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Pharma Endo Cards 12
Pharma Endo Cards 12
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Name: Methimazole (Tapazole) Name: Iodide
Class: Antithyroid Drug (Thioamide) Class: Antithyroid drug
Mech.: Blocks thyroid synthesis. Mech.: High doses of iodide inhibit thyroid gland fxn. Effects decrease w/time,
possible due to decrease in iodide transport.
Absorption: Oral → 80-95% bioavailability.
Absorption:
Dist.: 0% protein binding. High placental transfer. 100% transfer into milk.
Dist.:
Metab.: Conjugated to gluconamide.
Metab.:
Excretion, t_: <10% excreted in urine, mostly as gluconamide. 3-5 hr.
Excretion, t_:
Toxicity/S.E.s: 7% freq. of untoward rxns. Most common = rash. 0.12%
develop agranulocytosis. Occurs suddenly in first months of therapy, Toxicity/S.E.s:
preceded by a sore throat and fever. Unusual bleeding and bruising may Utility: Used in conjunction w/thioamides for preoperative preparation to diminish
occur. C/i in nursing mothers, but can be used (w/great caution) in vascularity and swelling of thyroid gland → reduced operative mortality.
pregnancy-complicated hyperthyroidism (may cause neonatal goiter); PTU is Treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Blocks synthesis and release of thyroid
safer. hormones. Rapid effect.
Utility: Treat hyperthyroidism, but relapse after single course ≥ 50%. Special Features: No longer used very much.
Special Features: 5-10 mg/8 hr (or higher).
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Name: Calcium gluconate (Kalcinate) Name: Calcium gluceptate
Class: Element Class: Element
Mech.: Mech.:
Absorption: Slow IV infusion. Absorption: IV (IM if IV is infeasible).
Dist.: Dist.:
Metab.: Metab.:
Excretion, t_: Excretion, t_:
Toxicity/S.E.s: Major = hypercalcemia (esp. during long-term therapy or co- Toxicity/S.E.s: Major = hypercalcemia (esp. during long-term therapy or co-
admin. w/vit. D). Hypercalciuria. Rapid infusion may cause cardiac admin. w/vit. D). Hypercalciuria. More irritating than calcium gluconate.
arrhythmias. Enhances action of digitalis. ∴ IV infusion may ppt May cause mild local rxns (e.g., tingling). Metallic taste. Enhances action
arrhythmias. Drug interactions—↓ bioavailability and/or oral absorption of of digitalis. ∴ IV infusion may ppt arrhythmias. Drug interactions—↓
some drugs (e.g., etidronate, tetracyclines, iron salts, atenolol, norfloxacin). bioavailability and/or oral absorption of some drugs (e.g., etidronate,
Thiazide diuretic-induced hypercalcemias exacerbated by calcium tetracyclines, iron salts, atenolol, norfloxacin). Thiazide diuretic-induced
supplementation. hypercalcemias exacerbated by calcium supplementation.
Utility: DOC for severe hypocalcemia. Reduces/prevents bone loss in older Utility: Treat hypocalcemia. Reduces/prevents bone loss in older women (800
women (800 mg/d). mg/d).
Special Features: 9% calcium. Special Features: 8% calcium.
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Name: Calcium citrate (Citracal, etc.) Name: Calcium glubionate (Neo-Calglucon)
Class: Element Class: Element
Mech.: Mech.:
Absorption: Oral usu. → 15-20% (up to 50% w/maximal stimulation). Absorption: Oral usu. → 15-20% (up to 50% w/maximal stimulation).
Dist.: Dist.:
Metab.: Metab.:
Excretion, t_: Excretion, t_:
Toxicity/S.E.s: Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria. Drug interactions—↓ Toxicity/S.E.s: Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, diarrhea. Drug interactions—↓
bioavailability and/or oral absorption of some drugs (e.g., bioavailability and/or oral absorption of some drugs (e.g.,
etidronate, tetracyclines, iron salts, atenolol, norfloxacin). etidronate, tetracyclines, iron salts, atenolol, norfloxacin).
Thiazide diuretic-induced hypercalcemias exacerbated by calcium Thiazide diuretic-induced hypercalcemias exacerbated by calcium
supplementation. supplementation.
Utility: Treat mild hypocalcemia. Also maintenance after initial IV treatment. Utility: Treat mild hypocalcemia. Also maintenance after initial IV treatment.
Provide 400-800 mg/d. Reduces/prevents bone loss in older women (800 Provide 400-800 mg/d. Reduces/prevents bone loss in older women (800
mg/d). mg/d).
Special Features: 21% calcium. More soluble than calcium carbonate. Works Special Features: 6.5% calcium. Probably obsolete due to large number of
better in anchlorhydrics. tablets necessary to obtain effect.
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Name: Dicalcium phosphate Name: Sodium phosphate oral solution
Class: Element Class: Element
Mech.: Mech.:
Absorption: Oral. Absorption: Oral
Dist.: Dist.:
Metab.: Metab.:
Excretion, t_: Excretion, t_:
Toxicity/S.E.s: Ectopic calcification, kidney failure, death. Serum calcium and Toxicity/S.E.s: Ectopic calcification, kidney failure, death. Serum calcium and
phosphate should be monitored to avoid hypocalcemia and phosphate should be monitored to avoid hypocalcemia and
hyperphosphatemia. hyperphosphatemia.
Utility: Treat simultaneous hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Utility: Primarily reserved for patients w/X-linked familial hypophosphatemia or
Special Features: 23% dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate. other forms of osteomalacia featuring hypophosphatemia.
Special Features: Safer than IV sodium/potassium phosphate. Sodium-free
preparations are available (K-Phos Original, Neutra-Phos K).
Name: Sodium or potassium phosphate Name: Vitamin D2/ergocalciferol (Deltalin, Drisdol, Calciferol)
Class: Vitamin
Class: Element Mech.: Increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. Stimulates
Mech.: bone resorption by facilitating effects of PTH. Stimulates renal
Absorption: IV reabsorption of calcium and phosphate. Net result = ↑↑ calcium, ↑↑
Dist.: phosphate.
Metab.: Absorption: Oral usu → adequate absorption. Bile is essential for absorption.
Dist.: Stored in fat and muscle. Tightly bound to vitamin D-binding protein.
Excretion, t_:
Metab.: Requires hydroxylation in liver and kidney for full activity.
Toxicity/S.E.s: Ectopic calcification, kidney failure, death. Serum calcium and Excretion, t_: 1° = bile. Weeks.
phosphate should be monitored to avoid hypocalcemia and
Toxicity/S.E.s: Excess accumulation in fat/muscle, hypervitaminosis D,
hyperphosphatemia.
hypercalcemia. Drug interactions—phenytoin and phenobarbital
Utility: Treat hypophosphatemia. reduce sensitivity to vit. D and/or increase rate of inactivation of
Special Features: More dangerous than sodium phosphate oral solution. calcitriol.
Utility: Treat nutritional rickets; prophylactic dose = 400 U/d, fully developed
rickets = 3,000-4,000 U/d. Ameliorates Type I vit. D-dependent rickets
(4,000 U/d). Supplement to estrogen and calcium to treat postmenopausal
osteoporosis. Treat hypoparathyroidism (25-100,000 U 3x/wk + oral
calcium); use calcitriol or dihydrotachysterol for faster action or if hypervit.
D develops.
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Name: Vitamin D3/cholecalciferol (Delta-D) Name: Calcifediol/25-OH-cholecalciferol
Class: Vitamin Class: Vitamin
Mech.: Increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. Stimulates bone resorption by Mech.: Increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. Stimulates bone resorption by
facilitating effects of PTH. Stimulates renal reabsorption of calcium and phosphate. Net facilitating effects of PTH. Stimulates renal reabsorption of calcium and phosphate. Net
result = ↑↑ calcium, ↑↑ phosphate. result = ↑↑ calcium, ↑↑ phosphate.
Absorption: Oral usu → adequate absorption. Bile is essential for absorption.
Absorption: Oral usu → adequate absorption. Bile is essential for absorption.
Dist.: Stored in fat and muscle. Tightly bound to vitamin D-binding protein.
Dist.: Stored in fat and muscle. Tightly bound to vitamin D-binding protein. Metab.: Requires hydroxylation in kidney for full activity.
Metab.: Requires hydroxylation in liver and kidney for full activity. Excretion, t_: 1° = bile. Weeks.
Excretion, t_: 1° = bile. Weeks. Toxicity/S.E.s: Excess accumulation in fat/muscle, hypervitaminosis D, hypercalcemia. Drug
Toxicity/S.E.s: Excess accumulation in fat/muscle, hypervitaminosis D, hypercalcemia. Drug interactions—phenytoin and phenobarbital reduce sensitivity to vit. D and/or increase rate of
interactions—phenytoin and phenobarbital reduce sensitivity to vit. D and/or increase rate of inactivation of calcitriol.
inactivation of calcitriol. Utility: Treat osteomalacia 2° to liver disease. Treat renal osteodystrophy 2° to chronic renal
Utility: Treat nutritional rickets—prophylactic dose = 400 U/d, fully developed rickets = 3,000-4,000 disease—50-100 µg/d (larger dose necessary because kidney hydroxylation is deficient).
U/d. Ameliorates Type I vit. D-dependent rickets (4,000 U/d). Treat osteodystrophy 2° to Special Features: Does not require liver activation. Fully activated in kidney. More effective than
malabsorption of vit. D and calcium—25-50,000 U 3x/wk + calcium. Supplement to calcitriol for increasing renal absorption of calcium and phosphate. Much less effective than
estrogen and calcium to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis. Treat hypoparathyroidism (25- calcitriol for increasing bone resorption and increasing intestinal reabsorption of calcium
100,000 U 3x/wk + oral calcium); use calcitriol or dihydrotachysterol for faster action or if and phosphate.
hypervit. D develops.
Special Features:
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Name: Synthetic parathyroid hormone (Teriparatide, Parathar) Name: Human calcitonin (Cibacalcin, Calcimar)
Class: Hormone
Class: Hormone Mech.: Inhibition of both bone resorption and renal tubular reabsorption of
Mech.: Mobilizes bone calcium by stimulating bone resorption. Increases renal calcium and phosphate. Secretion stim by ↑ serum calcium. Net result =
absorption of calcium. Decreases renal absorption of phosphate.
↓↓calcium, ↓↓phosphate.
Increases synth. of calcitriol → ↑intest. absorption of calcium and
Absorption: SC, IM. Nasal is variable and often poor.
phosphate. Net result = ↑↑calcium, ↓↓phosphate. Dist.:
Absorption: Dist.: Metab.: Inactivated by proteolysis. Metab.: Inactivated by proteolysis in kidneys and blood.
Excretion, t_: Minutes.
Excretion, t_: Minutes.
Toxicity/S.E.s: Flushing of face and hands w/in min. of injxn (16-21%).
Toxicity/S.E.s: Nausea/vomiting w/in 30 min. of use (14-21%); usu. diminishes w/continued
Utility: Only used for differential diagnosis—hypoparathyroidism vs. therapy. Bedtime admin. can minimize effects. Urinary frequency (5-10%)
pseudohypoparathyroidism. There is less of an increase in urinary cAMP Utility: Initial treatment of hypercalcemia. Diseases characterized by increased
and phosphate in pseudohypoparathyroidism. skeletal remodeling (e.g., Paget’s disease of bone). Recently approved
Special Features: Consists of active portion of PTH (1st 34 AAs on N-terminal). for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Not used to treat hypoparathyroidism. Currently being Special Features: Effects begin after several hours, persist for up to 10 hr.
investigated for treatment of osteoporosis. Intermittent therapy Salmon calcitonin has a longer t_ and duration and is 50x more potent.
However, 30-50% of long-term patients develop antibodies to salmon
→ anabolic effects on bone. calcitonin.
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Name: Prednisone
Name: Alendronate (Fosamax)
Class: Corticosteroid (Glucocorticoid)
Class: Bisphosphonate Mech.: ↑ PMNs in periph. blood, but decrease all other WBCs. Inhib. monocyte reactivity and
Mech.: Structure sim. to inorganic pyrophosphate. Impairs formation and secretion of IL-1 & TNF. Inhib. T cell activation, IgE-med. rxns, inducible cyclooxygenase II
expression. Induces lipocortin → inhibition of phospholipase A2.
dissolution of calcium phosphate crystals. Alters number/activity of
Absorption: IV, IM, oral.
osteoclasts (1° effect) → slowed bone resorption. Slows formation and Dist.:
dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals. Metab.:
Excretion, t_:
Absorption:
Toxicity/S.E.s: Cataracts, hypertension, osteoporosis, myopathy, obesity, acne, hirsutism,
Dist.: hyperglycemia, muscle atrophy/myopathy, convulsions, mood changes, derm. changes, ↓
Metab.: cellular immunity. Glucocorticoid admin > equiv. of 20 mg hydrocortisone/d → suppression of
HPA axis. Sudden stop of chronic therapy → impaired physiologic homeostasis. Drug
Excretion, t_: Interactions—phenytoin, barbiturates, & rifampin induce catabolic enzymes; antacids → ↓
Toxicity/S.E.s: bioavailability of prednisone; salicylate levels reduced; increased doses required for insulin,
hypoglycemic agents, antihypertensives, and glaucoma meds; if hypokalemia occurs,
Utility: Increases bone mass in spines and hips of postmenopausal women → ↓ increased toxicity of digoxin.
incidence of fractures. Utility: Oral for asthma. Immunosuppression, anti-inflammatory actions, cytostatic actions against
some lymphocyte tumors, mgt. of allergic diseases.
Special Features: Efficacy maintained over at least 3 yr. Special Features: Synth. agents have potent anti-inflamm. activity w/little (if any) mineralocorticoid
effect.
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Name: Beclomethasone diproprionate (Beclovent) Name: Triamcinolone acetonide (Azmacort)
Class: Corticosteroid (Glucocorticoid)
Class: Corticosteroid (Glucocorticoid)
Mech.: ↑ PMNs in periph. blood, but decrease all other WBCs. Inhib. monocyte reactivity and
Mech.: ↑ PMNs in periph. blood, but decrease all other WBCs. Inhib. monocyte reactivity and secretion of IL-1 & TNF. Inhib. T cell activation, IgE-med. rxns, inducible cyclooxygenase II
secretion of IL-1 & TNF. Inhib. T cell activation, IgE-med. rxns, inducible cyclooxygenase II expression. Induces lipocortin → inhibition of phospholipase A2.
expression. Induces lipocortin → inhibition of phospholipase A2. Absorption: IM, aerosol, oral, topical, intraarticular.
Absorption: Aerosol, nasal pump spray, oral, topical. Dist.: Metab.: Excretion, t_: 12-36 hr.
Dist.: Metab.: Excretion, t_: Toxicity/S.E.s: Cataracts, hypertension, osteoporosis, myopathy, obesity, acne, hirsutism,
Toxicity/S.E.s: Cataracts, hypertension, osteoporosis, myopathy, obesity, acne, hirsutism, hyperglycemia, muscle atrophy/myopathy, convulsions, mood changes, derm. changes, ↓ cellular
hyperglycemia, muscle atrophy/myopathy, convulsions, mood changes, derm. changes, ↓ immunity. Glucocorticoid admin > equiv. of 20 mg hydrocortisone/d → suppression of HPA axis.
cellular immunity. Glucocorticoid admin > equiv. of 20 mg hydrocortisone/d → suppression of Sudden stop of chronic therapy → impaired physiologic homeostasis. Drug
HPA axis. Sudden stop of chronic therapy → impaired physiologic homeostasis. Drug Interactions—phenytoin, barbiturates, & rifampin induce catabolic enzymes; antacids → ↓
Interactions—phenytoin, barbiturates, & rifampin induce catabolic enzymes; antacids → ↓ bioavailability of prednisone; salicylate levels reduced; increased doses required for insulin,
bioavailability of prednisone; salicylate levels reduced; increased doses required for insulin, hypoglycemic agents, antihypertensives, and glaucoma meds; if hypokalemia occurs, increased
hypoglycemic agents, antihypertensives, and glaucoma meds; if hypokalemia occurs, increased toxicity of digoxin. Aerosol—oral candidiasis, dysphonia.
toxicity of digoxin. Aerosol—oral candidiasis, dysphonia. Utility: Asthma. Intraarticular injxn. to reduce inflamm. Immunosuppression, anti-inflammatory
actions, cytostatic actions against some lymphocyte tumors, mgt. of allergic diseases.
Utility: Asthma, allergic rhinitis. Immunosuppression, anti-inflammatory actions, cytostatic actions Special Features: Rel. anti-inflamm. potency of 5. Synth. agents have potent anti-inflamm. activity
against some lymphocyte tumors, mgt. of allergic diseases. w/little (if any) mineralocorticoid effect.
Special Features: Synth. agents have potent anti-inflamm. activity w/little (if any) mineralocorticoid
effect.
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Name: Isophane insulin suspension (NPH insulin) Name: Insulin Zn (Lente insulin)
Class: Insulin (Intermediate-Acting Suspension) Class: Insulin (Intermediate-Acting Suspension)
Mech.: Interacts w/ insulin receptors on cell membranes → phosph/dephosph of Mech.: Interacts w/ insulin receptors on cell membranes → phosph/dephosph of
enzymes → glucose transport into cells (esp. fat & muscle), glycogen enzymes → glucose transport into cells (esp. fat & muscle), glycogen
synth., ↓ FFA, ↑ triglyceride storage, K+ & Mg2+ uptake, protein synth. synth., ↓ FFA, ↑ triglyceride storage, K+ & Mg2+ uptake, protein synth.
Regulation of cell proliferation & differentiation. May activate cAMP Regulation of cell proliferation & differentiation. May activate cAMP
(significance unknown). (significance unknown).
Absorption: Injection (usu. SC). Absorption: Injection (usu. SC).
Dist.: Metab.: Rapidly metab. by liver, kidneys, and muscle.
Metab.: Rapidly metab. by liver, kidneys, and muscle. Excretion, t_: 5-6 min.
Excretion, t_: 5-6 min. Toxicity/S.E.s: Most freq. = hypoglycemia → ANS hyperactivity, impaired CNS
Toxicity/S.E.s: Most freq. = hypoglycemia → ANS hyperactivity, impaired CNS fxn (confusion, bizarre behavior, coma). Skin rxns—transient urticaria,
fxn (confusion, bizarre behavior, coma). Skin rxns—transient urticaria, subcut. fibrosis, localized atrophy of subcut. tissue. Allergic rxn. Insulin
subcut. fibrosis, localized atrophy of subcut. tissue. Allergic rxn. Insulin resistance—refractory receptors or anti-insulin antibodies (may require 200-
resistance—refractory receptors or anti-insulin antibodies (may require 200- 1000 units/d).
1000 units/d). Utility: Treat diabetes mellitus. Basal control of blood glucose.
Utility: Treat diabetes mellitus. Basal control of blood glucose. Special Features: 70% crystalline form (ultralente) + 30% amorphous form
Special Features: Equal concentrations of insulin and protamine. Intermediate (semilente) of Zn-insulin complex. Zn forms rel. insoluble complex
duration (24 hr). w/insulin → slow absorption.
Name: Extended insulin zinc suspension (Ultralente insulin) Name: Tolbutamide (Orinase)
Class: Anti-Diabetes Agent (Oral Hypoglycemic) (Sulfonylurea) (First Generation)
Class: Insulin (Long-Acting)
Mech.: Interferes w/ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Reduced K+ conductance →
Mech.: Interacts w/ insulin receptors on cell membranes → phosph/dephosph of depolarization & influx of Ca2+. Stim. of insulin release from pancreas,
enzymes → glucose transport into cells (esp. fat & muscle), glycogen ↓ glucagon, ↑ binding of insulin to target tissue receptors.
synth., ↓ FFA, ↑ triglyceride storage, K+ & Mg2+ uptake, protein synth. Absorption: Oral.
Regulation of cell proliferation & differentiation. May activate cAMP Dist.: Largely bound to plasma proteins.
(significance unknown). Metab.: Hepatic.
Excretion, t_: Short duration of action (~8 hr).
Absorption: Injection (usu. SC).
Toxicity/S.E.s: Severe side effects in 2-4%. Only 10% still use them after 6-9
Metab.: Rapidly metab. by liver, kidneys, and muscle. yrs of treatment. Sustained hypoglycemia up to 4-5 days after discontinued
Excretion, t_: 5-6 min. use. Rash (rare), GI upset (3-4%), hematological disturbance—usu.
Toxicity/S.E.s: Most freq. = hypoglycemia → ANS hyperactivity, impaired CNS leukopenia (1%), inappropriate ADH release (→ hyponatremia), flushing,
fxn (confusion, bizarre behavior, coma). Skin rxns—transient urticaria, disulfiram action, variability in steady state conc. Drug interactions—protein
subcut. fibrosis, localized atrophy of subcut. tissue. Allergic rxn. Insulin binding (alcohol, β blockers, MAO inhibitors).
resistance—refractory receptors or anti-insulin antibodies (may require 200- Utility: NIDDM—prevents acute hyperglycemic problems, may postpone
1000 units/d). development of glucose intolerance, may delay thickening of capillary BM.
Utility: Treat diabetes mellitus. Basal control of blood glucose. Special Features:
Special Features: Crystalline form of Zn-insulin complex—very insoluble → slow
absorption.
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Name: Chlorpropramide (Diabinese) Name: Glyburide (Micronase)
Class: Anti-Diabetes Agent (Oral Hypoglycemic) (Sulfonylurea) (First Generation) Class: Anti-Diabetes Agent (Oral Hypoglycemic) (Sulfonylurea) (Second Gen.)
Mech.: Interferes w/ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Reduced K+ conductance → Mech.: Interferes w/ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Reduced K+ conductance →
depolarization & influx of Ca2+. Stim. of insulin release from pancreas, ↓ depolarization & influx of Ca2+. Stim. of insulin release from pancreas, ↓
glucagon, ↑ binding of insulin to target tissue receptors. glucagon, ↑ binding of insulin to target tissue receptors.
Absorption: Oral. Absorption: Oral.
Dist.: Largely bound to plasma proteins. Dist.: Largely bound to plasma proteins.
Metab.: Hepatic. Metab.: Hepatic.
Excretion, t_: Long duration of action (36+ hr). Excret., t_: Intermed. duration of action (t_=1.5-5 hr), but duration of effect 24
Toxicity/S.E.s: Severe side effects in 2-4%. Only 10% still use them after 6-9 hr.
yrs of treatment. Sustained hypoglycemia (esp. likely) up to 4-5 days after Toxicity/S.E.s: Severe side effects in 2-4%. Only 10% still use them after 6-9
discont. use. Rash (rare), GI upset (3-4%), hematological disturbance—usu. yrs of treatment. Sustained hypoglycemia up to 4-5 days after discontinued
leukopenia (1%), inappropriate ADH release (→ hyponatremia), flushing, use. Rash (rare), GI upset (3-4%), hematological disturbance—usu.
disulfiram action (highest incidence of the class), variability in steady state leukopenia (1%), inappropriate ADH release (→ hyponatremia), flushing,
conc. C/i in the elderly. Drug interactions—protein binding (alcohol, β blockers, disulfiram action, variability in steady state conc. Drug interactions—protein
MAO inhibitors). binding (alcohol, β blockers, MAO inhibitors)l.
Utility: NIDDM—prevents acute hyperglycemic problems, may postpone Utility: NIDDM—prevents acute hyperglycemic problems, may postpone
development of glucose intolerance, may delay thickening of capillary BM. development of glucose intolerance, may delay thickening of capillary BM.
Special Features: Highest incidence of S.E.’s in sulfonylurea group. Special Features: More lipophilic and 100x more potent than first gen.
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Name: Acarbose (Precose) Name: Troglitazone
Class: Anti-Diabetes Agent (Oral Hypoglycemic) Class: Anti-Diabetes Agent (Oral Hypoglycemic)
Mech.: Inhibits α-glucosidase → ↓ conversion of carbohydrates to glucose in the Mech.: ↑ glucose utilization and reduces production by ↑ receptor response to
small intestine → ↓ absorption of glucose → ↓ post-prandial glucose rise. insulin.
Does not stimulate insulin release or action. ∴ No hypoglycemia. Absorption:
Dist.:
Absorption: Oral → poor absorption.
Metab.:
Dist.:
Excretion, t_:
Metab.:
Toxicity/S.E.s:
Excretion, t_:
Utility: May help prevent development of NIDDM.
Toxicity/S.E.s: Flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal cramping.
Special Features:
Utility: Treat NIDDM. Possible adjunct to insulin for IDDM.
Special Features:
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