Tissue EngineeringBlood Vessel

I. Introduction
a. Necessity
b. Brief History of TE Blood Vessel
c. Scaffolding
i. What is scaffold?
ii. Various methods of scaffolding
iii.





Treatment depends on the severity of the disease and includes
drug therapy and bypass surgery. Generally, autologous vessels are
used as replacement grafts and are the first choices as vascular
graft materials.
However, if the patient does not have vessels with sufficient quality
as a result of previous operations or other diseases, artificial grafts
may be used to replace vessels.

II. History

1912 , Carrel
1952 , Vinyon N Voorhees
1957 , Dacon - Voorhees
1958 , PTFE Teflon Edward
1972 , ePTFE thrnrud - Soyer
1972 , -
Wesolowski 1980 , Jarrell a nd
Williams
1998 , PGA D. J. Mooney,



Tissue engineering is a relatively new scientific discipline that
combines cells, engineering and materials to improve or replace
biological functions.
Initial research in the mid twentieth century focused on
developing bioinert materials, eliciting a minimal host response,
characterized by passive blood transport and minimal
interactions with blood and tissues. These were widely available
industrial materials such as Teflon and silicone which were not
specifically developed for medical applications. Later, it became
unrealistic to produce completely non-reactive substances.
Today, other biomaterials are being developed to stimulate
reactions between proteins and cells at the molecular level in a
manner that is highly precise and controllable. The key concept
underpinning development of these biomaterials is that the
scaffold should contain chemical or structural information that
mimics cell-cell-communication and controls tissue formation,
such as growth factors, the adhesion peptide RGD (ArgGly
Asp) and other molecules mimicking the ECM components.
This peptide is the minimal sequence in basement membrane
proteins such as fibronectin, fibrinogen and von Willebrand
Factor, which is required for cell adhesion [9].

Scaffolds.
Scaffolds are porous, degradable structures fabricated from either
natural materials (collagen, fibrin) or synthetic polymers (polyglycolide,
polylactide, polylactide coglycolide). They can be spongelike sheets,
gels, or highly complex structures with intricate pores and channels
fabricated using new materials-processing technologies. Virtually all
scaffolds used in tissue engineering are intended to degrade slowly
after implantation in the patient and be replaced by new tissue.

1.3.6. The ideal vascular graft?
Numerous qualities must be combined to construct the ideal
small-calibre graft for replacement surgery. Some criteria are
entirely essential, others are desirable [54]. The replacement
graft must:
be biocompatible (elicit no foreign body reaction,
non-toxic),
have appropriate mechanical properties (strength,
burst pressure, compliance, good suturability),
be non-thrombogenic and resistant to infection.
Furthermore the construct should:
be an off the shelf product or be readily
available,
have low manufacturing costs and be simple
to use,
be available in different specifications
(diameter, length, etc.).





http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1582-
4934.2007.00099.x/full
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