Introduction 4

TypesofConstruction 6
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3
TypesofConstruction 6
PerformanceCharacteristics 8
AccuracyClassificationsforMetering 12
Burdens 13
CurrentTransformers:AccuracyClassesforRelaying 15
InsulationSystems 16
Voltage Ratings 18
PowerQuality 22
ServiceConditions 24
AuxiliaryCurrentTransformers 31
FusingVoltageTransformers 32
NewDesignTechnologies 33

Instrumenttransformers(ITs)aredesignedtotransformvoltage
orcurrentfromthehighvaluesinthetransmissionanddistribu-
tionsystemstothelowvaluesthatcanbeutilizedbylowvoltage
meteringdevices.Therearethreeprimaryapplicationsforwhich
ITsareused:metering(forenergybillingandtransactionpur-
poses);protectioncontrol(forsystemprotectionandprotective
relayingpurposes);andloadsurvey(foreconomicmanagement
ofindustrialloads).
Dependingontherequirementsforthoseapplications,theIT
designandconstructioncanbequitedifferent.Generally,the
meteringITsrequirehighaccuracyintherangeofnormaloper-
atingvoltageandcurrent.ProtectionITsrequirelinearityina
widerangeofvoltagesandcurrents.Duringadisturbance,such
assystemfaultorovervoltagetransients,theoutputoftheITis
usedbyaprotectiverelaytoinitiateanappropriateaction(open
orcloseabreaker,reconfigurethesystem,etc.)tomitigatethe
disturbanceandprotecttherestofthepowersystem.Instrument
transformersarethemostcommonandeconomicwaytodetect
adisturbance.Typicaloutputlevelsofinstrumenttransformers
are1-5amperesand115-120voltsforCTsandVTs,respectively.
Thereareseveralclassesofaccuracyforinstrumenttransformers
definedbytheIEEE,CSA,IEC,andANSIstandards.Figure1
presentsaconceptualdesignofCTsandVTs.
Figure2showshowthepolaritymarkersareusedtokeepthe
directionofcurrentflowinthemetersexactlythesame,asifthe
primarycircuitwascarriedthroughthemeters.Groundingofthe
secondarycircuitismostimportant,butincomplicatedthree-
phaseconnections,thebestpointtogroundisnotalways
easilydetermined.
Introduction
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4

TechnologyReview
V
V
2
I
2
I
1
1
VoltageOperatedRelay
Current
Operated
Relay
Current-CurrentRelay
CurrentTransformer
Voltage
Transformer
Linesinwhicheithercurrentorvoltageistoohighto
permitrunningthelinesdirectlytothemeterorrelay
Current-VoltageRelay
VoltMeter
Transformer
orPower
Sub-Station
WattMeter
H1 H2
X1 X2
H1 X1
H2 X2
H1 H2
X1 X2
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+-
+
-
W
R
R
A B
V
R
R Ammeter A
Figure2:InstrumentTransformerConnections
A. Thecurrenttransformerisdesignedtoconnectinserieswiththelinetotransformthelinecurrenttothe
standard5amperessuitableforthemeterorrelay.Thevoltagetransformerisdesignedtoconnectinparallel
withthelinetotransformthelinevoltageto115or120voltssuitableforthemeterorrelay.Tokeepthe
voltageatthemetersandrelaysatasafevalue,thesecondarycircuitmustbegrounded.
B. Thepolaritymarkersindicatetherelativeinstantaneousdirectionsofcurrentinthewindings.Thepolarity,or
instantaneousdirectionofcurrent,isofnosignificantdifferenceforcurrent-operatedorvoltage-operated
devices.Correctoperationofcurrent-current,voltage-voltage,orcurrent-voltagedevicesusuallydepends
ontherelativeinstantaneousdirections.
Figure1:CurrentandVoltageTransformerSymbolsandSimplifiedConcepts
5
I
1
I
2
V
1
V
2
Symbolofa
CurrentTransformer
Symbolofa
Voltage Transformer
Conceptualpictureof
aCurrentTransformer
Conceptualpictureof
aVoltageTransformer

Theprincipalformsofconstructionusedforinstrumenttrans-
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Theprincipalformsofconstructionusedforinstrumenttrans-
formers,togetherwithstandardsymbolsaccordingtoIEEE
StandardC57.13,areshowninFigure3.
TypesofConstruction
Figure3:TypesofInstrumentTransformerConstruction
SimpleBasicForms
Current Transformer Voltage Transformer
X1 H1
X2 H2
Secondary Primary
CurrentExample
5.5Amperes
Ratio1:1
H1
X1
H2
X2
CORE
VoltageExample
Primary7200Volts
Ratio60:1or7200:120Volts
Window-type Bar-type Wound
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5
20 10 50 40
600:5Multi-Ratio
SecondaryWinding
Primary
Ampreres
Secondary
terminalsto
get5Amps
50
100
150
200
250
300
400 450
500
600
X2-X3
X1-X2
X1-X3
X4-X5
X3-X4
X2-X4
X1-X4 X3-X5
X2-X5
X1-X5
600:5Multi-Ratio
H1
X2 X1
H1
X2 X1 X1 X2
H1
H2 H1
X3
X2
X1
200/400:5Amperes
200AmperesinH1-H2
willproduce5Amperes
inX2-X3*
400AmperesinH1-H2
willproduce5Amperes
inX1-X3*
*Seenameplateforactualconnections
Dual RatioExample Multi-RatioExample
Construction Types
Secondary Types
6

Inthe1970s,theinsulatingmediumforthehighervoltage
(5-34.5kV)unitswasbutylrubber.Thematerialitselfisexcellent,
butthepressuresandtemperaturesnecessarytouseitasadielec-
tricwerenotconducivetotheexactingclearancesandgeometries
insideavoltageorcurrenttransformer.Withoutexcessbracing,
thecore/coilassemblieswouldshiftduringmoldingandfailBIL
testing.Withenoughbracing,thematerialflowinsidetheunitwas
restricted,increasingthepossibilityofvoids.Forthesereasons,
anotherdielectricinsulatingmaterialwassought.Butylrubberis
stillusedbysome manufacturers.
MaterialsUsedin
Construction
ButylRubbers
Cycloaliphaticepoxy(CEP)wasfirstintroducedinoutdoorinsula-
torsinthelate1970'sduetoitsverygoodresistancetohumidity,
ultraviolet(UV)radiation,outdoorpollutants,andchemicals.Its
outstandingmechanicalstrengthanddielectricpropertieswere
alsohighlydesirable.
Aromaticpolyurethane(PUR)elastomersareanothercost-effec-
tiveinsulationformediumvoltageelectricalequipment.Thereare
approximatelyfourteengeneraltypesofPURthataresuccessfully
commercializedforawidevarietyofapplications,including
instrumenttransformers.Thirteenofthesetypesarecalledcon-
ventionalrubber.Thatmeanstheyaremixed,milled,andmolded
bytechniqueswhichhavebeeninusebytherubberindustrysince
the1920s.
Polyurethanerubberrawmaterialsareliquid,whichpermitsthem
tobepumped,metered,mixed,anddispensedbymachinesunder
Cycloaliphatic Epoxies
Aromatic Polyurethanes
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tobepumped,metered,mixed,anddispensedbymachinesunder
veryprecisecontroloftemperatureandingredientproportions.
Theliquidmixtureentersthemoldatvacuumpressureandis
curedatslightlyelevatedtemperatures.Thisuniquecharacteristic
allowsmoldingoflargepartswhicharecompletelyuniform
throughout.Whencomparedtohighpressure-moldedbutylrub-
berandvacuumcastepoxies,PURingeneralhasthemostforgiv-
ingprocess.
ThefullycuredPURelastomerspossessadesirablebalanceof
easeofmanufacturing(viavacuumcasting),mechanicaltoughness
(itis,afterall,arubber)andverygoodelectricalproperties.
Intheearly2000's,aglobalepoxyresinsupplierintroduceda
hydrophobicversionof CEPcalledHydrophobicCycloaliphatic
Epoxy(HCEP)tothemarket.HCEPisformulatedtosustainsur-
facehydrophobicitybetterthanitsCEPcounterpartuponpro-
longedexposuretoaggressiveoutdoorenvironmentswithout
sacrificingotherdesirablechemicalandmechanicalproperties.
Ahydrophobicinsulationsurfaceisdesirableforoutdoorapplica-
tionsbecauseitpreventswaterfromdevelopingcompletelywetted,
resistiveconductivesurfaces.Leakagecurrentsaretherefore
reduced,whichhelpstoreducetheflashoverrisk.Theresultis
enhancedreliability.Furthermore,lessdischargeactivitymeansless
attackandthereforelesssurfaceerosion,whichextendsthetrans-
formerslife.
Hydrophobic
CycloaliphaticEpoxy
7