Feasibility Study - Volume 1

Feasibility Study: Upgrade to
Lower Brown Hill Creek

Volume 1

11
th
April 2014

ii

11
th
April 2014
Mr Michael de Heus, Ms Catherine Brock
Tonkin Consulting
2/66 Rundle Street
Kent Town SA 5067

RE: Expression of Interest to Undertake Preliminary and Detailed Design for the Upgrade to Lower
Brown Hill Creek
Dear Michael and Catherine,
Prestige Worldwide would like to formally extend their interest for the undertaking of the
Preliminary and Detailed Design for the Upgrade to Lower Brown Hill Creek.
Having conducted a thorough investigation into the feasibility of the project and the various design
options available we believe that our company is the perfect candidate for the purposes of
conducting the Preliminary and Detailed Design.
As an established company with a proven track record in consulting, we at Prestige Worldwide
continue to place ourselves among market leaders with a strong focus on sustainability and
community values. These same values are the motivation behind our desire to perform these
studies.
Specialising in Environmental Engineering and Hydraulics with extensive experience we believe our
results speak for themselves and that by undertaking the Preliminary and Detailed Design studies we
are ideally placed to deliver the best possible outcome and solution.

Yours sincerely,

Scott Lines
Project Manager
Prestige Worldwide

iii

Declaration
Business Trading Name:
Prestige Worldwide Engineering
ABN:
12 34 56 789
Company Address and Phone:
Mawson Lakes Boulevard
Mawson Lakes
South Australia 5095
(08) 8302 6611
Principal Contact:
Scott Lines
Project Manager
Linsh003@mymail.unisa.edu.au
Declaration Statement:
Prestige Worldwide declares this Feasibility Study document is accurate at the time of printing.
Scott Lines Signed:
Project Manager Date: 11
th
April 2014

Belinda Lee Signed:
Assistant Project Manager/ Quality Manager Date: 11
th
April 2014

iv

Document History and Status
Revision Description Author Reviewed Approved Date
A First Draft Prestige Worldwide BL SL 11/04/2014

v

Executive Summary
This report presents the Feasibility Study for the Upgrade to Lower Brown Hill Creek. Prestige
Worldwide has conducted an extensive review of possible design options to upgrade the design flow
to the required 60m
3
/s taking into consideration all the various aspects of such a large scale project.
The five options considered include:
1. A fully lined rectangular concrete channel.
2. Fully constructed natural waterway.
3. Combination of a concrete lined channel and a constructed waterway.
4. Using the existing channel in conjunction with a semi-parallel culvert.
5. The use of the existing channel with various Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)
technology upgrades in conjunction with a semi-parallel culvert.
Recommendations have been made by each department on the various design options explored.
After taking into consideration the advantages and disadvantages of each option, as well as
performing a comprehensive cost benefit analysis the final recommendation is that design option 5
is the most suitable option.
Design option 5 requires minor upgrades to the existing channel with additional use of WSUD
technology as environmental enhancements, increasing the recreational amenity and visual impact
with a high level of community acceptance.

vi

Contents
Declaration ..................................................................................................................... iii
Document History and Status .......................................................................................... iv
Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... v
Contents ......................................................................................................................... vi
List of Tables ................................................................................................................. viii
List of Figures .................................................................................................................. ix
List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... xii
1 Project Background ................................................................................................... 1
2 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3
3 Project Funding ......................................................................................................... 4
Stakeholders ................................................................................................................. 4 3.1
4 Deliverables and Assumptions ................................................................................... 5
Deliverables .................................................................................................................. 5 4.1
Assumptions ................................................................................................................. 5 4.2
5 Project Goals and Objectives ...................................................................................... 6
Goals ............................................................................................................................ 6 5.1
Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 6 5.2
Further Considerations .................................................................................................. 6 5.3
6 Water Investigation ................................................................................................... 7
Overview ...................................................................................................................... 7 6.1
Site Investigation .......................................................................................................... 9 6.2
Channel Section .......................................................................................................... 9 6.2.1
Road Section for potential culverts........................................................................... 14 6.2.2
Design Options ............................................................................................................ 20 6.3
Option 1 Fully Lined Rectangular Concrete Channel ............................................. 20 6.3.1
Option 2 Fully Constructed Natural Waterway ...................................................... 24 6.3.2
Option 3 Combination of Concrete Lined and Constructed Waterway ................. 29 6.3.3
Option 4 Existing channel network with Culvert.................................................... 31 6.3.4
Option 5 The use of culverts in addition to WSUD features .................................. 37 6.3.5
Services ...................................................................................................................... 39 6.4
Telstra ....................................................................................................................... 39 6.4.1
Nextgen Network ...................................................................................................... 41 6.4.2

vii

South Australian Power Networks ............................................................................ 42 6.4.3
iFibre Network Cables ............................................................................................... 43 6.4.4
Gas Pipelines ............................................................................................................. 44 6.4.5
Maintenance and Asset Life ......................................................................................... 45 6.5
Concrete Lined Channel ............................................................................................ 45 6.5.1
Fully Constructed Natural Waterway ........................................................................ 46 6.5.2
Culverts ..................................................................................................................... 47 6.5.3
Constructed Wetlands .............................................................................................. 47 6.5.4
Construction Considerations ........................................................................................ 48 6.6
Heritage Site Ashford Special School ..................................................................... 48 6.6.1
Dead End Packard Street & Wyatt Street .............................................................. 49 6.6.2
Recreational Amenities & Opportunities ...................................................................... 51 6.7
Overview ................................................................................................................... 51 6.7.1
Site Investigation ....................................................................................................... 52 6.7.2
Design Options .......................................................................................................... 54 6.7.3
Recommendations .................................................................................................... 61 6.7.4
WSUD Investigation .................................................................................................... 66 6.8
Infiltration Trenches .................................................................................................. 66 6.8.1
Porous and Permeable Pavements ........................................................................... 67 6.8.2
Bio-Retention Systems .............................................................................................. 68 6.8.3
Filter Strips ................................................................................................................ 69 6.8.4
Bio-Infiltration Swales system ................................................................................... 70 6.8.5
Constructed Wetlands .............................................................................................. 71 6.8.6
Recommendation ........................................................................................................ 72 6.9
Detailed Design Stage Outline...................................................................................... 73 6.10

viii

List of Tables
Table 1 - Concrete channel lined dimensions for the proposed rectangular channel .......................... 22
Table 2 - Constructed Natural Waterway dimensions .......................................................................... 27
Table 3 - Internal culvert properties ..................................................................................................... 34

ix

List of Figures
Figure 1 - Locality Plan (Tonkin Consulting 2014) ................................................................................... 1
Figure 2 - Section of Lower Brown Hill Creek.......................................................................................... 2
Figure 3 - Concrete channel with vertical combine with earth channel (Adapted from Tonkin
Consulting 2014) ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 4 - Concrete channel example 1 ................................................................................................ 10
Figure 5 - Concrete channel example 2 ................................................................................................ 10
Figure 6 - Unlined earth clay channel example 1 .................................................................................. 11
Figure 7 - Completely unlined channel example 1 ................................................................................ 12
Figure 8 - western end of the channel section ..................................................................................... 13
Figure 9 - Potential access example 2 ................................................................................................... 15
Figure 10 - Potential access example 1 ................................................................................................. 15
Figure 11 - Potential access example 3 ................................................................................................. 15
Figure 12 - South road aerial shot ......................................................................................................... 16
Figure 13 - Basnett Street section affected by culvert example 1 ........................................................ 17
Figure 14 - Basnett Street section affected by culvert example 2 ........................................................ 17
Figure 15 - Dudley Avenue affected by culvert section 1 ..................................................................... 18
Figure 16 - Dudley Avenue affected by culvert section 2 ..................................................................... 18
Figure 17 - Ramsey Street and Bearre Avenue ..................................................................................... 19
Figure 18 - Channel Cross Section ......................................................................................................... 20
Figure 19 - Channel cross section ......................................................................................................... 22
Figure 20 - Earth channel example (Tonkin Consulting 2013) .............................................................. 24
Figure 21 - Channel properties ............................................................................................................. 26
Figure 22 - Concrete channel with vertical combine with earth channel (Adapted from Tonkin
Consulting 2014) ................................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 23 - Proposed Culvert Route (Adapted from Tonkin Consulting 2014) ..................................... 32
Figure 24 - Channel Boundary ............................................................................................................... 33
Figure 25 - Culverts beneath Road ........................................................................................................ 35
Figure 26 - Existing channel with Culvert with Constructed wetlands features (Adapted from Tonkin
Consulting 2014) ................................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 27 - Telstra main located at Marion Road Vehicular Bridge (DB4YD 2012) ............................... 39
Figure 28 - Telstra main located at Farnham Road Bridge (DB4YD 2012) ............................................ 40

x

Figure 29 - Telstra mains located along Tyson Street where proposed culverts will run (DB4YD 2012)
.............................................................................................................................................................. 40
Figure 30 - Location of Nextgen Network along Beauchamp Street (DB4YD 2012) ............................. 41
Figure 31 - SAPN High Voltage Underground Cable (DB4YD 2012) ...................................................... 42
Figure 32 - SAPN Low Voltage Underground Cable (DB4YD 2012) ....................................................... 42
Figure 33 - iFibre Cable located along Birdwood Terrace (DB4YD 2012) ............................................. 43
Figure 34 - Gas Pipeline locations throughout LBHC (Adapted from Tonkin Consulting 2014)............ 44
Figure 35 - Heritage site: Ashford Special School (Adapted from Google Maps) ................................. 48
Figure 36 - Dead end of Packard St (Adapted from Google Maps) ....................................................... 49
Figure 37 - Dead end of Wyatt St (Adapted from Google Maps) .......................................................... 50
Figure 38 - Access method to dead end with Steel road plate used during construction of culvert
(American Mechanical Inc. 2014) ......................................................................................................... 50
Figure 39 - Identification of locations of amenity along track/path route (Adapted from Google Maps
2014) ..................................................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 40 - Sheltered picnic area with an electric BBQ pit ................................................................... 54
Figure 41 - Example of an electric BBQ pit............................................................................................ 55
Figure 42 - Outdoor exercise station at Port Noarlunga (Rich 2013) ................................................... 56
Figure 43 - Example of a bench in along a track/path .......................................................................... 57
Figure 44 - Example of a lighting structure ........................................................................................... 58
Figure 45 - Revegetated wetland/creek ............................................................................................... 59
Figure 46 - Example of an irrigation system in a park (Lincoln Rural Supplies 2014) ........................... 60
Figure 47 - Division of sections along creek for in depth visualisation (Adapted from Google Maps
2014) ..................................................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 48 - Recommended locations for amenities along Watson Avenue (Adapted from Google
Maps) .................................................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 49 - Relocation of fence at Watson Avenue Creek Reserve ...................................................... 63
Figure 50 - Recommended amenities along track/path at Galway Avenue (Adapted from Google
Maps) .................................................................................................................................................... 63
Figure 51 - Recommended locations for amenities along Westside Bikeway to Cross Terrace
(Adapted from Google Maps) ............................................................................................................... 64
Figure 52 - Track/Path route along Warwick Avenue (Adapted from Google Maps) ........................... 65
Figure 53 - Diagram of Infiltration trench (RiverSides 2009) ................................................................ 66
Figure 54 - Diagram of a Permeable/Porous pavement system (Concrete Stone and Tile 2014) ........ 67
Figure 55 - Bio-retention basin diagram (Fulton G 2010) ..................................................................... 68

xi

Figure 56 - Filter strip diagram .............................................................................................................. 69
Figure 57 - Main components of a filter strip swale (Hydraulic performance of grass swales for
managing highway runoff 2012) ........................................................................................................... 70
Figure 58 - Constructed wetland (Large Scale Water Features 2012) .................................................. 71

xii

List of Abbreviations
ARI Average Recurrence Interval
BCR Benefit Cost Ratio
LBHC Lower Brown Hill Creek
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EP Environmental Plan
NPV Net Present Value
SA South Australia
WSUD Water Sensitive Urban Design

1

1 Project Background
Current focus of government policy is towards reducing the environmental and social impacts of new
infrastructure, a shift towards an increasing use of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)
technologies, with an emphasis on constructing a more sustainable environment. Transitioning
South Australia and Adelaide to a water sensitive State and city is a key objective of the Government
and is articulated in the States water security plan, Water for Good. It is also an inherent objective
in the 30 Year Plan for Great Adelaide (Department of Planning and Local Government 2012). In
planning and delivering this feasibility study this information has been taken into consideration.
This study focuses primary on the Lower Brown Hill Creek channel, defined as the section of Brown
Hill Creek from the downstream side of ANZAC Highway to the convergence with Keswick Creek on
the south eastern side of Adelaide Airport. This section can be seen below in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Locality Plan (Tonkin Consulting 2014)

2

This section of the creek is approximately 3298.8m long, with 7 vehicular bridges and 4 pedestrian
bridges along the entire length of it. Several large arterial roads crossover the creek such as South
Road and Marion Road, therefore it was necessary to take into account any traffic considerations
when investigating options for the channel. Additionally there are currently sections of the creek in
need of repair. Such a section can clearly be seen in Figure 2.
The existing culvert under ANZAC Highway has a capacity of approximately 25m
3
/s. However in the
event of larger flows flooding will result through the suburbs Ashford, Keswick and Mile End South.
Furthermore while downstream has a capacity of 20 25m
3
/s the channel will continue to collect
further inflows resulting in an increasing amount of flooding. As a result various upgrades are
necessary to protect from a 100 year ARI flood event.

Figure 2 - Section of Lower Brown Hill Creek

3

2 Introduction
The following report outlines Prestige Worldwides findings and recommendations on the feasibility
study for the upgrade to Lower Brown Hill Creek (LBHC).
For the feasibility stage of the project Prestige Worldwide speciality teams were organised in order
to determine the best approach for each section. The divisions were structured based on our
employees needs and the relevant experience of each team member. The teams for this phase were
organised into the following specialities:
1. Water Division
2. Environmental and Urban Planning Division
3. Transportation Division
4. Structural Division
5. Geotechnical Division
Each division consists of between 3 and 7 members with an elected team leader. The team leader
has been elected due to their experience and knowledge in their respective field. This structured
environment combined with the quality management system in place ensured an effective solution
was accomplished for each aspect of the project.

4

3 Project Funding
Prestige Worldwide has various major sponsors. These sponsors recognise the growing potential and
current high standards of projects produced by the company. This is demonstrated through the
diverse flexibility in the number of projects engaged and completed. Our consistency has ensured
secure financial backing to the approximate amount of $30 million.
Furthermore both the South Australian Government and the Federal Government have an interest in
the outcome of this project and the end result produced. Allowing for the secure knowledge and
peace of mind afforded with such long term commitments.
Future funding opportunities will be sourced from the State and Federal Government, as well as the
private sector to ensure adequate funding for the length of the project.
Stakeholders 3.1
The key stakeholders include with an interest in the feasibility study outcomes and
recommendations include the following:
1. Tonkin Consulting
2. SA Water
3. Australian Federal Government
4. South Australian Government
5. Local Councils of Unley, Mitcham, Burnside and West Torrens
6. Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure
7. Local communities, including land owners who may be affected

5

4 Deliverables and Assumptions
Deliverables 4.1
Prestige Worldwide has delivered the following items both written and with the adjoined
documentation in connection with the feasibility study:
1. The Feasibility Study and Report.
2. A Quality Management System complete with documents, processes and logs of their
implementation.
3. The Environmental Plan including an Environmental Impact Assessment.
4. An incorporated offer to the client to undertake the Preliminary and Detailed design study.
Assumptions 4.2
In designing accurate options for the feasibility study Prestige Worldwide has adopted several
assumptions, the purpose of these assumptions was to allow the investigation to stay within the
given scope.
1. An allowance for 300mm freeboard between the edge of the creek reserve and the creek
water level was adopted.
2. The width of the existing creek reserve was taken as 12m.
3. The flow rate of Keswick Creek immediately upstream of the confluence with Brown Hill
Creek was taken as 28m
3
/s for the northern part of the Keswick channel and 88m
3
/s for the
southern part of the Keswick channel.

6

5 Project Goals and Objectives
Goals 5.1
The main goals for the feasibility study for LBHC were as follows:
1. Provide flood mitigation in the event of a 1 in 100 year ARI flood event.
2. Increase Lower Brown Hill Creeks capacity to 60m
3
/s.
3. Develop a sustainable solution that provides optimal balance between economic, social and
environmental aspects of the project.
4. Ensure safety throughout every stage of the project.
Objectives 5.2
The key objectives for the feasibility study for LBHC were as follows:
1. Incorporate WSUD and stormwater harvesting where possible.
2. Provide recreational amenity where appropriate.
3. Provide a solution that is satisfactory for the community and produces minimal disturbances
to the community.
Further Considerations 5.3
In developing feasible design options for the upgrade to LBHC considerations concerning the social,
economic and environmental aspects of the study were taken into account. This ensured that the
provided recommendations were ideal for the upgrade and that there would be minimal issues or
concerns during the next stages of design. The following aspects were investigated:
1. Benefit versus cost analysis was conducted for each of the options.
2. Existing creek condition.
3. Transportation impacts of any construction or upgrades required.
4. Environmental impacts and opportunities.
5. Social impacts and opportunities, including community consultations.
6. Land acquisition requirements for each design option.
7. Operation and maintenance requirements.

7

6 Water Investigation
Overview 6.1
The primary objective of the LBHC upgrade project is to establish a flow capacity of 60m
3
/s. To
achieve this objective the task was given to the Water Department to analyse the existing channel
and provide a number of suitable options for this feasibility report.
The options investigated include:
1. Fully concrete lined channel
2. Fully constructed grassy water channel
3. Combination of concrete and grassy channel
4. Existing channel with the addition of two parallel culverts
5. Existing channel with parallel culverts and WSUD features
This investigation details the pros and cons of each of these options. Studies were carried out to
determine the feasibility given the space restraints, economic viability, impacts to the environment
and local community.
Special interest was taken into incorporating recreational amenities to provide a benefit to the local
community. WSUD options were also evaluated as the care for the environment cannot be
overlooked. Many potential design options and elements were investigated and detailed in the
report, however only some of the investigated options will be incorporated due to limiting factors
such as space, practicality and economic viability.

8

Furthermore the report also includes a detailed site investigation of the existing channel as well as
the adjacent road network where the proposed culverts will run. This was vital in determining the
viability of the inclusion of the culverts as there are many potential hazards along the way which
must be taken into account. The potential hazards include current services that need to be relocated
which include:
1. Telstra fittings
2. Potable water supply network
3. Sewerage network
4. Existing stormwater network
5. Fibre optic cabling
These elements need to be taken into to ensure no damage to the existing infrastructure. Extensive
research will be conducted on existing infrastructure services such as storm water network,
sewerage network, power lines, Telstra services and others. The design will attempt to minimise any
impacts to these services, however some may need to be relocated when practical.
A cost estimate will be provided for each of the design options, along with a final recommendation
by the water team.

9

Site Investigation 6.2
Channel Section 6.2.1
A site inspection of the LBHC was investigated on the 18
th
of March 2014. The channel concerning
these upcoming upgrades runs for 3.3 km from Anzac highway running down to the Adelaide airport
region. The channel was designed to mainly house and carry storm water through the urban area.
The below figure outlines key points along LBHC.

Figure 3 - Concrete channel with vertical combine with earth channel (Adapted from Tonkin Consulting 2014)

10

Completely lined concrete section 6.2.1.1
The completely concrete lined sections at appearance are in exceptional condition. There are
moderate cracks throughout these sections. However these would have minimal effect on the flow
of the channel. An example of this section can be seen in the photos below.

Figure 4 - Concrete channel example 1
Figure 5 - Concrete channel example 2

11

Partially unlined earth clay sections 6.2.1.2
The partially unlined earth clay containing irregular concrete sections are random at best, it is clear
where the earth has been excavated and readied for construction. The section contains a substantial
amount of construction waste including bricks and cement. This waste is not predominantly a result
of illegal dumping, however could also be potentially the poor condition or maintenance of these
particular sections of channel.

Figure 6 - Unlined earth clay channel example 1

12

Completely unlined section 6.2.1.3
The completely unlined earth sections are excavated as per section dimensions. They are currently
riddled with forestation and waste. It is also clear that some of these sections have suffered severe
structural problems and have been left to collapse. Whether this is at fault of harsh weather
conditions or poor maintenance is unclear.
The land usage along the channel can be labelled as mostly residential. Some of these allotments
being within 5m of the channel opening, making it very hard to further excavate and rebuild the
channel. There are also a number of parks/reserves and commercial buildings present along the
bank of the channel.

Figure 7 - Completely unlined channel example 1

13

The eastern end of the channel 6.2.1.4
A large portion of this section is unsealed earth, on top of this the earth has seen a lot of wear and
has structurally failed, creating more of a flat bed or convex shaped rather than the trapezoidal
shape made by the concrete lined sections. Throughout these sections there pose a number of
problems within the channel. There is a large amount of nature developing through the earth, this
includes reasonably large trees. Additionally a large amount of debris including collapsed retaining
walls and other industrial waste are present. Lastly, the illegal dumping of waste has prompted the
appearance of such household rubbish ranging from clothes lines to cans and bottles.
The western end of the channel 6.2.1.5
The western side of the creek has a substantial higher amount of completely concrete lined sections
than the eastern upper side. However it is still predominately made up of unlined earth fill along
with the odd concrete lined section/bend. There is a long completely concrete lined section in
reasonably good condition, which can be seen below. This section of the channel is far west and runs
for about 600m leading up to and past the Marion Road Bridge. There is also no considerable waste
throughout this section. The further west the channel becomes the more concrete lining and less
waste is present.

Figure 8 - western end of the channel section

14

Road Section for potential culverts 6.2.2
Anzac Hwy through to South Road 6.2.2.1
The proposed route for the culvert begins on Anzac Hwy heading South-west for approximately
100m. As this is a very wide road, the required works will not be a present a problem. As with all
urban roads there are a number of different services (gas, water, wastewater etc.) beneath the
roads. Along Farnham Road, the site can be easily accessed however the power lines on the side of
the road may be a risk during any excavations and specific safety measures should be taken to
ensure a safe working site and compliance with the necessary work health and safety laws.
Tyson Street consists of a number of overhanging trees and cables that may cause difficulties with
access.

15

The width of the residential streets may also represent an inconvenience with residents as they may
have difficulty gaining access to their homes for a short period of time while construction is being
undertaken. With careful planning the disturbances can be minimised for local residents.

Figure 10 - Potential access example 1
(Adapted from Google Maps)


16

South Road Crossing 6.2.2.2
The proposed route for the culvert runs across South Rd, considering the large amount of traffic that
passes through this section there may be potential issues with the public. Additionally the culvert
goes through a small section of the underpass which may lead to excavation difficulties. In order to
overcome these complications it will be necessary to allow extra time for construction to aid in
minimising disturbances to traffic and the local community.

Figure 12 - South road aerial shot

17

South Road through to McArthur Ave 6.2.2.3
Commencing immediately after South Rd the culvert will run along Basnett Street. There are a
number of overhanging cables and trees that may pose a potential risk. Additionally there are a
number of different services that run under the roads that will need to be taken into account prior
to construction. This will remain relatively constant throughout the route of the culvert through to
McArthur Ave.

Figure 13 - Basnett Street section affected by culvert example 1

Figure 14 - Basnett Street section affected by culvert example 2

18

Dudley Avenue through to Marion Road 6.2.2.4
Than the culverts will exit from Birdwood Terrance and continue down Dudley Terrace. Dudley
terrace is an easily accessible road completely surrounded by residential allotments. Alongside the
road there is a footpath with a range of trees as well as Stobie poles.
After the initial 45 degree bend on the street, there are a number of overhead wires from the Stobie
poles which will need to be taken into account during construction. Other than this the other
concerns are accessibility to residential properties, along with parked cars on the side of the road.
The street runs all the way to Marion road and conditions do not change. Underneath these roads
there exist a number of services will need to be addressed throughout excavation. Gas, power, water
and phone lines all run through this area quite densely and the information provided in the dial
before you dig will need to be taken into consideration throughout construction.

Figure 15 - Dudley Avenue affected by culvert section 1

Figure 16 - Dudley Avenue affected by culvert section 2

19

Marion Road Crossing 6.2.2.5
As Marion Road is extremely busy at certain times of the day it would be in the companys best
interest to delicately choose the time the works will take place in order to minimise traffic impacts.
The Marion road crossing also holds surface to a number to underground services, which will need
to be looked at in detail during the design phase.
Pembroke through till the end 6.2.2.6
Pembroke Avenue runs perpendicular from Marion Road. The main concern to the construction
phase above ground is the residential properties, hanging Stobie poles wires across the road, trees
and parked cars. These same risks are the only concern above ground all the way through to the end
of the proposed route. Several intersections and roundabout would need to be excavated during the
construction process, these include:
1. Roundabout at Beare Ave and Harvey Ave
2. Intersection at Shelley/Harvey, Convair/Harvey, Streeters/Harvey and Baroda/Harvey
A note should also be made for the large reserve and playground on the corner of Ramsey Street and
Beare Avenue, which acts as the only non-residential allotment along the proposed culvert passage.
Once again the underground networks will need to be considered during the design. As avoiding
pipework thats holds gas and electrical wires is a substantial safety issue during construction

Figure 17 - Ramsey Street and Bearre Avenue

20

Design Options 6.3
Option 1 Fully Lined Rectangular Concrete Channel 6.3.1
Overview 6.3.1.1
To achieve the design flow of 60m
3
/s a fully lined rectangular concrete channel may be used. The
existing LBHC channel will be enlarged to accommodate the increased flow capacity. The enlarged
channel will require the reclamation of land alongside the channel, excavation of the channel and
relaying the entire channel. Additionally the channel will require fencing to be erected on either side
to stop debris from entering the channel and for the safety of the general public. In the below figure
the cross section of the proposed channel can be seen. Exact dimensions of all cross sections are
detailed in Table 1 in section 6.3.1.4.

Figure 18 - Channel Cross Section

21

Benefits 6.3.1.2
The benefits of using a concrete lined channel are the low maintenance characteristics that concrete
lining provides. The channel walls allow for decreased erosion of soil and strong slope stability which
allows a strong foundation on either side of the creek. Concrete provides a low Mannings
Roughness which allows for a high flow rate, therefore making it easier to achieve the design
specifications of 60m
3
/s.
Contingencies 6.3.1.3
In the event of storm during the construction work would stop and all personnel would be cleared
from the channel. The channel will be constructed in sections to minimise the damage done during a
storm event.
Maintenance access points will be installed at intervals approximately 500m apart. A maintenance
access track is required in order to maintain the channel, removing any rubbish after a storm where
surface runoff is compiled with waste material. There will be a total of 6 maintenance access points
throughout the length of the channel. The maintenance points also act as a safety precaution in the
event of a storm or flood these access points may be used as a means to exit the channel.

22

Channel Properties 6.3.1.4
The discharge formula for a rectangular concrete channel is calculated using the formula below.
Using this formula the optimal dimensions of the creek channel were determined and they can be
seen in table 1 below.

Table 1 - Concrete channel lined dimensions for the proposed rectangular channel

Concrete

Chainage
(m)
Depth
(m)
Width
(m)
Area
(m
2
)
Mannings
(n)
Wetted
perimeter (m)
Hydraulic
radius (R)
Surface
runoff
Flow Q
(m
3
/s)
3050-3300 2.4 4.8 12 0.015 9.6 1.2 0.0052 63
2960-3050 2.1 4.3 9 0.015 8.5 2.1 0.0035 60
2450-2960 1.9 3.8 7 0.015 7.7 1.9 0.0063 60
2100-2450 2.3 4.6 11 0.015 9.3 2.3 0.0023 60
1980-2100 2.0 4.0 8 0.015 8.0 2.0 0.0049 60
1140-1980 1.7 3.4 6 0.015 6.8 1.7 0.0120 60
440-1140 1.7 3.4 6 0.015 6.8 1.7 0.0125 61
0-440 1.9 3.8 7 0.015 7.6 1.9 0.0066 60
D
B
Figure 19 - Channel cross section

23

Limitations and Issues 6.3.1.5
The issues and limitations associated with a concrete lined channel, these include:
1. Reduced opportunities for recreational amenities
2. Destruction of natural habitat for natural wildlife
3. No infiltration characteristics
4. No methods of water filtration leading to poor water quality
5. High initial construction cost
6. Disruption to local households and businesses during construction period
The upgrade of the LBHC is not only to provide a suitable solution to dissipating stormwater from a 1
in 100 year flood event, but it should also take into considerations such as community and
environmental benefit. The concrete channel limits these factors and does not contribute value to
the community.

24

Option 2 Fully Constructed Natural Waterway 6.3.2
Overview 6.3.2.1
To attain the required flow of 60m
3
/s, a fully constructed natural waterway may be used. To
accommodate the desired flow capacity, the existing channel will need to be enlarged. When the
required dimensions have been achieved the channel will need to be vegetated with flora to prevent
excessive soil erosion. The channel upgrade may require upgrades to existing infrastructure, such as
pedestrian bridges and vehicular bridges. This option will require extensive property reclamation
along the majority of the channel due to the size the creek needs to be to be able to successfully
flow 60m
3
/s

Figure 20 - Earth channel example (Tonkin Consulting 2013)

25

Benefits 6.3.2.2
Using a fully constructed natural waterway does have its benefits. A vegetated channel allows for
infiltration which replenishes ground water supplies. In addition to providing an environmentally
friendly alternative as opposed to a concrete lined channel. The natural waterway will be low
maintenance once the vegetation is established. The downstream water quality will improve and a
natural waterway will allow for recreational usage among the local communities.
In the event of storm during the construction work would stop and all personnel would be cleared
from the channel. The channel will be constructed in section to minimise the damage done during a
storm event. However, in the unfortunate event that a 100 year storm occurs during the
construction process, the entire channel may suffer severe damage.

26

Channel Properties 6.3.2.4
The discharge formula for a trapezoidal natural earth channel is calculated using the formula below.

D
SD SD
B
30
o

1
Figure 21 - Channel properties

27

Table 2 - Constructed Natural Waterway dimensions

Natural with stones

Chainage (m)
Depth
(m)
Width (m) SD B
s

Area
(m
2
)
Mannings
(n)
Slope S
(m)
Wetted perimeter (m) Hydraulic radius (R) Surface runoff Flow Q (m
3
/s)
3050-3300 2.4 4.0 4.2 12.3 19.5 0.03 1.732 13.6 1.4 0.0052 60.0
2960-3050 2.1 7.2 3.7 9.7 23.3 0.03 1.732 15.8 1.5 0.0035 60.0
2450-2960 1.9 6.5 3.3 8.7 18.8 0.03 1.732 14.1 1.3 0.0063 60.0
2100-2450 2.3 7.8 4.0 10.5 27.4 0.03 1.732 17.1 1.6 0.0023 60.0
1980-2100 2.0 6.8 3.5 9.1 20.7 0.03 1.732 14.8 1.4 0.0049 60.0
1140-1980 1.7 5.7 2.9 7.7 14.8 0.03 1.732 12.5 1.2 0.0120 60.0
440-1140 1.7 5.6 2.9 7.6 14.5 0.03 1.732 12.4 1.2 0.0125 60.0
0-440 1.9 6.4 3.3 8.6 18.4 0.03 1.732 14.0 1.3 0.0066 60.0

28

The major limitation of this option is the space constraints that are in place. The channel passes
through narrow passages between neighbouring properties. To successfully implement a natural
waterway there will be heavy upgrades required to existing infrastructure. Bridges will need to be
widened to suit a new channel width and several existing paths around the area will need to be
redesigned. Major land reclamation will be required along the majority of the creek. This will causes
extensive disruption to the community, and may not gain community acceptance.
Due to the size of the channel, this option would need extensive excavation and will pose potential
hazards for the surrounding area including slope stability and danger of drowning during flood
events.

29

Option 3 Combination of Concrete Lined and Constructed Waterway 6.3.3
The major design elements are as per option 1 and option 2. This option combines the usage of both
types of channels. To achieve a flow of 60m
3
/s by using a combination of concrete lining and
constructed water way, strategic placement of each method must be used. Sections of the creek
that are more susceptible to flooding under storm events would require the concrete lining; this
includes areas such as high catchment runoff areas and narrow areas in the channel. The
constructed waterway areas will allow for infiltration.
Combining both options would allow for a more economical approach, saving a significant amount
on costing, however the disadvantages of having a constructed waterway would still be present,
while this option would be preferable to option 1 or 2 there are still quite a number of disadvantages
that would make community acceptance a potential problems.
The below diagram indicates the potential use of concrete lining and constructed waterways.

30

Figure 22 - Concrete channel with vertical combine with earth channel (Adapted from Tonkin Consulting 2014)

31

Option 4 Existing channel network with Culvert 6.3.4
Overview 6.3.4.1
To achieve the design flow of 60m
3
/s, the existing channel can be used in conjunction with a pair of
culverts running beneath the adjacent roads. Two culverts will be placed side by side along the
length of the road section, the proposed route can be seen on the next page in figure 23.
The existing channel has the capacity to flow up to 15m
3
/s, the additional 45m
3
/s will be routed into
the culverts. In a 1 in 100 year storm event the flow from upstream will be diverted so that a small
portion runs into the existing channel, and a remaining portion travels through the culverts exiting
downstream past the channel.
This option allows for minimal upgrade work for the existing channel. Only areas where degradation
has occurred over time impeding the design flow will need to be maintained to the original
condition.
The culvert will be constructed through the following streets:
1. Anzac Highway
2. Farnham Road
3. Tyson Street
4. South Road
5. Basnett Street
6. Cross Tce
7. Daly Street
8. Tilden Ave
9. Birdwood Terrace
10. Dudley Ave
11. Marion Road
12. Pembroke Ave
13. Ramsey Street
14. Beare Ave
15. Harvey Ave

32

Figure 23 - Proposed Culvert Route (Adapted from Tonkin Consulting 2014)

33

Benefits 6.3.4.2
Due to the boundaries the channel shares with the neighbouring properties, it is beneficial to all
stakeholders that the channel does not require widening. This prevents the need for property
reclamation, which can be stressful for both parties involved, while simultaneously providing a cost
benefit.

Figure 24 - Channel Boundary
In the event of a storm during the construction process, the existing channel will still be able to
dissipate the stormwater from the surrounding catchments and the upstream. The decision to use
two culverts on either side of the road means that they can be constructed in sections, which allows
traffic to flow on one side of the road, eliminating the need to close off the road entirely.

34

Culvert Properties 6.3.4.4
At the current stage in the feasibility study, the proposed flow of the culvert is 45m
3
/s. This would
require two culverts with the approximate sizing of 2000mm x 2400mm. This size allows for the
target flow, thickness of culvert walls and required freeboard.
At the current stage in the feasibility study, the proposed flow of the culvert is 45m
3
/s. This would
require a culvert sizings of two culvert approximately 2.4m in width each with a depth of 2m. This
size allows for the target flow, thickness of culvert walls and required freeboard.
The discharge formula for a rectangular culvert is calculated using the formula below.

Table 3 - Internal culvert properties
Depth
(m)
Width
(m)
Area
(m
2
)
Mannings
(n)
Wetted perimeter
(m)
Hydraulic radius
(R)
Surface runoff
Flow Q
(m
3
/s)
2.0 2.4 5 0.015 8.0 1.0 0.0050 23

The culvert will provide a flow of 23m
3
/s each hence a total flow of 46m
3
/s is achieved from both the
culverts. The culvert will have a depth of flow of 2000mm and depth of culvert of 2300mm with
300mm freeboard and thickness of 300mm. the layout of culvert under the road is shown in the
figure below.

35

Figure 25 - Culverts beneath Road

2900mm
3000mm 3000mm
2900mm

36

The primary limitations and issues affecting this option is community acceptance. The construction
phase will cause significant disturbance to nearby residents. Also the constriction of traffic in the
local area will have an impact on local residents and businesses.
There will be safety and environmental issues associated which will be further detailed in the
transport section 11.3.

37

Option 5 The use of culverts in addition to WSUD features 6.3.5
In order to achieve the required flow of 60m
3
/s the use of the existing channel with the addition of
two parallel culverts and WSUD features is a viable option. This option will require the minimal
alternations of the existing channel when compared with the first three design options. With the
addition of WSUD features such as permeable paving, swales, bio-retention features, the flow
capacity can be distributed amongst more elements, thus creating a safety net if one element were
to fail during a storm event. The WSUD also incorporates an environmentally friendly element,
opportunities for recreational amenities and innovation into the design.
This option will require upgrades to surrounding affected areas and bridge upgrades to facilitate the
implementation of culverts. Areas of the existing channel that do not require upgrade will not be
touched.
Recreational amenities as detailed in section 6.7 can be introduced in the wetlands area to benefit
the local community.
Advantages of including WSUD include:
1. Environmentally friendly
2. Aesthetically pleasing
3. Recreational amenities available for local community
4. Innovative
Disadvantages of including WSUD include:
1. Increases cost of the project
2. Often only have limited flood mitigation capacity

38

Figure 26 - Existing channel with Culvert with Constructed wetlands features (Adapted from Tonkin Consulting 2014)

39

Services 6.4
Services are an essential feature that is required by residents and local businesses. As such any work
that needs to be undertaken must be done so with the utmost care and diligence. The associated
costs relating to the relocation of utilities is considered to be part of the contingency allowance as
part of costing.
Telstra 6.4.1
Telstra mains are located predominately at the vehicular bridges along the creek, with several
pedestrian bridges also containing mains such as with Gray Street displayed below. This must be
taken into account during the construction phase, furthermore in the event that design option 2 or 3
proceeds several Telstra mains would be required to be relocated. In the below figures Farnham
Road Bridge and Marion Road Bridge can be seen with a mains cable running the length of the
bridge, in the event that this bridge must be widened the services would have relocated for an
extended period of time. Specifically Marion Road Bridge where the creek must be extended to a
width of 7.8m would be negatively impacted.

Figure 27 - Telstra main located at Marion Road Vehicular Bridge (DB4YD 2012)

40

Figure 28 - Telstra main located at Farnham Road Bridge (DB4YD 2012)

Figure 29 - Telstra mains located along Tyson Street where proposed culverts will run (DB4YD 2012)

41

Nextgen Network 6.4.2
Nextgen network is an extensive fibre optic network that runs down Beauchamp Street intersecting
both the creek and the proposed culverts as can be seen in the figure below. This is the only section
of the creek and culverts that intersect with the fibre cables. During the construction phase care
must be taken to ensure no damage is caused to the fibre optic network.

Figure 30 - Location of Nextgen Network along Beauchamp Street (DB4YD 2012)

42

South Australian Power Networks 6.4.3
South Australian Power Networks (SAPN) is the operator of an extensive electricity distribution
network and high voltage underground cables run beneath certain sections of the proposed culverts
as well as across several bridges along LBHC with an equipment station

Figure 31 - SAPN High Voltage Underground Cable (DB4YD 2012)

Figure 32 - SAPN Low Voltage Underground Cable (DB4YD 2012)

43

iFibre Network Cables 6.4.4
The iFibre network cables supply dark fibre to Corporate and Government customers, the only
intersection with the creek and culverts is located along Birdwood Terrace and can be seen in the
figure below.

Figure 33 - iFibre Cable located along Birdwood Terrace (DB4YD 2012)

44

Gas Pipelines 6.4.5
Throughout the length of the creek certain locations have gas pipelines present, during excavation a
APA Group personnel must be present to supervise and work cannot commence until such a time.
Gas Pipelines are essential to consider when planning and executing construction works.

Figure 34 - Gas Pipeline locations throughout LBHC (Adapted from Tonkin Consulting 2014)

45

Maintenance and Asset Life 6.5
All construction projects have a useful asset life of 50 years, throughout this time routine
maintenance must be performed on the asset to ensure proper functionality and safety. The assets
that require maintenance in this project include:
1. Concrete Lined Channel
2. Fully Constructed Natural Waterway
3. Underground Culverts
4. Constructed Wetlands
Concrete Lined Channel 6.5.1
Concrete lined channels are generally low maintenance, but still do require attention on a periodic
schedule. This will include:
1. Visual inspection
A visual inspection will check for any structural damage to the channel such as
cracking potentially caused by tree roots
Determine points of high debris that requires clearing which hinders the flow
capacity of the channel
Determine any points of interest that require more extensive maintenance work
2. Checks for geotechnical and structural properties
Checking of slope stability which impacts on the safety of the channel
Bulging of sections of the channel potentially caused by the shrink-swell of the
foundation beneath
Taking periodic water samples to check pollution levels

NOTE: The inspection process of the channel will need to carried out by authorized personnel, upon
discovery of any areas not up to standard, a maintenance team will need to be deployed to rectify
the issue. Upon discovery of potentially life threatening issues, the appropriate authorities will need
to be notified immediately and surrounding area cordoned off to prevent risk of injury to the public.

46

Fully Constructed Natural Waterway 6.5.2
Constructed waterways require maintenance so that the drainage capacity is not diminished
significantly during its useful life. Over time the vegetation because over grown, excessive sediment
and soil erosion can all disrupt the drainage capacity of the channel. Constructed waterways require
extra attention during the first year of implementation, this time is critical to allow the channel to
become properly vegetated, once proper vegetation is established, maintenance will become more
periodical. Maintenance of the natural waterway will include:
1. Re-seeding areas of erosion
Unseeded areas lead to faster erosion of channel floor
2. Control of noxious weeds
Noxious weeds hinder the flow capacity of the channel
Competitors of nutrients of desired vegetation
May attract unwanted wildlife
3. Removal of rubbish hindering the flow of the channel
4. Ensuring a layer of grass cover to prevent further erosion
Heavy erosion can lead to the destruction of the channel, resulting in costly repairs
The eroded sediment will be deposited further downstream potentially causing
more problems
5. Carry out slope stability inspections in the interest of public safety
Due to the changing nature of a natural waterway, regular checks for slope stability
of the channel side walls are required

47

Culverts 6.5.3
The culverts used in this project will be rectangular concrete box culverts with a wall thickness of
300mm. These concrete culverts will require periodical inspections and maintenance. Due to the
sub-terrain nature of the culvert, visual inspections are difficult. As the culvert is designed to fill with
water under storm events, small sections will be accessible by maintenance crews for inspection
during no rainfall days. Other sections may require the assistance of remote controlled surveying
devices. Maintenance of the culvert will require:
1. Visual inspections to check for cracking
Cracking caused by tree roots and soil shrink/swell can lead to structural integrity
issues
2. Structural integrity assessments
The failure of a culvert could potentially cause a collapse in the road way above
endanger human life
3. Debris clean-up
Debris can potentially build up in culvert junctions leading to decreased flow
capacity
4. Inspections of culvert walls
Overtime sediment and debris can cause the corrosion of culvert walls, leading to
culvert failure
5. Water quality inspections
Poor water quality can lead to complications to environment further downstream
Constructed Wetlands 6.5.4
Though wetlands are an effective and efficient WSUD technology that is widely used they require
continual maintenance in order to continually perform to a high standard. An important part of that
maintenance is the removal and disposal of sediments. Accumulated sediments should be removed
before they threaten the operation or storage volume of the wetland, without removal of sediment
build up the wetland will deteriorate.

48

Construction Considerations 6.6
Throughout the construction phase, several key areas of interest must be taken into account. These
include providing access property access and ensuring proper care is taken in relation to heritage
sites located in close proximity to construction.
Heritage Site Ashford Special School 6.6.1

Figure 35 - Heritage site: Ashford Special School (Adapted from Google Maps)

During construction of culverts along the perimeters of the Ashford Special School, special
considerations and precautions must be taken. These include:
1. Site safety controls
2. Ensuring the occupants have access to the school at all times
3. Conscious of noise pollution
4. Construction out of school hours
5. Watering site for dust control
6. Condition assessment for Ashford Special School

49

Dead End Packard Street & Wyatt Street 6.6.2
Considerations need to be taken when performing the culvert construction in front of dead end
streets, the first of these is the entrance to Packard Street, the second is the entrance to Wyatt
Street.

Figure 36 - Dead end of Packard St (Adapted from Google Maps)

50

Figure 37 - Dead end of Wyatt St (Adapted from Google Maps)

During this phase of the construction, steel plates will need to be laid over the excavated hole in the
road to allow access for residents of Packard Street and Wyatt Street. These plates will provide a
temporary access routes for the residents. Construction here will be completed as quickly as possible
to minimise impacts to the residents.

Figure 38 - Access method to dead end with Steel road plate used during construction of culvert (American Mechanical
Inc. 2014)

51

Recreational Amenities & Opportunities 6.7
Overview 6.7.1
Prestige Worldwide has identified an abundance of opportunities for recreational amenities along
LBHC which can be implemented. This has been recognised to be necessary for the aesthetics as well
as to improve the functionality of the area. In addition, implementing recreational amenities would
assist in accommodating residents in the area for the problems and issues they had to go through
during the construction process of the project. One example of a recreational amenity would be a
shared bike track and foot path which would be designed by the Transport and Traffic Management
team. Collaboration between both teams has given a wide range of ideas and strategies to improve
the outlook and function of the area. The considerations which were accounted for within this study
include the following.
1. Creating safer pathways
2. Implementing a cleaner environment
3. Increasing occupancy of the amenity
4. Improving/Increasing the functionality of the area
5. Accommodating to the natural environment
6. Improving the aesthetics of the area
7. Safety of users
8. Sustaining the biology and flora and fauna of the creek
9. Property acquisition
10. Open spaces

52

Site Investigation 6.7.2
Prior to carrying out a site investigation, the route for the shared bike track and foot path had to be
determined initially. This is to ensure that the amenities are located in close proximity to the
track/path for users convenience. Some of the amenities that have been thought of require a small
space to be implemented. Thus, these spaces along the creek have to be identified first before
amenities can be implemented. The figure below shows the route of the track/path along the creek
and the spaces in which an amenity or two could potentially be implemented.

Figure 39 - Identification of locations of amenity along track/path route (Adapted from Google Maps 2014)

A site analysis was conducted as well to assess the factors which are of high significance to the area.
This is done to ensure that the amenities implemented blend in with the environment to provide for
a more natural outlook while maintaining its function. These factors include the following.
1. Historical value
2. Cultural significance
3. Geotechnical analysis
4. Plant and animal surveys

53

In terms of historical value and cultural significance, Jensen Planning + Design have identified 5
locations which are listed in the Heritage Places Database along the creek. These places include as
follows.
1. Ashford House School & Fence (85 87 Anzac Highway)
2. Gum Tree Stump (85 87 Anzac Highway)
3. Mature Oak (12 Tyson Street)
4. Former Railway Corridor (Birdwood Terrace)
5. Aboriginal Heritage
It is mandatory to consider these locations as they are considered to be of significant value and are
protected by locals and residents. This is foreseen to pose a negative public view should these
locations be disturbed. In addition, land within 200 metres of a watercourse may contain aboriginal
objects and significant sites which are protected under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988; listed or
not.
The geotechnical analysis observes the soil structure and stability before any amenities could be
implemented. This is to ensure the safety of the users is considered thoroughly and to minimise
damages which may occur due to unstable soils.
A total of 21 significant trees as mentioned by Jensen Planning + Design which information can be
found in the Tonkin Consulting Report (2013), has been identified and will be considered in the
design. This is necessary as the City of West Torrens Development plan (2012) mentions an approval
would need to be applied for where removal of said tree is concerned. This is to ensure that habitats
within these trees are preserved.

54

Design Options 6.7.3
The options which Prestige Worldwide has thought of as appropriate; but not limited to; for the
development of recreation in the locations stated above include the following.
Picnic Areas 6.7.3.1

Figure 40 - Sheltered picnic area with an electric BBQ pit

Picnic areas are could be implemented by assigning dedicated open spaces with signboards. These
areas would require tables and seats within the proximity. In addition, picnic areas should provide a
view or a picturesque landscape and should not be too noisy for a more relaxing environment. A
small shelter could also be developed for extra sunny days or for cases when an unpredictable rain
happens.
Waste Bins 6.7.3.2
To maintain a cleaner environment surrounding the area, waste bins could be implemented
strategically along the shared bike track and foot path as well as at open spaces where the picnic
areas and the BBQ pits would be located.

55

BBQ Pits 6.7.3.3

Figure 41 - Example of an electric BBQ pit

In addition to the picnic areas, electric BBQ pits could be implemented. In a more environmental
approach, these pits could be made to run by solar energy. This method however would require the
pit to be located in open spaces and not under the cover of tall vegetation.

56

Playgrounds & Exercise Stations 6.7.3.4

Figure 42 - Outdoor exercise station at Port Noarlunga (Rich 2013)

Playgrounds would be a good way to allow the young to enjoy themselves while the parents take a
break after a busy week. Basic exercise stations would encourage locals to maintain their fitness just
about their doorstep and saving on gym memberships. This development within the areas of the
creek would create a more holistic and adventurous environment.

57

Benches/Rest Areas 6.7.3.5

Figure 43 - Example of a bench in along a track/path

Small 2 to 3 seater benches could be positioned along the shared bike track and footpath for runners
and cyclists who decided to take a breather for a short duration. This would also definitely be
appreciated by the elderly as well who decides to go for a walk and enjoy the nature and serenity by
the creek. For a more strategic location of placing benches, some of this can be situated at bus stops
which the track/path route would coincide with.

58

Lightings 6.7.3.6

Figure 44 - Example of a lighting structure

Some parts of the track/path route would be dark or minimally dimly lit from nearby lamp posts.
Thus, small lightings could be input along the track/path for a safer environment at night. Sensors for
each light could be implemented as well and would only light up the area when someone runs within
the vicinity.

59

Revegetation 6.7.3.7

Figure 45 - Revegetated wetland/creek

Removal of small/insignificant tress and/or replacing them by planting native trees could be done to
make the creek more visible in some heavily vegetated areas. Planting of native trees would allow
more of the habitats residing in the area to improve in its population as well as increase the
significance and value of the creek.

60

Irrigations systems 6.7.3.8

Figure 46 - Example of an irrigation system in a park (Lincoln Rural Supplies 2014)

With opportunities to develop WSUD and stormwater harvesting technologies, pop out irrigation
systems can be suggested. This is important to sustain the natural vegetation in the area in times of
drought and hot summer days. Developing it as a pop out system would also maintain the aesthetics
of the area and allow human traffic to pass without being a hazard.

61

Recommendations 6.7.4
The figures below shows the recommendations which could be adopted and implemented into the
project taking into consideration all the options that have been given above. For a higher degree of
visualisation, the length of the track/path route has been divided into 4 sections and enlarged as
shown in Figures 48-52 for each respective section. The division of sections is as shown in Figure 47
below.

Figure 47 - Division of sections along creek for in depth visualisation (Adapted from Google Maps 2014)

62

Watson Avenue Section 1 6.7.4.1

Figure 48 - Recommended locations for amenities along Watson Avenue (Adapted from Google Maps)

The creek reserve along Watson Avenue has been identified to be a good location for implementing
the above amenities. The picnic areas would include the BBQ pits and waste bins as well. For this
stretch, lamp posts will be implemented as the route would run just along the creek which would get
rather dark at night due its the proximity from the adjacent road which has road lightings. The space
has also been deemed to be large enough to implement a playground as well as an exercise station.
Benches along the creek could also be implemented. A modification needs to be done to the current
fencing of the area to allow the route to be lined along the creek. This area would need some
removal of some trees as well to accommodate these amenities and to allow the creek to be more
visible. Irrigation systems could be implemented as well within this creek reserve.

63

Figure 49 - Relocation of fence at Watson Avenue Creek Reserve

The other half of Watson Avenue nearer to Marion Road is found to be an unsuitable location for
amenities due to the amount of space and the aesthetics of the area. This would not require lamp
posts as well as it would be near to the roads which could provide lighting for the track/path as well.
Galway Avenue Section 2 6.7.4.2

Figure 50 - Recommended amenities along track/path at Galway Avenue (Adapted from Google Maps)

64

As Galway Avenue does not provide much natural aesthetics and is located very close to the roads, it
is not feasible to implement additional amenities other than the track/path within this road due to
safety concerns as well as function. Street lamps would not be necessary as well as the road lightings
are sufficient enough to light the track/path as well. The bus stop however could be redesign to
allow for more seatings as well as a shared rest area for the users of the track/path.
Westside Bikeway to Cross Terrace Section 3 6.7.4.3

Figure 51 - Recommended locations for amenities along Westside Bikeway to Cross Terrace (Adapted from Google Maps)

This area offers more opportunities for recreational amenities due to its bigger spaces. Like Watson
Avenue Creek Reserve, picnic areas, playgrounds and exercise stations can be implemented. As
Westside Bikeway is an existing amenity, street lamps are already in place. Thus, only the creek
reserve along cross terrace requires street lamps to be implemented. The creek reserve along cross
terrace also has an existing playground. This area would need some removal of trees as well as
irrigation systems could be put in place.

65

Warwick Avenue Section 4 6.7.4.4

Figure 52 - Track/Path route along Warwick Avenue (Adapted from Google Maps)

Like Galway Avenue, Warwick Avenue has been identified to be unfeasible for additional amenities
other than the track/path due to safety concerns as well as functionality. Similarly, the road lamps
could provide sufficient lighting to the track/path as well.

66

WSUD Investigation 6.8
Infiltration Trenches 6.8.1
There a many different types of infiltration trenches including, gravel-filled, perforated pipes, milk
crate units, etc. These systems are a type of retention system, which can affect the quantity of
stormwater flow and can also be designed to improve the quality of the water through settling and
the use of geotextile fabric.

Figure 53 - Diagram of Infiltration trench (RiverSides 2009)

67

Porous and Permeable Pavements 6.8.2
Pervious pavement is a great way to limit the amount of surface runoff that enters the waterways
with the ability to be used in various locations such as driveways, footpaths and car parks. There are
numerous types of pervious pavement with Grasspave been a common type used throughout
Adelaide. Grasspave uses small rings with grass and approximately 200mm of sandy gravel with a
soakaway underneath to hold the water.
Permeable paving uses pavers with vertical slots which can be gravel filled or open, with a bed of
fine gravel below. The next layer is a geotextile layer which acts as a filter followed by a layer of
gravel to provide strength in order to hold the weight of the vehicles.
Vegetated pavements such as Grasspave have twice the lifespan compared to permeable pavement
which would make it the best option although it will need irrigation in the summer months to
survive.
The blockage in the permeable pavement can be cleaned up with heavy mechanical equipment that
sprays a powerful jet of water onto the surface to dislodge the sediment and a suction device to
gather the sediment.

Figure 54 - Diagram of a Permeable/Porous pavement system
(Concrete Stone and Tile 2014)

68

Bio-Retention Systems 6.8.3
Bio-retention systems use plants to filter pollutants in the stormwater runoff and use soil with
moderate hydraulic conductivity so that some of the water can infiltrate into the ground. These can
be placed at the end of conventional streets. These can be swales, localised basins etc. Bio-retention
systems that use gravel beds filled with drought tolerant vegetation generally fill with sediment
which is washed in with the stormwater and a complete replacement has to occur after two to three
years. Filter strips can be used to combat this by filtering out some of the sediment therefore giving
the system a longer lifespan. However the filter strip will require ongoing maintenance and cleaning
to ensure effective use.

Figure 55 - Bio-retention basin diagram (Fulton G 2010)

69

Filter Strips 6.8.4
Filter Strips are areas of land which are vegetated and designed to accept overland flow. They are
generally relatively level and lead to natural watercourses, swales or some other form of channel.
These systems provide some pollutant removal and allow infiltration which therefore reduces the
stormwater runoff.
The vegetation must be well maintained, even and dense. It may be necessary to water the strip
during drought periods.

Figure 56 - Filter strip diagram
(Pennsylvania Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual 2006)

70

Bio-Infiltration Swales system 6.8.5
Swales are shallow grassed channels which are generally 300-500mm deep and 5-6m wide. They can
be very useful in retaining water and allowing it to infiltrate and can be effective in retaining most of
the pollutants picked up by the stormwater with the ability to play a role in stormwater harvesting
through soil moisture enhancement and even possibly aquifer recharge and recovery.
There are arguments that vegetated swales are more effective retaining the pollutants in the water
however both work well with in most cases with up to 90% removal of various pollutants. In places
such as South Australia where there is very little rainfall in the summer the vegetated swales can
only survive with irrigation. This can be provided by harvesting the runoff from a directly connected
catchment that is as large as possible to provide irrigation. Several important issues that should be
taken into consideration in designing a swale include; services (sewers, electricity etc.), the capacity
of the swale and public safety. The use of drought-tolerant vegetation should also be considered in
this project.

Figure 57 - Main components of a filter strip swale (Hydraulic performance of grass
swales for managing highway runoff 2012)

71

Constructed Wetlands 6.8.6
A Constructed Wetlands is an artificial wetland that retains water and naturally treats it. Vegetated
Wetlands achieve a high removal rate of pollutants through sedimentation and biological uptake.
Constructed wetlands require careful planning and maintenance to ensure maximum pollutant
removal and to maintain a healthy and stable ecosystem.

Figure 58 - Constructed wetland (Large Scale Water Features 2012)

72

Recommendation 6.9
Preference 1: Option 5 Option 4 in addition to WSUD features
Preference 2: Option 4 Existing channel network with Culverts
Preference 3: Option 1 Fully Lined Rectangular Concrete Channel
Preference 4: Option 3 Combination of Concrete Lined and Constructed Grass Waterway
Preference 5: Option 2 Fully Constructed Grass Waterway
Upon completion of the feasibility study, with extensive research conducted by the water team it
can be concluded that the most desired solution is Option 5. This option meets the target
requirement flow of 60m
3
/s. This option requires least work to the existing channel and does not
require property reclamation in addition this option incorporates environmentally friendly design
factors such as the WSUD Elements, and also includes opportunities for recreational amenities.
Option 4 followed as the second preference. This design meets target flow requirements, however
neglects the environmentally friendly aspect and opportunities for recreational amenities. Without
these elements the cost of the project is reduced. Depending on client preferences of cost
minimisation or environmental/recreational benefit, this option may be the preferred design.
Options 1, 2, 3 are the non-preferred options. All these options require heavy modifications to the
original channel as well as the need for land reclamation which can potentially lead to public protest
and cost increase.

73

Detailed Design Stage Outline 6.10
The detailed design stage for the Water Group involves further in-depth study of the culverts.
Initially the study should look into aspects such as:
1. Constructability
2. Computer modelling
This will give a general idea of sizing for lengths of culverts, as well as more specific locations of
culverts.
The more in-depth design of the culverts will be required aspects such as:
1. Joint types
2. Geometric requirements
3. Cover requirements
4. Outlet flow velocities
5. Allowable headwater
The Water Team will need to work in conjunction with other departments such as Environmental,
Geotechnical, Transport and Structural to determine features like:
1. Environmental concerns affected by the construction of culverts
2. Construction over expansive soils
3. Road works
4. Traffic control
5. Structural configuration of culverts
6. Potential relocation of infrastructure services
A maintenance program should be created by the Water Group for the upkeep of the culverts.

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