CIEG 301:

Structural Analysis
Loads, continued
Load Transfer and
Load Distribution
Considered a typical building framing plan




Work from top down
Determine tributary widths and tributary areas as
appropriate
Applicable for dead load and live load
Similar approach used for all load types
Work from point of load application to point where load is
transferred out of the structure
Load Transfer and
Load Distribution (contd)
When members supporting the slab are oriented in one direction:
One-way slab
When members supporting the slab are oriented in both directions:
Use L
2
/L
1
(long dimension / short dimension) to determine if one-
way slab or two-way slab
L
2
/L
1
> 2 one-way slab, otherwise two-way slab
If two-way slab, draw lines at 45 degrees to determine tributary area
10
30
20
14
Live Loads
Moving loads
Loads vary in magnitude and location
Examples
In buildings:
People
Furnishings
Materials
Cranes
Automobiles
In bridges:
Vehicular traffic
Live Loads, Continued
In buildings, typically applied to the
structure as a uniformly distributed load
Load is applied to all or part of the
structure to maximize load effects
Typical magnitudes of live load:
Table 1-4
Live Load Reduction
For large floor areas, there is less probability that the entire floor
will be loaded
Live load reduction factors are used to reduce the applied load
In English units this factor is:


> 0.5 for members supporting one floor
> 0.4 for members supporting more than one floor
K
LL
= member type coefficient (for interior columns, K
LL
= 4)
A
T
= tributary area
L = L
o
L
RF
L
o
= original live load, > 100 lb/ft or reduction NA
Reduction NA for public assembly spaces, garages, and roofs
T LL
RF
A K
15
25 . 0 L
Snow Load
Historical data is used to determine maximum snow depths
over 50-year recurrence interval for a specific location
This gives the ground snow load, p
g

p
g
is modified to give the roof snow load
For flat roofs (< 5% slope),
p = 0.7C
e
C
t
Ip
g

C
e
= exposure factor
(0.8 for unobstructed; =1.3 for sheltered urban)
C
t
= thermal factor
(1.0 for normal heat; 1.2 for unheated)
I = importance
(0.8 for agriculture / storage; 1.2 for hospitals)
Wind Load
Kinetic energy generated by wind:
KE = 0.5rV
2

V = velocity (wind speed)
r = air density
Kinetic energy becomes potential energy
(pressure) when a structure blocks the air
flow
Amer. Society of Civil Engrs.
(ASCE) 7-02 Wind Map
Wind Pressure (
z
)
0.5rV
2
is converted into wind pressure (q
z
)
q
z
= 0.00256K
z
K
zt
K
d
V
2
I [lb/ft
2
]
K
z
= exposure coefficient (depends on structure
height and ground terrain)
K
zt
= exposure topography coefficient
K
d
= direction coefficient (equal to 1.0 when wind is
the only load considered)
V
2
= velocity in mph
I = importance of the structure
Wind: Design Loads
The design pressure for wind loading is the difference
between the external and internal pressure
p = qGC
p
q
h
(GC
pi
)
q = q
z
for the windward wall at height z
q
h
= q
z
for the leeward wall, side wall, and roof, where z = h =
the mean height of the roof
G = gust effect factor = 0.85 for rigid structures
C
p
= pressure coefficient
GC
pi
= internal pressure coefficient (+ 0.18 for fully enclosed
buildings, + 0.55 for partially enclosed, 0 for open)
Handout: Selected sections of Chapter 6 (from ASCE 7-02)
Example.

Homework
Due Sept. 7
th
/ Next Thurs.
3 Problems:
Determine wind loads acting on roof and
leeward wall of the in-class example
From chapter 1 of textbook:
1-2 (dead load)
1-10 (live load)