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Manual For Technical Report Writing
Manual For Technical Report Writing
A(x) = 1+(
+
inlet
A,)(,>"$2)
-
0 x 5
A(x) = 1+(
+
e"it
A,)
(x 5)
2
xexit 5
5 x 10
(,)
here +
inlet
B +
e"it
B /, and "
e"it
B ,:.
!he 'ach number distribution of gas in the no==le is governed by
the folloing equation@
f (M,A) =
1
M
2
2
+1
1+
1
2
M
2
+1
1
A
A
*
2
= 0 (-)
here #
C
B !hroat #rea B ,.
c. 'ethodology
!he relationship beteen area and 'ach number comes from gas
dynamics and is given as@
f (M,A) =
1
M
2
2
+1
1+
1
2
M
2
+1
1
A
A
*
2
= 0 (-)
here A is the area at any section of the no==le. #
C
is the throat
(minimum area B ,) area and is the ratio of specific heats of the
gas floing through the no==le. For air, B ,.0, and for realistic
situations arising in propulsion applications, can be closer to
unity.
!he governing flo equation cannot be solved analytically, so in
order to analy=e the given problem it is solved numerically using
.eton&s method. We initiate one loop on ", hich increases "
from : to ,:. It can be observed that for a particular value of " e
can obtain a corresponding value of A from equation (,) that leads
to one equation for '. !he problem is reduced to solving this
equation using .eton&s method. .eton&s method requires an
initial guess for '. For a guess that is closer to the solution,
.eton&s method ill converge quadratically. For a poor or bad
guess, the .eton&s method can diverge. !he iterative solution
process that updates the solution is given as follos@
Mk + 1 = Mk
f (Mk,A)
(
f
M
)M = Mk
+ B :, ,, -D, here
f
M
=
2
M
2
+1
1+
1
2
M
2
2
1
2
M
3
2
+1
1+
1
2
M
2
+1
1
#s it is +non that at any station " there is a possibility of to
solutions, supersonic and subsonic, the choice of the initial guess
further becomes critical.
!he stopping criteria for iterations is '
+E,
>'
+
tol, here
+ is an iteration inde" and value of tol (tolerance) is decided by the
user and represents the level of accuracy of the final solution.
;nce the convergence is attained, the final 'ach numbers and the
corresponding values of all " are stored in an array and plotted.
d. Results
# computer code for the problem has been ritten in 'atFab and
is attached as #ppendi" ,. !he results of this computation are
shon in Figures , and -. !he variation of area of the no==le
versus " is displayed in Figure ,. *learly the throat area of the
no==le is one and is located at " B :. !he 'ach number
distribution along the no==le is shon in Figure -.
It may be noticed that in the converging portion of the no==le, a
subsonic 'ach number at the inlet increases to , at the no==le
throat, hereas a supersonic 'ach number at the inlet decreases to
, at the throat. )ince the deceleration of supersonic flos ta+es
place across a normal shoc+ ave, this branch of the solution
though computed is non>physical. 9oever, in the diverging
section of the no==le both subsonic and supersonic solutions are
possible. !he reali=ation of either one is determined by other
conditions. !he convergence of the .eton&s method requires that
appropriate initial guess is used to initiate the iterative process. It
as also observed that different initial guesses are required to
ma+e the subsonic solution converge in the converging (for "<2)
and diverging (for ">2) of the no==le. For "<2 the solution
converged if e started ith an initial guess of ' B :., hile for
">2 the subsonic solution converged if e started ith ' B :.:2.
.o such thing as observed hile running the code for supersonic
case, the supersonic solution converged if initial guess given is
greater than /.
e. *onclusions
'ach number distribution in a converging>diverging no==le has
been calculated using .eton&s method for subsonic and
supersonic branches. .eton&s method converges quite rapidly
and the convergence depends upon the initial guess.
Appen%ix 1
'atFab *omputer *ode (G solution of flo in a converging>diverging
no==le using .eton&s method)
function [M,y]=Newton_3(fun,fun_pr,M1,tol,max)
% Find zero near x1 using Newtons method
% Input:
% fun string containing name of function
% fun_pr name of derivative of function
% fun_2pr name of 2nd derivative of function
% x1 starting estimate
% tol allowable tolerance in computed zero
% max maximum number of iterations
% Output:
% x vector of approximations to zero
% y vector of function values, fun(x)
newton_1_data
counter = 0;
for x = 0:.1:5;
counter = counter + 1;
i = 0;
iter = 0;
M(1) = M1;
y(1) = feval(fun,M(1),x);
y_pr(1) = feval(fun_pr,M(1));
for i = 2:max
M(i) = M(i-1) y(i-1)/y_pr(i-1);
y(i) = feval(fun,M(i),x);
y_pr(i) = feval(fun_pr,M(i));
if abs(M(i) M(i-1)) < tol
%disp(Newton method has
converged); break;
end
iter = 1;
end
if (iter >= max)
disp(zero not found to desired
tolerance);
end
n = length(M);
k = 1:1:n;
out = [k M y];
Mach_num(counter) = M(n);
end
out = [Mach_num};
x = [0:.1:5];
plot(x,Mach_num);
disp(out)
hold on;
function y = my_func(M,x)
ki = 3;
y = (M.^-2)*((5/6) +(1/6)*M.^2).^6 -(1 + (ki
-1)*(1-x/5)).^2).^2;
function y = my_func_pr(M)
y = (-2/ (M^3)) * (5/6 + (M^2)/6)^6 + (6/(M^2))
* (M/3) * (5/6 + (M^2)/6)^5;
%y = (2.4*M.^-l)*((5/6)+(1/6)*M.^2).^5 -(2*M.^-
3)*((5/6)+(1/5)*M.^2).^6;
/ A !echnical Presentation
Poer Point presentation@
,. !itle page ith the authors& names and affiliation
-. ;utline of the presentation
Problem statement and bac+ground
Formulation of the problem
'ethod of solution
Results and discussions
*onclusions
#ll slides should be brief and simple.