, f isnt analytic.
= When z = 0, f is analytic.

If z = 0,

Integral of f is 0.
b) f(z) =
cos z
z
6
z
2
z
6
z
2
= 0 =z
2
(z
4
1) = 0 =z = 0, z = i, z = 1.
= When z = 0, z = i and z = 1, f is analytic.

If z = 0, z = i and z = 1,

Integral of f is 0.
c) f(z) =
e
1
z
z
2
+9
z
2
+ 9 = 0 =z
2
= 9 =z = 3i
From e
1
z
, z = 0.
= When z = 0 and z = 3i, f is analytic.

If z = 0 and z = 3i,

Integral of f is 0.
36
15. We shall remember Example 4:
_
C
dz
z
2
= 0
where C is the unit circle. This result does not follow from Cauchys theorem, because f(z) =
1
z
2
is
not analytic at z = 0. Hence the condition that f be analytic in D is sufcient rather than necessary for
Cauchys integral theorem to be true.
Then they can be deformed each other. So integral of f is 0.
16.

If C is the unit circle,
_
f(z)dz = 3

If C is |z| = 2,
_
f(z)dz = 5.
f isnt analytic in the annulus 1 < |z| < 2 because of the principle of deformation of path.
17.
a) C
1
: x : 0 and y : 0
y = x =dy = dx.

If z = x + iy, dz = dx + idy.
=
_
C
1
cos zdz =
_
cos(x + iy)(dx + idy) =
_

0
cos((1 + i)x)(1 + i)dx = sin((1 + i)x)

0
=
sin((1 + i)) sin 0 = sin( + i) = sin(i).
b)
_
C
cos zdz =
_
C
2
+
_
C
3
C
2
: x : 0 and y = 0 =dy = 0

If z = x + iy, dz = dx + idy = dx.

=
_
C
cos zdz =
_

0
cos(x + iy)dx =
_

0
cos xdx = sin x

0
= sin = 0
C
3
: x = =dx = 0 and y : 0
37

If z = x + iy, dz = dx + idy = idy.

=
_
C
3
cos zdz =
_

0
cos(x + iy)idy =
_

0
i cos( + iy)dy = sin( + iy)

0
= sin( + i)
sin = sin(i).
=
_
C
cos zdz = 0 sin(i) = sin(i).
Then integral of cos z is independent of path.
19-21 :
19.
2z i = 0 =z =
i
2
lies inside the region.
Then let be |2z i| = .
=2z i = e
i
=z =
1
2
(i + e
i
)
=dz =
1
2
(ie
i
)d
=
_
dz
2zi
=
_
2
0
1
2
ie
i
d
e
i
=
1
2
i2 = i.
20.
_
C
tanh zdz =
_
C
sinh z
cosh z
dz
cosh z = 0 =z =
i
2
,
3i
2
, ...
All these points lie outside C.
=tanh z is analytic in the region.
=
_
C
tanh zdz = 0.
38
21.

If z = x + iy, then f(z) = Re2z = 2x is analytic.

=
_
C
Re2zdz = 0.
14.3
1.We should use Cauchys integral formula to solve this question.
_
C
f(z)
zz
0
dz = 2if(z
0
)
We can sketch C : |z i| = 2 as follows:
Let g(z) =
z
2
4
z
2
+4
.We know that z
2
+ 4 = (z 2i)(z + 2i).
z
0
2i = 0 z
0
= 2i
z
1
+ 2i = 0 z
1
= 2i
C encloses the point z
0
= 2i but dont encloses the point z
1
= 2i, where g(z) is not analytic. Let
f(z) =
z
2
4
z+2i
, D be the union of C and the interior part of C. f(z) is analytic in D. So we can use the
formula.
_
C
z
2
4
z
2
+4
dz =
_
C
z
2
4
z+2i
.
1
z2i
dz = 2i.f(2i) = 2i.
(2i)
2
4
2i+2i
= 2i.
4i
2
4
4i
= 2i.
8
4i
== 4
4. We sketch C : |z| = /2 as follows:
39
Let D be the union of C and the interior part of C. /2 = 1, 57079633 , 2i, 2i / D and therefore
f(z) =
z
2
4
z
2
+4
is analytic in D. By using Cauchys integral theorem, we obtain
_
C
z
2
4
z
2
+ 4
dz = 0
5-17: Contour Integration
5. C : |z 1| = 2
Let g(z) =
z+2
z2
. If z 2 = 0, then the singular point z
0
= 2 is enclosed by C. Let D be the union of C
and the interior part of C. f(z) = z +2 is analytic in D. Hence, by use of Cauchys integral formula, we
obtain
_
C
z + 2
z 2
dz = 2i.f(2) = 2i.4 = 8i
6. C : |z| = 1
g(z) =
e
3z
3z i
=
1
3
e
3z
z
i
3
Let D be the union of C and the interior part of C.
z
i
3
z
0
=
i
3
D
f(z) =
1
3
e
3z
is analytic in D. Hence by use of Cauchy integral formula, we get
_
C
g(z)dz =
_
C
1
3
e
3z
z
i
3
dz = 2i.f(
i
3
) = 2i.
1
3
e
3
i
3
=
2
3
ie
i
7. C : |z| = 1
40
g(z) =
sinh z
z
2
3z
=
sinh z
z(z 3)
Singular points of g are z
0
= 0 and z
1
= 3. Let D be the union of C and the interior part of C. Then
z
1
= 3 / D but z
0
= 0 D. f(z) =
sinh z
z3
is analytic in D. Hence by use of Cauchy integral formula,
we get
_
C
g(z)dz =
_
C
sinh z
z 3
.
1
z
dz = 2i.f(0) = 2i
sinh 0
3
= 2
sin(i.0)
3
= 0
12.
Let g(z) =
tan z
zi
. Singular point z
0
= i is enclosed by C. f(z) = tan z is analytic in D when D is the
union of C and the interior part of C. So by the use of Cauchy integral formula, we get
_
C
tan z
z i
dz = 2i tan i
13.
g(z) =
e
3z
2z + i
=
1
2
e
3z
z +
i
2
Singular point z
0
=
i
2
is enclosed by C. f(z) =
1
2
e
3z
is analytic in D when D is the union of C and
the interior part of C. So by use of Cauchy integral formula, we get
_
C
e
3z
2z + i
dz =
_
C
1
2
e
3z
z +
i
2
dz = 2i.
1
2
e

3
2
i
=
i
3
2
(cos + i sin )
=
2
3
i
15. We sketch C : |z 4| = 2 as follows:
41
Let g(z) =
ln(z1)
z5
. Singular point z
0
= 5 is enclosed by C. Let D be the union of C and the interior
part of C, f(z) = ln(z 1). Then f(z) is analytic in D. Therefore, by use of Cauchy integral formula,
we get
_
C
ln(z 1)
z 5
dz = 2if(5) = 2i ln 4
16. Let C
1
: |z| = 3 and C
2
: |z| = 1. We sketch C = C
1
C
2
= 2 as follows:
g(z) =
sin z
z
2
2iz
=
sin z
z(z 2i)
Singular points of g are 0 and 2i. Only z
0
= 2i is contained in the ring-shaped domain bounded by C
1
and C
2
. f(z) =
sin z
z
is analytic on that domain. Hence by use of Cauchy integral formula, we get
_
C
sin z
z
2
2iz
dz = 2i.f(2i) = 2i.
sin 2i
2i
= sin 2i
18.Let C a simple closed path enclosing z
1
and z
2
.
By use of Cauchy integral formula, we obtain
_
C
(z z
1
)
1
(z z
2
)
1
dz =
_
C
1
(zz
1
)(zz
2
)
dz =
_
C
1
1
zz
2
.
1
zz
1
dz +
_
C
2
1
zz
1
.
1
zz
2
dz
= 2i[
1
zz
2
]
z=z
1
+ 2i[
1
zz
1
]
z=z
2
= 2i
1
z
1
z
2
+ 2i
1
z
2
z
1
= 2i(
1
z
1
z
2

1
z
1
z
2
) = 0
14.4
1-8: Contour Integration Let C : |z| = 2 and D be the union of C and the interior part of C.
42
1. We use Theorem 1 on the page 658.
f(z) = cosh 3z is analytic in D.
z
5
0
= 0 z
0
= 0 D
f
n
(z
0
) =
n!
2i
_
C
f(z)
(z z
0
)
n+1

_
C
f(z)
(z z
0
)
n
=
f
n
(z
0
).2i
n!
, n = 1, 2, ...
Because n + 1 = 5, we need to know f
(4)
(z):
f
(1)
(z) = 3 sinh 3z, f
(2)
(z) = 9 cosh 3z, f
(3)
(z) = 27 sinh 3z, f
(4)
(z) = 81 cosh 3z
Hence, we get
_
C
cosh 3z
z
5
dz =
f
4
(0).2i
4!
=
81 cosh 0.2i
4.5.2.1
=
81.1.2i
4.3.2.1
=
27i
4
2. z
0
=
i
2
D. f(z) = sin z is analytic in D. We need to know f
(3)
(z):
f
(1)
(z) = cos z, f
(2)
(z) = sin z, f
(3)
(z) = cos z
Hence, we obtain
_
C
sin z
(z
i
2
)
4
dz =
f
(3)
(
i
2
).2i
3!
=
cos(
i
2
).2i
3!
=
cos(
i
2
).i
3
=
cosh(

2
).i
3
3. z
0
=
i
2
D and f(z) = e
z
cos z is analytic in D.
f(z) = e
z
cos z f
(1)
(z) = e
z
cos z e
z
sin z = e
z
(cos z sin z)
So,
_
C
e
z
cos z
(z

2
)
2
dz =
f
(1)
(

2
).2i
1!
= e

2
(cos

2
sin

2
).2i = e

2
.2i
4. z
0
= 0 D and f(z) = cos z is analytic in D.
f
(1)
(z) = sin z, f
(2)
(z) = cos z, f
(3)
(z) = sin z,
f
(4)
(z) = cos z, f
(5)
(z) = sin z, f
(6)
(z) = cos z,

43
Hence we see that
n = 2
2k
f
(2n)
(z) = cos z
n = 2
2k1
f
(2n)
(z) = cos z
when k {0, 1, 2, ...}.
n = 2
2k

_
C
cos z
z
2n+1
dz =
f
(2n)
(0).2i
2n!
=
cos 0.2i
2n!
=
2i
(2n)!
n = 2
2k1

_
C
cos z
z
2n+1
dz =
f
(2n)
(0).2i
2n!
=
cos 0.2i
2n!
=
2i
(2n)!
9.Let C : |z| = 1 and D be the union of C and the interior part of C.
(1 + 2z) cos z
(2z 1)
2
=
1
4
.(1 + 2z) cos z
(z
1
2
)
2
f(z) =
1
4
.(1 + 2z) cos z is analytic in D.
f
(1)
(z) =
2. cos z + (1 + 2z).(sin z)
4
=
2 cos z (1 + 2z) sin z
4
Hence, we get
_
C
(1+2z) cos z
(2z+1)
2
dz =
_
C
1
4
.(1+2z) cos z
(z
1
2
)
2
dz =
f
(1)
(
1
2
).2i
1!
=
(
2 cos
1
2
2 sin
1
2
4
).2i
1
= i(cos
1
2
sin
1
2
)
10. Let C
1
: |z| = 5 (counterclockwise), C
2
: |z 3| =
3
2
(clockwise) and C = C
1
C
2
Let g(z) =
sin 4z
(z4)
3
. z
0
= 4 isnt contained the ring-shaped domain bounded by C
1
and C
2
. By use of
Cauchs integral theorem we get
_
C
sin 4z
(z 4)
3
dz = 0
11. We can the sketch ellipse C : 16x
2
+ y
2
= 1 as follows:
44
z
0
= 0 D. If we take f(z) = tan z then f(z) is analytic in D and f
(1)
(z) =
1

sec
2
z.
_
C
tan z
z
2
dz =
1

sec
2
0.2i =
1
cos
2
0
.2i = 2i
CHAPTER 15 - POWER SERIES, TAYLOR SERIES
15.1
1-3 Sequences :
1. Let z
n
= (1)
n
+
i
2
n
. z
n
is bounded because
|z
n
| = |(1)
n
+
i
2
n
| =
_
(1)
2n
+
1
2
2n
=
_
1 +
1
2
2n
lim
n
_
1 +
1
2
2n
= 1.
As

z
n+1
z
n

=
|z
n+1
|
|z
n
|
=
_
1 +
1
2
2n+2
_
1 +
1
2
2n
< 1
and by ratio test, we get z
n
is convergent.
2. Let z
n
= e
ni/4
. z
n
is bounded since
|z
n
| = |e
ni/4
| =
_
cos
2
(
n
4
) + sin
2
(
n
4
) = 1.
Because

z
n+1
z
n

e
(n+1)i/4
e
ni/4

= |e
i/4
| =
_
cos
2
(

4
) + sin
2
(

4
) = 1
and by ratio test, we have z
n
is convergent.
3. Let z
n
=
(1)
n
n+i
. z
n
is bounded as
|z
n
| = |
(1)
n
n + i
| =
1
|n + i|
=
1

n
2
+ 1
45
lim
n
1

n
2
+ 1
= 0.
Because

z
n+1
z
n

n + i
n + 1 + i

=
|n + i|
|n + 1 + i|
=

n
2
+ 1
_
(n + 1)
2
+ 1
< 1
and from ratio test, we have z
n
is convergent.
16-18 Series :
16. Let

n=0
(10 15i)
n
n!
and z
n
=
(1015i)
n
n!
. This serie is convergent because
lim
n

z
n+1
z
n

= lim
n

(1015i)
n+1
(n+1)!
(1015i)
n
n!

= lim
n

10 15i
n + 1

= lim
n

325
(n + 1)
2
= 0
and by ratio test we get this result.
17. Let

n=0
(1)
n
(1 + 2i)
2n+1
(2n + 1)!
and z
n
=
(1)
n
(1+2i)
2n+1
(2n+1)!
. This serie is convergent from ratio test beca-
use
lim
n

z
n+1
z
n

= lim
n

(1)
(1 + 2i)
2
(2n + 3)(2n + 2)

= lim
n
5
(2n + 3)(2n + 2)
= 0.
18. Let

n=0
i
n
n
2
2i
and z
n
=
i
n
n
2
2i
. This serie is convergent, we now explain this situation :

i
n
n
2
2i
| =
|i
n
|
|n
2
2i|
=
1
|n
2
2i|

1
n
2
and we knowthat

n=0
1
n
2
is convergent. Then via comparison test, we can say that this serie is convergent.
15.2
3-5 Radius of Convergence :
3. Let

n=1
(z + i)
n
n
2
. First, we determine the center.
z + i = 0 z = i
is the center point. On the other hand, z
n
=
(z+i)
n
n
2
and because
lim
n

1
n
2
1
(n+1)
2
| = lim
n

(n + 1)
2
n
2

= lim
n
n
2
+ 2n + 1
n
2
= 1,
radius of convergence is 1.
46
4. Let

n=0
n
n
n!
(z + 2i)
n
. First of all, center is 2i since
z + 2i = 0 z = 2i.
Let z
n
=
n
n
n!
(z + 2i)
n
.As
lim
n

n
n
n!
(n+1)
(
n+1)
(n+1)!
| = lim
n
n
n
(n + 1)
(n + 1)
n+1
= lim
n
n
n
(n + 1)
n
= lim
n
_
n
n + 1
_
n
=
1
e
,
radius of convergence is
1
e
.
5. Let

n=0
n!
n
n
(z + 1)
n
. The center point is 1 since
z + 1 = 0 z = 1.
Let z
n
=
n!
n
n
(z + 1)
n
. Then
lim
n

n!
n
n
(n+1)!
(n+1)
(
n+1)
| = lim
n
_
n + 1
n
_
n
= e,
we say that radius of convergence is e.
15.3
1-3 Radius of convergence by differentiation or integration:
1. Let

n=2
n(n 1)
3
n
(z 2i)
n
. Since
lim
n

4
n
n(n+1)
4
n+1
(n+1)(n+2)
| = lim
n
n + 2
4n
=
1
4
,
we say that radius of convergence is
1
4
.
2. Let

n=1
4
n
n(n + 1)
z
n
. Because
lim
n

n(n1)
3
n
n(n+1)
3
n+1
| = lim
n
3n 3
n + 1
= 3,
radius of convergence is found that 3.
3. Let

n=1
n
2
n
(z + i)
2n
. Radius of convergence for this serie is 2 in that
lim
n

n
2
n
n+1
2
n+1
| = lim
n
2n
n + 1
= 2.
47
15.4
1-3 Taylor and Maclaurin series :
1. Let center be 0 for e
2z
. We know that
e
z
=

n=0
z
n
n!
= 1 + z +
z
2
2!
+ . . .
at z = 0. But here the function is e
2z
, then Maclaurin serie for this function is
e
2z
=

n=0
(2z)
n
n!
= 1 + (2z) +
4z
2
2!
+ . . .
Radius of convergence for this serie is in that
lim
n
R = lim
n

(2)
n
n!
(2)
n+1
(n+1)!
| = lim
n
(n + 1)
2
= .
2. Let center be 0 for
1
(1z
3
)
.
1
1 z
=

n=0
z
n
= 1 + z + z
2
+ z
3
+ . . .
is known at 0. Then Maclaurin serie for
1
(1z
3
)
is
1
1 z
3
=

n=0
z
3n
= 1 + z
3
+ z
6
+ z
9
+ . . .
Radius of convergence for this serie is 1 since
lim
n
R = 1
3. Let center be 2i for e
z
.We know that
e
z
=

n=0
z
n
n!
= 1 + z +
z
2
2!
+ . . .
at z = 0. But here the center is 2i, then Taylor serie for this function is
e
z
=

n=0
z
n
n!
= 1 + (z + 2i) +
(z + 2i)
2
2!
+ . . .
Radius of convergence for this serie is in that
lim
n

1
n!
1
(n+1)!
| = lim
n
n + 1 = .
15.5
48
1-3 Uniform Convergence :
1. Let

n=0
(z 2i)
2n
and |z 2i| 0.999. We know that
1
1 z
= 1 + z + z
2
+ z
3
+ . . .
1
1 (z 2i)
2
=

n=0
(z 2i)
2n
= 1 + (z 2i)
2
+ (z 2i)
4
+ (z 2i)
6
+ . . .
Because |z 2i| 0.999, this serie converges uniformly.
2. Let

n=0
z
2n+1
(2n + 1)!
and |z| 10
10
.999. Since
sinh z =

n=0
z
2n+1
(2n + 1)!
= z +
z
3
3!
+
z
5
5!
+ . . .
this Maclaurin series of sinh z converges uniformly on every bounded set.
3. Let

n=0

n
n
4
z
2n
and |z| 0.56. From ratio test, we have
lim
n
L = lim
n

n+1
(n+1)
4

n
n
4

= lim
n
n
4
(n + 1)
4
= > 1,
and |z| 0.56, this serie converges uniformly on everywhere.
9-11 Power series :
9. Let

n=0
(z + 1 2i)
n
4
n
. By ratio test, we get
lim
n
L = lim
n

1
4
(
n+1)
1
4
n

= lim
n
1
4
=
1
4
< 1,
then we can say that this serie converges uniformly on everywhere.
10. Let

n=0
(z i)
2n
(2n)!
. Since
cosh z =

n=0
z
2n
(2n)!
= 1 +
z
2
2!
+
z
4
4!
+ . . .
this Taylor series of cosh z with center i converges uniformly on every bounded set.
49
11. Let

n=1
(1)
n
2
n
n
z
n
. By ratio test, we get
lim
n
L = lim
n

(1)
n+1
2
n+1
(n+1)
(1)
n
2
n
n

= lim
n
2n 2
n
= 2 < 1,
then we can say that this serie converges uniformly on everywhere.
50