-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 2 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006
Vasanth: Hi Hemanth, how was the match yes-
terday?
(E†oöÀ ´÷u-î˝ à-¢Á’iç-C?)-
Hemanth: We did play well. We did win too, but
our game was not better than last
sunday's game.
(¢Ë’ç ¶«í¬ØË Çú≈ç, ÈíLî√ç èπÿú≈.
Å®·ûË E†o ´÷ Çô §Ú®·† ÇC-¢√®Ωç
Çô-éπç-õ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ™‰ü¿’.)
Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ äéπ-≤ƒJ îÁ§ƒpç. ´’Sx îÁ°æ¤hØ√oç.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Not ™‰†-°æ¤púø÷, question 鬆-°æ¤púø÷
èπÿú≈, did ¢√úøû√ç, °j¢√-é¬u-™x-™«. Å™« ¢√úÕûË N≠æ-
ߪ÷Eo é¬Ææh í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°œp-†ôx-´¤-ûª’çC.
I did meet him yesterday =
-ØË-†’ -E-†o -Å-ûª-úÕ-E éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o.
(É™«çöÀ expressions O’ conversation ™
practice îËߪ’çúÕ.)
Vasanth: Why do you say so?
(áçü¿’-éπ™« Åçô’-Ø√o´¤?)
Hemanth: Our score this time were not more
than that last time. Moreover the
wickets we took are not more than
those we took last time.
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J -≤Ú\®˝ éπçõ‰ Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷ -
≤Ú\®˝ áèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’.-Ñ≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç -BÆæ’èπ◊-†o
N-Èé-ô’x éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J N-Èé-ôx éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´
é¬ü¿’)
Vasanth: Why so?
(áçü¿’-´©x Å™«?)
Hemanth: We made a few changes in the
team. We had Kiran and Charan in
place of Mahesh and Satish, but
they were no
greater than
Mahesh and
Satish.
(¢Ë’ç öÃç ™
éÌEo ´÷®Ω’p©’-
î˨»ç. -´’Ê£«-≠ˇ,
Ææ-B-≠ˇ •ü¿’©’, - M. SURESAN
éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ -©-
†’ BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ O∞¡Ÿx íÌ°æpí¬
™‰®Ω’)
Vasanth: What about the pitch?
(
°œ-î˝ á™« ÖçC?)
(Pitch= È®çúø’ -¢Áj°æ¤-™« NÈé-ôx ´’üµ¿u -°æ*aéπ Åçûªí¬
™‰E ¶µ«í∫ç)
Hemanth: The pitch this time was not faster
than the pitch last time. That's why
we took a spinner in place of a pace
bowler.
(°œ-î˝ Ñ≤ƒJ fast bowling èπ◊ Åçûª ņ’-
í∫’ùçí¬ -™‰-ü¿’. Åçü¿’Íé ¢Ë’ç, ã fast
bowler •ü¿’©’. ã spin bowler †’
BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oç)
(pace bowler = fast bowler.
In place of = •ü¿’-©’í¬/≤ƒn†ç™.
In place of Suresh we have Harish = Ææ’Í®-≠ˇ
≤ƒn†ç™ £æ«K≠ˇ ÖØ√oúø’)
Vasanth: What about the next match?
(
ûª®√y-ûª -Ç-ô Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?-)
Hemanth: We may play the team from
Warangal, but we take it easy. The
Warangal team is no more a prob-
lem for us than yesterday's team.
(´îËa-≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç- ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ öÃç ûÓ ÇúÌa.
Å®·ûË ¢Ë’ç ü∆Eo ûËL-í¬_ØË BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-
Ø√oç. E†oöÀ öÃç éπç-õ‰ ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ öÃç
°ü¿l Ææ´’ÊÆuç é¬ü¿’.)
Vasanth: I appreciate your confidence.
(F N¨»y-≤ƒEo -Å-Gµ-†ç-CÆæ’h-Ø√o.)
Hemanth: Our Captain is more confident than I
(am)=
( captain
Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷ Éçé¬ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ
ÖØ√oúø’.)
Vasanth: Best of luck then. Bye.
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ ´’†ç È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË (´‚úø’ N≠æ-
ߪ÷©’ é¬èπ◊çú≈) §Ú©aôç ᙫíÓ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.
È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’
1) Superlative Öçúøü¿’.
2) Comparative ™ not ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ positive ™ not
´Ææ’hçC.
3) compare îËÆæ’h†o ´Ææ’h-´¤© positions ´·çü¿’èπÿ
¢Á†éπèπÿ û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ last
lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆!
É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ:
a) Ooty is not cooler than Kodaikanal.
(-Ü-öÃ, éÌ-úÁjÈé-Ø√-™¸ éπçõ‰ xE v°æü˨¡ç é¬ü¿’)
Ééπ\úø 1) adjective cooler - degree - compara-
tive.
2) comparison (§ÚLéπ) È®ç-úÕçöÀéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. 鬕öÀd
superlative Öçúøü¿’.
Å®·ûË í∫-ûª lessons ™-E examples ™« é¬èπ◊çú≈, °j
sentences ™ comparative ´·çü¿’ not ®√´ôç
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Åçõ‰, Ñ ¶µ«¢√Eo, positive ™ îÁÊ°p-ô-
°æ¤púø’ not ®√ü¿’ éπü∆.
positive îª÷ü∆lç.
Kodaikanal is at least as cool as Ooty =
éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ éπFÆæç (at least) Ü-öà Åçûª- xí¬
Öçô’çC.
I appreciate your confidence
Study this:
Comparative
Ü-öÃ, éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ éπç-õ‰ x-EC é¬ü¿’.
Positive
éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ (éπFÆæç) Ü--öà Åçûª x-í¬ Öçô’çC.
A, B éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’, Åçõ‰ B (éπFÆæç) A ûÓ Ææ´÷-
†-´’E éπü∆?– É™« comparative †’ç* positive éÀ
´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø comparative ™ not Öç-C,
鬕öÀd positive ™ not ®√ü¿’.
b) Comparative:
Chandra is not taller than Tara =
û√®Ω éπçõ‰ îªçvü¿ §Ò-úø-´¤-é¬ü¿’.
Positive:
Tara is (at least) as tall as Chandra.
At least î√-™« ≤ƒ®Ω’x ´C-™‰-Ææ’hçö«ç– ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.
´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: Positive degree adjective
´·çü¿’ so/as, positive degree ûª®√yûª as ®√´ôç
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆?
Å®·ûË, positive degree ™ not Ö†o-°æ¤púË, ü∆-E
´·çü¿’ so é¬E,/as é¬E- ¢√úøû√ç. positive degree
™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ü∆-E ´·çü¿’, as ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç.
So ¢√úøç.
a) He is not so/as tall as his brother-
ÉC positive degree. Éçü¿’™ not ÖçC. 鬕öÀd
tall so
´·çü¿’, asé¬F é¬F ¢√úøû√ç.
b) He is as clever as his brother-
ÉD positive degree. Å®·ûË Éçü¿’™ not é¬F, no
é¬F ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-´©x clever ´·çü¿’ as ´÷vûª¢Ë’
¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç, so ¢√úø-ôç- ™‰ü¿’. ÉC î√-™« ´·êu-¢Á’i†
N≠æߪ’ç.
Now let us study the following sentences
from the conversation between Vasanth and
Hemanth at the beginning of this lesson.
1) Hemanth: Our game yesterday was no bet-
ter than last sunday's
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´÷ Çô éπçõ‰ E†o
´÷ Çõ‰ç ¢Á’®Ω’-í¬_-™‰ü¿’.)
(no better - no + comparative)
Positive: Last Sunday's game was (at least) as
good as our game yesterday =
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´÷ Çô èπÿú≈ E†o ´÷
Çôçûª ¶«í¬ ÖçC (éπFÆæç)
2) Our score this time was not higher than that
last time.
(not + comparative - Ñ ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’)
Positive: Our score last time was (at least) as
high as our score this time.
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝, Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝
ÅçûË.)
3) The wickets we took this time were not
more than the wickets we took last time.
(not more - not + more (comparative))
Ñ≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç-- BÆæ’èπ◊-†o NÈé-ô’x éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ NÈé-ôx
éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ëç 鬴¤.
Many (positive) - more (comparative) -
most (superlative)
Positive: The wickets we took last time were
(at least) as many as we took this
time.
(¢Ë’ç éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ BÆæ’-èπ◊-†o NÈé-ô’x, éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J
BÆæ’-èπ◊-†o-ØËo – áèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬ü¿’.)
4) They were no greater than Kiran and
Charan.
(¢√∞¡Ÿx – ¢Ë’ç éÌûªhí¬ BÆæ’èπ◊-†o¢√∞¡Ÿx, éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝
éπç-õ‰ íÌ°æp Çô-í¬∞Ïxç 鬮Ω’).
Ééπ\úø äéπ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ®√´îª’a – -´’Ê£«-≠ˇ, Ææ-B-≠ˇ, -éÀ®Ω-
ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ – Éçûª ´’çCE îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’, ÉC È®çúø’
N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u §ÚLéπ ᙫ Å´¤-ûª’-çü¿-E.
Å®·ûË ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-LqçC– Ééπ\úø à äéπ\-
JØÓ, N’í∫û√ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JûÓ §Ú©aôç ™‰ü¿’. ´’Ê£«-≠ˇ,
Ææ-B-≠ˇ – ORx-ü¿l®Ω’ 1st set. -éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ – ORx-ü¿l®Ω÷
2nd set. Ééπ\úø comparison Ñ È®çúø’ sets of
players èπ◊. 鬕öÀd, DEo È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u
§ÚL-éπ-í¬ØË BÆæ’éÓ¢√L.
Positive: Kiran and Charan were (atleast) as
great as they.
(éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝-©’ éπ-FÆæç -¢√-∞¡xç-ûª íÌ°æp-¢√-∞Ïx)
5) The pitch this time was not faster than the
pitch last time (not faster - not + compara-
tive)
Positive: The pitch last time was (at least) as
fast as the pitch this time
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J °œ-î˝ èπÿú≈ Ñ≤ƒJ °œ-î˝ Åçûª
¢Ëí∫-¢Á’içüË)
The Warangal team is no more a problem
6)
for us than yesterday's team.
(no more a problem - no + comparative)
Much (positive) - more (comparative) - most
(superlative)
(´÷èπ◊ ´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -öÃç E†oöÀ -öÃç éπçõ‰
áèπ◊\´ Ææ´’Ææu- é¬ü¿’)
Positive: Yesterday's team was (at least) as
much a problem for us as the waran-
gal team
(E†oöÀ -öÃç, ´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -öÃç Åçûª Ææ´’ÊÆu
´÷èπ◊ = ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’) – Åçõ‰ ´®Ωç-í∫™¸
áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’ ÅE.
Our captain is more confident than I (am) -
7)
Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷captain áèπ◊\´ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ -ÖØ√oúø’ –
comparative, not Positive
™‰èπ◊çú≈, 鬕öÀd ™
not
´Ææ’hçC.
2
Positive: I am not so (as) confident as our
captain.
(؈’ ´÷ captain Åçûª N¨»y-Ææç-í¬-™‰†’.)
Exercise: Practise the following aloud in
English
Pramada: F -vúÁÆˇ áçûª ¶«´¤ç-üÓ!
Vasudha: F -vúÁÆˇ éπçõ‰ °ü¿l -àç ¶«í¬-™‰-ü¿’™‰.
Pramada: éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Ø√ -vúÁÆˇ F -vúÁÆˇ Åçûª Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-
ߪ’çí¬ ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ÂÆ-©éπ{-Ø˛ F ÂÆ-©éπ{-Ø˛
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 207
Åçûª-Ææ-Jí¬_ (proper) ™‰ü¿’. é¬E Ø√ -
vúÁÆˇ F ü∆-E éπçõ‰ êK-üÁ-èπ◊\-´. Åçü¿’Íé
¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o.
Vasudha: Å™«çöÀN ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√-®·™‰. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊.
Å®·ûË, Ééπ\-úø’†o ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿J -vúÁÆæ’-™x FüË
î√-™«- Åç-ü¿çí¬ Öç-ü¿-E ØËE-°æp-öÀéà ņ’-
èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
Pramada: N†-ö«-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. é¬E ÅC
Eïç é¬ü¿’.
Vasudha: Éçûª- E-ñ«-®·--Bí¬ ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ™‰†’.
Answer:
Pramada: How beautiful your dress is!
Vasudha: (It is) not more beautiful than yours.
Pramada: Certainly my dress is not as/so
attractive as yours. My selection is
not so as proper as yours, but my
dress is more expensive than yours.
That makes me sad.
Vasudha: Such things happen. Don't worry.
But I still feel that yours is the best
of the dresses of all those/ the peo-
ple here.
Pramada: Good to hear that, but it is not true.
Vasudha: I have never been so (as) truthful /
honest as I am now.
v°æ¨¡o. 'Æœçõ„é˙q— Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å©ç-é¬-®√-™‰Ø√?
¢√öÀ í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’ç-úÕ.
à¢Á’iØ√ v°æûËuéπ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√oߪ÷?
èπ~◊ùoçí¬, Ææ’-©-¶µºçí¬ ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’
ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.
– áÆˇ. ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝,
£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü.˛
Syntax Åçõ‰ Å©ç-é¬-®√©’ é¬ü¿’.
Syntax Åçõ‰ English ™E ¢√é¬u-
™xE ´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ (order of words - à ´÷ô
´·çü¿÷, à ´÷ô ûª®√yûª ®√¢√L)†’ í∫’-Jç-*-†
E•ç-üµ¿-†©’. É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπÿ ÉEo lessons ™†÷ -ûÁ-L-
°œç-C ÉüËéπü∆? OöÀE í∫’Jç-* English story books,
Magazines ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*, Newspapers
(English), °ü¿l †´-©©’ ™«çöÀN îªü¿-´ôç ´©x
English ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hçC.
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 4 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006
Dhananjai: So, which school did you put your
son in, finally?
(*´-®Ωèπ◊ O’ ¢√-úÕ-E -à school ™ -
îË-Jpç-î√-´¤?)
Lokeswar: In the Ambit Public School.
Dhananjai: Congrats. How could you ever
get him admission in that school?
It is one of the best schools in the
state.
(Ç Ææ÷\--™x -Å-úÕt-≠æ-Ø˛ ᙫ Ææ秃-Cç--î√-
´¤? ®√≠æçZ -™ -Ö-†o -Ö-ûªh-´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x -
Å-üÌéπ-öÀ.)
Lokeswar: And one of the most expensive
too. My son has been selected in
the selection test. Very few admis-
sion tests he has taken are as
tough as this.
(Å´¤†’. Åûªuçûª êK--üÁj† §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x
èπÿú≈ -Å-üÌéπöÀ. ´÷¢√úø’ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~™
áç°œ-éπ-ߪ÷uúø’. -¢√úø’ ®√Æœ† °æK-éπ~™x
éÌEo ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Éçûª éπ-≠d-¢æ Á’i-†N.)
Dhananjai: (Do) you mean he has taken as
number of admission tests?
(Åçõ‰ -O’ -Å-¶«s®· î√-™« v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~©’
®√¨»-úøØ√ -F -Ö-üËl-¨¡uç?)
Lokeswar: What do you think? I have had five
transfers in the past nine years.
With every transfer he had to be
put in a new school, and that
meant an admission test.
(à-´’-†’èπ◊ç-ô’--Ø√o-´¤? Ñ -ûÌ-N’t-üË∞¡x-™
Ø√èπ◊ -Å®·-ü¿’ ≤ƒ®Ω’x •CM Å®·çC.
v°æA≤ƒ-K éÌûªh -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™ îË®√aLq ´îËaC.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
208
Åçõ‰ v°æA-≤ƒK ã v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-Kéπ~ ®√ÊÆ-¢√-úø’)
Dhananjai: How good is he at studies?
(O’ ¢√úø’ á--™« îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’?)
Lokeswar: Quite bright, I must say. Certainly
brighter than most other students
his age or class. He has had no
difficulty getting admission in the
best schools.
(ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úøØË ÅØ√L. ¢√úÕ- ûª®Ωí∫-A,
¢√-úÕ ´ßª’-Ææ’q- ¢√-∞¡x™ î√-™« -´’çCéπçõ‰
ûÁL-¢Áj†-¢√úË. -Ñ é¬®Ω-ùçí¬ Åûª’u-ûªh´’
§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x Ææ’-©’-´¤í¬ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç §Òçü¿-í∫-
Lí¬úø’)
Dhananjai: I see that. That he got a seat in
Ambit school shows that. Wish
him all the best.
(Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª÷ØË ÖçC. Ç §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™
Æ‘-ô’ ®√´-ô¢Ë’ -Å-ûª-ØËç-ö ûÁ-©’-≤Úhç-C).
Lokeswar: Tomorrow is his birthday. How
about attending it?
( Í®°æ¤ ¢√úÕ °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V -´≤ƒh´¤ éπü∆.)
Table- 1
I Type
Superlative: Kolkata is the largest
city in India.
Comparative: Kolkata is larger than
any other city / all other cities in India.
Positive: No other city in India is
so (as) large as Kolkata.
Superlative: éÓ™¸éπû√ ÅEo †í∫-®√™x °ü¿lC
Comparative: N’í∫û√ †í∫-®√-©- éπçõ‰
éÓ™¸éπû√ °ü¿lC (-´u-´£æ…-Jéπ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™)
Positive: à Éûª®Ω †í∫®Ωç èπÿú≈ éÓ™¸éπû√
Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬-ü¿’.
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Dhananjai: Tomorrow? I should very much
like to, but tomorrow is a friday.
On fridays, I am busier than most
other days. I'll try to come, but
don't look for me. Anyway, many
happy returns of the day.
(Ø√èπ◊ ®√¢√-©ØË ÖçC, é¬F Í®°æ¤ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç. -N’-T-L-†
®Ó-V-©-ûÓ -§Ú-LÊÆ-h ؈’ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√-®√©’ î√™«- G-@. Å®·-
What do you think?
Ø√ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. - é¬-F -Ø√éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’-
îª÷-úÌü¿’l. É™«çöÀ °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V-©’ î√-™« -ï®Ω’°æ¤éÓ-¢√©E
éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’)
Lokeswar: Thank you.
Compare sentences (a) and (b) below:
a) Kolkata is the largest city in India
( ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l-†-í∫®Ωç éÓ™¸-éπû√)
- superlative degree.
b) Bangalore is one of the largest cities in
India.
(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l †í∫-®√™x- ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ)
– superlative.
a), b) È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ superlative ™ ÖØ√o®·. Å®·ûË
(a) ™ the largest Åçô’Ø√oç – Åçõ‰ éÓ™¸-éπû√ ÅEo
†í∫-®√™x °ü¿lC -Å-E -Å®Ωnç.
(b) ™ Bangalore is one of the largest Åçô’Ø√oç
– Åçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™E (Åûªuçûª) °ü¿l-†-í∫-®√™x -¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’
äéπöÀ Åçô’Ø√oç.
✓ The best, the largest, the tallest, etc.
comparatives, positive
É™«çöÀ¢√öÀéÀ
´≤ƒhßÁ÷ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.
One of the best (Åûªuçûª ¢Ë’-™„j-†-¢√-öÀ-™  äéπöÀ),
One of the largest (Åûªuçûª °ü¿l-¢√-öÀ™  äéπöÀ),
ņo-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀéÀ Positive, Comparative ᙫ
Öçö«ßÁ÷ É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îª÷ü∆lç. é¬F äéπ ´·êu
N≠æߪ’ç–
✓ §ÚL-éπ©’ °æJQ- L - ç-îôª ç, îÁ°pæ ôç (´Ææ’h´- ¤©÷, ´uèπ◊h©
ûª®Ωû- ´ª ’ ¶µü‰ ∆©’)- Éç-T≠-x flæ ™ ÆæçéÀ≠-x çdæ (Complex)í¬ -
Öç-ô’ç-C. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Å-™« Öçúøü¿’. ´’†ç
´÷´‚©’í¬ ´÷ö«xú,Ë ®√ÊÆ ûÁ©’í∫’™ Superlative,
Comparatives èπ◊ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ °æü∆©’ ™‰´¤ éπü∆.
Öü∆: Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸™ -Ö-†o †í∫-®√™x £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛
°ü¿lC (Superlative), N’í∫û√ †í∫-®√© éπçõ‰ £j«ü¿-®√-
¶«ü˛ °ü¿lC (Comparative), à †í∫®Ωç èπÿú≈ £j«ü¿-
®√-¶«ü˛ Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’. ÅE ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™
-Åç-ö«ç. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆.
✓ Three degrees ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç '°ü¿lC— -Å-ØË -
´÷-ô-ØË Åçô’Ø√oç. -Éç-Tx-≠æfl™™«, big, bigger,
biggest ÅE äÍé ´÷ôèπ◊ degree E •öÀd ´‚úø’
®Ω÷§ƒ©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Öç-úø-´¤ éπü∆. Åûªuçûª °ü¿lC, ÅA
°ü¿l ÅØË ´÷ô© ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçûª ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç
é¬ü¿’. ÅD é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -áEo ®Ω鬩 §ÚL-éπ-
©’Ø√o, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd àüÓ ´÷ô éπ-*a-ûªçí¬ -¢√-
úø’û√ç. é¬F ¢√éπuç É™« Öçú≈L ÅØË E•ç-üµ¿-†©’
II Type
Bangalore is one of the largest cities in
India.
Bangalore is larger than most other
cities in India.
Very few cities in India are
as large as Bangalore.
-Å-ûªuç-ûª °ü¿l †í∫-®√™x ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ
î√™« †í∫-®√-©- éπç-õ‰ ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ °ü¿lC
à éÌCl †í∫-®√-™ ¶„çí∫∞¡⁄®Ωçûª °ü¿lN
(-´u-´£æ…-Jéπ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™)
2
than that in most other recent movies.
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -™‰-´¤. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ -Ççí∫x¶µ«-≠æ-
™ î√™« -E-•ç-üµ¿-†-©’ -Ö-Ø√o®·. Åçü¿’- Naresh: But the songs in the movie
éπE à ®Ωéπç §ÚL-éπ†’ à degree ™ are not sweeter than the
ᙫ îÁ§ƒp-©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´- songs in 'Kalalu'.
Ææ®Ωç. Satish: (Do) you mean that songs in
Now look at the following sen-
'Kalalu' are sweeter than the
tences from the conversation at
M. SURESAN songs in the movie.
the beginning of the lesson
1) It is one of the best schools in the state. Naresh: I Don't mean that. The songs in
(®√≠æZç™E Öûªh´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x ÉC äéπöÀ)– 'Kalalu' are as sweet as the songs in
superlative this.
2) And one of the most expensive too.
Satish: You are one of the best singers in our
(Åûªuçûª êK--üÁj† -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x èπÿú≈ äéπöÀ)
3) Very few admission tests... are as tough as College. I do not have the knowledge
this (positive) of music you have / my knowledge of
4) He is certainly brighter than most other stu- music is not so (as) good as yours.
dents of his class or age (comparative) Naresh: Very few songs are as good as
5) ... I am busier tomorrow than on most other
'Vasantaragam' in 'Kalalu' It is a mov-
days. (comparative).
ing song.
É°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 §ÚLéπ© -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈ °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç:
ᙫ
Satish: True. I like it too.
(-õ‰-•’-™¸ 1 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ)
É°æ¤púø’ ´’† Ææ-ç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù™E degrees transfor-
mation to other degrees îª÷ü∆lç.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Very few schools in the It is better than most other It is one of the best schools in the
1)
state are as good as this. schools in the state. state. lesson sentence)
( ™ É*a†
2) Very few schools are as ... and more expensive than and one of the most expensive
...
expensive as this. most other schools. too. (lesson sentence) ™ É*a†
3) Very few admission tests This is tougher than most other This is one of the toughest tests.
are as tough as this. (les- tests.
son ™Esentence)
4) Very few students are as He is certainly brighter than most He is certainly one of the brightest
bright as he (is). other students. (lesson sen- students.
™E
tence)
5) On very few days am I as I am busier tomorrow than on Tomorrow is one of the days I am
busy as I am tomorrow. most other days. (lesson the busiest on.
™E
sentence)
É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC... This diversity is seen not only
-v°æ-¨¡o-:
a) The + superlative ÅE ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ compara- among the plants belonging to dif-
tive ™ than any other / all other ´Ææ’hçC. ferent groups but also those
belonging to the same group.
Positive ™ No other ûÓ -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’´¤-ûª’çC.-
is
°j ¢√éπuç™ ûª®√yûª seen Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-
b) One of the + superlative ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ compar- present continuous
Tç-î √®Ω’. ™
ative ™ than most other ´Ææ’hçC. Very few verb ´‚úÓ-®Ω÷-§ƒEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-
ûÓ Positive v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’´¤-ûª’çC. very few ûÓ ´î√a?-ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’?
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u positive- ™ as + positive + as áç. ü∆L-Ø√-ߪ·úø’, Xé¬- π◊∞¡ç
´÷vûª-¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. so + positive + as ®√ü¿’. ï-¢√-•’: Ééπ\úø seen ÅØËC present continuous
tense é¬ü¿’. present simple / present indefinite.
Carefully observe the following conver- present continuous tense ™ verb form-
sation between Satish and Naresh am seeing / is seeing / are seeing.
Satish: This is one of the greatest movies I've is seen- ÉCpresent simple, passive voice-
seen recently. îª÷úø-•-úø’-ûÓçC ÅØË Å®Ωnç™.
This diversity is seen = Ñ
¢ÁjNüµ¿uç
Naresh: I agree. Very few recent movies are îª÷úø•úø’ûª’çC (Åçõ‰ ´’†ç îª÷≤ƒhç ÅE)
as great as this. is seen- is (be form) + seen ( verb ´‚úÓ-®Ω÷°æç
Satish: The photography in the movie is better Åçõ‰ past participle) - voice, passive.
-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 6 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Tarun: Hi Saran, you are not the earliest to
class, are you?
(Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ class èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ´*açC
†’´¤y é¬ü¿’-í∫ü∆?)
Saran: Sarika and some others were earlier
than me. I was not later than they
(were)/them by more than ten min-
utes.
(≤ƒJéπ, ÉçéÌç-ü¿®Ω’ Ø√éπçõ‰ ´·çü¿’
´î√a®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ ؈’ °æC EN’-≥ƒ©
éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ç©Ææuç é¬ü¿’.)
Tarun: Sarika isn't always the earliest to
come ? Madanpalle =
(á°æ¤púø÷ ´·çü¿®Ω ´îËa ¢√∞¡x™ ≤ƒJéπ
Öçô’ç-C-éπü∆?)
Saran: No, she isn't. In fact, she is not
among those who are the earliest.
(é¬ü¿’. ûªy®Ωí¬ ´îËa-¢√-∞¡x™ x ÅÆæ-™«¢Á’
Öçúøü¿’.)
Tarun: You were thinking of buying a bike.
You had better buy now. It is on sale
at a discount
and is cheaper
than before.
(†’¢ËyüÓ bike
éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-
Ø√o´¤ éπü∆.
É°æ¤púË é̆ôç
´’ç*C. Discount ™ Å´·t-
ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰
É°æ¤púø’ éπ.)
Saran: It is not the cheapest now.
It is going to be cheaper
still. I'll wait for another
month.
a) Madanapalle is not the coolest place in A.P
= Adjective - the coolest - degree superla-
tive - Å®·ûË Ñ sentence superlative
™
´·çü¿’ not sentence
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Ñ Å®Ωnç:
Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x Åûªuçûª xE v°æü˨¡ç
é¬ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆.
Åçõ‰, ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x éÌEo Éûª®Ω v°æüË-¨»-©-éπØ√o x-E-C-
é¬ü¿’ ÅE– ÉC comparative.
Madanapalle is not cooler than some other
places in A.P.
DEéÀ positive: positive comparative superlative
Some other places in A.P. are as cool as 1. Some others are as early You are not earlier than some You are not the earliest to
-á.°œ.™ éÌEoîÓô’x ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x to class as you. others to class. class. sentence)
(É*a†
Åçûª x-EN. 2. I was not early as Sarika Sarika and some others were I was not the earliest.
b) That is not the tallest tree in the garden. and some others. earlier than me. sentence)
(É*a†
(Ç ûÓô™-E ÅEo îÁôx™ ÅC áèπ◊\´ §Òúø-¢ÁjçC 3. It was not as cheap before It is cheaper than before (É*a† No superlative.
é¬ü¿’) as it is now. sentence)
– not the tallest (not + superlative) 4. Some others are always Sarika is not always earlier than Sarika is not always the ear-

The tree is not taller than some other trees as early as Sarika. some others. liest.(É*a† sentence)
in the garden. 5. It is not as cheap as it was It is not cheaper now than before. It is not the cheapest now.
(Ç ûÓô™ N’í∫û√ éÌEo îÁôx-éπØ√o ÉC §Òúø-¢ÁjçC earlier. (É*a† sentence)
é¬ü¿’) 6. Some other brands are This is not going to be cheaper This is not going to be the
not taller than some going to be as cheap as than some other brands. cheapest of brands.
other - comparative. this. sentence)
(É*a†
7. The bike is not as impor- Some other matters are more The bike is not among/ not
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 209
Some other trees in
the garden are as tall
tant for me as some other important for me than the bike one of the most important
matters. now. sentence)
(É*a† matters for me.
as the tree.
8. No other matter has as lit- The bike has less priority than The bike has the least prior-
(ûÓô-™E éÌEo îÁô’x, Ç îÁôdçûª tle priority as the bike. any other matter ity now. (É*a†sentence)
§Òúø´¤Ø√o®·.)
[little (positive) - less (comparative) - least (superlative)]
c) Some other novels are as good as
'You only live Twice' 9. Some other matters are as There are other more important This is not the most impor-
(éÌEo Éûª®Ω novels, 'you only live important as this. matters than this. sen-
(É*a† tant matter.
Twice' Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ö«®·) tence)
M. SURESAN As good as - degree - positive
Rahul: That's true. But once he regains form,
äéπ ´·êu-N-≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ: É™« äéπ very few of us can play as well as he.

It is cheaper than before

(É°æ¤púø’ Åçûª ûªèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬ü¿’. Éçé¬ îª´-éπ-´-
¶-ûÓçC. ÉçéÓ ØÁ™«-í∫’û√.)
Tarun: Yes. Some other brands will then be
as cheap as this or even cheaper.
(Å´¤ØËx. ´’J-éÌEo company © bikes
Éçûª -í¬_†÷ Öçö«®·, Éçé¬ îª´-í¬_†÷
Öçö«®·.)
Saran: Moreover some other matters are
more important for me than the bike
now.
(ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ bike éπçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i†
N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ´’J-éÌEo ÖØ√o®· Ø√èπ◊.)
Tarun: (So) you mean a bike has the least
priority now.
bike
(Åçõ‰ F v§ƒ´·-ë«u稻™x *´-J-
ü¿ç-ö«¢√?)
Saran: There are other more important mat-
ters.
(ÅE é¬ü¿’. é¬E Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†N
´’J-éÌEo ÖØ√o®·.)
Tarun: When you decide to buy just let me
know. I know the dealer. We can get
some concession.
(†’´¤y éÌØ√-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊
ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰®·. Ø√éÓ dealer ûÁ©’Ææ’. ´’†èπ◊
é¬Ææh ûªT_ç°æ¤ üµ¿®Ω-éÌ-Ææ’hçC.)
Saran: Thank you.
You observe that the conversation above
has mostly negative sentences. There are,
among them, superlatives, comparatives
and positives too. Now before we study
them look at the following sentences.
DEéÀ comparative
"you only live Twice" is not better than some
other novels ('You only live Twice' éÌEo Éûª®Ω
novels
éπçõ‰ Åçûª ¶«Ííç Öçúøü¿’).
superlative
'You only live Twice' is not the best novels.
(You only live Twice' ÅEo-öÀ™ Öûªh-´’-¢Á’i†
novel é¬ü¿’)
Now look at the following sentences from
the conversation at the beginning of the
lesson.
1) You are not the earliest to the class.
2) Sarika and some others were earlier than
me.
3) It is cheaper than before.
4) Sarika is not always the earliest to come.
5) It is not the cheapest now.
6) Some other brands are going to be as
cheap as this or even cheaper.
7) Moreover some other matters are more
important for me than the bike now.
8) ... the bike has the least priority now?
9) there are other more important matters.
All the sentences above are more or less
the same pattern.
Åçõ‰ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç
îª÷Æœ† not the best/ greatest, etc èπ◊ Ææç•ç-
Cµç-*-†N. OöÀéÀ other degrees îª÷ü∆lç.
degree †’ç* ÉçéÓ degree éÀ ´÷®Ωaôç ã
exercise í¬ practice îËߪ’ôç ´©x confusion
ûª°æp Spoken English improve é¬ü¿’. O’®Ω’
regular í¬ Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x English
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-®Ω-†’-éÓçúÕ, Å°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-
èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo, Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÃd, à degree ™
ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™ O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. English Å´-
鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø™«x ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´·êuç. É´Fo
¢√ôçûªô Å¢Ë ûÁL-Æœ-§Ú-û√®·. îªü¿-´ôç ´©x
èπÿú≈ ÉçTx≠ˇ ´Ææ’hçC.
Now study the following conversation:
Sindhu: Congrats Rahul, your team won the
match yesterday. You played the
best of all. You scored more runs
than any other member of your team.
(-E-†o O’ team ÈíL-*çC. Åçü¿-J™
†’´¤y ¶«í¬ Çú≈´¤. N’í∫-û√-¢√-∞¡x-éπØ√o
†’¢Áy-èπ◊\´ °æ®Ω’-í∫’©’ B¨»´¤.)
Rahul: Unfortunately, I could not bowl as
well as Ganesh. He took more wick-
ets than I did.
(ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h Ganesh Åçûª ¶«í¬
bowl îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Ø√éπçõ‰ Åûª-ØÁ-
èπ◊\´ wickets BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’)
Sindhu: Your captain played the worst of all.
His single digit score shows that.
(Åçü¿®Óx Åüµ∆y-†çí¬ ÇúÕçC O’ Èé°dØË.
ÅûªE äéπ ÅçÈé score ü∆EéÀ û√®√\ùç)
Rahul: He hasn't been in form of late.
Otherwise he plays better than most
of us.
(Åûª-F-´’üµ¿u Åçûª form ™ ™‰úø’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰
´÷™ î√™«-´’çC éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ ¶«í¬ Çúø-
û√úø’.)
Sindhu: But he didn't play so well in the earli-
er match either.
(é¬F Åûª†’ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ match
™†÷ Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆)
(Eï¢Ë’. é¬E ´’Sx form ™ éÌî√a-úøçõ‰
´÷vûªç ´÷™ à éÌCl-´’çüÓ Åûª-†çûª
¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫©ç)
Sindhu: Wish him the best.
Look at the following sentences from the
conversation above:
1) You played the best of all.
2) You scored more runs than any other mem-
ber of your team.
3) ... I could not bowl as well as Ganesh.
4) He took more wickets than I did.
5) Your captain played the worst of all.
6) ... he plays better than most of us.
7) But he didn't play so well in the earlier
match either.
8) ... very few of us can play as well as he.
°j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ èπÿú≈ §ÚL-éπ-©’-Ø√o®·
éπü∆– ÅFo ûª®Ω-ûª´’ ¶µ‰ü∆©†’ í∫’JçîË. Å®·ûË Ñ
sentences ™ ´Ææ’h-´¤©/ ´uèπ◊h© í∫’ù-í∫-ù«-©†÷,
≤ƒ´’-®√n u-©†÷ é¬éπ ´uèπ◊h© °æEB®Ω’†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’h-Ø√o-
´’E í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. äÍé °æEE Éü¿l®Ω÷,
Åçûªéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´uèπ◊h©’, äéπ-J-éπçõ‰ ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’
¶«í¬ î˨»®√, ûªèπ◊\´ î˨»®√ ÅØËC §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç.
Åçõ‰ ÉC comparison of adverbs, compari-
son of adjectives é¬ü¿’. Åçõ‰ degrees of
comparison, adjectives Íé é¬èπ◊çú≈, adverbs
èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçô’ç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç
study îËÆ œçC comparison of adjectives.Ééπ
´·çü¿’ ´’†ç °æJ-Q-Lç-îËC, degrees of com-
parison of adverbs.
(adverb Åçõ‰, verb ûÁLÊ° °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC
ÅE ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç)
You played the best of all - Ééπ\úø verb,
played = Çú≈´¤. Ç Çúøôç ᙫ ïJ-TçC?
Answer: the best. 鬕öÀd best ÅØËC Ééπ\úø
adverb.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 8 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Komal: Visal, doesn't Ramana speak English Komal: He certainly works harder than any of
the best of all of us in the class? us. At the same time he plays games
(Class™ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ English ¶«í¬ better than us too. Remember he
Ramana éπü∆)
´÷ö«x-úËC scored higher than any other member
Vishal: Yes; he does. (Å´¤†’) of our team in the last match.
Komal: Why so? (áçü¿’-éπE?) (éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åûªúø’ ´’†-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ v¨¡´’-
Why so = áçü¿’-éπ™«?; Why not? = áçü¿’èπ◊ °æ-úø-û√úø’. Å™«Íí games ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†-
é¬ü¿’? Ñ expressions conversation ™ éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ ¢Á’®Ω’Íí. éÀç-ü¿-öÀ match ™
î√™« common. O’®Ω÷ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ. ´’† team ™ Éûª®Ω players éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬
Vishal: From the beginning he has studied in score î˨»úø’).
English medium, that too, in very Vishal: Here he is. Let's spend some time Adjective Å®·Ø√, adverb Å®·Ø√, äéπ degree †’ç* ÉçéÓ degree éÀ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A äéπõ‰.
good schools. Moreover, he reads with him. positive comparative superlative
more than any one of us. (ÉCíÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Åûª-úÕûÓ 1. Adjective Australia is better than any Australia is the best team
(¢Á·ü¿-öÀ†’ç* Åûªúø’ îªC-NçC English í∫úø’-°æ¤ü∆ç) No other team in the world is (all) other team (teams) in in the world.
medium ™, ÅD ´’ç* English medi-
☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ so/ as good as Australia. the world.
um schools ™, ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´’†-éπçõ‰
Adverb Australia plays better than Australia plays best of all
Åûªúø’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.) lesson ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC, degrees of any other team/ all other teams in the world.
í∫-ûª No other team in the world
That too = ÅC èπÿú≈. comparison äéπ\ adjectives Íé é¬ü¿’, adverbs plays so/ as well as Australia. teams in the world.
èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçü¿E. Adverbs Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- 2. Adjective Australia is one of the best
Australia is better than most
èπ◊Ø√oç. verb, subject îËÊÆ °æEE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Ç Very few teams in the world other teams in the world. teams in the world.
verb îËÊÆ °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ™«çöÀ N´-®√-©†’
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 210
are as good as Australia.
ûÁLÊ°-´÷ô adverb. Adverb
Australia plays better than No proper superlative.
He plays well. Ééπ\úø verb - plays. ᙫ Very few teams in the world most other teams in the
Komal: What does he Çúø-û√úø’? ÅØË verb (ûÁLÊ° °æE)éÀ v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÊÆh, play as well as Australia. world.
read? How Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç well éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE well, adverb
much does he Å´¤-ûª’çC. äéπ sentence ™ äéπ ´÷ô îËÊÆ °æEE îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A Adjective Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰, – ÉC Comparative. verb - reads. DEo pos-
read? •öÀd, ÅC noun/ adjective/ adverb etc., OöÀ™x adverb Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰. itive èπ◊ ´÷JÊÆh, not ®√¢√L. Å°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ω’hç--
(àç îªü¿’-´¤- àC ÅE E®Ωg-®·ç-î√Lq Öçô’çC. 1) Tendulkar bats better than Sehwag. éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç – reads + not = does not
û√úø’? áçûª This is a fast train. (ÉC Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË §ÚLéπ – Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’– ÉC read.
îªü¿’-´¤-û√-úøç- Ééπ\úø ᙫçöÀ train? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊, fast train ÅØËC comparative degree) DEéÀ superlative Positive degree: Ravi does not read so/ as
ö«´¤?) M. SURESAN ï¢√•’. 鬕öÀd fast, adjective. Öçúø-ü¿’-éπü∆. Positive ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, fast as Krishna. (Krishna Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ®ΩN
Tendulkar, Sehwag Ê°®Ω’x û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·; îªü¿-´úø’)
not ´Ææ’hçC. 3) Kites fly faster than crows.

Why so? Sehwag does not bat (bats + not = does

not bat) so (as) well as Tendulkar
2) Bret Lee does not bowl faster than Shoaib
Akthar- comparative degree. (Bret Lee,
(é¬èπ◊© éπçõ‰ í∫ü¿l©’ ¢Ëí∫çí¬ áí∫’-®Ω’-û√®·)
Comparative. verb - fly. Comparative
not Positive
™‰ü¿’.
+ not = do not fly.
verb - fly. fly
™ ´Ææ’hçC.
™

Shoaib Akthar bowl

Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îËߪ’úø’) – Positive: Crows do not fly so/ as fast as
Vishal: For one thing, he reads the English A Cheetah runs fast. kites.
not
§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµËu, ÖçC. DEéÀ superlative
news paper daily. He reads too, a lot Now look at the following sentences from the
(*®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L ¢Ëí∫çí¬ °æ®Ω’-Èí-ûª’h-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø runs, ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.Positive not
™ subjects
®√ü¿’,
of fiction in English. He reads quite conversation at the beginning of the lesson.
verb. How does it run? question
ÅØË èπ◊ fast, Lee, Akthar positions
© û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·.
often English news magazines too. 1) Doesn't Ramana speak English the best of
answer fast
鬕öÀd adverb.
ÅØËC Åçõ‰ – Positive: Shoaib Akthar bowls (at least) as
(äéπ-õ‰-N’-ôçõ‰ ®ÓW English newspaper 1) ᙫçöÀ, ᙫç-öÀC (äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ) ÅØË fast as Bret Lee. (Shoaib Akthar Bret éπFÆæç all of us in the class? (superlative degree of
îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. Éçé¬ English †´-©©’, éπü∑∆-E- v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†çí¬ ´îËa-´÷ô Adjective. Lee Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ bowl îË≤ƒhúø’) the adverb)
éπ©÷ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. ûª®Ωîª÷ English news 2) °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ answer í¬ ´îËa Adverb degree ´îËa-ô-°æ¤púø’, do, does, did 2) He reads more than any of us.
magazines èπÿú≈ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.)
©
´÷ô Adverb. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. (comparative degree)
fiction = °∂œéπ{Ø˛ – '°∂œ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç – 3) Reading English helps you more than a
Ñ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çõ‰ Eg: 1) Steve played more matches than Mark.
éπ©p†– éπLpç-*† éπü∑¿©’ – novels (†´-©©’), degrees of comparison á°æ¤púø’ Adjectives èπÿ, study of grammar (comparative)
(Mark éπçõ‰ Steve áèπ◊\´ matches Çú≈úø’)
short stories (éπü∑∆-E-éπ©’) ™«çöÀN. 4) He certainly works harder than any of us.
á°æ¤púø’ adverbs èπÿ ÅØËC Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. – ÉC comparative. verb - played. DEo pos-
Komal: (Do) you mean he speaks English so (comparative)
a) Australia plays best of all teams in the world. itive ™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, played + not = did not
well because of his reading? 5) At the same time, he plays games better
(v°æ°æç-îªç-™E ÅEo ïôx™ ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ ïô’d play Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ positive.
(Åçõ‰ †’´y-ØËC Å™« îªü¿-´ôç ´©xØË than us too. (comparative)
Åûªuçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø’-ûª’çC.) Mark did not play as/ so many games as
English Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úøç-ö«¢√?) 6) He scored higher than any other member of
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– Ééπ\úø 'best'- adverb, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰, Steve. (Steve games Mark
ÇúÕ-†Eo Çúø-™‰ü¿’)
Vishal: Exactly. Reading English helps you our team. (comparative)
plays ÅØË verb °æEE ᙫíÓ N´-J-≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd. 2) Krishna reads faster than Ravi
more than a thorough study of gram- Exercise: OöÀéÀ Éûª®Ω degrees practise îËߪ’çúÕ.
(Note: Superlative degree of the adjective (
mar. ®Ω-N éπçõ‰ éπ%≠æg ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’) Answer:
´·çü¿’ the éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Öçú≈-©E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ví¬´’®˝ superlative degree of the adverb
èπ~◊ùoçí¬ Å¶µºu-Æœç-îªôç éπçõ‰, îªü¿-´ôç Å®·ûË superlative comparative positive
the 1. Doesn't Ramana speak Does any of us speak
Doesn't Ramana speak
áèπ◊\´í¬ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.) ´·çü¿’ Åçûª °æöÀdç-°æ¤-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕûË ´’ç*üË,
¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.) English the best of all of us? English better than any of English so well as
thorough = ü∑¿®Ó = èπ~◊ùo-¢Á’i†
°j sentence ™ adverb, superlative degree (É*a† sentence) us? Ramana?
Komal: The language of the English newspa- ™ ÖçC éπü∆? ÉC superlative of 'well'. É°æ¤úø’ 2. Of all of us he reads the most. He reads more than any of None of us reads as much
pers is difficult to understand, isn't it? ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. us. sentence) as he (reads/ does)
How then does it help?
(É*a†
b) Tendulkar plays better than any other/ all Reading helps us more than A study of grammar doesn't
3. No superlative.
(English newspapers English Å®Ωnç other players = player/
õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ à Éûª®Ω a study of grammar. (É*a† help us so much as/ as
îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ éπ≠dçæ í¬ Öçô’çC. Å™«ç-ô- N’í∫û√players éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ Çúø-û√úø’. sentence) much as reading.
°æ¤púø’ ÅüÁ™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC?) Ééπ\úø better, comparative degree of well 4. He certainly works hardest of He certainly works harder than None of us work as/ so
Vishal: Ramana says he began with short
c) No other player hits the ball so/ as well as any of us. sentence) hard as he, certainly.
news items, and then went on to all of us. (É*a†
Dhoni= player
He plays games better than We don't play games so
ÉçÍé Éûª®Ω èπÿú≈ üµÓE Åçûª 5. Of all of us, he plays games
news stories.
ball adverb, well-
best. us too. sentence) well as/ as well as he.
¶«í¬ †’ éÌôdúø’. Ééπ\úø (É*a†
(¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô *†o ¢√®√hç-¨»-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç- positive.
Gµç*, Ç ûª®√yûª °ü¿l °ü¿l ¢√®Ωh© reports 6. He scored highest of all of us. He scored higher than any No other member of our
good= ´’ç* (adjective) better (comparative)
other member of our team. team scored so/ as high as
well= ¶«í¬ (adverb) best (superlative)
îªC-¢√-†E ®Ω´’ù ÅØ√oúø’) he.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 10 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006
Chandan: Of the two who do you find the
better- Sekhar or Srikar?
(Ç Éü¿l-J™, Åçõ‰ ¨Ïê®˝, Xéπ-®˝™ á´®Ω’
¢Á’®Ω’-í∫ç-ö«´¤?/ á´®Ω’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-E-
°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?)
Santhan: Difficult to say. Each has his
virtues and defects. Srikar is the
more intelligent but Sekhar is the
more industrious.
(îÁ°æpôç éπ≠dçæ . Éü¿l-J™ éÌEo ´’ç*
í∫’ù«©÷ ÖØ√o®·, éÌEo üÓ≥ƒ©÷
ÖØ√o®·.)
Virtue = ´îª÷u– '´— bird ™ '•— ™« ØÌéÀ\-
°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç– Å®Ωnç – Ææ’í∫’ùç. Gandhi was a
man of virtue = í¬çDµ Ææ’í∫’-ù«©’ éπL-T† ´uéÀh.
Chandan: And who is the more suitable for
this job then?
(Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ 鬢√-Lq† °æEéÀ
á´®Ω’ ûªT-†-¢√®Ω’?)
Santhan: Certainly Sekhar. He doesn't com-
plain about the work.
(¨ÏêÍ®. °æE N≠æߪ’ç™ complain
îËߪ’úø’.)
Chandan: Has he to be
trained?
(ÅûªEÍé´’Ø√o
Péπ~ù
É¢√y™«?)
Santhan: I don't think
so. He has M. SURESAN
two years' experience in the field.
(Å´-Ææ®Ωç ņ’-éÓ†’. Ñ ®Ωçí∫ç™
Åûª-EéÀ È®çúË∞¡x ņ’-¶µº´ç ÖçC.)
Chandan: How good is he at the job?
(Ñ ÖüÓuí∫ç áçûª ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’?)
Santhan: He is as good as or even better
than any employee we have.
(É°æ¤púø’ ´’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o ÖüÓu-í∫’-©ç-ûª-é¬F,
Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-é¬F ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç
Ö†o-¢√úø’.)
Good = ´’ç* – Éü¿-Ææ©’ Å®Ωnç. é¬F ûÁ©’-í∫’™
'´’ç*—-™«-í¬ØË, 'good' èπÿú≈ î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x
àü¿-®·Ø√ ã N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ íÌ°æp/ Ææ´’-®Ω’n-™„j†/
≤ƒ´’®Ωn u-´·-†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
good actor = ´’ç* †ô’úø’– DE Å®Ωnç íÌ°æp
†ô’-úøE. ÅçûË-í¬F ´’ç* í∫’ùçí∫© †ô’úø’ ÅE
é¬ü¿’ éπü∆.
good at something = àüÁjØ√ ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫©/
¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ†.
He is good at maths = Åûª-EéÀ maths
¶«í¬ ´îª’a.
Chandan: Then let's appoint him. The soon-
er, the better. We've a lot of pend-
ing work.
(Å®·ûË ÅûªúËo Eߪ’-N’ü∆lç. áçûª
ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·ûË, Åçûª ´’ç*C. °æE ¶«í¬
Ê°®Ω’-èπ◊-§Ú-®·çC.)
pending = °æ‹Jh-é¬E/ °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷-Lq†
Santhan: What about the pay?
(´’J @ûªç Ææçí∫A?)
Chandan: Let's pay him more than what he
gets now in his present job?
(É°æ¤púø’ ÅûªE job ™ §Òçü¿’-ûª’†o
ü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-Nü∆lç).
Santhan: How much more? (áçûÁ-èπ◊\´?)
Chandan: Say Rs. 200/- (È®çúø’´çü¿-Lü∆lç.)
Say = îÁ°æpôç – ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç.
Ééπ\úø Say Åçõ‰ – ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
Spoken English
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
Santhan: We're going to appoint him. Better
sooner than later. I'll send the
appointment order today itself.
(ÅûªEo appoint îËÆæ’hØ√oç. Ç îËÊÆ-üËüÓ
ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh †ßª’ç. Ñ®Óñ‰ appoint-
ment order °æç°æ¤û√)
Chandan: O.K. Go ahead. (ÆæÍ®, é¬F.)
Go ahead = é¬F/ é¬E´¤y/ Ææ´’t-Aç-îªôç.
Ram: I want to tell you something.
(Fèπ◊ ØËØÓ-N-≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) 2) Between Bangalore and Hyderabad, 2) Who is the more suitable for this job?
Sam: Go ahead. (é¬F/ îÁ°æp-®·ûË). Bangalore is the cooler = 3) The sooner, the better =
ÉC English ™ common. O’®Ω÷ practice Bangalore is cooler than Hyderabad. áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·ûË Åçûª ´’ç*C.
3) Of (between) his two sons, the elder is the
îËߪ’çúÕ. É°æ¤púø’ sentence 3) ™«çöÀ comparative
☯ ☯ ☯
stronger = ÅûªE éÌúø’èπ◊Lü¿l®Óx °ü¿l-¢√úø’ •©- sentences îª÷ü∆lç: Ééπ\úø, È®çúø’ compar-
(The elder is the stronger of his
atives °æéπ\ØË ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆. È®çúÕçöÀ
Comparative degree (adjective/ adverb)
´ç-ûª’úø’.
two sons
Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†ô’x ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ¢√úÕûË ´’† con-
ÅE èπÿú≈ ÅØÌa). ´·çü¿÷ the ®√´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ.
4) Pranav: How does he compare with his
versation î√™« Åçü¿çí¬, effective (v°æ¶µ«´ç a) The taller a player is, the better can he
father?
éπ©’-í∫-ñ‰-ÊÆ-C)í¬ Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd Comparative play =
ÅûªE ûªçvúÕûÓ Åûª-ØÁoç-ûª-´®Ωèπÿ §Ú©a-
degree ¢√úø-ôç™ ¢Á’∞¡-èπ◊-´©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÌE ´’† véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’úø’ áçûª §Òúø’-ÈíjûË Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-
´îª’a? (Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ ûª† ûªçvúøçûª
Spoken English ™ ¢√úøü∆ç: íÌ°æp-¢√ú≈? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.) í∫-©úø’.
É™«çöÀ sentences, conversation ™
Sourav: The father is certainly the better.
practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ûªçvúÕ éÌúø’-éπ\çõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’.
(Ééπ\úø - better - comparative. b) Prasad: How did our team play yester-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 211
Better ûª®√yûª than ™‰†ç-ü¿’† better
´·çü¿’ the.)
day?
(E†o ´’† team ᙫ ÇúÕçC?)
He is as good as ..
a) The Giraffe is taller than any other land Pramod: The less we talk about it, the
compare
animal. Giraffe
Ééπ\úø ¢√úÕ† B®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’-´¤© éπç-õ‰ better.
How does this car compare with imported
§Òúø’í∫’.
cars? = cars (ü∆E í∫’Jç* áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´í¬
Giraffe =
NüËQ ûÓ DØÁoç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú©a-
'ï—®√°∂ˇ – 'ï— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.
Compare
´îª’a? Åçûª íÌ°æpü∆? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Åçûª-´’ç-*C – less -
comparative of little)
Ééπ\úø §ÚLéπ È®çúÕç-öÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u. É™« ¢√úøôç practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
taller - comparative. taller ûª®√yûª than any
How does this CM compare with his pred- c) The higher a place, the colder it is
other (singular)/ than all other (plural) é¬E
=
´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. ecessor? = Ñ ´·êu-´’ç-vAE ûª†èπ◊ ´·çü¿’†o äéπ v°æü˨¡ç áçûª á-ûÁj h-†-üÁjûË (Ææ´·-vü¿-´’ôdç
b) The Giraffe is taller than the Elephant =
´·êu-´’ç-vAûÓ áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú©a-´îª’a? †’ç*) Åçûª xí¬ Öçô’çC.
Giraffe predecessor (v°‘úø-ÂÆÆæ/ v°úÕ-ÂÆÆæ. 'v°‘—E/ 'v°—E
à†’í∫’ éπç-õ‰ §Òúø’í∫’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ d) The longer you walk, the healthier you
taller (comparative) than
ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç) = äéπ °æü¿N/ ≤ƒn†ç™ äéπ-JéÀ become =
èπÿú≈ comparative. Å®·ûË §ÚLéπ È®çúÕçöÀ ´·çü¿’†o ¢√∞¡x†’ predecessor Åçö«ç.
eg: Chandrababu Naidu was the prede-
†’´¤y áçûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ †úÕÊÆh, Åçûª Ç®Ó-í∫u-
sentences (a), (b)
´’üµËu. °j i) compar-
©™
cessor of Rajasekhara Reddy =
ative than
ûª®√yûª ii) comparative
´≤ÚhçC. ®√ï-¨Ï-ê-®˝-È®úÕf ´ç-ûª’-úÕ-´-´¤-û√´¤. =
the ´·çü¿J ´·êu-´’çvA îªçvü¿-¶«-•’-Ø√-ߪ·úø’. †úÕ-*-†-éÌDl Ç®Óí∫uç áèπ◊\´.
´·çü¿’ ™‰ü¿’.
Now compare sentences (A) and (B) below: Predecessor X Successor (ûª®√yûª ´*a† Ñ English proverbs (≤ƒ¢Á’-ûª©’) îª÷úøçúÕ:
Sentence A Sentence B
¢√∞¡Ÿx – °æü¿-N™/ ≤ƒn†ç™) a) The nearer the temple, the farther
eg: YSR is the successor of Chandrababu
The Giraffe is taller Of (between) the Giraffe from god.
than the Elephant = and the Elephant, the Naidu
í∫’úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-®·† éÌDl, üË´¤-úÕéÀ ü¿÷®Ωç.
5) Janaki: Is Rekha as good at dancing as
à†’í∫’ éπØ√o Giraffe Giraffe is the taller =
Åçõ‰ í∫’úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx, á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√
§Òúø’í∫’. Giraffe, à†’í∫’, Ñ È®çúÕç- Suma?
¢Á∞Ôx-a™‰ ÅE ÅÆæ©’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, Åçûª
öÀ™ Giraffe §Òúø’í∫’. (Rekha, Suma Åçûª ¶«í¬ dance ¶µºéÀh ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅE.
i) È®çúø’ sentences ™†÷, degree, comparative îËÆæ’hçü∆?) farther - comparative of far.
ii) È®çúø’ sentences ¶µ«´ç äéπõ‰, îÁÊ°p Nüµ¿ç ûËú≈, ÅçûË. Devaki: No, Suma certainly dances the
iii) Sentence A ™ Sentence B ™ com- far =
better.
ü¿÷®Ω-¢Á’i†
comparative ûª®√yûª parative ûª®√yûª than (é¬ü¿’, Æ撢˒, Í®ê éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ îËÆæ’hçC) b) The more you eat, the less you wish
than ÖçC. ™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ better (comparative) ´·çü¿’, to eat; the more you earn, the more
iv) Comparative Comparative ´·çü¿’ the ´Ææ’hçC. you wish to earn =
´·çü¿’ the ™‰ü¿’. 'the' ÖçC. Now look at the following sentences from the áèπ◊\´ A†o-éÌDl ûªèπ◊\´ AØ√-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC,
v) Sentence subject, Sentence, Of conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
áèπ◊\´ Ææ秃-Cç-*-†-éÌDl, Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´
Giraffe begin
ûÓ (between) ûÓ begin
1) Of the two, who do you find the better, Ææ秃-Cç-î √-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC. (ÅçûË éπü∆!
Å®·çC. Å®·çC. Sekhar or Srikar?
éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ† ûª®√yûª A†™‰ç. ÅüË úø•’s
Comparative †’ sentence B ™ ™«í¬ conver- (Whom do you find the better? ÅØ√-©E éÌçü¿- ´Ææ÷h Öçü¿†’-éÓçúÕ, Ç, î√™‰x ņ’-èπ◊ç-
sation ™ î√™« ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. whom É™«çöÀîÓôx old fash- ö«´÷? Éçé¬ é¬¢√-©-†’-èπ◊çö«ç)
®Ωç-ö«®Ω’. é¬F
´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ: ioned - É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-õ‰xü¿’) c) The more, the merrier =
1) Of the two girls, the one in the red dress is better - comparative ûª®√yûª than ™‰ü¿’ –
áçûª ´’çü¿-®·ûË, Åçûª Ææ®Ωü∆.
the more beautiful =
Ç Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·™x, red 鬕öÀd, better ´·çü¿’ the. (°j ´‚úø’ English proverbs; O’
dress™ Ö†o Å´÷t®· áèπ◊\´ Åçü¿çí¬ Å™«Íí conversation ™E éÀçC sentences ™ conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ.)
ÖçC. (Comparative
ûª®√yûª than
™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd comparative ´·çü¿’ the îª÷úøçúÕ– compara-
comparative
´·çü¿’, the.) tive ûª®√yûª than ™‰†ç-ü¿’-´©x.
ÉO comparative uses.
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 12 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Prakash: What's wrong with you, Chum? You Prakash: We start at my place at 5. We can
appear run down nowadays. see him at 6.
(àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç? Ñ ´’üµ¿u †’´¤y (´÷ ÉçöÀ †’ç* Å®·ü¿’ í∫çô-©èπ◊
F®Ω-Ææçí¬ éπ∞¡-ûª°œp éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤.) ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. Ç®Ω’ í∫çô-©èπ◊ Çߪ’-††’
Chum= ØËÆæhç. ´’†èπ◊ î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’-úÁj† éπ©’ü∆lç.)
Prasad: That's OK. Then I will be here at 5.
ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’. (ÆæÍ®. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ âCç-öÀéÀ Ééπ\úø’çö«)
They are chums= ¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« v°œßª’-N’-vûª’©’.





Chummy= î√™« ÊÆo£æ«çí∫©. Degrees of comparison, grammar exer-
äéπ
He is chummy with the CM= cise sentence
í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Åçõ‰ äÍé †’ ´‚úø’
Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ´·êu-´’ç-vAûÓ î√™« ≤ƒEo-£œ«ûªuç/ degrees practice
™ îËߪ’ôç é¬èπ◊çú≈ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo
ÊÆo£æ«ç ÖçC. •öÀd à degree, degrees
N’í∫û√ È®çúø’ ûÓ b) He is among the more popular actors on c) A Chief Minister is more influential than any
be run down= F®Ω-Æ œç-îªôç. conversation
Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ᙫ ¢√ú≈™, °j the Telugu screen - Union Minister -
He is run down= Åûªúø’ F®Ω-Ææçí¬, EÊÆh-ïçí¬ ™ study Lesson No. 210
îËߪ’çúÕ. ™ èπÿú≈ ÉüË ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ®Ω-O’ü¿ áèπ◊\´ v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷-†-´·†o à Íéçvü¿-´’ç-vA-éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ Chief Minister áèπ◊\´
ÖØ√oúø’. practice express
î˨»ç éπü∆. ´’†ç îËߪ÷-©-†’- †ô’úø’ = °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’, ´’ç* †ô’úË ÅE. °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ Ö†o-¢√úø’.
idea (Chief Minister, Union Minister
É´Fo conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ´îËa ´÷ô©’. 3) He has more practice than any MS or MD =
èπ◊†o ´’†èπ◊ Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçõ‰ à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ à äÍé ûÁí∫ é¬ü¿’.
degree
any other
¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ O’ Spoken English ™ ¢√ú≈L ÅØËC ´’†Íé ûªúø’-ûª’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE à MS/ MD practice
éπØ√o Åûª-E-Èé-èπ◊\´ ÖçC. Åçü¿’-éπE ûª®√yûª, ™‰ü¿’.)
´’† ¶µ«´ç Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçõ‰ ´’†ç îÁÊ°p Nüµ¿ç èπÿú≈
¢√úøçúÕ. Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçô’çC. Å™« Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ à degree ¢√ú≈- More practice - ÉC comparative degree. d) The Home Minister is more powerful than
Prasad: Certainly I am not in the best of ©-ØËC, Ç™-*ç-îª-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË ´’†èπ◊ ûªúø’-ûª’çC. Ñ les- ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ comparative ûª®√yûª than any any other minister = Éûª®Ω ´’çvûª’-©éπçõ‰
health. I wish to see a doctor. Who son ™ ¢√úÕ† comparisons îª÷úøçúÕ. other é¬F than all other é¬F ®√¢√L, È®çúÕç-öÀ- Home Minister Home Minister,
¨¡éÀh-´’ç-ûª’úø’.
do you suggest? Is Dr Kushalam any other.
Éûª®Ω ´’çvûª’©÷ äÍé ûÁí∫ – Åçü¿’-éπE
OK?
éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’. é¬F Ñ Â°j
sentence ™ than any MS or MD Åçô’Ø√oç e) Shoiab Akthar is faster than any Australian
bowler. any other Shoiab Akthar
(Eï¢Ë’. ؈çûª Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ ™‰†’. – any ûª®√yûª other ™‰ü¿’. ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ: ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd,
Doctor †’ éπ©¢√©†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. à
Though, he is in the 7th class, he can speak Australian
Doctor †’ éπ©-¢√©çö«´¤? Dr èπ◊¨¡©ç
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 212
é¬úø’.
´’ç* ¢Ájü¿’u-úËØ√?) English better than any 10th class student = f) Bret Lee is faster than any other Australian
bowler=
Éûª®Ω Australians éπçõ‰ Bret Lee, Fast. Any
other ÅØ√oç 鬕öÀd, Bret Lee èπÿú≈ Australian.
g) No Australian plays like Laxman.
à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ à -úÕ-vU? h) No other Australian plays like Ponting.
Laxman, Australian
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: é¬úø’, 鬕öÀd
no other ņç,no ÅE Åçö«ç. Ponting
Now look at the fol- (sentence h) Australian. Åçü¿’-éπE, no other
Prakash: He is certainly OK. He is among the 7th class Å®·Ø√, 10th class ¢√∞¡xéπç-õ‰
lowing sentences
Åûªúø’
better doctors in the town. I know English Åçö«ç.
from the conversa-
¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’.
him well. Shall I take you to him? Dçöx èπÿú≈ other ™‰ü¿’. Any other/ all other, i) Åûªúø’ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i-† †ô’© éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ †öÀç-îª
tion at the beginning
(Ç -ú≈éπd®˝ ´’ç*-¢√úË. ´’† Ü∞x of the lesson. äÍé ûÁí∫èπ◊ îÁçC† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §Ú™‰a-ô-°æ¤púË -í∫-©úø’ (Åçõ‰ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ωçí¬ Åûª†’ †ô’úø’ é¬úø’)=
He acts better than any professional actor.
1) I am not in the best
¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† -ú≈éπd®Ωx-™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπ\úø’. Åûªúø’ ¢√úøû√ç.
°j sentence ™ 7th class student †’, 10th (Any other é¬ü¿’, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i†
Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ؈’ E†’o BÆæ’-èπ◊ of health, certainly.
class student ûÓ= Åçõ‰ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ®Ω鬩 N≠æ-ߪ÷- †ô’úø’ é¬ü¿’). ÉD Any/ no other
ûª®√yûª
(English ™ É™«çöÀ M. SURESAN
-¢Á-∞¡}Ø√?)
Prasad: When shall we see him then? This expressions î√™« ©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Åçü¿’-éπE other ®√ü¿’. Å™«Íí, ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË ´îËa Å®Ωnç.
evening? He has more practice than any MS/ MD O’®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ á°æ¤úø÷ äÍé ûÁí∫ ¢√∞¡x†’/
ûª´÷≥ƒ Å®√n-Eo-≤ƒh®·. ¢√öÀE N†-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊ MS/ MD MBBS ¢√öÀE §Ú©a®Ω’ éπü∆? Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ any/ no
(Å®·ûË á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’ü∆lç Çߪ’-††’?Ñ Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç äéπöÀ, usage ™ ¢√öÀ-èπ◊çúË Å®Ωnç ¢Ë®Ω’.) Åçõ‰, Åûªúø’
ÅE Å®Ωnç.
é¬ü¿’ ÅE, Öûªh
ûª®√yûª other, ¢√úø-éπçúÕ.
≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-ü∆l´÷?) Ñ sentence ØË BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. ÉC N†-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊ a) Dr. Kushalam has more practice than any 4) Now is as good as any other time=
Prakash: Why not? This evening is as good Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç: Ø√ Ç®Óí∫uç Åûª’u-ûªh-´’çí¬ ™‰ü¿’
as any other time. é¬F, °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’ ÅE. Å®·ûË DE ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç, MS/ MD = MS, MD doctors
©’†o éπçõ‰ á°æ¤púÓ îËÊÆ •ü¿’©’ É°æ¤púË îËßÁ·îª’a éπü∆ ÅE.
(áçü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’? á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’.) usage ™ 'Ø√ Ç®Óí∫uç àç ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’— ÅE. ã Dr. Kushalam practice
èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ÖçC. (N’í∫û√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷©’ áçûª ´’ç*¢Ó, É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Åçûª
N≠æߪ’ç °æôx ´’†-èπ◊†o ´uA-Í®-éπûª†’ É™« ûÁL-ߪ’- (Åçõ‰ Dr. Kushalam MS/ MD é¬úø’ ÅE.) ´’ç*üË ÅE.) ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo éÀçC-N-üµ¿çí¬ îÁ§Òpa.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
ñ‰≤ƒhç. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈ É™«çöÀ sentences ™ é¬Ææh b) Dr. Kushalam has more practice than any Now is the best time/ Now is better than any
This evening is as good as any other time=
´uçí∫uç èπÿú≈ Ææ’p¥J-Ææ’hçC. ´’J-éÌEo sentences other MS/ MD = MS/ MD
Éûª®Ω © éπçõ‰ ÅûªúÕ other time/ no other time is so (as) good as now.
Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç, Éûª®Ω Ææ´’--ߪ÷-™«xÍí ´’ç*üË. Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç ¢√úÕ† expressions ÅFo daily
Åçõ‰ Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª-¢Á’iØ√ ´’ç*üË/ Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç É™«ç-öÀ¢Ë îª÷ü∆lç. practice Dr. Kushalam
áèπ◊\´. (Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈
a) Suraj: What do you think of our hockey MS/ MD conversation ™ ¢√úø-ü¿-T-†¢Ë. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
¢Á∞«lç/ Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª¢Ë’ ¢Á∞«lç– ÉC O’ conver- ÅE Å®Ωnç.)
sation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. team?
Practise the following aloud in English. Answer
üËFo ¢√®·-ü∆-¢Ë-ßÁ·ü¿’l ņ-ö«-E-éÀ™« ņçúÕ= (´’† £æ…éà öÃç í∫’Jç* F ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç Pratiksha: E†o match ™ -v°æ-ûª÷u-≠æ î√™« ¶«í¬ Pratiksha: Pratyusha played very well in the
Now is as good as any other time= àN’öÀ?) match yesterday. Didn't she?
Neeraj: Well, it is not the greatest team
ÇúÕçC éπü∆?
á°æ¤púÓ •ü¿’©’, É°æ¤púË îËÊÆ-ßÁ·-aí¬! ÅE Niriksha: ûª†’ regular player é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Niriksha: She is not a regular player, but she
Prasad: He appears to have good practice. in the world. played better than any regular
regular players éπçõ‰ î√™« ¶«í¬
(Çߪ’-†èπ◊ î√™« ´’ç* practice (Ñ sentence N†o-°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JçîË ÇúÕçC. player.
Ö†o-ô’dçC) Å®Ωnç– Åûª’u-ûªh´’ ïôx™ äéπöÀ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Pratiksha: Å´-ûªL team captain í∫’Jç* F Pratiksha: What's your opinion of the captain
Prakash: What do you think? He has more °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’, ÅE. ÅÆæ-©’ -Å®Ωnç: ´’ç* ïõ‰dç of the opposite team?
ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç àN’öÀ?
practice than any M.S. or M.D. He é¬ü¿E, ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æEéÀ®√E-ü¿E.) Niriksha: I never thought her the best of
Niriksha: ûª†’ ´’ç* player ÅE ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷
is better at diagnosist than many b) She is not the most beautiful girl here, is she? players.
MDs. Ç¢Á’ °ü¿l Åçü¿-í∫ûËhç é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? – ÉD ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Pratiksha: Don't undermine her so much. She
(not/ neverûÓ superlative ¢√úøçúÕ)
(M.S, M.D. Ö†o doctors éπçõ‰ ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç. é¬F ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç Åçü¿®Óx is certainly among the better play-
Çߪ’-†èπ◊ áèπ◊\´practice ÖçC. î√™«- Pratiksha: -Ç-¢Á’-†’ ´’K ûªèπ◊\-´-îËÆ œ ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊. ers.
Åçü¿-í∫ûÁh é¬ü¿’, é¬F Åçü¿-í∫ûËh, ÅE– ÉC
´’çC MDs éπØ√o Çߪ’† ®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù-™ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† players ™ -Ç-¢Á’ -äéπ®Ω’. Niriksha: Whatever it is, she is certainly not
Niriksha: àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ûª†çûª íÌ°æp captain àç the greatest of captains, is she?
î√™« ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’) 2) He is among the better doctors in the town.
M.S. M.D. Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? MBBS ûª®√yûª doctors
Ñ °æôd-ùç-™E ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† ™ Åûª-ØÌ- é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? Pratiksha: Don't say that. The games the
Surgery/ Medicine Degrees. Pratiksha: Å™« ņèπ◊. Ç¢Á’ captaincy ™ ¢√∞¡Ÿx team has won under her captaincy
éπ\úø’. Åçõ‰ Éûªúø’best doctor é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.
Diagnosis= ®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù- ÈíL-*† games ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’. are not a few.
é¬E Åçûª BÆœ-§ƒ-Ȯߪ’uü¿í∫_-¢√úËç é¬ü¿’ (Åçõ‰ Ñ
Diagnosists - Niriksha: OK. äéπ-≤ƒJ ´’†ç Ç¢Á’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷? Niriksha: OK. Shall we meet her once?
®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù- îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx °æôd-ùç-™E doctors †’, ´’ç*, °æE-éÀ-®√E ÅE
Pratiksha: É°æ¤púË éπü∆ Ç¢Á’ ´’ç* player é¬ü¿E Pratiksha: You've just said she isn't a great
Prasad: Then let's see him this evening. È®çúø’ ûÁí∫-©’í¬ N¶µº->ÊÆh, Éûªúø’ ´’ç* ûÁí∫-™Íé player.
When is the best time? îË®Ω-û√úø’ ÅE) ÅØ√o´¤.
Niriksha: àüÓ ûª´÷-≥ƒ-éπ-Ø√o-†’™‰. Ç¢Á’ Åçõ‰ Niriksha: I was just joking. I do like her.
Å®·ûË Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Çߪ’-††’ éπ©’ü∆lç. a) AP is among the bigger states in the
Pratiksha: Why any other time? Let's meet
á°æ¤úø’ ÆæÈ®j† Æ洒ߪ’ç? country. Ø√éÀ≠d¢æ Ë’.
Pratiksha: á°æ¤púÓ áçü¿’èπ◊, É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«lç. her now. Now is as good as any
best time= ÆæÈ®j† Æ洒ߪ’ç= right time. ü˨¡ç™ °ü¿lN ņ-ü¿í∫_ ®√≥ƒZ™x -á.°œ.äéπ-ôE. other time.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 14 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006
Bharat: Sarat, Vasanth has yet to come. He is
late most of the days.
(¨¡®Ωû˝, ´Ææçû˝ Éçé¬ ®√™‰ü¿’. ¢√úø’ áèπ◊\´
®ÓV©’ Ç©-Ææuç-í¬ØË ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’)
Sarat: Yesterday he was even later than the
day before.
(¢Á·†oöÀ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ E†o Éçé¬ Ç©-Ææu-
´’-®·çC)
Bharat: Isn't he the last to come to class most
of the days?
(áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’ Åçü¿-J™ Ç©-Ææuçí¬
(*´®Ωí¬) ´îËaü¿ûª-ØË-éπü∆?)
Sarat: That he is. I don't know what his prob-
lem is.
(Åûª-†çûË. ÅûªE Ææ´’-ÊÆuçö ûÁL-ߪ’úøç
™‰ü¿’)
(That he is = Å´¤†’, Åûª-†çûË. That he is -
ÅØËC èπÿú≈ conversational)
Bharat: I think his mother is ill most of the
time and delays packing his lunch.
(¢√∞¡x-´’tèπ◊ äçöx ¶«í∫’ç-úø-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«.
Åûª-úÕéÀ carrier ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’ôç Ç©-Ææu-
´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«)
Sarat: Hasn't he a sister? She can help his
mother.
(Åûª-úÕéÀ sister ÖçC éπü∆? Ç¢Á’ ¢√∞¡x-´’tèπ◊
Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø-´îª’a.)
Bharat: Is she his elder or younger? I think
she is younger than he and she goes
to school too.
(Ç¢Á’ ÅûªúÕ Åé¬\, îÁ™„x™«? îÁ™„x-©-†’-èπ◊çö«,
ûª†’ èπÿú≈ Ææ÷\©’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûÓçC)
Sarat: That's a pity.
Bharat: To add to all this, his dad is most of
the time on camp. His poor mom has
to take care of everything.
(Oô-Eo-öÀéÀ ûÓúø’, ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o áèπ◊\´
Æ洒ߪ’ç camps ™ Öçö«úø’. ¢√∞¡x¢Ë’t
ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√Lq ´Ææ’hçC.)
To add to all this = OöÀéÀ ûÓúø’/ OôEo-öÀéÀ ûÓúø’
Sarat: What's her present condition?
(Ç¢Á’ v°æÆæ’hûª °æJ-Æœn-ûËçöÀ?)
Bharat: He told me yesterday she was much
better than before.
(´·çü¿’-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E E†oØË Ø√ûÓ ÅØ√oúø’)
Sarat: That's something. (ÅC-éÌçûª †ßª’¢Ë’)
Bharat: She is under the treatment of the
foremost doctor of the town
Dr.Vaidyanath. Still she isn't all right.
(†í∫-®Ωç™ ÅA íÌ°æp doctor ¢Ájü¿u-Ø√ü∑˛
Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. Å®·ûË Ç¢Á’èπ◊
¶«í∫-´ôç ™‰ü¿’)
Sarat: Yea, I have heard about him. Is he
expensive?
(Å´¤†’. Çߪ’† í∫’Jç* NØ√o†’. î√™«
êK-üÁj† ú≈éπd®√?)
Bharat: No, not at all. He doesn't charge
more than the lesser doctors in the
city.
(àç é¬ü¿’. Åçûª íÌ°æp-é¬E (´÷´‚©’)
doctors éπçõ‰ Çߪ’† fees áèπ◊\¢Ëç
é¬ü¿’.)
Sarat: Let's hope she will recover complete-
ly soon.
(ûªy®Ω-™ØË Ç¢Á’ °æ‹Jhí¬ éÓ©’-èπ◊ç-ô’ç-ü¿E
ÇPü∆lç.)
☯ ☯ ☯ ☯
´’†ç comparatives, superlatives í∫’Jç* í∫ûª
lesson points
™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o èπ◊x°æhçí¬.
1) Among + comparative degree - é¬Ææh
¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† é¬Ææh áèπ◊\-¢Áj†, etc N≠æߪ’ç ÅØË Å®Ωnç.
eg: She is among the clever students of
the class =
class™ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† students ™ Ç Å´÷t®·
ÖçC – ÅE Å®Ωnç.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
2) not the + superlative = Åçûª íÌÊ°pç-é¬ü¿’.
a) Hari is not the best in our team, is he?
´’† team ™ £æ«J Åçûª íÌ°æp player é¬ü¿’.
b) certainly Sudhakar is not the worst of
our friends.
´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’™x Ææ’üµ∆-éπ®˝ î√™« ´’ç*-¢√úø’
ÅØË Å®Ωnç.
3) Comparative + than + any éÃ, comparative
+ than + any other éà ûËú≈:
´’†ç §Ú©’-Ææ’h†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ äÍé ûÁí∫èπ◊
îÁçC†¢ÁjûË than any other, ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ûÁí∫-©èπ◊
îÁçCûË than any Åçö«ç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
1) Sunayana is cleverer than any other girl
in her class.
(Ææ’†-ߪ’† ûª† class ™ N’í∫û√ Å´÷t-®·©
éπçõ‰ ûÁLN í∫©C)
(Ææ’†-ߪ’†, Éûª®Ω Å´÷t-®·©÷ äÍé class ¢√∞¡Ÿx)
2) A Cheetah is faster than any tiger.
(à °ü¿l-°æ¤L éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ *®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L ¢Ëí∫ç éπ©C
– Ééπ\úø Cheetah, tiger ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ûÁí∫-©N –
Åçü¿’-éπE than any Åçö«ç)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 213
Bhima was Arjuna's elder
ÉD ´’†ç spoken English èπ◊ Ö°æßÁ÷í∫°æúË
Nüµ¿çí¬ degrees of comparison í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
èπ◊çC.
Now look at the following sentences.
a) The train arrived late this morning =
Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç wõ„jØ˛ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´*açC.
b) The match began later than the time fixed
= ´÷uî˝ EKgûª Æ洒ߪ’ç éπçõ‰ Ç©-Ææuçí¬
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’içC.
c) He was the last to come to class yester-
day=
Åûªúø’ E†o é¬xÆˇ èπ◊ Åçü¿-J™ Ç©Ææuç
(*´-®Ω)í¬ ´î√aúø’
Late (positive), later (comparative) – Ñ
È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†o time/ ã EKgûª
Æ洒ߪ’ç ü∆öÀ† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷©
í∫’Jç* îÁ•’-û√®· éπü∆.
(late = Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i†/ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ = ņ’-èπ◊†o
Æ洒ߪ’ç ü∆öÀ†;
later = (§ÚL-éπ™ ) ü∆öÀ† Ææ´’-ߪ÷E éπçõ‰
áèπ◊\´ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i†/ Ç©-Ææuçí¬)
É°æ¤púÕC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. í∫ûªç™ àüÁjØ√ Ç©Ææuç
Å´úøç Åçõ‰, ÅC v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-®·-†õ‰x éπü∆?
¢Á·†o ï®Ω-í¬-LqçC E†o ïJ-Tç-ü¿çõ‰, ÅC Ñ ®ÓVèπ◊
(Åçõ‰ v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ) ü¿í∫_®Ωí¬ ïJ-T-†õ‰x éπü∆.
I got the news late =
Ç ¢√®Ωh Ø√èπ◊ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ûÁL-ÆœçC.
(Åçü¿’-´©x †≠ædç, Å≤˘-éπ®Ωuç éπLT ÖçúÌa)
The news came late =
¢√®Ωh Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´*açC.
°∂æLûªç, †≠ædç, Å≤˘-éπ®Ωuç 鬢Ìa.
Å®·ûË ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ.
a) Late news = Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ÅçC† ¢√®Ωh ÅE.
Åçõ‰ û√ñ« ¢√®Ωh. Å™«Íí,
b) My information is later than his =
ÅûªúÕ ´ü¿l Ö†o Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç éπçõ‰ Ø√ ´ü¿l
Ö†oC Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC – Åçõ‰ v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ éÌçîÁç
´·çüË ïJ-T-†ô’x – Åçõ‰ û√ñ« Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç.
´’†ç à news paper †’ áèπ◊\´ É≠æd-°æ-úøû√ç?late
news ÉîËa newspaper †’ éπü∆ – Åçõ‰ û√ñ«
Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÉîËa news paper †’.
ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ–
a) old news (§ƒûªC, Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æ œ† ¢√®Ωh)
b) late news (û√ñ« ¢√®Ωh – Åçõ‰ éÌûªhí¬ ûÁL-Æ œ†
¢√®Ωh)
c) later reports contradict the earlier reports
of the incident =
Ç °∂æ’ô† í∫’Jç* ´*a†
É°æpöÀ ¢√®Ωh©’, Åçü¿’-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´*a† ¢√®Ωh-©èπ◊
´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ (N®Ω’-ü¿l¥çí¬) ÖØ√o®·.
contradict (é¬çvô-úÕé˙d. 'é¬ç— ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ 'úÕ—E
áèπ◊\-´í¬ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = ´uA-Í®-éÀç-îªôç.
incident = °∂æ’ô†
d) later, comparative éπü∆ – É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ.
My shirt is of later cut than yours = F shirt
éπçõ‰ Ø√ shirt fashion ûª®√y-ûªC. (Åçõ‰ Ø√
shirt fashion éÌûªhC, F shirt éπçõ‰. cut =
fashion)
latest - ÉC late èπ◊ superlative. Åçõ‰, É°æp-öÀ-´-
®Ωèπ◊ (Till now) ´*a† ¢√öÀ™ *´-JC – Åçõ‰
Åûªuçûª û√ñ«, Åüµ¿’-Ø√-ûª† ÅE. ´’†ç ´÷´‚©’í¬
¢√úË ´÷õ‰ éπü∆.
latest fashion - Ñ ´’üµËu ´*a† fashion – DE
ûª®√yûª Éçé¬ àD ®√™‰ü¿’.
latest news éπúø-°æöÀ ¢√®Ωh (¢√®Ωh©’ – ûÁ©’-í∫’™)
latest score (cricket) ™ éπúø-°æöÀ score - Åçõ‰
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ äéπ ïô’d îËÆœ† °æ®Ω’-í∫’©÷, éÓ™p-®·†
wickets.
latest developments
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJT† °æJ -
ù«-´÷™x éπúø-°æöÀC– Åçõ‰ éÌûªh °æJ-ù«´’ç.
latest techniques = (É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ éπúø-°æöÀ) éÌûªh °æü¿l¥A
É°æ¤púø’ last N≠æߪ’ç îª÷ü∆lç. latest, É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊
ïJ-T† time ™ *´J Å®·ûË, last, äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤©
véπ´’ç™/ ´’†’-≠æfl© véπ´’ç™ *´-JC/ *´-J-¢√®Ω’
a) Kumar is the last to come =
Åçü¿-J™ *´®Ω ´*a-†-¢√úø’ èπ◊´÷®˝.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ – Ééπ\úø time èπ◊ é¬ü¿’ v§ƒüµ∆†uç,
´*a† ¢√∞¡x ´®Ω-Ææèπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç.
b) This is the last book written by the author=
Ç ®Ωîª-®·ûª *´J °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC.
°æ-öÀdéπ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ.
Last
1) This is the last book of the author
(Ç ®Ωîª-®·ûª*´J °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC – DE ûª®√yûª
Çߪ’† °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’)
2) This is the last of the series (Ç ´®ΩÆæ véπ´’ç™
ÉC *´-JC – DE ûª®√yûª ÉçÍéD ™‰ü¿’)
3) The last wicket fall at 313. (*´J Çô-í¬úø’ 313
°æ®Ω’-í∫’© ü¿í∫_®Ω Å´¤-ô-ߪ÷uúø’– Innings ´·T-ÆœçC)
(Å®·ûË, last Åçõ‰ §Ú®·† ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿ-ú≈ ÖçC
éπü∆– last week/ last year ™™«. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L)
2
Older, elder - ÉN È®çúø÷, old èπ◊ comparatives.
OöÀ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
Old - ´·ÆæL, §ƒûª-•-úÕ†. ´·ÆæL ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
´’†’-≠æfl-©èπ◊, ïçûª’-´¤©èπÿ, îÁôxèπÿ; §ƒûª
ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´Ææ’h-´¤©èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç.
Older - ÉC èπÿú≈, §ÚLéπ© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´·ÆæL
ÅØË/ áèπ◊\´ ´ßª’Ææ’†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
´’†’-≠æfl-©èπÿ, ïçûª’-´¤-©èπÿ, îÁôxèπÿ; §ƒûª
ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.
Elder - áèπ◊\´í¬ ´’†’-≠æfl-©Íé ¢√úøû√ç, Å°æ¤p-úø-
°æ¤púø÷ ïçûª’-´¤-©èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç.
1) Older - äÍé èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ îÁçü¿E¢√J ´ßª’-Ææ’q©’
§Ú©a-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.
a) Mahatma Gandhi was older than Nehru
(´’£æ…-û√t-í¬çDµ, ØÁv£æfi éπçõ‰ °ü¿l – äÍé
èπ◊ô’ç•ç é¬ü¿’)
b) He is older than
any other per-
son in the vil-
lage =
Ç ví¬´’ç-™ E
N’í∫-û√-¢√∞¡x éπçõ‰
Åûª†’ °ü¿l. (äÍé M. SURESAN
èπ◊ô’ç•ç é¬ü¿’)
2) elder - ÉC äÍé èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ îÁçC-†-¢√J
´ßª’-Ææ’q©’ §Ú©a-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.
a) Sri Rama was Laxmana's elder.
(®√´·úø’, ©éπ~ t-ù’úÕ éπçõ‰ °ü¿l – äÍé
èπ◊ô’ç•ç)
Å®·ûË elder ¢√úË B®Ω’ ´·êuç.
elder than é¬F, elder to é¬F ņç
b) Bhima was Arjuna's elder - É™« ¢√ú≈L
elder †’.
c) My uncle is my mother's elder -
´÷ Å´’t-éπØ√o ´÷ ´÷´’-°ü¿l.
(My uncle is elder than my mother.
My uncle is elder to my mother -
Ñ È®çúø÷ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’)
Å®·ûË American English ™ He is my older
brother, She is my older sister ņôç
Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.
Latest
This is the latest book of the author.
(Ç ®Ωîª-®·ûª É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ®√Æœ† ¢√öÀ™
*´-J-CC/ DE ûª®√yûª Éçé¬ ®√ߪ’-´îª’a)
This is the latest in the series
(Ç ´®Ω-Ææ-véπ-´’ç™ ÉC éÌûªhC)
The latest wicket to fall is that of Sehwag.
(É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† Çô™ éÌûªhí¬ out Å®·çC
Sehwag (Éçé¬ Çú≈Lq†¢√∞¡ŸxØ√o®Ω’)
-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 16 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Sampath: Why are people so crazy about
imported stuff? They are proud of
possessing them.
(Imported ´Ææ’h-´¤-©çõ‰ Åçûª ¢Á÷ñ‰çöÀ -
ï-Ø√-EéÀ ÅN Ö†o¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« í∫®Ωyçí¬
Öçö«®Ω’.)
imported Éç§Ú-öÀú˛ – Cí∫’-´’-ûÁj†, Åçõ‰ NüËQ
(foreign). crazy vÈé-ß˝’> – °œ*a-¢Á÷V.
Sanath: You pay for quality; that's all. But I
think wrist watches are among the
lesser imported items.
(Ø√ùu-ûªèπ◊ ê®Ω’a °úø-û√´¤. ÅçûË éπü∆.
Å®·ûË Øˆ-†’-éÓ-´ôç, ûªèπ◊\-´èπ◊ Cí∫’-´’-
ûªßË’u ´Ææ’h-´¤™x wrist watches äéπôE)
☯ ☯ ☯ ☯

Sanath: (Do) you mean imported TVs,
imported cars, imported watches etc.
(†’´y-ØËC NüËQ鬮Ω’x, öÃO©’, ¢√’
´Èíj®√ í∫’Jçî√?)
Sampath: Yea. I am sure our country goods
are as good as the so called
imported ones. Moreover, I think,
the so called imported goods are
not suitable for Indian conditions.
(´’† ÆæyüËP Ææ®Ωèπ◊, NüËQ Ææ®Ω-éπçûª
´’ç*üË ÅE Ø√ †´’téπç. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈,
Ñ NüËQ Ææ®Ωèπ◊©’ ´’†-ü˨¡ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©èπ◊
ņ’-í∫’-ùçí¬ Öçúø´¤.)
So called = ÅØË (ņ-•úË)
The so called honest man = Eñ«--ߪ’Béπ©-
Our study of comparative in spoken English
continues. éÌEo éÌEo comparatives usage Now look at the following sentences from
positive comparative superlative
´÷´‚©’ éπçõ‰ Gµ†oçí¬ Öçö«®·. Å™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x the conversation:
äéπöÀ elder, older - OöÀ N≠æߪ’ç ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ little less least
1) They are definitely superior to Indian
lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ Å™«ç-öÀN ´’J-éÌEo few fewer fewest
goods.
comparatives ÖØ√o®·. ÅN superior inferior,
2) Our technology is inferior to theirs and nat- Little, uncountables
senior and junior. Oô-®√n©’ ´’†çü¿®Ωèπÿ ûÁL-Æ œ-†¢Ë ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç 鬕öÀd, ü∆EéÀ
éπü∆; Å®·ûË ÉN comparatives Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà OöÀ urally the quality is inferior too. comparative Å®·† less, superlative Å®·†
ûª®√yûª than ®√ü¿’. To ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. 3) I am senior to you in the field. least †’ èπÿú≈ uncountables ûÓØË ¢√ú≈L.
4) I do admit I am junior to you. a) The milk in this glass is less than the milk in
°j sentences ÅEoçöx, superior, inferior, that glass =
senior, junior - Ñ comparatives ûª®√yûª than Ç glass ™ §ƒ©’ Ñ glass
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 214
™ §ƒ©éπçõ‰
é¬èπ◊çú≈ to ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ûªèπ◊\´.

I have few friends here

¢√-úÕí¬ Å†-•-úË-¢√úø’ – Åçõ‰ ÅûªE Eñ«--ߪ’B
´’†ç †´’túøç ™‰ü¿’.
Sanath: No, no. They are definitely superior
to Indian goods. Our technology is
inferior to theirs, and naturally the
quality is inferior too.
Superior: Ø√ùu-ûª™ , Ææy¶µ«-´ç™ ÉçÍé-üÁjØ√ ´’ç* b) Of the three glasses,
(ÅüËçé¬ü¿’. NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ ´’† ´Ææ’h-
í∫’ùç™ N’í∫-û√-¢√öÀéπçõ‰/- N’-í∫û√ ¢√∞¡xéπçõ‰ íÌ°æp-C/- Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ Ñ columns ™ èπÿú≈ little, few this glass has the
´¤© éπçõ‰ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj-†¢Ë. ´’†
íÌ°æp ÅE. ©†’ í∫’Jç* îªJaçî√ç éπü∆. ¢√öÀ comparatives least milk =
≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ ØÁj°æ¤ùuç, ¢√∞¡x ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îªJaçî√ç, äéπ\-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-
®Ωéπç, Åçü¿’-éπE Ææ£æ«-ïç-í¬ØË ´’† ´Ææ’h´¤ a) This camera is superior to that because of Ç ´‚úø’ glasses ™, Ñ
èπ◊çü∆ç.
Ø√ùuûª NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤© Ø√ùuûª éπçõ‰ its extra features = glass ™ ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰
èπÿú≈ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë) Ñ camera èπ◊†o Åü¿-†°æ¤ ≤˘éπ-®√u© ´©x, Ç ûªèπ◊\´ §ƒ©’-Ø√o®·.
Sampath: Whether a thing is inferior or supe- camera LITTLE FEW
M. SURESAN Less, countables ûÓ
éπçõ‰ ÉC íÌ°æpC.
rior depends on its adaptability to b) The camera work in Hollywood movies is uncounta- á°æ¤púø÷ countables
á°æ¤púø÷ èπÿú≈, ´·êuçí¬ 'no' ûÓ,
the situation of its use, doesn't it? If superior to that in Indian movies = bles (™„éπ\-°--ôdE (™„éπ\°õ‰d-¢√öÀ)ûÓ ûªèπ◊\´é¬èπ◊çú≈/ ûªèπ◊\´é¬E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-
that's the case, Indians goods are £æ…L-´¤ú˛ *vû√™x îµ√ߪ÷-ví∫-£æ«ùç ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ¢√öÀ)ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. ¢√úøû√ç.
as good as, even better than for-
ö«®Ω’.
(little rice/ sugar/ (few books/
a) The book has been translated into no less
*vû√™x éπçõ‰ ¢Ë’©’í¬ Öçô’çC.
eign ones. milk, etc) friends/ boys)
Inferior = ûªèπ◊\´ ®Ωéπç than twenty languages =
Few =
(äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ íÌ°æpü∆, -ûªèπ◊\-´-ü∆ ÅØËC a) Indian bowling strength is inferior to Little = ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰´¤/
ü∆Eo -´’-†ç -¢√-úË °æ-JÆœn-ûª’-©èπ◊ -Å-†’í∫’-ù- -Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç 20 éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\-´-é¬E ¶µ«≠æ-™xéÀ ņ’-
Australian bowling strength = There is little milk in ™‰®Ω’
¢Á’iç-ü∆ é¬-ü∆ -Å-ØË-ü∆-Eo •öÀd éπü∆ I have few friends
¢√-ü¿-¢Á’içC.
Australian bowling °æöÀ-´’-éπçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωûª bowling the glass =
Öçô’çC? Å™« BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ here = (-ü∆--ü∆°æ¤ 20 -¶µ«-≠æ-™xéÀ)
°æöÀ´’ ûªèπ◊\´. glass™ §ƒ©’ ™‰-´¤ Ééπ\úø Ø√èπ◊
b) The movie has been released in no less
ûªßª÷®ΩßË’u ´Ææ’h-´¤©’, NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤©Íéç
b) In speed and mileage Indian cars are infe- (ü∆ü∆°æ¤) ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ ™‰®Ω’
than thirty theatres =
BÆœ-§Ú´¤, Éçé¬ ¢Ë’™„j†N èπÿú≈.)
rior to japanese cars =
(ü∆ü∆°æ¤)
adaptibility °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’©èπ◊ ņ’í∫’-ùçí¬ ÖçúË
Ææy¶µ«´ç. ¢Ëí∫ç, mileage N≠æ-ߪ÷™x Japanese cars A little = àüÓ éÌçûª/ A few = à¢Ó éÌEo/ Ç *vûªç 30éÀ ûªèπ◊\-´-é¬E ÆœE-´÷-£æ…-∞¡x™ Núø’-ü¿-
Sanath: Look here. I have been a dealer in éπçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ cars BÆœ-éπõ‰d. Ææy©pç éÌçûª´’çC ™„jçC.
electronic goods and appliances for The Patient had a A few friends of
senior = ´ßª’-Ææ’™, ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ (à ®Ωçí∫ç-™ -ØÁj†) (-ü∆-ü∆-°æ¤ 30 Æœ-E-´÷£æ…-∞¡x-™)
far longer than you. I am senior to little milk in the mine are coming Little èπ◊ comparative, less. Little †’
°ü¿l/ áèπ◊\´.
you in the field. Our goods are not morning = ®ÓT--§Ò-ü¿’l-† today = friends
Ø√ uncountables ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç 鬕öÀd less †’
a) He was senior to me/ my senior at school
half as durable as imported ones. by a year =
éÌ-Eo -§ƒ-©’ -û√í¬-úø’ ™ É-ü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_-®Ì-Ææ’h- countables ûÓ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’, fewer ´÷vûª¢Ë’
(îª÷úø’ Ñ electronic ´Ææ’h-´¤©, °æJ-éπ- school ™ Åûªúø’ Ø√éπçõ‰ °j class ™ ÖçúË-
Ø√o-K-®Ó-V. ¢√ú≈-©E éÌçü¿-®Ωç-ö«®Ω’.
®√© NvÍé-ûªí¬ ؈’ Féπçõ‰ î√™« áèπ◊\´ Very little = î√-™«- Very few = î√-™«- eg: I tried to contact him no fewer than ten
¢√úø’.
The patient
times
鬩çí¬ ÖØ√o†’. ؈’ Féπçõ‰ Ñ b) She is senior to me in age by a year =
éÌCl. éÌ-Eo/ éÌ-Cl-´’ç-C
®Ωçí∫ç™ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç Ö†o-¢√-úÕE. had very little food Very few know this
yesterday =
NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤© ´’Eo-éπ™ ´’† ´Ææ’h-´¤© Ç¢Á’ Ø√éπçõ‰ äéπ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °ü¿l (´ßª’-Ææ’™) ®ÓT E†o secret = î√-™« -éÌCl (à °æC-≤ƒ®Óx/ °æC-≤ƒ-®Ωxèπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Åûª-EûÓ
´’Eoéπ Ææí∫ç èπÿú≈ Öçúøü¿’.) c) NT Rama Rao was senior to Jaggaiah as a î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ ǣ慮Ωç ´’çCÍé Ñ ®Ω£æ«Ææuç ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√†’.)
Appliances = Å°æx-ߪ ’-Eq-ñ ¸ – '°æ— ØÌéÀ\ movie actor = BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o®Ω’. ûÁ©’Ææ’. Å®·ûË ´÷´‚©’ spoken English ™ counta-
†ô’-úÕí¬ NTR èπ◊ ïí∫_ߪ’u éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç. bles èπ◊ èπÿú≈ less, fewer °ü¿l ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = °æJ-éπ-®√©’ (≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬) í∫%£æ«Ù-°æ- The little = Ö†o The few = Ö†o Ç
ßÁ÷í∫ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’. Durability = ´’Eoéπ Junior. Senior èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç – ´ßª’-Ææ’™ *†o, Ç éÌCl = éÌ-Eo / éÌCl ´’çD. ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
Sampath: I do admit I am your junior, but I still ņ’-¶µº´ç ûªèπ◊\´. The patient threw The few that I gave him no less than a hundred books/
feel that the prices of imported a) Sehwag is junior to Kumble = up the little food she passed got very no fewer than a hundred books.
goods are unreasonable. èπ◊綉x éπçõ‰ Sehwag cricket ņ’-¶µº´ç ûªèπ◊\´ had taken = low marks = Åûª-úÕéÀ ؈’ à ´çü¿ °æ¤Ææh-鬙/ ´çü¿èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´
(Féπçõ‰ Ñ ®Ωçí∫ç™ ûªèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç b) Though we are classmates, he is junior to ®ÓT BÆæ’èπ◊†o Ç éÌCl pass Å®·† Ç éÌCl é¬èπ◊çú≈ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Éî√a†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ less,
Ö†o ¢√úÕ-†E -Åç-Uéπ-J≤ƒh. é¬F NüËQ me in age. Ç£æ…-®√Eo ¢√çA îËÆæ’- ´’çD ûªèπ◊\´ fewer éÀ ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøôç ´÷´‚-™„jçC.
´Ææ’h-´¤© üµ¿®Ω©’ ´’K áèπ◊\´.) (¢Ë’ç äÍé class Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ´ßª’-Ææ’™ Åûª†’ èπ◊çC. ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-èπ◊- less ¢√úøôç °ü¿l ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. (Å®·ûË fewer
unreasonable = Ææ•-•’-é¬-†çûª áèπ◊\´ *-†o.) Ø√o®Ω’. ´÷vûªç uncountables èπ◊ ¢√úøç).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 18 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006
Jayanth: Hi Anant, good to see you though
after such a long time. How goes
life? (£æ…ß˝’ ņçû˝, î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√y-ûª-
®·Ø√ E†’o îª÷úøôç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC.
àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?)
Ananth: Getting on. How is it with you?
(àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?)
Jayanth: As usual. (´÷´‚™‰)
Ananth: How is Vasanth? Long since I met
him. (´Ææçû˝ ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’? îª÷Æœ
î√™«-é¬-©-¢Á’içC.)
Jayanth: Not in the best of circumstances, I
must say. (ÅûªúÕ °æJ-ÆœnA ÅçûËç
¶«í¬™‰ü¿ØË îÁ§ƒpL )
Ananth: Why? what is wrong? (àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç)
Jayanth: He has had losses in business. His
partners have cheated him. But he
is facing all this very bravely. A less-
er man than he would have gone
mad.
(¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ †≥ƒd©’ ´î√a®·.
ÅûªúÕ ¶µ«í∫-≤ƒy-´·-©-ûª-úÕE ´·çî√®Ω’. é¬E
Éçûª ïJ-TØ√ üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’. Åûª-úÕ-
éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ÂÆkn®Ωuç Ö†o-¢√-∞¡x-®·ûË, ѧƒ-
öÀéÀ °œ*a-¢√-∞¡x-®·-§Ú-ßË’-¢√®Ω’.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 215
That'll be too late
Ananth: Sorry to hear that. But one thing. He
is too trusting and too risking. That
sometimes lands him in trouble.
(N†-ö«-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. Å®·ûË äéπöÀ.
Åûªúø’ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ ÅAí¬ †´·t-û√úø’; ÅAí¬
ûÁT-≤ƒhúø’. Åü¿-ûªEo *èπ◊\™x °æúË-Ææ’hçC.)
Trusting= †¢Ë’t Ææy¶µ«-´ç-éπ©;
risking= ûÁTç-îªôç, -JÆˇ\ BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç.
Land somebody in trouble= *èπ◊\™x
°æúË-ߪ’ôç
Jayanth: I agree with you there.
(Ç N≠æߪ’ç ؈ç-U-éπ-J≤ƒh.)
Ananth: I wish to see him.
(¢√úÕE îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)
Jayanth: It is too early. You wait for an hour.
He will then have returned from his
morning walk. (É°æ¤púø’ ´’K °çü¿-™«úË
Å´¤-ûª’çC. ã í∫çô Çí∫’. Å°æp-öÀéÀ
´÷Joçí˚ ¢√é˙ †’ç* AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’.)
Ananth: Does he still continue his morning
walk? (Éçé¬ ´÷Joçí˚ ¢√é˙èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª÷ØË
ÖØ√oú≈?)
Jayanth: He does. That keeps him healthy.
(Å´¤†’. ÅC ¢√úÕE Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ Öç-ûÓçC.)
Ananth: (Do) you suggest that I wait for
another hour to see him. I'm afraid
that's too long. I have work at 9.30.
I think I'll see him tomorrow.
(¢√úÕE îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ††’o ´’®Ó í∫çô
¢Ë*-îª÷-úø-´’ç-ö«¢√? ÅC ´’K áèπ◊\´
Ææ´’-ߪ’-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ø√èπ◊
ûÌN’t-C-†o-®Ωèπ◊ °æ†’çC. Í®°æ¤ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-
èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.)
Jayanth: I leave it to you, but I'm not sure of
his programme tomorrow. He may
be out of town, and return only on
friday. (F É≠ædç ´’J. é¬E Í®°æûªE
v§Úví¬¢˛’ àN’ö Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-Mü¿’. Í®°æ¤ Ü∞x
Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ Ü∞x ™‰éπ-§ÚûË
¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç ´®Ωèπÿ ®√éπ-§Ú-´îª’a)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
Ananth: That'll be too late for me to see him. I
think I'll wait and see him today.
Won't you come with me? (Å°æp-öÀéÀ
´’K Ç©Ææu¢Á’i-§Ú-ûª’çC. Ñ®ÓV ÇT, ¢√úÕE
îª÷ü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. †’´¤y- Ø√ûÓ®√¢√)
Jayanth: I will, of course. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ´≤ƒh)
Ananth: OK. Let's in the meantime watch the
TV.(-ÆæÍ®. Ñ´’üµ¿u é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ öÀ.N. îª÷ü∆lç.)
´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ îª÷ÆœçC - little
èπ◊ Éûª®Ω degrees
- little (positive), less (comparative), least
(superlative).Å®·ûË little
èπ◊ È®çúÓ, (ÉçéÓ) com- d) He is involved in the crime to a lesser or Prem: I want to go to bank urgently. I am
parative èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ÅC lesser. Less, lesser - greater extent= Ç ØË®Ωç™ éÌüÓl, í̧Úp OúÕ starting. (Bank èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL. •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-
Ñ È®çúø÷ little
èπ◊ comparatives Å®·Ø√, ¢√öÀ §ƒvûª èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ûª’Ø√o)
use
extent= ´®Ωèπ◊/ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊= degree. Syam: It is too early -
Å®Ωnç, ™ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. (´’K ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤
Less
e) This is the lesser of the two evils Bank
Åçõ‰ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÉçéÓ = È®çúø÷ – ûÁJ* Öçúøü¿’/ †’´¤y áèπ◊\-´-
ü∆EûÓ §ÚLÊÆh ûªèπ◊\-¢Áj† ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ less ¢√úøû√ç.
a) She has less jewellery than her sister (has)
îÁúË, Å®·ûË ÉC È®çúÕç-öÀ™ ûªèπ◊\´ îÁúø’. ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë* Öçú≈Lq ´Ææ’hçC.)
f) He is among the lesser known actors of a) Reaching the station at 3.30 for a train
= Ç¢Á’-èπ◊†o †í∫©’, Ç¢Á’ ≤Úü¿J †í∫© éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´. Bollywood= that arrives at 5.00 is too early =
b) He gets less income from his job than from
Åçûªí¬ Ê°®Ω’-§Òç-ü¿E ¶«M-´¤ú˛ 5 í∫çô-
train station
his rents=
Åûª-úÕéÀ ÅüÁl© †ô’™x Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’. ©èπ◊ ´îËa éÓÆæç, 3.30Íé èπ◊ îË®Ω’-
´©x ´îËa Çü∆-ߪ÷-E-éπçõ‰, g) A lesser man than he would have gone éÓ-´ôç ´’K ´·çü¿Í® ¢Á∞¡xôç Å´¤-ûª’çC.
ÖüÓuí∫ç ´©x ´îËa mad = etc)
Åûª-úÕéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ (ÂÆkn®Ωuç, ¢√∞¡x-®·ûË, b) If 3.30 is too early, 5.30 is too late. 3.30
Çü∆ߪ’ç ûªèπ◊\´. °œ*a ¢√∞¡x-®·-§Ú-ßË’-¢√∞Ïx. éÀ ´’K ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡}ôç Å®·ûË, 5.30 éÀ ´îËa
Lesser Å®Ωnç, ÉçéÓ-ü∆-Eéπçõ‰ ÉD lesser Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. O’ conversation ™ •çúÕ-éÓÆæç 5.30 èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡}ôç Åû√u-©Ææuç (•çúÕ
ûªèπ◊\´ ÅE Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà less practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ûª°œp-§Ú-ûª’çC– v°æߪ÷ùç îËߪ’™‰ç.)
¢√úË îÓô™«x lesser ¢√úøç.



3) I'm afraid that it is too long = ÅC ´’K
Look at the following sentence from the
≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ÉçéÌ-éπ-J-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-Ê°¢Á÷ ÅE-°œ-≤Úhç-C-Ø√èπ◊. (°æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’
conversation at the beginning of the lesson.
ûªèπ◊\´ •©ç/v°æA¶µº/¨¡éÀh, -¢Á·- N≠æ-N’çîËçûªÊÆ°æ¤)
M. SURESAN a) He stayed here too long = Åûª-E-éπ\úø ´’K
1) He is too trusting and too risking
ü¿-™„j-† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√oúø’. (Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤çúøôç ´©x
°∂æL-û√©’ îÁúø’. ÅûªE ÖüËl-¨¡´‚ îÁúø’é¬-´îª’a/
Åûª-EéÀ, Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ àüÁjØ√ îÁúø’ éπL-TçC)
Very, too- Ñ È®çúø÷ äéπöÀ鬴¤ – Å®Ωnç™ é¬F,
use ™ é¬F.
Very Åçõ‰ î√™«/ áèπ◊\´ ÅE ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÃ
ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’-´©x Åçûª îÁúø’/ †≠ædç ™‰ü¿’.
2) It is too early Too Åçõ‰ ´’K/ ÅA ÅE.
Look at the following.
3) I'm afraid that's too long a) The train is very late = Train î√™«
a) The pen can't be Rs 15/- It'd be much less=
Ç pen 15 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©’ç-úøü¿’. ¶«í¬ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë 4) That'll be too late
Eü∆-†çí¬/ ØÁ´’t-Cí¬ §ÚûÓçC. ´’†ç í∫´’uç
less,
Öçô’çC. ÉçéÓ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®Ωnç Look at the use of too in the sentences above.
îË®Ωôç (î√™«) Ç©Ææuç 鬴a, °∂æLûªç
lesserÈ®çúÕç-öÀéà ֆo°æpöÀéà less
¢√úÕ-†çûª ûª®Ω- too Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, ÅA/ ÅAí¬ ÅE. ÅAí¬ Åçõ‰ Å´- ü¿éπ\-´îª’a.
îª’í¬ lesser ¢√úøç. b) Train is too slow = Train ´’K/ ÅA
Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬, ¢Á÷û√ü¿’èπ◊ N’ç* ÅE
b) They originally demanded Rs. 50,000/- but Eü∆-†çí¬ ¢Á∞hçC. ´’†ç îËÍ®-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ, v°æߪ÷ù
éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x îÁúø’ °∂æL-û√©’ éπ©-í∫-´-îªaE.
finally settled for a lesser sum= °∂æLûªç ü¿éπ\ü¿’.
1) He is too trusting and risking = Åûªúø’ (Éûª-®Ω’-
¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á·ü¿ô
50,000 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©úÕ-TØ√, *´-®Ωèπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ ¢Á·û√h- c) The doctor was called in very late =
EéÀ ÅçU-éπ-Jç-î√®Ω’. ©†’) ÅAí¬ †´·t-û√úø’. ü∆E-´©x ü¿’≠æp¥-Lûªç – Doctor
ÉüË ¶µ«´ç, less ¢√úÕûË É™« îÁ•’û√ç. ÅûªE partners ÅûªEo ´·çîË-ߪ’ôç. ÅçûË-é¬- †’ î√™« Ç©-Ææuçí¬ °œL-î√®Ω’. (N’ç*
c) They originally ... , accepted a sum less
èπ◊çú≈ too risking = ´’K áèπ◊\´ ûÁTç°æ¤ – §Ú™‰ü¿’. é¬Ææh-®·Ø√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ©Gµç*çC)
d) The doctor was called in too late =
than that.
v°æ´÷ü¿çûÓ èπÿúø’-èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo (risk †’)
Doctor †’ ´’K Ç©-Ææuçí¬ °œL-î√®Ω’. (Å°æp-öÀÍé
(b) a lesser sum = (c) a sum less
™ ™ èπÿú≈ ûÁTç* îËߪ’ôç. – Éûª†’ ÉC ´’K îË≤ƒhúø’
N’ç*-§Ú-®·çC. v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC.
than ... lesser
ûËú≈ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’, ûª®√yûª – °∂æLûªç, †≠ædç
Doctor îËûª’©’ èπÿú≈ ü∆öÀ-§Ú-®·çC.)
sum ÅØËnoun ®√´ôç – É™« lesser ûª®√yûª 2) It is too early = ´’K °çü¿-™«úÁ – Åçü¿’-´©x °æE
áèπ◊\-´í¬ noun Eg: A lesser player,
´Ææ’hçC. ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’.
A lesser degree (ÉçéÓ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ é¬Ææh ûªèπ◊\´
¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊),A lesser offense (Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´
ØË®Ωç),etc. EXERCISE ANSWER
A lesser player than Tendulkar could not have Sumithra: Ñ <®Ω ᙫ ÖçC? E†oØË éÌØ√o. Sumithra: How is this sari? I bought it yes-
scored so many centuries= terday.
Suchithra: Ñ <®Ω °æô’d (silk) †’´¤y Åçûª-èπ◊-
Tendulkar cricketer,
Suchithra: The silk/ texture of this sari is
éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ v°æA¶µº éπL-T† ´·çü¿’ é̆o <®Ω °æô’d-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ (ØËûª)
ÅEo centuries îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ é¬úø’.
Ø√ùu-¢Á’içC. Å®·ûË ü∆E ï-KéÀ D†çûª superior to that of the sari you
Åçõ‰ lesser †’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ äéπ noun (Ê°®Ω’x Ø√ùu-ûª-™‰ü¿’. bought earlier, but its brocade is
ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç) ´·çü¿’ ÉçéÓ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ¢Á·ûªhç
(ïK = brocade - v¶ÔÈé-ß˝’ú˛ – inferior to that of the earlier sari.
(amount), v§ƒ´·êuç (importance), °æJ-´÷ùç
(size) Ö†o ÅØË Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. 'Èéß˝’— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) Sumithra: But this is costlier than that.
a) The growing pollution, and, to a lesser Sumithra: Å®·ûË ÉC ü∆E-éπçõ‰ êK-üÁjçC. Suchithra: You must have bought not less
degree, the scarcity of drinking water, are Suchithra: Ñ È®çúø’ Ææç´-ûªq-®√™x †’´¤y -á-E-N’-C than/ no fewer than eight saris in
the cause of the trouble= °®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æô’d <®Ω-©-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ é̆’ç-úø-´¤-éπü∆? the last two years. Isn't that so?
鬩’≠æuç, ü∆Eéπçõ‰ é¬Ææh ûªèπ◊\´ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊, ´’ç*-FöÀ Sumithra: ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Sumithra: I think so.
éÌ®Ωûª, ¶«üµ¿-©èπ◊ 鬮Ω-ù«©’. Suchithra: Is the selection yours, or do you
b) Though a city of lesser size and population Suchithra: áç°œéπ FüËØ√,- -¢ËÍ®-´-J Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√
take any one's help?
than Kolkata, Mumbai has greater promi- BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?
nence= éÓ™¸-éπû√ éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ïØ√¶µ«, °æJ-´÷- Sumithra: ´÷ ´C††’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡û√. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ñ Sumithra: I take my sister-in-law's help. She
ùç-éπ© †í∫-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ´·ç¶„j v§ƒ´·êuç is senior to me in these matters.
N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ø√éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº-´-
áèπ◊\´. Suchithra: The selection is really good.
´·çC.
c) A lesser leader than Gandhi would have Suchithra: Selection î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.- Sumithra: Thank you.
yielded to the British= í¬çDµéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ íÌ°æp Sumithra: üµ¿-†u-¢√-ü∆-©’.
British
Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ™ÔçÍí-¢√úø’.
-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 20 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006
Govind: Aravind, where did you get the infor-
mation from?
(Å®Ω-Nçü˛, Fèπ◊ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç áéπ\-úÕ-†’ç*
´*açC?)
Aravind: Which information (do) you mean?
(à Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç í∫’Jç* Åçô’-Ø√o´¤?)
Govind: That there will be a hike in the
allowances to employees.
(ÖüÓu-í∫’© ¶µºû√u™x °ç°æ¤-ü¿©
Öçô’çü¿E)
Aravind: I had it from Gopal. You know he is
in a key position in the finance min-
istry
(íÓ§ƒ™¸ îÁ§ƒpúø’ Ø√èπ◊. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬,
Åûª†’ finance ministry ™ éééπ °æü¿-
N™ ÖØ√o-úøE.)
Key = éé-éπ-¢Á’i†; position = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç
îÓô’. Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç °æü¿N.
Govind: Yea, I know. He is really in a good
position in the IAS. I think of all of us
he enjoys the highest official status.
(Å´¤†’, ûÁ©’Ææ’. IAS ™ Åûª†’ ´’ç*
°æü¿-N™ ÖØ√oúø’. ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ Åûª’u-†oûª
ÅCµ-é¬-Jéπ ÆœnA™ ÖØ√o-úø-ûª†’.)
Aravind: He hasn't earned much, though. He
is too honest for that. Others in sim-
ilar or even in lower positions are
much richer than he.
(Å®·Ø√ ÅûªØËç Ææ秃-Cç--éÓ-™‰ü¿’, ´’J.
Åûª-E-™«çöÀ °æü¿-´¤™x, Åûª-E-éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´
°æü¿-´¤™x Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx Åûª-E-éπçõ‰ üµ¿E-èπ◊-©’í¬
ÖØ√o®Ω’.)
He hasn't earned much, though - Ñ
v°æßÁ÷í∫ç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Though he is in a
good position, he hasn't earned much =
He is in a good position, he hasn't earned
much, though. Though,
Ééπ\úø *´®Ω
position
®√´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. ´’ç* ™ ÖØ√oúø’,
Å®·Ø√ àç Ææ秃-Cç-îª-™‰ü¿’, ÅE. ÉC ´’ç*
conversational expression. O’ conversa-
tion ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
Govind: He has more power than money.
(Åûª-EéÀ úø•’s-éπç-õ‰, ÅCµ-鬮Ωç, °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ
áèπ◊\´.)
Aravind: That way Mukund is the best of the
lot. He is very wealthy but has little
else. Unfortunately he is more
wealthy than healthy.
(Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ îª÷ÊÆh ´·èπ◊çüË Åçü¿-J™
´’ç* ÆœnA™ ÖØ√oúø’. Åûª†’ Ææç°æ-†’oúË
é¬E úø•’s ûª°æp Åûª-E-éÀç-Íéç-™‰ü¿’.
ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠æd-´-¨»ûª’h Åûª-EéÀ Ç®Óí∫uçéπç-õ‰
úø¶„s-èπ◊\´.)
Govind: Life's like that. It isn't an unmixed
blessing for any. Look at koteswar.
He has more fame than happiness
or money.
(@Nûªç ÅçûË. Åçü¿-JéÀ ÅFo Öçúø´¤.
éÓõ‰-¨¡y®˝ N≠æߪ’ç îª÷úø’. ¢√úÕéÀ ÆæçûÓ≠æç,
-úø-•’s éπç-õ‰ ë«uA -á-èπ◊\´.)
Life's like that = @Nûªç ÅçûË. (ÅüË @Nûªç
– ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oô’d ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’.)
unmixed blessing - ÉC @N-û√Eo í∫’Jç*
îÁÊ°p N≠æߪ’ç – @N-ûªç™ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´’†èπ◊
ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEoîËa N≠æߪ’ç Öçúøü¿’. ´’†ç ņ’-
èπ◊-†oô’d àD °æ‹Jhí¬ Å´’-®Ωü¿’.
Aravind: You and I just get on. We are not
starving. That's enough for us, isn't
it? Sekhar is all the time busy mak-
ing money. God knows when he
finds the time to enjoy what he gets.
I'd rather do with less money than
put myself to such trouble.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
(†’´‹y ؈÷ Å™« ØÁô’d-éÌ-Ææ’hØ√oç. Ê°ü¿-¢√∞¡xç 鬴·.
ÅC î√©’ éπü∆? Sekhar á°æ¤púø÷ úø•’s Ææ秃-ü¿-
†™ í∫úø’-°æ¤-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. Ææ秃-Cç-*† úø•’s ņ’-¶µº-
Nç-îª-ö«-EÍé BJ-éπ-™‰-ü¿-ûª-EéÀ. Åçûª trouble °æ-úø-ôç
éπç-õ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ úø•’sûÓ Öçúø-ö«-EÍé É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’ ؈’)
get on = Å™« í∫úÕ-Ê°≤ƒhç. we are not starv-
ing = ´’†ç °æÆæ’h-©’ç-úøôç ™‰ü¿’ – Åçõ‰
Ê°ü¿©ç é¬-´· ÅE. üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÕE é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ØËØËç
Hü¿-¢√-úÕ-E-鬆’, ÅE í∫öÀdí¬ Å†-ö«-EéÀ, English
™ I am not starving Åçö«ç. ÉC O’ con-
versation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. starve =
°æÆæ’hç-úøôç; fast = äéπ-§Òü¿’l/ Ö°æ-¢√Ææç
Öçúøôç.
I'd do = I would be satisfied
Govind: Yes, That's true.
☯ ☯ ☯ ☯
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 216
He is more smart than good
Look at the following sentences:
a) Gopal is richer than Gokul (Gokul
Gopal üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’úø’)
b) Gopal is more rich than handsome - (Gopal
üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÁj-†çûª, Åçü¿-í¬úø’ é¬úø’ = íÓ§ƒ-™ ¸èπ◊
Åçü¿çéπç-õ‰ úø¶„s-èπ◊\´)
(a) ™ rich éÀ comparative í¬ richer ¢√ú≈ç.
(b) ™ more rich ÅØ√oç.
(a) ™ Éü¿l-J-èπ◊†o äÍé í∫’ù«Eo (rich) §Ú™«aç.
Åéπ\úø richer ÅE regular comparative
¢√ú≈ç.
(b) ™ äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«©’ §Ú™«aç éπü∆.
(b) ™™« äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ í∫’ù«-©†’
§ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’, áèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†o í∫’ùç-´·çü¿’ more
¢√úøû√ç – Åéπ\úø regular comparative ®√ü¿’.
i) She is more clever than beautiful = Ç¢Á’èπ◊
Åçü¿ç-éπç-õ‰ ûÁL-¢Á-èπ◊\´. (äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’
í∫’ù«-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Åçü¿’-éπE more clever
Åçö«ç, cleverer ÅE ņç.)
ii) Kumar is more good than intelligent =
Kumar èπ◊ ûÁL-N-éπçõ‰ ´’ç*ûª†ç áèπ◊\´.
(äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç –
Åçü¿’-éπE better ¢√úøç; more good Åçö«ç.)
Now look at the following sentences from
the conversation at the beginning of the
lesson.
1) He has more power than money = Åûª-EéÀ
úø•’s-éπç-õ‰ £æ«Ùü∆-´©x ÅCµ-鬮Ωç áèπ◊\´
2) He (Mukund) is more wealthy than healthy
= am not like Apsara. It doesn't mat-
´·èπ◊ç-ü˛èπ◊ Ç®Óí∫uç éπç-õ‰ Ææç°æü¿ áèπ◊\´.
(í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: wealthier ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’. more
wealthy Åçô’Ø√oç. áçü¿’-éπE? äÍé ´uéÀhèπ◊†o
È®çúø’ ©éπ~-ù«©’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç– Åçü¿’-éπE wealthy,
healthy èπ◊†o regular comparatives - wealth-
ier, healthier ®√´¤.)
3) He has more fame than happiness or
money. Åûª-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ≠æç, úø•’séπç-õ‰ ë«uA
áèπ◊\´. äéπ-JÍé Ö†o äéπ í∫’ùç N’í∫û√ í∫’ù«-©-
éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ÅE îÁ°æpôç – 鬕öÀd more fame
than Åçö«ç
É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o N≠æߪ’ç.
1) î√™«-´’ç-C-èπ◊†o äÍé í∫’ù«Eo §ÚLÊÆh regular
comparative form ¢√úøû√ç.
2
eg: The elephant is stronger than any other a) I'd rather die than tell a lie
land animal.Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’-´¤©éπç-õ‰ à†’í∫’
•©-¢Á’içC. Ééπ\úø î√™« ïçûª’-´¤©èπ◊†o äÍé
(Å•ü¿l¥ç îÁ°æpúøç-éπçõ‰ î√´-ô¢Ë’ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ )
í∫’ù«Eo – strong - §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – 鬕öÀd b) Our Indian movie heroes rather dance
stronger. in the movies than act = ´’† ÆœE-´÷™x
2) äÍé ´uéÀhéÀ/ äéπ-ü∆-EÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«©’ £‘«®Ó©’ †öÀç-îªôç éπçõ‰ dance áèπ◊\´
§ÚLÊÆh, Å°æ¤púø’ more ¢√úøû√ç, regular com- îË≤ƒh®Ω’.
parative forms Ö†o ¢√öÀéÀ èπÿú≈.
c) It is better to call them dancers rather
eg: The elephant is more strong than fast.
than actors = ¢√∞¡x†’ actors ņ-ôç-éπçõ‰
à†’-í∫’èπ◊ (äÍé ïçûª’-´¤èπ◊) Ö†o È®çúø’ dancers ņôç †ßª’ç. (É™«çöÀîÓôx than
©éπ~-ù«-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – 鬕öÀd, more strong
Åçô’Ø√oç. •ü¿’©’ rather than áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.)
So that is the differ-
d) Rather than get into a crowded bus,
éπçõ‰ ence between the
why not walk?/ why don't you walk? =
regular comparative
form, and more + bus
Åçûª ï†ç Ö†o áéπ\úøç éπçõ‰ †úø-´ôç
adjective form. Some
¢Ë’©’ éπü∆?
more examples. e) I decided to be jobless rather than do
a) This building is more such a job =
M. SURESAN
Å™«çöÀ ÖüÓuí∫ç îËߪ’-úøç-éπçõ‰
strong than beautiful
ÖüÓuí∫ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-ö«-EÍé E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o.
= Ñ ¢Ë’úø Åçü¿çí¬
(E®Ω’-üÓu-Tí¬ Öçú≈-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o.)
éπçõ‰ •©çí¬ ÖçC. (stronger é¬ü¿’)
b) He is more smart than good = ÅûªEéÀ É™« rather than ´’†ç äéπ ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† compar-
(smarter ative í¬ ¢√úø-´îª’a. ´·êuçí¬ à Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E
´’ç*ûª†ç éπçõ‰ ûÁLN áèπ◊\´. é¬ü¿’.)
È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §Ú™‰a-ô-°æ¤púø’ rather than
Now study this sentence from the conver-
sation:
¢√úøû√ç.
I'd (I would) rather do with less money than f) Rather than talk all the time, why don't
put myself to such a trouble = Åçûª v¨¡´’°æúËéπçõ‰ you do some work? = Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ ´÷ö«x-úË-
ûªèπ◊\´ úø•’sûÓ í∫úø’-°æ¤-û√†’ ؈’. éπç-õ‰ àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? (´÷ô-™«°œ °æE-
Ñ sentence ™ rather ... than èπÿú≈ äéπ ®Ωéπçí¬
§ÚL-éπ†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆. Ééπ\úø rather ... than
îÁ®·u ÅE).
´’† áç°œéπ (choice) †’ ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.
EXERCISE ANSWER
Practise the following aloud in English: Gandharv: Why are you awake so late at
Gandharv: Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë’™Ô\-Ø√o-¢ËçöÀ? ®√vA 12 night? It is 12 midnight.
í∫çô-©-®·çC. Kinnera: I have an exam tomorrow.
Kinnera: Ø√èπ◊ Í®°æ¤ Exam ÖçC. Gandharv: Rather than lose sleep by keeping
Gandharv: É™« Evü¿-§Ú-íÌ-ô’d-èπ◊E ®√vûªçû√ ¢Ë’™Ô\ØË awake late at night, you can study
•ü¿’©’ °æí∫©’ time waste îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ during the day without wasting time.
îªü¿-¢Ì-a-éπü∆? Kinnera: That's true. But what can I do? I
Kinnera: ÅC Eï¢Ë’. é¬F àç îËߪ’†’? ؈’
ter even if she doesn't work. By
Å°æq-®Ω-™«í¬ 鬆’. ûª†’ v¨¡´’-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú-
nature she is more clever than
®·Ø√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. ûª† Ææy¶µ«´ç, (by hard working.
nature) éπ≠d-° æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-éπçõ‰ clever
Gandharv: What I mean is rather than study at
í¬ Öçúøôç.
night, you can study during the day.
Gandharv: ؈-ØË-üËç-ôçõ‰, †’´¤y ®√vA •ü¿’©’
Kinnera: I'd rather study at night than dur-
°æí∫©’ îªü¿-¢Ì-a-éπü∆ ÅE. ing the day.
Kinnera: Ø√èπ◊ °æí∫-©’-éπçõ‰ ®√vA îªü¿-´-ô¢Ë’ É≠ædç.
Gandharv: I have a friend. He is clever too.
Gandharv: Ø√éÓ friend ÖØ√oúø’. ¢√úø÷ clever
But he is not rich.
student. Å®·ûË §ƒ°æç Ö†o-¢√-úËç-
Kinnera: That means he is more clever
than rich.
é¬ü¿’.
Kinnera: Åçõ‰ Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-´¤-†oçûª úø•’s-™‰ü¿’. Gandharv: Yea.
Gandharv: Å´¤†’. Kinnera: Life's like that.
Kinnera: @Nûªç Å™«ØË Öçô’çC.
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 22 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Pramod: Vinod, this book doesn't give all the 2) She wants full details of all the tourist spots
information about the tourist spots in in the state.
A.P. 3) She wants to make full use of this trip to see
(Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™E °æ®Ωu-ôéπ all the places.
Ææn™«© °æ‹Jh Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç É´yôç ™‰ü¿’.) 4) They can help your sister plan a perfect
(Tourist = °æ®Ωu-ô-èπ◊©’. Spot= îÓ-ô’) holiday.
Vinod: This booklet appears to better. In fewer 5) She said I was free to plan it any way I liked.
pages, it gives complete information 6) The road from here to it is straight.
about the matter. 7) I will go direct from here.
(Ñ *†o°æ¤Ææhéπç ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ éπE°œ- Éç-Tx-≠ˇ ™- éÌEo adjectives èπ◊ degrees of com- woman = °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-¢Á’i† ( à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† üÓ≠æç ™‰E) Æ‘Y. ÅçûË. Åçõ‰ Circle (´%ûªhç), Square (îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç),
≤ÚhçC. ûªèπ◊\´ Ê°-@-™x °æ‹Jh Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç parison Öç-úø´¤. °j† Åç-úø®˝-™„j-Ø˛ îËÆœ† -´÷ô-©-Fo (Ééπ\úø she was more perfect than other women Rectangle (D®Ω` îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç), Triangle (vA¶µº’ïç),
É≤ÚhçC) (Booklet= *†o °æ¤Ææhéπç) Å™«ç-öÀ¢Ë. ¢√öÀéÀ comparative, superlatives ņç. she was perfect; some other women were etc.
Pramod: Let me have a look at it. My sister is Öçúø´¤. Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀE comparative, superlative
perfect too, others were not perfect.) í∫’çvúøç (circular/round) í¬ ÖçúËüË circle.
returning from the states. She wants ©™ ¢√úøç. 鬮Ω-ù«©’ îª÷ü∆lç.
5) She said I was free to plan it anyway I í∫’çvúøçí¬ ™‰EC circle é¬ü¿’. 鬕öÀd This Circle is
full details of all the tourist spots in the 1) It gives complete information:
liked: more round than that Circle = Ñ ´%ûªhç, Ç ´%ûªhç
state. She wants to make full use of
Free = Ææyûªçvûªç/ ÊÆyîªa- Ö-†o éπçõ‰ í∫’çvúøçí¬ ÖçC. Circle í∫’çvúøçí¬ Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË
this trip to see all the spots.
°j† îÁ°œp† N’í∫û√ ´÷ô--™«x free èπ◊, freer, freest ÉçÈ陫 Öçô’çC? Å™«Íí N’í∫û√ geometric fig-
(†ØÓo-≤ƒJ îª÷úøF. ´÷ -ÆœÆd®æ ˝ ÊÆdö¸q †’ç* ÅE degrees of comparison ¢√úøç. á´-J-ÈéjØ√ ÊÆyîªa ¥ ures N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈. OöÀ-™ ¢ËöÀéà degrees of
AJ-íÌ-≤ÚhçC. Ñ °æ®Ωu-ôéπ Ææn™«© N´®√-©’
¢Á·ûªhç ûª†èπ◊ 鬢√-©ç-öçC. Ñ≤ƒJ ´*a-†-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 217 Öçõ‰ ¢√∞¡Ÿx free. -™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ -¢√-∞¡Ÿx free 鬮Ω’. comparison Öçúø´¤.
Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ ™‰ü¿’. Åçõ‰ ÊÆyîªa ¥èπ◊ éÌEo

It gives complete information

°æ¤púø’, ¢√öÀ-†-Eo-öÀE îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ ûª† v°æߪ÷- Ééπ\úø complete Åçõ‰ °æ‹Jh. àüÁjØ√ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç °æJ-N’-ûª’-©’ç-úÌa. Åçü¿’-éπE -v°æ-¨¡o:
I Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -ØË®Ω’aéÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫°æ-úË °æ¤Ææhé¬-©-
ù«-Eo °æ‹Jhí¬ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-éÌç- °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçô’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Öçúøü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬F äéπ éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. †’ -ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’.
öçC.) N≠æߪ’ç, ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç éπçõ‰ °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçúøôç ÅØË Kumar is free to a II éÀç-C-¢√-öÀéÀ -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™  -Å®Ωnç -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ?
Vinod: Why don't you consult a travel agency? °æJ-ÆœnA Öçúøü¿’. greater degree than
1. I'm enjoying my new job.
They can help your sister plan a perfect This glass is more complete than that glass- 2. Diana said that she was enjoying her
Kesav. Íé-¨¡-¢˛ éπç-õ‰ èπ◊´÷-®˝èπ◊ new job.
holiday. ÉC Å®Ωnç ™‰E N≠æߪ’ç éπü∆. Öçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ ÖçC. M. SURESAN 3. My father isn't very well.
(†’¢Óy -vö«-¢Á-™¸ -à-ñ„-FqE Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? a) È®çúø÷ °æ‹Jhí¬ EçúÕ Öçö«®·. (™‰èπ◊çõ‰) (Å°æ¤púø°æ¤púø’ Kumar has 4. She said that her father wasn't very well.
¢√∞¡x-®·ûË O’ ÆœÆd®æ ˝ ÂÆ-©-´¤ °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωgçí¬ -§ƒx-Ø˛ b) äéπöÀ EçúÕ Öçúøôç, ÉçéÓöÀ Eçúø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç more freedom in these matter than Kesav- É™« 5. I have to go early.
îËߪ’-ôç™ ûÓúøp-úø-í∫-©®Ω’.) Å-¢Ìa. ÅçûË-é¬E äéπ glass ÉçéÓ glass éπçõ‰ îÁ°æpôç ¢√-úø’éπ™ ÖçC. 鬕öÀd Åü¿çûª ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. é¬E 6. Peter said that he had to go early.
Holiday- ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– ÂÆ-©´¤. -N. X®√-´’-îªç-vü¿-´‚Jh,
ûª®Ωxç-°æ‹-úÕ (-ûª÷.-íÓ.->™«x.)
°æ‹Jhí¬ Öçúøôç Å®Ωn-®Ω-£œ«ûªç. freer, freest ´÷vûªç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ spoken English
É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®Ωnç– ÂÆ©-´¤™x ´’† N£æ…- a) é¬-•-öÀd – Both the glasses are complete ™ N-E°œç-îª-´¤.
®√©’, Ææ®Ω-ü∆©’. Åçö«ç. -ï-¢√-•’:
6) Straight: i) -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ ®√´-ö«-E-éÀ -Ö-°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’:
Pramod: That's a good idea. She said I was b) Å®·ûË– This glass is complete but that glass
ÉC èπÿú≈ °j´÷-ô-™«xí¬ØË. Åçõ‰ DEéÀ èπÿú≈ degrees a) Living English structure: By stannard
free to plan it any way I liked. I will isn't Åçö«ç. so, complete has no degrees of Allen
Öçúø´¤. b) NCERT Let's Learn English,
approach the Vihar Travel Agency. comparison. v°æ-Jç-*†
straight= A†o-í¬/--ØË-®Ω’í¬. Öçõ‰ straight (A†o)í¬ series series No.5
They are known to give correct infor- 2) she wants full details of.....:
™ – 11
Öçô’çC, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË -Öç-úø-ü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬F, äéπ-ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ii) 1) I'm (= I am) enjoying my new job=
mation. Complete ™«Íí full èπ◊ èπÿú≈ degrees of compar-
ÉçéÓöÀ A†oí¬, Ø訽Ւ ÖçúË Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. Ø√ éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC
(ÅC ´’ç* Ç™-îªØË, Ø√ É≠ædç ´*a-†ô’x ison Öçúø´¤ éπü∆. full Åçõ‰ EçúÕ-§Ú-®·†, ÅE éπü∆. 鬕öÀd straighter/ more straight, straightest/ most (؈’ îªéπ\í¬ Å†’-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’)
§ƒx-Ø˛ îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ Öçü¿E Öçõ‰, EçúÕ -Öçô’çC, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ EçúÕ-†ô’x é¬ü¿’ ÅçûË. straight ™«çöÀ expressions Öçúø´¤. 2) ûª† ÖüÓuí∫ç ûª†’ îªéπ\í¬ Å†’-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E
îÁ°œpçC. ؈’ -N-£æ…®˝ -vö«-¢Á-™¸ -à-ñ„-Fq ¢√∞¡x (fuller, fullest, ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ ¢√úøç) Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ 7) Direct: (ûª†èπ◊ éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçü¿E)
ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞«h†’. ÆæÈ®j† Ææ´’-î√®Ωç É≤ƒh-®ΩØË Åéπ\-úø-éπ\úø îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’çö«ç, Nçô’çö«ç; úøߪ÷Ø√ îÁ°œpçC.
ÉC èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. Give me a direct answer= A†oE/
Ê°®Ω’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊çC.) I promise you my fullest cooperation/ You shall 3) ´÷ Ø√†o Åçûª èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰®Ω’.
Ö†oC Ö†oô’d (úÌçéπ A®Ω’-í∫’úø’ ™‰E) Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç 4) ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o Åçûª èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰®ΩE Ç¢Á’ îÁ°œpçC.
approach (Å—v§Úî˝ – v§Ò—ØÌéÀ\°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) have my fullest cooperation= O’èπ◊ Ø√ °æ‹Jh Ææ£æ«-
É´¤y. Öçõ‰ direct, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ indirect ÅçûË. More 5) ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL
= ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡xôç/ÆæO’-°œç-îªôç/Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓ®Ωôç. 鬮Ωç Öçô’çC. Ééπ\úø fullest ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. full Åçõ‰ direct, most direct Öçúø´¤. 6) ûª†’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL ÅE °‘-ô®˝ îÁ§ƒpúø’.
Vinod: Where is this Vihar Travel Agency? î√©’ éπü∆. °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçô’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ °æ‹Jhé¬ü¿’. 8) Correct (ÆæÈ®j†): -v°æ-¨¡o:
(áéπ\úø’çD -vö«-¢Á-™¸ -à-ï-Fq?) ÅçûËé¬E áèπ◊\´ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÖçC/-ûª-èπ◊\´ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÖçC A thing is correct or incorrect. äéπ\öÀ Ææ-J 1. vis - a - vis - Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.
Pramod: It is in the round building next to ņç. 2. Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ °æEîËÆœ† ÅCµ-é¬J îËÆœ†
-Å´¤-ûª’çC, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æp-´¤-ûª’çC ÅçûË. More correct,
Chitramahal 4) They can help you plan a perfect holiday: ûª°œpü¿ç.
most correct Öçúø´¤ éπü∆. 3. Ééπ°j Å™«çöÀ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ´’-Sx îË-ߪ’†’.
(*vûª´’£æ«™¸ °æéπ\† í∫’çvúøöÀ ¢Ë’úø™ ÖçC) ÅEoNüµ∆© ¶«í∫’†o/ à üÓ≠æ´‚ ™‰E N£æ…-®√©’ §ƒx-Ø˛ His answer is more correct than yours... Åûª-úÕ - 2, 3 -v°æ-¨¡o-©-†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -™ -à-N-üµ¿çí¬ -îÁ-•’-û√®Ω’?
Vinod: Are you going now? -îËÆæ’éÓ-´-ôç-™ ûÓúøp-úø-í∫-©®Ω’.- -ï-¢√-•’ F Ç-†q®˝ éπçõ‰ éπÈ®é˙d. É™« îÁ°æpôç áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ – Èé. džç-ü¿- π◊-´÷®˝,
(É°æ¤p-úø’ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?) Perfect= °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-¢Á’i†; à üÓ≠æ´‚ ™‰E (fault-less,
Ææ••’? Åûª-úÕ -ï-¢√-•’ correct Å®·ûË, F -Ç-†q®˝ ÅüË í¬ü¿-®√úø (ûª÷.íÓ.->™«x)
Pramod: Yea, I am. good in every way)
鬆-°æ¤púø’, ÅC ûª°æ¤p (Wrong/incorrect) Å´¤-ûª’çC, -ï-¢√-•’:
Vinod: The road from here to it is straight. Perfect èπ◊ èπÿú≈ more perfect, most perfect 1) vis - a - vis (Oñ«O/ Nï-N–ï, size ™ z ™«í∫)
é¬F F -Ç-†q®˝ ûªèπ◊\´ correct, Åûª-úÕ -ï-¢√-•’ áèπ◊\´
(Ééπ\-úÕ -†’ç-* -Å-éπ\-úøéÀ ®Ó-ú˛ A†oí¬ ÖçC) ™«çöÀ degrees Öçúø-´E O’®Ω’ -Ü-£œ«ç--éÓ-í∫-©®Ω’. correct Å´ü¿’.
= ü∆EûÓ §ÚLÊÆh, ü∆E Ææç•ç-üµ¿çí¬.
Pramod: I Will go direct from here. àüÁjØ√ ´Ææ’h´¤/ á´-È®jØ√ Öçõ‰ perfect í¬ Öçö«®Ω’, °j† îÁ°œp-†-´Fo èπÿú≈ degrees of comparison ™‰E a) What are your job opportunities vis-a-vis
the reservation policy-
(Ééπ\-úÕ-†’ç* A†oí¬ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o) à üÓ≥ƒ©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈, °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-ûªûÓ. üÓ≠æç Åçô÷ Öçõ‰ ´÷ô©’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ç í∫’ù«©’, Öçúøôç Åçô÷ ïJ- Ñ reservation © Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç/- ØË-°æ-ü∑¿uç™, F
¢√∞¡Ÿx/ ÅO imperfect (üÓ≠æ-´·-†o) Åç-ûË é¬F äéπ®Ω’ TûË Öçö«®·, ™‰èπ◊ç--õ‰ -Öç-úø´¤ Åç-ûË. ¢√öÀ™ áèπ◊\´,
❒❒❒ ÖüÓu-í¬-´-é¬-¨»-™„™« ÖØ√o®·?
ÉçéÌ-éπJ éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ó, ûªèπ◊\¢Ó Öç-úø-™‰®Ω’ éπü∆. b) India is not vis - a - vis the US=
í∫ûª éÌEo lessons -†’ç-* degrees of comparison Sita, Lord Sri Rama's wife, was a perfect ûªèπ◊\-´-©’ç-úø´¤. Geometrical figures N≠æ-ߪ’ç™†÷ Å-¢Á’-Jé¬ûÓ §ÚLÊÆh ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Ææç°æ-†o-ü˨¡ç é¬ü¿’. -
îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç í∫ü∆? É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ®Ω ii) This the mistake made by/ the lapse of the
N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ îª÷ü∆lç:
Look at the following sentences from the con-
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. previous official/ incumbent.
(Incumbent = °æü¿-N™ Ö†o-¢√®Ω’)
Incumbent: Pronunciation- ÉØ˛-éπç-•çö¸
versation at the beginning of the lesson: URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm iii) I will not repeat this mistake.
1) It gives Complete information.
-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 24 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Kavitha: You've been out too long. Where
have you been?
(F´¤ î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ •ßª’-ô’-Ø√o´¤. áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o-
Nç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤?)
Sabitha: I am returning from the Cinema. I
have been there to book tickets for
us.
(
ÆœE-´÷-£æ…-™¸-Èé-∞«x†’. öÀÈé\ô’x •’é˙ îËߪ’-
ú≈-EéÀ)
Kavitha: Have you got them? For what show
on what day?
(üÌJ-é¬ßª÷/ ûÁî √a¢√? à show
à ÅûªE ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s 鬮Ω’ é̆-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´.
®ÓV?)
Sabitha: Of course I have. With great difficul-
ty I was able to get two seats for the
matinee the day after tomorrow. The
queue was too long.
(ûËéπ-§Ú-´-ô¢Ë’çöÀ? ÅA éπ≠dçæ -O’ü¿ á©’xçúÕ
matinee éÀ È®çúø’ tickets üÌJ-鬮·.
Queue ´’K §Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC)
Kavitha: For the matinee? In these dog
days? I think it'll be too hot for us to
go out. The sun could scorch us.
(matinee é¬? Ñ ´’çúø’ ¢ËÆæ-N-™ Ø√?
Åçûª áçúø™ ´’†ç ¢Á∞¡x™‰ç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-
Ø√oØË. áçúø ´’†-Lo ´÷úËa-ßÁ·îª’a)
Scorch (≤ƒ\î˝) = ´÷úËa-ߪ’úøç.
In the scorching sun = ´÷úËa áçúø™ 
Sabitha: I thought so too, but ...
( iv) Hari is too fat for us to carry.
؈÷ Å™«ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o, é¬F ...)
Kavitha: Why didn't you think of the first
show? We shall have had a pleasant
time.
(†’´¤y first show í∫’Jç* áçü¿’-é¬-™-*ç-
îª-™‰ü¿’? î√™« £æ…®·í¬ ÖçúËC éπü∆?
Pleasant = Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†
Sabitha: It's such a lengthy movie, you know.
If it is the first show, it will be too late
in the night for us to return home
safely.
(ÅC î√™« °ü¿l ÆœE´÷. First show
Å®·ûË ÉçöÀéÀ AJ-T-®√-´úøç Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤-
ûª’çC. ÅC ´’†èπ◊ ´’ç*C (Íé~´’-éπ®Ωç)
é¬ü¿’)
Kavitha: We can't bear the heat. How about
giving away the tickets to others?
tickets
(Ç áçúø ¶µºJç-‰ç. Ç ÉçÈé-´-J-
éπØ√o ÉîËaÊÆh?)
Sabitha: That'd be foolish. I've taken a lot of
trouble to get the tickets. Don't
worry. It's an AC hall.
(ÅC °œ*a-°æE. Ç tickets ûË´-ú≈-EéÀ î√™«
v¨¡´’°æ-ú≈f†’. àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Ç hall,
AC hall)
Kavitha: OK. It's too good a movie to miss.
(Å™«Íí. ´’†ç ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-™‰†çûª ´’ç*
ÆœE´÷ ÅC)
Very, too èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç
éπü∆. very Åçõ‰ áèπ◊\´, î√™«– Åçü¿’-´©x îÁúø’
éπ©-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Too Åçõ‰ ÅA, Åçü¿’-´©x îÁúË
ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.
a) Ramana is too good - ®Ω´’ù ÅA ´’ç*.
(Åçü¿’-´©x Åûª-EéÀ éπL-ÍíC éÃúË)
b) Aruna: Son, how about the girl you saw the
other day? Is she to your liking?
´’†ç ¢Á·†o îª÷Æœ† Å´÷t®· N≠æߪ’ç àçöÀ?
Fèπ◊ †*açü∆?
Pranav: Mom, don't you think she is too tall
for me?
´’K §Òúø’-í∫-E-°œç-îª-™‰ü∆ Fèπ◊? (Åçõ‰– Ø√ áûª’hèπ◊
ûªT-†çûª/ Ø√ ÅçûªØ√o/ Ø√éπçõ‰ áûªhØ√o 鬴a)
c) The car is very expensive -
¶«í¬ êK-üÁjçC. (Å®·Ø√ ´’†ç é̆-´îª’a)
d) The car is too expensive -
car ´’K êK-üÁjçC.
(Åçü¿’-´©x é̆ç/ é̆-™‰†çûª üµ¿®Ω)
ÉC too èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n™x, ¢√úø’-éπ™x äéπöÀ.
Look at the following sentences.
a) The patient is too weak to walk -
®ÓT †úø-´-™‰†çûª •©-£‘«†çí¬ ÖçC.
b) The amount with him is too little to buy a
car -
c) He is walking too slow to catch the train -
Train
Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰†çûª Eü∆†çí¬ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.
d) He is driving too carelessly to be safe.
Íé~´’ç-鬆çûª E®Ωxéπ~uçí¬ †úÕ-°œÆæ’hØ√oúø’.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 218
The car is too expensive
°j sentences ™ too ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
... too + adjective (sentences a & b) + infinitive
adverb (sentences c & d)
[a) Adjective Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. í∫’ù«Lo ûÁLÊ°
´÷ô©’.
b) Adverbs Åçõ‰ adjectives ûÁLÊ° í∫’ù«©’ à
¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ᙫ ÖØ√o®· ÅE; verb ûÁLÊ° °æ†’©’
ᙫ, á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-í¬®· ÅE ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’.
c) Infinitive Åçõ‰ to & 1st regular doing word.
eg: to go, to see, to sit, etc - Åçõ‰ ¢Á∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊/
¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ/ ¢Á∞¡xôç; îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊/ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ/
îª÷úøôç; èπÿ®Ω’a-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ èπÿ®Óa-´-ú≈-EéÀ/ èπÿ®Óa-
´úøç, etc.]
°j† É*a† v°æA sentence ™ v°æA-ü∆-EéÃ, ûÁ©’-í∫’™–
™‰†çûª, 鬆çûª – ÅE negative ´≤Úhç-C-éπü∆. ÅC
too v°æûËu-éπûª.
too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive= Ç adjec-
tive/ adverb ´©x 鬢√Lq† °æE ï®Ω-í∫-ü¿ØÓ, †≠ædç
Öçô’ç-ü¿ØÓ Å®Ωnç.
i) He is too poor to continue studies.
¢√úø’ îªü¿’´¤ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-™‰-†çûª Ê°ü¿¢√úø’.
ii) She is too proud to listen to advice.
Ç¢Á’ Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ©-£æ…†’ N†-†çûª í∫Jy.
iii) She cooks too badly to eat.
A†-™‰-†çûª ü∆®Ω’-ùçí¬ ´çúø’-ûª’ç-ü∆¢Á’.
iv) She knows too little to teach others.
Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ¶Cµç-îª-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´ ûÁ©’-≤ƒ-¢Á’èπ◊.
Now study the following sentences from
the conversation at the beginning of the
lesson.
1) The Queue was too long.
èπÿu ´’K §Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC. (؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ®√™‰-†çûª)
2) I think it will be too hot (for us) to go out.
3) It will be too late in the night (for us) to
return home safely.
4) It is too good a movie to miss.
Sentence No (2): ... it will be too hot for us to
go out.
´’†ç •ßª’öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª áçúøí¬ Öçô’çC.
Sentence No (3): It will be too late in the night
for us to return home safely.
´’†ç Íé~´’çí¬ ÉçöÀéÀ AJT ®√™‰-†çûª Ç©Ææuç
鬴a ®√vA-°æ‹ô.
Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† sentences èπÿ, sen-
tences (2) and (3) éÀ ûËú≈: - for us ÅØËC extra.
i) He is too foolish to understand this.
ÉC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ÅN-¢ËéÀ ¢√úø’.
ii) He is too clever for us to cheat.
´’†ç ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-™‰-†çûª ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úø-ûªúø’.
Sentence (i) ™ infinitive ´·çü¿’ for ... ™‰éπ-§Ú-
´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. Sentence (ii) ™ infinitive
´·çü¿’ for us ÖçC.
iii) Hari is too fat to walk fast.
¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úø-´-™‰-†çûª ™«´¤. (Infinitive
for ...™‰ü¿’)
´’†ç ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª ™«´-ûª†’.
(Infinitive
´·çü¿’ for ... ÖçC)
v) ´’†ç B®Ωa-™‰-†çûª Ææ´’Ææu ÅC
It is too difficult a problem for us to solve/
The problem is too difficult for us to solve.
vi) ´’†ç îª÷úø-™‰-†çûª <éπ-öÀí¬ ÖçC
It is too dark for us to see.
vii) ؈’ é̆-™‰-†çûª üµ¿®Ω.
The car is too expensive for me to buy.
viii) Ç¢Á’ éπç®∏Ωç N†-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´ ≤ƒn®·™ ÖçC
Her voice is too low for him to hear.
ix) °œ©x©’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç
This is too difficult for children to understand.
x) dress
Ñ Ç¢Á’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª §ƒûªC
This dress is too old for her to wear.
xi) ÉC Ç ´%ü¿’l¥úø’ ¢Á÷ߪ’™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤
This is too heavy for the old man to carry.
Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ÉçéÓ ®Ωéπçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a.
ûÁ©’-í∫’™– ÉC ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤ Åçõ‰ =
ÉC î√™« •®Ω’´¤, ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰†’– ÅE éπü∆.
English ™ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.
a) It is very heavy; I cannot carry it.
It is too heavy for me to carry.
b) The movie is very good; We cannot miss it.
The movie is good for us to miss.
c) The chapter is very important; Nobody can
ignore it.
Ñ chapter î√™« ´·êuç. á´®Ω’èπÿú≈ ü∆Eo
ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-îª-™‰®Ω’.
The chapter is too important for anybody to
ignore it.
d) The problem is very serious; We cannot
neglect it.
Ææ´’Ææu î√™« Bv´çí¬ ÖçC; ´’†ç °æöÀdç--
éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø™‰ç.
The problem is too serious for us to neglect.
e) The room is very big; The table is very
small.
í∫üË¢Á÷ î√™« °ü¿lC, table ´÷vûªç î√™« *†oC.
(Åçûª °ü¿l í∫CéÀ ûªí∫-†çûª *†oC)
The table is too small for the big room/
The room is too big for the small table.
f) Prakash: Are you attending the party
tomorrow?
†’´¤y Í®°æ¤ party éÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’-Ø√o¢√?
Subhash: I am too busy.
؈’ î√™« BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o –
§ƒKdéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª
Ééπ\úø Subhash's reply í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. I am
too busy ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’ – Åçõ‰, I
´·çü¿’
am too busy to attend ÅE. Ñ too †’ °j
dialogue ™™« ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.
g) Sankar: I'll carry this
box and you carry
that.
ØËF-°õ„d BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
†’´yC BÆæ’éÓ.
Vishnu: Oh, that's
too heavy.
M. SURESAN
ÅC ´’K •®Ω’´¤ – Åçõ‰
؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’™‰-†çûª ÅE.
Vishnu's response èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– That's too
heavy for me to carry ÅE.
h) Prabhakar: Why don't you send Ganesh
for talks?
Ωa-©èπ◊ í∫ù‰-≠ˇ-ØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ °æç°æ-èπÿ-úøü¿’?
Sudhakar: He is too innocent.
Åûªúø’ ´’K Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ – Ωa©’
é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-™‰-†çûª.
Éçé¬ Núø-´’-®Ω* îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, He is too innocent
to participate in talks/ to handle talks
Åûªúø’ ûÁL-Ní¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-†çûª/ Ææ´÷-Rç--éÓ-™‰-
†çûª Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úø’.
i) Gowtham: How do I look in this shirt?
ØËF shirt ™ ᙫ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’?/
Ñ shirt ᙫ ÖçC?)
Viswam: Isn't that too big for you?
ÅC Fèπ◊ ´’K °ü¿l-Cí¬/ ´ü¿’-©’í¬
™‰ü¿÷?
É™« 'too' - question form ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.
j) Bhaskar: Is the curry too hot?
Ñ èπÿ®Ω ´’K 鬮Ωçí¬ Öçü∆?
hot - ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ¢ËúÕ. Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç, ÉçéÓöÀ
– 鬮Ωç – A†™‰ç.
Bhavan: So it is, and the sambar is too
salty.
Å´¤†’ – ≤ƒç¶«®Óx Ö°æ¤p ´’K áèπ◊\´
– A†™‰ç
ÉO too Ö°æßÁ÷-í¬©’. É™« 'too' ¢√úø-éπçûÓ ´’†ç
îÁ§ƒp©†’èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ î√™« short sen-
tences ™ simple í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. conversation
Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’çC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 26 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006
Praful: Are you telling me that you are doing
all this just for me?
(Éü¿çû√ Ø√éÓÆæç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-†ç-ö«¢√?)
Mohan: What then? Why should I go about
places to get your papers moved?
(´’Jç-ÍéçöÀ? F é¬T-û√©’ éπü¿-°æ-ö«-EéÀ
ÅEo-îÓô’x áçü¿’èπ◊ A®Ω-í¬L ØË-†’?)
Praful: Come now, Mohan. You are too
clever not to have any self interest.
(¢Á÷£æ«Ø˛ îª÷úø’. àüÓ ≤ƒy®Ωnç Öçõ‰ØË
îËÊÆ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úÕN †’´¤y)
Mohan: You are right. Let me be frank. I do
take this opportunity to meet officers
and get their acquaintance.
(†’´yØËC Eï¢Ë’. Ö†o--ü¿’-†oô’d îÁ°æpF.
Officers †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-ö«-EéÃ, ¢√∞¡xûÓ °æJ-îª-ߪ÷-
Eéà DEE ØËØÓ Å´-鬨¡çí¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 219
We aren't too unlucky
frank = ´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†oC •ßª’-ô-°õ‰d/
´’†-Ææ’™ àD ü∆-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†oC Ö†oô’x
îÁÊ°pߪ’ôç.
To tell you frankly/ To be frank I don't like you
Ø√ ´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†oC îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰/ Ö†oC ü∆-
éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ îÁ•’-ûª’Ø√o – †’´yçõ‰ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’.
Acquaintance (ÅÈéj y-®·-Ø˛-ôØ˛q. 'éπy— ØÌéÀ\
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)= °æJ-îªßª’ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’/ ´·ê
°æJ-îªßª’ç (ÊÆo£æ«ç é¬èπ◊çú≈)/ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-Ææ’húø’
I have acquaintance with him =
ÅûªúÕûÓ Ø√èπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç ÖçC.
He is an acquaintance of mine =
Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-Ææ’húø’
Praful: I appreciate your frankness.
(F´¤ ´’†-Ææ’q-™ØË Â°ô’d-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ •ßª’-öÀéÀ
îÁ°œp-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.)
appreciate Åv°‘-≠œ-ß˝’ö¸ – 'v°‘— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç
= ´’ç*-ûª†ç/ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ™«çöÀN Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-
éÓ-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫ôç/ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç. äéπ Ææ´’-Ææu†’
Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç.
He doesn't appreciate the seriousness of
the situation =
°æJ-ÆœnA Bv´ûª†’ Åûªúø’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-õ‰xü¿’
Mohan: You are too smart not to miss the
point either. You know I alone can get
things done for you.
(Ç Å稡ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËçûª ûÁLN F-C.
Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ °æE Ø√ ´™‰x Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E)
Praful: The dependence is mutual
(Ñ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøôç ÅØËC °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç.)
Mutual (´‚u-Å™¸)– ´‚u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç
= °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’.
The husband and wife have mutual
understand =
Ç ¶µ«®√u-¶µº-®Ωh™x °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ω Å´-í¬-£æ«† ÖçC
Mohan: So what now? (Å®·ûË É°æ¤p-úËç-öÀçé¬?)
Praful: The officer is too efficient not to
speed up matters.
(N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ é¬EîËa ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç
Ö†o Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝ -Ç-ߪ’-†, Åçõ‰ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’
ûªy®Ωí¬ Å´¤-û√-ߪ’E)
Mohan: We aren't too unlucky there.
(Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´’†ç ´’K ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠dæ
-´ç-ûª’©ç é¬-ü¿’)
☯ ☯ ☯ ☯
Spoken English
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
éÀçü¿öÀlesson we discussed the meaning
™
and use of 'too'. Let's know something more
about 'too'. Look at the following sentences:
He is too strong not to beat his opponent
ÅûªúÕ v°æûªu-JnE ãúÕç-îª-í∫-L-Ííçûª •©-´ç-ûª’-úø-ûª†’
´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷ÆœçC:
too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive Ö†o
sentences ™ Å®Ωnç, infinitive èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬
´Ææ’hçC éπü∆.
a) He is too weak to walk - Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç, Ñ
sentence ™ Ö†o infinitive 'to walk' èπ◊
´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ É™« ´Ææ’hçC – †úø-´-™‰-†çûª •©-
£‘«-†çí¬ ÖØ√o-úøE.
b) She is too slow to understand things.
infinitive, to understand
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç
èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª (Eü∆†ç
Ç¢Á’) ÅE ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. ÉC ´’†ç last les-
son ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
É°æ¤púø’ Ñ sentence îª÷úøçúÕ.
c) He is too clever not to understand this.
Ñsentence infinitive
™ not ´·çü¿’
Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
É™« infinitive ´·çü¿’
not ¢√úÕûË, sentence
èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, not infinitive
èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπçí¬
Öçô’çC. Åçõ‰
infinitive îÁÊ°pC ï®Ω’-
í∫’-ûª’çC ÅE. É°æ¤púø’ M. SURESAN
sentence (c) éÀ Å®Ωnç
É™« ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. Åûªúø’ ÉC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫©
ûÁLN Ö†o¢√úË. Åçõ‰ not to understand
(Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓE/ îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰E) èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç – Å®Ωnç
îËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË/ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫© ÅE ´Ææ’hçC.
He is too clever not to understand the
point
Ñ N≠æߪ’ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫© (not to under-
stand èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç) ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’. (Å®Ωnç
îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ûÁL-N-™‰-E-¢√úËç é¬ü¿’)
a) She has had too much of practice not
to play well =
¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-L-Ííçûª practice Ö†o-ü∆-¢Á’èπ◊.
(not to play well
èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç ¶«í¬ Çúø-
í∫-L-Ííçûª)
Compare the following.
i) He is too lazy to pass =
(to pass
§ƒÆˇ Å´-™‰-†çûª èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç)
•ü¿l¥-éπ-Ææ’h-úø’-¢√úø’.
ii) He is too hard working not to pass.
pass ÅßË’uçûª (not to pass èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç)
í¬ v¨¡´’-°æ-úË-¢√-úø-ûª†’.
ÉN πÿú≈ §ÚLa îª÷úøçúÕ.
i) She is too careless to observe this =
(to observe
ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îª-™‰-†çûª
Í®éπç) Åñ«-ví∫ûªh ´’E≠œ Ç¢Á’.
ii) She is too keen not to observe this =
(not to observe
ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îËçûª
´uA-Í®éπç) ®Ω’-ÈéjçC Ç¢Á’.
Now, take the sentences from the conver-
sation at the beginning of the Lesson:
1) You are too clever not to have any self
interest
2) You are too smart not to miss the point
either
3) The officer is too efficient not to speed up
matters
4) We aren't too unlucky there
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
2
Sentence No.1: Not to have any self-interest
Spoken English (British or American) also
™
too
èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬, ≤ƒy®Ωnç Fèπ◊ç-úËçûª ÅE éπçõ‰ ÅüË Å®Ωnç (èπÿú≈)ûÓ, áèπ◊\´ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.
Also formal. serious
´Ææ’hçC. ≤ƒy®ΩnçûÓ îËÊÆçûª ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√- ¢√úøéπç éÌçîÁç Åçõ‰
úÕ¢Ë †’´¤y. É™« èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. speech/ book language ™ áèπ◊\´. ´÷´‚-©’í¬
≤ƒy®Ωnç àç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ îËÊÆçûª ûÁL-N-™‰-E-¢√- too, as well,
´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ é¬èπ◊çõ‰, ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.
úÕN é¬ü¿’ †’´¤y. É¢Á-°æ¤púø÷ sentence *´®Ω ´≤ƒh®·.
No. 2: You are too smart not to miss the point
1) ؈’ ¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ¢√úÕ ûª´·t-úÕF éπ©’-
either = not to miss the point èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç
Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’=
– Å稡ç í∫´’-Eç-îËçûª ûÁLN ÖçC Fèπ◊/ I met him, and his brother too/ I met him
Å稡ç í∫´’-Eç-îª-éπ-§Ú-ßË’çûª ûÁL-N-™‰-E-¢√-úÕ-N- and his brother as well. (I met his brother
鬴¤.
also -ÉC äéπ Nüµ¿çí¬ ûªÊ°p – also, sentence
*´®Ω ¢√úøôç.)
2) †’´¤y Ç èπ◊Ka 鬢√-©çõ‰ BÆæ’éÓ, ü∆çûÓ §ƒô’
õ‰•’™¸ èπÿú≈ 鬢√-©çõ‰ èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’ =
You take the chair, but you can't take the
table too./ You can't have the table as well
Also¢√úÕûË, ü∆Eo verb ´·çü¿’-í¬F, 'be' form
´·çü¿’-í¬F ´îËaô’x ¢√úøû√ç.
I went to Delhi last month; I also stayed
No. 3: Not to speed up things èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬
there for a week.
ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ îËÊÆçûª ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Ç
officer °æ†’©’ ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ îËߪ’-í∫© ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç (؈’ §Ú®·† ØÁ© Delhi ¢ÁR} Åéπ\úø ã ¢√®Ωç
Ö†o-¢√úø’. èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o†’)– also, verb- stayed ´·çü¿’
(ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ îËߪ’-™‰-†çûª ÅÆæ-´’-®Ω’núø’ é¬úø’) ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
No.4: We aren't too unlucky there = ´’†ç ´’K 3) The British ruled us for centuries and
robbed us too/ robbed us as well =
Åçûª ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠dçæ í¬ (°æE-é¬-†çûª) ™‰ç
'Too' †’ áEo Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ¢√úÌîÓa îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆! vGöÀ≠ˇ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†Lo §ƒLç*, üÓ-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’
É°æ¤p-úÕC îª÷úøçúÕ. èπÿú≈.
a) The Australian team was too strong for ÉD spoken English™ too (as well) èπ◊ Ö†o
India v§ƒ´·êuç.
= The Australian bowling was too much for Not ûÓ Å®·ûË ÅÆæ©’ also ®√ØË-®√ü¿’. ÅC ûªÊ°p
India = (äéπ\ not only ... but also sentences ™ ûª°æp).
¶µ«®Ωû˝ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰-†çûª •©-¢Á’i† öÃç ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ either ¢√úøû√ç.
ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ ¶˜Lçí˚ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰-†ç-ûªC. 1) Åûªúø÷ ®√™‰ü¿’, ÅûªúÕ ûª´·túø÷ ®√™‰ü¿’.
b) The boy is too clever for a boy his age = He hasn't come, his brother hasn't either.
Ç
(his brother hasn't come too- sentence
èπ◊v®√úø’ ÅûªE ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ N’ç*† ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’. ÅE
c) The old man is too strong for his age = Ç *´®Ω ®√´îª’a/ as well èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a)
2) Ç¢Á’ ®√™‰ü¿’, ®√´-õ‰x-ü¿E §∂ÚØ˛ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ =
´·Ææ-™«-ߪ’-†èπ◊ Çߪ’† ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ N’ç*† •©ç
ÖçC. She hasn't come; She hasn't phoned either
É¢Ë é¬èπ◊çú≈, Ñ columns ™ØË also (èπÿú≈) ÅØË she won't come.
Å®ΩnçûÓ too ¢√úøéπç îªJaçî√ç. ÅC-èπÿú≈ ã≤ƒJ
í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
EXERCISE ANSWER
Mohan: †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ É≠æd°æ-úø-ôç- Mohan: Why are you unwilling to go out?
Madan: Isn't it too cold?
™‰ü¿’?
Madan: ´’K îªLí¬ ™‰ü¿÷? Mohan: That's true. But you are wearing a
Mohan: Eï¢Ë’. †’´¤y sweater ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-´¤-éπü∆? sweater.
Madan: Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰-†çûª îªL ÅE-°œ- Madan: Still I feel it is too cold for me to bear.
èπ◊ ´uA- ≤ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊. Mohan: You seen to have too little resistance.
Mohan: Fèπ◊ ûªô’d-èπ◊ØË ¨¡éÀh (resistance) ´’K Madan: Yes, since I had the typhoid my
ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†o-ô’dçC. resistance has been too low.
Madan: Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ typhoid ´*a-†-°æp-ô’oç< Mohan: See your doctor again.
èπ◊
resistance ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC.
Madan: I have seen him too often already. I
Mohan: Doctor †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´’S} have spent too much on medicine,
Madan: É°æp-öÀÍé -î √-™« áèπ◊\-´-≤ƒ®Ω’x éπL-¨»†’. î√™« already.
fees Éa-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ¢Ájü¿u ê®Ω’a©’ ´’K
Mohan: I can understand all that. Still you had
áèπ◊\-´-ߪ÷u®· Ø√èπ◊. better see the doctor. You have
Mohan: ؈C Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’. Å®·Ø√ †’´¤y delayed too much already.
doctor †’ îª÷úøôç ´’ç*C. É°æp-öÀÍé
Madan: What you say is correct. I'll see him
this evening.
¶«í¬ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC.
Madan: †’´y-†oC correct. Ñ
≤ƒßª’çvûªç
îª÷≤ƒh†’.
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 29 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006
Prabha: Hi Subha, how goes the world with
you?
(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?)
Subha: Well, I can't complain. How is it with
you?
(
¶«üµ¿™‰ç ™‰´¤. -†’-¢Áy™« ÖØ√o´¤?)
(Ñ response English ™ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.
O’®Ω÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ)
Prabha: How did you spend the week in your
cousin's place in Hyderabad?
(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ O’ éπ->-Ø˛ Éçöx ᙫ
í∫úÕ-§ƒ´¤?)
Subha: Happily enough to remember the
days there for a long time.
(áçûÓ-鬩ç í∫’®Ω’hç-úËçûª ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬)
Prabha: What was so enjoyable about it?
(àN’-ôçûª Ææ®Ωü∆ éπ-L-Tç-îË N≠æߪ’ç
Åéπ\úø?)
Subha: My cousin. Namrata is jovial enough
to make your time pass very quickly.
(-õ„i-¢˛’ î√™«ûªy®Ωí¬ í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ßË’ç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L-
†çûª/ ûªT†çûª £æ…Ææuç éπ©C ´÷ éπ->-Ø˛
†v´’ûª)
Prabha: Yea. She was here last summer,
wasn't she? I remember her jokes
well enough to make me laugh
whenever I remember them.
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ¢ËÆæ-N™ Ééπ\-úø’çC éπü∆. á°æ¤púø’
í∫’®Ìh-*aØ√ -†-¢Áy-ô÷d -îË-ߪ’í∫-© Ç¢Á’ -ñ é˙q
Ø√èπ◊ í∫’-®Ω’h-Ø√o®·)
Subha: I asked her over here for the Dasara
holidays, but she has enough
assignments to keep her home.
(ü¿Ææ®√ ÂÆ©´¤©èπ◊ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®Ω´’tØ√o. é¬F
É©’x éπü¿-©-F-ߪ’†çûª -ÅÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’ç-ö¸q
ÖØ√o®· ûª†èπ◊)
Prabha: We shall be missing here a lot.
(´’†ç ûª††’ î√™« N’Æˇ Å´¤-û√ç- )
Subha: She is a good laugh. She is enter-
taining enough to make us like her
company.
Prabha: Well, by the way, I have a bad cold. I
don't know how to get rid of it.
(ÅC ÆæÍ®-é¬F, Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ï©’•’
îËÆœçC. ÅC ᙫ ´ü¿’-©’a-éÓ-¢√™ ûÁL-ߪ’-
ôç-™‰ü¿’)
get rid of = üˆo-®·Ø√ (îÁúø’†’) ´ü¿’-©’a-éÓ-´ôç
Subha: A cold is not serious enough to
cause worry in hot countries, but it is
nuisance enough to make us feel out
of sorts with yourself.
(-Ö-≠ægü˨»™x ï©’•’ -ÅØËC °ü¿l Çü¿’®√l
éπ©-í∫-ñ‰-ÊÆçûª ï•’sé¬ü¿’. é¬E *é¬èπ◊ éπL-
TçîËçûª Ææ´’-≤ƒu-ûªtéπç)
(Feel out of sorts = *é¬èπ◊ §Òçü¿ôç)
Prabha: Why didn't you take some medicine?
(´’ç-ü¿’-©’ -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢ËÆæ’éÓ-™‰-ü¿’?)
Subha: I did, of course, but the relief has
been temporary.
(BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ é¬F û√û√\-Léπ Ö°æ-¨¡-´’-
†¢Ë’)
Prabha: Doctors say you are cured of cold in
seven days if you take medicines,
and in one week if you don't take
medicines.
(´’çü¿’©ûÓ 7 ®ÓV™x, ´’çü¿’-™‰x-èπ◊çú≈
¢√®√-Eéà 禍•’ †ßª’-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’ -
ú≈éπd®Ω’x)
☯ ☯ ☯ ☯
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
'Enough' Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆. î√©’/ î√L-†çûª ÅE.
1) I have enough money to buy a car =
Ø√-ü¿í∫_®Ω 鬮Ω’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª úø•’sçC.
2) She hasn't (doesn't have) enough money to
buy a house =
É©’x éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª úø•’s Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’.
3) Preethi: How about some more biriyani?
(Éçé¬Ææh G®√u-F ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?)
Pratima: Enough. No more, please. pass quickly -
¶«í¬ •©-£‘«†çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’, †úø-´-™‰úø’.
(î√©’. °‘x-ñ ¸ Éçéπ ´ü¿’l. )
b) He is strong enough to walk fast =
-õ„i-¢˛’ -î√-™« ûªy®Ωí¬ í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ßË’-ôô’x îËߪ’-í∫©çûª
Preethi: Is so little enough for you? ’-û√\J †v´’ûª.
ûªy®Ωí¬ †úÕ-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L-†çûª •©çí∫©-¢√úø’.
(Éçûª ûªèπ◊\´ î√™« Fèπ◊?) Namrata is quite/ very jovial; she can
2) a) She is too ill to need a doctor =
Pratima: That's more than enough. make your time pass quickly.
Ç¢Á’ î√™« Bv´çí¬ ï•’sûÓ ÖçC. -ú≈éπd®˝ Å´-
(ÅC î√L†çûª éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´) 3) I remember her jokes well enough to make
Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. -(ú≈éπd®˝´*aØ√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’)
4) Surendra: When shall we go to the next me laugh whenever I remember them =
b) She is ill enough to need a doctor -
movie? á°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*aØ√ †¢Ëyçûª ¶«í¬ Ç¢Á’ -ñ é˙q Ø√èπ◊
ï•’s ¶«í¬ Bv´çí¬ ÖçC. -ú≈éπd®˝†’ ¢ÁçôØË
(ûªü¿’-°æJ ÆœE´÷ á°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç) í∫’®Ω’h/ ؈’ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
°œ©-¢√L. (v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçô’çC)
Narendra: Enough is enough. No more of I remember her jokes very well; they make
ÅD too èπÿ, enough èπÿ ûËú≈, È®çúÕçöÀ ûª®√yû√
me laugh whenever I remembered them.
infinitive ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’. Å®·ûË ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p
4) She has enough assignments/ assign- îª÷úøçúÕ enough ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’.
ments enough to keep her home -
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
a) He is wise enough to understand such
220 ûª††’ áéπ\-úÕéà éπü¿-©-èπ◊çú≈ (ÉçöxØË ÖçúË-ô’xí¬) things =
îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª -ÅÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’ç-ö¸q ÖØ√o®·.
Enough is enough
She has a good number of assignments.
these movies.
They keep her home.
Å™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-L-T†çûª ûÁL-N-
(ÉçéÌü¿’l ¶«•÷. Ñ ÆœE-´÷©’ Ééπ í∫©¢√úø-ûª†’.
´ü¿’l) 5) A cold is not serious enough to cause worry
in hot countries -
´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p (Word
5) He has enough and to spare Order) îª÷ü∆lç
Ö≠ægü˨»™x ï©’•’ Çü¿’®√l éπL-TçîËçûª Bv´--¢Á’içC
Åûª-úÕéÀ î√L†çûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Éûª-®Ω’© éÀ´y-í∫-L-T†çûª Wise (Adj) +
é¬ü¿’.
-Öç-C. enough + infinitive
A cold is not very serious in hot Countries;
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. enough Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-ç. too
it does not cause worry.
(ÅüË ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’
Look at the following too: too + adjective/
6) It is nuisance enough to make us feel out of
1) You are clever enough to understand easi- adverb + infinitive
sorts =
ly = *é¬èπ◊ éπL-TçîËçûª Ææ´’-≤ƒu-ûªtéπç.
´Ææ’hçC éπü∆?) M. SURESAN
ÉD í∫´’-Eç-î √-Lq†
(†’´¤y Ææ’-©’-´¤í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÌ-ØËç-ûª ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√- = It is a big nuisance; it makes us feel out N≠æߪ’ç.
of sorts.
úÕN.)
= You are clever; you understand easily.
ÅüË adjective •ü¿’©’ noun Å®·ûË, enough +
ÉN enough Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ noun + infinitive ´Ææ’hçC.
= †’´¤y ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úÕN. †’´¤y Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç too Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç.
a) There is enough water in the tank to last for
îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤. (†’´¤y Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÌ-ØËçûª too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive ´ÊÆh (´’K,
the whole day =
ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úÕN.) ÅA ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ´uA-Í®-é¬-®√n-Eo-Ææ’hçC.
(Ñ ®ÓVèπ◊ ÆæJ-°æúË F∞¡Ÿx-Ø√o®· -ö«uçé˙™.)
2) He is tall enough to touch the ceiling fan= Enough + infinitive ´ÊÆh positive Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC
b) I have enough friends to help me =
Æ‘-Lçí˚ -§∂ƒu-Ø˛-†’ û√éπ-í∫-L-T-†ç-ûª §Òúø-´-ûª-úø’ = (Å´¤†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)
(
Compare:
Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ î√L-†ç-ûª-´’ç-C
He is tall. He can touch the ceiling fan.
ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©’-Ø√o®Ω’.)
-Å-ûª-úø’ -§Ò-úø-´¤. -Å-ûª-úø’ Æ‘-Lçí˚-§∂ƒu-Ø˛-†’ -Åç-ü¿’éÓí∫- a) He is too weak to walk - He is very weak,
©-úø’. so he cannot walk =
3) The class room is large enough to seat 45
students - EXERCISE do you have?
Priya: Why? What do you want?
45 -´’ç-C -N-ü∆u®Ω’n-©’ èπÿ®Óa-í∫© ´ÆæA Ö†oçûª Preetham: F ü¿í∫_-È®çûª úø•’sçC?
Preetham: Have you enough money to
°ü¿l é¬xÆˇ ®Ω÷ç ÅC. Priya:
àç? áçü¿’èπ◊?
4) He is ill enough to need a doctor = give/ spare/ lend me Rs.200?
Preetham: Ø√éÓ È®çúÌç-ü¿-L-îËaçûª Öçü∆?
-ú≈éπd®˝ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç 鬢√-Lq†çûª ï•’sí¬ ÖØ√o-úø- Priya: Not so much. I have enough
Priya: Åçûª-™‰ü¿’. Ø√é¬\-¢√Lq† È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh-
ûª†’. money to buy the two books I
鬩’ éÌØËçûª úø•’sçC.
Now look at the following sentences from need.
Preetham: Ø√èπÿ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®Ω÷.200
the conversation at the beginning of the Preetham: I am short of Rs.200/- to buy
ûªèπ◊\-¢ÁjçC. ´÷ Ø√†o °æç°œçîË´®Ωèπ◊
lesson. the books I need. I don't have
¢Ë* ÖçúË -õ„i-¢˛’ ™‰ü¿’.
1) (I spent) happily enough to remember the the time enough to wait till my
Priya: ≤ƒ-K.
days for a long time - dad sends me money.
Answer
Priya: I'm sorry.
î√™«-鬩ç í∫’®Ω’hçúËçûª ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ í∫úÕ-§ƒ-†-éπ\úø. Preetham: How much money have you?/
2) Namrata is jovial enough to make your time
-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 1 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006
Prem: Hi Syam, you are so late that all the
people have left.
(¨»uç, †’¢Áyçûª Ç©Ææu-´’çõ‰ FéÓÆæç Ö†o
¢√-∞¡xçû√ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’)
Syam: I was held up on my way by a terrible
traffic jam. The traffic was so heavy
that I took an hour to travel one kilo-
meter by car.
(ü∆J™ ®ΩDl ††’o ÇÊ°-ÆœçC. 鬮Ω’™ äéπ
éÀ™-O’-ô®˝ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ í∫çô °æöÀdçC – Åçûª
®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC)
Prem: Didn't you hear us on your mobile?
(F ÂÆ™¸-§∂ÚØ˛™ ´÷ ´÷ô©’ NE-°œç-‰ü∆
Fèπ◊?)
Syam: I knew you were calling, but I couldn't
make out anything. The whole road
was so noisy.
(O’®Ω’ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’h-†oC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, é¬F
O’Í®ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†oD ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-
§Ú-ߪ÷†’. ®Ó-úøfçû√ -Åç-ûª íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 221
It is too difficult .. to understand
Prem: Our friends had waited and waited.
They had to wait for so long that I
served them coffee twice. That was
how long it was.
(´’† v°∂çú˛q F éÓÆæç áçûÓ-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë*-
îª÷-¨»®Ω’. áçûª-ÊÆ-°æçõ‰ ؈’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ È®çúø’-
≤ƒ®Ω’x 鬰∂‘ É¢√y-Lq-´-*açC. Åçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√o-®Ω-†o-
´÷ô ¢√∞¡Ÿx)
Syam: I'm really sorry but I couldn't help it.
When I took out my car to make it here
I didn't expect it to happen this way.
(Eïçí¬ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’, é¬E àç
îËߪ’†’? ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ Ø√ 鬮Ω’
•ßª’-ôèπ◊ BÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-
ü¿-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’)
(... I couldn't help it = ØËØËç îËߪ’-™‰E °æJ-Æ œnA/
Ø√èπ◊ ûª°œpç-C-é¬ü¿’.)
eg: I have to go now. I can't help it =
ØËE-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«x-LqçüË. Ø√éπ-C-ûª-°æpü¿’.
He has to pay the fine. He can't help it =
fine
Åûªúø’ éπö«d-LqçüË. ÅûªúÕéπC ûª°æpü¿’.
To make it here = to reach here =
Ééπ\-úÕéÀ îË®Ω-ö«-EéÀ.
Prem: Why was the traffic so heavy?
(áçü¿’-éπçûª ®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC vö«°∂œé˙ É¢√y∞¡?)
Syam: For onething, it is a peak traffic hour.
Secondly some procession was in the
way. At one point it was so long that it
took nearly 20 minutes to clear the
road.
(äéπ N≠æߪ’ç àN’-ôçõ‰ ÅC ´÷´‚-©’í¬
vö«°∂œé˙ ®ΩDl ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçúË Æ洒ߪ’ç.
È®çúÓüËçôçõ‰ àüÓ ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ Åúøfç ´*açC.
äéπ ü¿¨¡™ Ç ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ áçûÓ §Òúø-´¤çC.
áçûªçõ‰, ÅC ®Óúø’f ü∆ô-ö«-EéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω
Å®Ω-í∫çô °æöÀdçC)
peak traffic = Åûªuçûª ®ΩDl
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Prem: Why didn't you tell us of it over the
cell?
(cell ™ îÁ°æp-™‰üËç Ñ N≠æߪ’ç?)
Syam: It was so noisy that you could hear
nothing.
(àD N-E°œç-îª-†ç-ûª íÌúø´)
Prem: Anyway, it's all over. Our friends have
gone away. Let's plan a meeting this
weekend.
(à¢Á’i-ûËØËç Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’†v°∂çú˛q
Åçü¿®Ω’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. Ñ ¢√®√ç-û√-EéÀ
éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË à®√pô’ îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç)
Syam: OK.
´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’: So èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n©’:
So = 1) Åçü¿’-´©x/ 鬕öÀd 2) Åçûª (American
usage)
É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç, so = Åçûª ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Ö†o
Ö°æßÁ÷í¬©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
(Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, so, such (Å™«çöÀ) ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊
ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç)
a) I can't go out now, It is so hot =
ØËE-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-™‰†’, Åçûª áçúøí¬ ÖçC =
ØËE-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-™‰-†çûª áçúøí¬ ÖçC.
It is so hot now that I can't go out.
b) Ç é¬®Ω’ ≤ƒ´÷-†’u©’
é̆-™‰®Ω’. Åçûª êK-üÁjç-
ü¿C =
Ordinary people
can't buy the car; It's
so expensive =
≤ƒ´÷-†’u©’ é̆-™‰-†çûª M. SURESAN
êK-üÁj† 鬮ΩC =
The car is so expensive that ordinary peo-
ple can't buy it.
c) It is a long way off; the girl can't walk the
distance =
ÅC î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç. Ç Å´÷t®· Ç ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´-
™‰ü¿’.
Ç Å´÷t®· †úø-´-™‰ü¿’; Åçûª-ü¿÷®Ωç ÅC.
= The girl can't walk the distance; it's such
a long way off/ so distant.
= It is such a long way off that the girl can-
not walk.
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. so †’ Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å®·ûË
'so' É™« ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’, sentence ™E ´÷ô-©
èπÿ®Ω’p í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
1) The box is so heavy that I cannot carry it.
(Ç Â°õ„d ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤)
2) He is walking so slowly that he cannot
catch the train.
(wõ„jØ˛ Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª Eü∆-†çí¬ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’)
´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p îª÷úøçúÕ:
... so + adjective (heavy - 1) + that + ... (not) etc.
adverb (slowly - 2)
Éçé¬-îª÷-úøçúÕ.
3) He is so lazy that he cannot finish the work
on time.
(Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ °æE-°æ‹-Jh-îË-ߪ’-†çûª ≤Ú´’J Åûª†’)
4) He talks so fast that I can't understand him
؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√-úø-ûª†’.
Now look at the following sentences from
the conversation at the beginning of the
lesson.
1) The traffic was so heavy that I took an hour
to travel one kilometer.
vö«°∂œé˙ áçûª ®ΩDlí¬ Öçü¿çõ‰, äéπ éÀ™-O’-ô®˝
v°æߪ÷ùç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ äéπ í∫çô °æöÀdçC.
´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´÷ö«xúË ûÁ©’-í∫’™– äéπ éÀ™-O’-ô®˝
v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ äéπ í∫çô °æöÀdçC; vö«°∂œé˙ Åçûª
®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC.
2) You are so late that all the people have left=
Éûª-®Ω’-©çû√ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’çûªí¬ Ç©Ææu-´’-ߪ÷u-´¤ †’´¤y.
3) I couldn't make out any thing.
The whole road was so noisy = adverb, Ç ûª®√yûª that ûª°æpéπ ®√¢√L.
Ø√Íéç Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’ (NE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’).Road Åçû√ -
Åç-ûª íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC.
4) They had to wait so long that I served them
coffee twice =
È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x coffee ÉîËaç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢√∞¡Ÿx áü¿’-®Ω’-
îª÷-¨»®Ω’. (F ®√éπ Åçûª Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·ç-ü¿E ¶µ«´ç)
5) Why was the traffic so heavy?=
Traffic
Åçûª ®ΩDlí¬ áçü¿’-èπ◊çC?
6) ... it was so long that it took nearly 20 min-
utes to clear the road.
Ç ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ áçûª §Òúø-´çõ‰, ÅC ®Óú˛ ü∆ô--ú≈-EéÀ
20 EN’-≥ƒ©’ °æöÀdçC. (Ç ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ ®Óú˛ ü∆ô-ú≈-
EéÀ 20 EN’-≥ƒ©’ °æöÀdçC. Åçûª §Òúø-´C.)
7) It was so noisy that you couldn't hear any-
thing
´’†èπ◊ (Ééπ\úø, you Åçõ‰ F´¤/ O’®Ω’ ÅE
´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬ü¿’; you – Åçõ‰ 'á´-È®jØ√— ÅØË
Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-û√-®ΩØË N≠æߪ’ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.)
EXERCISE
(Practise the following aloud in English;
use only so ... that structure.)
Ramana: ´’†ç É¢√y∞¡ •ßª’öÀÈé∞¡x™‰ç. Åçûª
¢√†í¬ ÖçC.
Sumana: ´’J shopping îËߪ÷L éπü∆?
Ramana: Í®°æ¤ îËü∆l癉.
Sumana: Ñ®ÓV éÌØ√-Lq†N î√™« ÖØ√o®·. ÅN
Åçûª ´·êu-¢Á’i-†N.
Ramana: Å´¤†’ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. Í®°æ-öÀ-ü∆é¬ Ç°æ-™‰-†çûª
Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†N éπü∆?
Sumana: Å®·ûË ´’†ç °æ‹Jhí¬ ûªúÕ-Æ œ-§Ú-ßË’çûª
¢√†í¬ ÖçC. ´’Í®ç îËü∆lç?
Ramana: ã í∫çö«T •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωü∆ç.
Sumana: Å°æp-öÀéÀ shops ÅFo ´‚ÊÆ-≤ƒh®Ω’.
Ramana: Auto ™ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç.
2
ÉD so... that Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Ééπ\úø ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-î√-
Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: so ûª®√yûª adjective/ adverb, ü∆E
ûª®√yûª that ®√´ôç.
a) She hates him so much that (so + much
(adverb) + that) she doesn't want to talk to
him
Åûª-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç É≠ædç-™‰-ü∆-¢Á’èπ◊. Åçûªí¬
ÅûªúÕE üËy≠œ-≤ÚhçC.
b) He is so tall that he can touch the ceiling
fan =
ceiling fan
†’ û√éπ-í∫-©çûª §Òúø´¤ Åûªúø’.
(so + tall (adj) + that)
鬕öÀd 'so' É™« ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E ûª®√yûª adjective/
(Å®·ûË present day (É°æpöÀ) American usage
™, so ûª®√yûª that ´C-™‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
He is so tall he can touch the fan.
É™« ņôç American usage ™ ûª®Ω’îª÷
NE°œÆæ’hçô’çC.)
O’éÀ-°æp-öÀéÀ Å®Ωn-´’ßË’u Öçô’çC- so ... that éÀ,
´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o too ...
infinitive éÀ î√™« ü¿í∫_®Ω Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçü¿E.
The car is so expensive that ordinary peo-
ple can't buy it = The car is too expensive
for ordinary people to buy it. =
È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ éπü∆. Å®·ûË too ... +
infinitive sentence simple
Å®·ûË, í¬ ÖçúÕ
conversation effective
í¬ Öçô’çC.
Too ... infinitive ¢√úø-í∫-L-TûË, ÅüË so that ...
éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.
Compare:
a) It's too heavy for me to carry.
b) It is so heavy that I cannot carry it.
îª÷úøçúÕ: so ... that Ö†o sentence (b) ¶«í¬
§Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC. éÌçûª ÆæçéÀx-≠dçæ í¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC éπü∆.
c) It is too difficult for me to understand
d) It is so difficult that I can't understand it.
c) éπçõ‰ (d) complicated í¬ ÖçC éπü∆?
so ... that practice îËߪ’çúÕ, é¬F too ... infinitive
áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøçúÕ.
ANSWER
Ramana: The rain is so heavy/ It's raining so
heavily that we can't go out.
Sumana: But we've to do shopping.
Ramana: Let's do it tomorrow.
Sumana: Some of the things are so important
that we have to buy them today.
Ramana: Yes, I remember. Some of the
things are so important that they
have to be bought/ we have buy
them today.
Sumana: The rain is so heavy that we will be
drenched. What shall we do?
Ramana: Let's start after an hour.
Sumana: By then the shops will all have
closed.
Ramana: We'll take an auto.