Data Defination Language

DATA DEFINITON LANGUAGE SQL QUERIES
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Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 CREATE
1.1.1 CREATE DATABASE
1.1.2 CREATE TABLE
1.1.3 CREATE INDEX
1.1.4 CREATE VIEW
1.2 ALTER
1.2.1 ALTER TABLE COMMAND
1.2.2 ALTER TABLE COLUMN ADD
1.2.3 ALTER TABLE COLUMN MODIFY
1.2.4 ALTER TABLE RENAME COLUMN
1.2.5 ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN
1.2.6 ALTER TABLE / RENAME TABLE
1.3 DROP
1.3.1 DROP TABLE
1.3.2 DROP VIEW
1.3.3 DROP INDEX
1.3.4 DROP DATABASE
1.4 TRUNCATE
2 Data Types
3 SQL Constraints
3.1 Constraint NOT NULL
3.2 Constraint DEFAULT
3.3 Constraint UNIQUE
3.4 CONSTRAINT CHECK
3.5 CONSTRAINT PRIMARY KEY
3.6 CONSTRAINT FOREIGN KEY
1.Introduction
Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to manage the
database structure or schema.
Some DDL commands are as follows.
1.1 CREATE
CREATE command is used to create a new database, table,index, views and
stored procedure in RDMS.
1.1.1 CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DATABASE is a DDL command to create a database object in RDMS
engine.
Syntax:
CREATE DATABASE <DB_NAME>;
Example:
CREATE DATABASE DB_CONTACTS;
This command will create DB_CONTACTS database object in RDMS engine.
1.1.2 CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE command is used to create table object in a database.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE <TABLE_NAME>(
COL_1 column_type,
COL_2 column_type,
COL_3 column_type);
Example:
CREATE TABLE customer(
First_Name varchar(50),
Last_Name varchar(50),
Address varchar(70),
City varchar(10),
Country varchar(15),
Birth_Date date);
This command will create a customer table in a database.
1.1.3 CREATE INDEX
CREATE INDEX is used to create an index in a table. Index is an ordered
list of the contents of column, (or group of columns) of a table which
improves the speed to locate records when records are fetched from a table.
Syntax:
CREATE INDEX <INDEX_NAME> ON <TABLE_NAME>(COLUMN_NAME);
Example:
CREATE INDEX idx_cust_id ON CUSTOMER(cus_id);
Here Index is created on CUSTOMER table on column cus_id with index
name idx_cust_id
1.1.4 CREATE VIEW
CREATE VIEW is used to create a VIEW object in a database. View is a
virtual table based on SELECT query that is used to restrict other users to
view certain columns of whole table from which it is created.
Syntax:
CREATE VIEW <VIEW_NAME> AS SELECT COL1,COL2,COLN
FROM <TABLE_NAME>;
Example:
CREATE VIEW EMP_INFO_VIEW AS SELECT
EMP_ID,EMP_NAME,EMP_DESIG FROM EMP_TBL;
Here EMP_INFO_VIEW View is created with
EMP_ID,EMP_NAME,EMP_DESIG columns from EMP_TBL
1.2 ALTER
ALTER command is used to modify existing structure of database objects.
1.2.1 ALTER TABLE COMMAND
The SQL ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, modify or drop/delete
columns in a table.
1.2.2 ALTER TABLE COLUMN ADD
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <TABLE_NAME> ADD(col_name col_type);
Example:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER ADD(cust_id int);
Here cust_id column is added to existing table CUSTOMER.
1.2.3 ALTER TABLE COLUMN MODIFY
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <TABLE_NAME> MODIFY(col_name col_type);
Example:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER MODIFY(FIRST_NAME VARCHAR(50));
Here FIRST_NAME column type modified in existing table CUSTOMER.
1.2.4 ALTER TABLE RENAME COLUMN
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <TABLE_NAME> RENAME COLUMN
COL_NAME TO ANOTHER_COL_NAME;
Example:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER RENAME COLUMN CITY TO CUS_CITY;
Here CITY column name is renamed to CUS_CITY in existing table
CUSTOMER.
1.2.5 ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <TABLE_NAME> DROP COLUMN COL_NAME;
Example:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER DROP COLUMN CITY;
Here CITY column is dropped from existing table CUSTOMER.
1.2.6 ALTER TABLE / RENAME TABLE
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <table_name> RENAME TO <new_table_name>;
Example:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER RENAME TO EAST_CUSTOMER;
Here CUSTOMER table is renamed to EAST_CUSTOMER.
1.3 DROP
DROP command is used to delete objects from a database.
1.3.1 DROP TABLE
DROP TABLE command is used to delete a table object from the database.
Syntax:
DROP TABLE <table_name>;
Example:
DROP TABLE CUSTOMER;
Here CUSTOMER table is deleted from database.
1.3.2 DROP VIEW
DROP VIEW command is used to delete a view object from a database.
Syntax:
DROP VIEW <view_name>;
Example:
DROP VIEW EMP_INFO_VIEW;
Here EMP_INFO_VIEW view is deleted from database.
1.3.3 DROP INDEX
DROP INDEX command is used to delete an index from a table.
Syntax:
DROP INDEX index_name ON <table_name>;
Example:
DROP INDEX idx_cust_id ON CUSTOMER;
Here idx_cust_id index is deleted from table CUSTOMER.
1.3.4 DROP DATABASE
DROP DATABASE command is used to delete an database from a DBMS.
Syntax:
DROP DATABASE <database_name>;
Example:
DROP DATABASE DB_CONTACTS;
Here DB_CONTACTS database is deleted from DBMS.
1.4 TRUNCATE
Truncate command is used to delete all records from an existing table.
Important Point: we can delete all the rows by using following SQL
DELETE command.
DELETE FROM TABLE_NAME;
By using the DELETE to delete all records each row is deleted individually
and it takes more time and this operation will cause all DELETE triggers on
the table to fire if DBMS supports triggers whereas TRUNCATE removes all
rows from a table. The operation cannot be rolled back and no triggers will
be fired. As such, TRUNCATE is faster and doesn't use as much undo space
as a DELETE.
Note: The DROP command removes a table from the database. All the
tables' rows, indexes and privileges will also be removed. No DML triggers
will be fired. The operation cannot be rolled back.
Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE <table_name>;
Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE CUSTOMER;
Here CUSTOMER table records are deleted from DBMS.
2 Data Types
A data type defines what kind of value a column can contain in a table.
Column in database contains name and its data type. The developer of the
SQL has to decide what type of data is to be stored inside each table column
when creating SQL table.
General Data Types in SQL are as follows:
Data Type Description
CHARACTER(n) Character string. Fixed-length n.
VARCHAR(n) or
CHARACTER VARYING(n)
Character string. Variable length. Maximum length n.
BINARY(n) Binary string. Fixed-length n.
BOOLEAN Stores TRUE or FALSE values.
VARBINARY(n) or BINARY
VARYING(n)
Binary string. Variable length. Maximum length n.
INTEGER(p) Integer numerical (no decimal). Precision p.
SMALLINT Integer numerical (no decimal). Precision 5.
INTEGER Integer numerical (no decimal). Precision 10.
BIGINT Integer numerical (no decimal). Precision 19.
DECIMAL(p,s) Exact numerical, precision p, scale s.
NUMERIC(p,s) Exact numerical, precision p, scale s. (Same as
DECIMAL).
FLOAT(p) Approximate numerical, mantissa precision p. A
floating number in base 10 exponential notation.
REAL Approximate numerical, mantissa precision 7.
FLOAT Approximate numerical, mantissa precision 16.
DOUBLE PRECISION Approximate numerical, mantissa precision 16.
DATE Stores year, month, and day values.
TIME Stores hour, minute, and second values.
TIMESTAMP Stores year, month, day, hour, minute, and second
values.
INTERVAL Composed of a number of integer fields, representing
a period, depending on the type of interval.
ARRAY A set-length and ordered collection of elements.
MULTISET A variable-length and unordered collection of
elements.
XML Stores XML data.
The different database have different choices of data type definition like.
Data Type SQL Server Oracle MySQL
boolean bit byte N/A
integer int number int / integer
float float real number Float
currency money N/A N/A
string (fixed) char char Char
string (variable) varchar varchar2 Varchar
binary object
binary (fixed up to 8K)
varbinary (<8K)
image (<2GB)
long raw blob text
3 SQL Constraints
Constraints are the rules for the data in a table. In SQL, constraints can be
specified when the table is created (in CREATE TABLE STATEMENT) or after the
table is created. SQL constraints are used to specify rules for the data in a table.
Following are the SQL Constraints
3.1 Constraint NOT NULL
Ensures that a column cannot have NULL value.
Example: NOT NULL WHILE CREATING TABLE
CREATE TABLE STUDENT(
Student_Id integer NOT NULL,
First_Name char(15),
Last_Name char(15)
);
Example: NOT NULL IN EXISTING TABLE
ALTER TABLE STUDENT MODIFY
(FIRST_NAME char(15) NOT NULL);
3.2 Constraint DEFAULT
Provides a default value for a column when none is specified.
Example: DEFAULT CONSTRAINT WHILE CREATING TABLE
CREATE TABLE RESULT(
std_id int,
std_result char(4) DEFAULT PASS
);
Example: DEFAULT CONSTRAINT IN EXISTING TABLE
ALTER TABLE RESULT ADD(per float DEFAULT 35.00);
3.3 Constraint UNIQUE
Ensures that all values in a column are different.
Note: Difference between PK & Unique is that UNIQUE allows NULL Entries.
Example: UNIQUE CONSTRAINT WHILE CREATING TABLE
CREATE TABLE ORDERS(
order_id integer UNIQUE,
invoice_id integer,
order_item char(15)
);
Example: UNIQUE CONSTRAINT IN EXISTING TABLE
ALTER TABLE orders MODIFY(invoice_id integer UNIQUE);
3.4 CONSTRAINT CHECK
Makes sure that all values in a column satisfy certain criteria. It supports boolean
evaluation only.
Example: CHECK CONSTRAINT (COLUMN LEVEL) WHILE CREATING TABLE
CREATE TABLE emp_reg(
emp_id integer,
emp_name char(15),
emp_age integer CHECK(emp_age>=18)
);
Example: CHECK CONSTRAINT (COLUMN LEVEL) IN EXSITING TABLE
ALTER TABLE emp_reg MODIFY(emp_name char(15)
CHECK(emp_name=UPPER(emp_name))
Example: CHECK CONSTRAINT (TABLE LEVEL) IN EXSITING TABLE
ALTER TABLE emp_reg ADD( CHECK(emp_id>0));
3.5 CONSTRAINT PRIMARY KEY
Used to uniquely identify a row in the table.
NOTE: PRIMARY KEY COLUMN WILL NOT ALLOW NULL ENTRIES & ALLOWS UNIQUE
COLUMN ENTRIES.
Example: PRIMARY KEY (COLUMN LEVEL) WHILE CREATING TABLE
CREATE TABLE cust_detail(
sid integer CONSTRAINT CUST_PK PRIMARY KEY,
Last_Name char(15),
Address char(15)
);
Example: PRIMARY KEY (TABLE LEVEL) WHILE CREATING TABLE
CREATE TABLE cust_detail(
sid integer,
Last_Name char(15),
Address char(15),
CONSTRAINT CUST_PK PRIMARY KEY(sid)
);
3.6 CONSTRAINT FOREIGN KEY
A FOREIGN KEY in one table points to a PRIMARY KEY in another table.
NOTE: FOREIGN KEY COLUMN WILL ALLOW NULL & DUPLICATE ENTRIES.
Example: FOREIGN KEY (COLUMN LEVEL) WHILE CREATING TABLE
CREATE TABLE cust_orders(
Order_Id integer CONSTRAINT ORDER_PK PRIMARY KEY,
Order_Date date,
Customer_sid integer CONSTRAINT FK_CUST REFERENCES
cust_detail,
Amount float
);
Example: FOREIGN KEY (TABLE LEVEL) WHILE CREATING TABLE
CREATE TABLE cust_orders(
Order_Id integer,
Order_Date date,
Customer_sid integer,
Amount float,
CONSTRAINT ORDER_PK PRIMARY KEY(Order_id),
CONSTRAINT FK_CUST FOREIGN KEY(Customer_sid)
REFERENCES cust_detail(sid)
)
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