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Class Bfs 1209045147137930
Class Bfs 1209045147137930
Classical Electrodynamics
Chapter 6
Maxwell Equations ,
Macroscopic Electromagnetism,
Conservation Law
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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Contents
6.1Maxwell Equations
6.2Conservation law
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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6.1Maxwell Equations
The basic laws of electricity and magnetism
Displacement current
Maxwell equations
1. The basic laws of electricity and magnetism
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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2. Displacement current
3. Maxwell equations
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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4. In vacuum (
5. The definition of
and
Let
inserted into
(6.10)
(6.11)
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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6. We have now reduced the set four Maxwell equations to two equations. But they are
still coupled equations. The uncoupling can be accomplished by exploiting the
arbitrariness involved in the definition of the potentials.
gauge transformation :
The freedom means that we can choose a set of potentials (A, )to satisfy the Lorenz
condition
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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7. Suppose that the potentials
Thus, provided a gauge function can be found to satisfy
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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Coulomb gauge(transverse gauge)This is the gauge in which
From (6.10) we see that the scalar potential satisfies the Poisson equation,
,
with solution,
(6.23)
From (6.11)
(6.24)
Let
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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With the help of the continuity equation
and
(6.23) it is seen that
(6.24)
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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In passing we note a peculiarity of the Coulomb gauge. It is well known that
electromagnetic disturbances propagate with finite speed. Yet (6.23) indicates that the
scalar potential propagates instantaneously everywhere in space. The vector potential,
on the other hand, satisfies the wave equation (6.30), with its implied finite speed of
propagation c. At first glance it is puzzling to see how obviously unphysical behavior is
avoided. A preliminary remark is that it is the fields, not the potentials, that concern us.
A further observation is that the transverse current
: source distribution
For the Poisson equation
, the solution
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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Fourier transform :
When the representations wave function and source distribution are
inserted into the wave equation
it is found that
the Fourier transform
inserted into
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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The Green function
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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B. Green functions of time dependent
If
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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The Green function
(time independent)
(time dependent)
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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To specify a definite physical problem, solutions of the homogeneous equation may be
added to either of
and
The presence of
exists. The second situation is that at remotely late times (t +) the wave is given as
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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The commonest physical situation is described by the time retarded with
= 0. It is
sometimes written with the Green function inserted explicitly:
9. Retarded solution for the fields: Jefimenkos generalizations of the Coulomb and
Biot - Savart laws
A. Electric field (time independent)
(time dependent)
(5.55)
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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From Maxwell equations
(6.49)
(6.51)
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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Let
(6.55)
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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B. Magnetic field (time independent)
(5.14) (time
dependent)
(5.56)
From Maxwell equations
(6.50)
(6.52)
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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Let
inserted into (6.52)
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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(6.56)
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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6.2Conservation law
1.
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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2. Tensor
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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3.
and
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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Let
ting vector)
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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4.
()
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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In vacuum
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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If
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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Let
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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From divergence theorem
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen
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5.
2011 Classical Electrodynamics Prof. Y. F. Chen