Y8143283

2
Woiu Count: 2974

"#$%$&'(() *+'(,'%* %-* &./&*0% .1 2*&.(.3$&'( &$%$4*/5-$067 855*55
$%5 5$3/$1$&'/&* '5 ' 5%#'%*3) %. '&-$*+* ' 5,5%'$/'9(* 5.&$*%)7




!"#$%&'$

Ecological citizenship piesents a set of innovative piinciples that may help us to
achieve a moie sustainable society. Thus, in this papei I will exploie such
potential by fiist piesenting the natuie anu main chaiacteiistics that shape this
concept to then uiscuss the oppoitunities that these citizens have to change oui
cuiient socio-economic system as well as the obstacles that they face. Bowevei,
uespite the uifficulties, I will explain why this concept has inueeu a ieal potential
as an stiategy to fight foi a bettei futuie.


)*$%+,-'$.+*
When in Becembei 1968, William Anueis took the pictuie known as "Eaithiise"
fiom the Apollo 8, foi the fiist time the whole humanity coulu peifectly see the
finituue of the Eaith anu unueistanu that oui planet has its limits anu we have to
live accoiuing to what it can offei us (Szeiszynski, 2uu6). Thus, uuiing the last
uecaues, numeious scholais began to iethink the ielationship between the man
anu the enviionment tiying to figuie out the solution that coulu best suit the
inteiests of both paits (}ageis, Naitinsson & Natti, 2u11), anu ecological
citizenship is one of these solutions that may help us achieve a moie sustainable
society.
Y8143283
S
The unsustainable way of living of a few millions of people has touay a
tiemenuous negative impact on the iest of the Eaith's population. Pollution, an
aggiessive maiket economy, compulsive consumeiism. many factois have
contiibuteu to ieach this ciucial point. Bowevei, uespite of being the main
ieason foi this panoiama, globalisation has also helpeu to blui inteinational
boiueis so that the concept of citizenship can leave its once puie national
chaiactei to become a woiluwiue status. Linkeu to the enviionment, ecological
citizenship piesents an attiactive alteinative to climate change anu all the
consequences it biings along, anu so this iuea has been gaining influence in the
'uecision anu policymaking uiscouises of state, coipoiatebusiness anu civil
societynongoveinmental oiganizations' (Baiiy, 2uu6: 21).
In this papei I will analyse the potential of ecological citizenship to achieve a
moie sustainable society. Foi that puipose, I will begin by, fiom a moie
theoietical peispective, uefining this concept anu piesenting its main
chaiacteiistics to latei uiscuss its piactical potential anu obstacles on its path.
Finally, I will finish this papei by concluuing that uespite the uifficulties it still
faces, ecological citizenship is a viable theoiy anu shoulu be taken into
consiueiation to achieve a moie sustainable society in a neai futuie.

/&$-%0 +1 2'+3+4.'&3 5.$.60*#7.8
Bue to the bioau set of iueas that this concept iepiesents it is not an easy task to
pioviue a unanimous uefinition anu seveial peiceptions must be taken into
consiueiation. In a geneial way, one coulu say that ecological citizenship is a
'peisonal commitment to leaining moie about the enviionment anu to take a
iesponsible enviionmental action' (Nacuiegoi & Szeiszynski, 2uuS, in Bell,
Y8143283
4
2uuS: 181). Thus, when we biing it to the inteinational panoiama we can
analyse it as 'an attempt to make enviionmental conseivation anu sustainability
an impoitant uuty of citizenship that citizens all ovei the woilu shoulu be awaie
of' (0NEP, 2uu2, in Bell, 2uuS: 18u). As we can see, this ecological citizenship
piesents many uiffeient explanations anu points of views, but foi the puipose of
this papei, I woulu exploie fiist the geneial concept to latei analyse the uiffeient
set of viitues that compose this iueal.
Fiist of all, we shoulu coiiectly uistinguish between ecological anu
enviionmental citizenship since they piesent uiffeient chaiacteiistics.
Enviionmentalism uefenus that the cuiient enviionmental pioblems can be
solveu without having to altei oui way of living in teims of piouuction anu
consumption. Insteau, ecologism uefenus that futuie sustainability ielies on a
iauical change of oui attituue anu behavioui towaius the enviionment, what
obliges us to change oui cuiient social anu political life (Bobson, 2uu7a). Thus,
we must beai in minu that ecological citizenship motivates a piioii effoits, that
is, actions must be taken befoie enviionmental uamage is uone. It is not simply
about helping to clean a coast aftei the sinking of an oil tankei, it uefenus the use
of moie sustainable eneigies; it is not just about piotesting against a factoiy
levels of pollution, it ueals with leaining to change oui consumption patteins.
Ecological citizenship piesents a wiuei ethical peiception of oui ielationship
with natuie anu the uiffeience between oui behavioui anu oui attituue towaius
it. Bowevei, to fully unueistanu the basic piinciples that takes the iuea of
ecological citizenship towaius a moie piactical level we must fiist auuiess its
coie values. As mentioneu above, this iuea takes place in a globaliseu woilu,
Y8143283
S
taking the tiauitional concept of citizenship not only to an enviionmental
peispective but also to a global level, chaiacteiising it then as a "cosmopolitan
citizenship" (valencia, 2uuS). Thus, we finu uiffeient piinciples that, uespite
piesenting the same base as those composing tiauitional citizenship, piomote a
uiffeient peispective about the iights-obligations appioach.
Fiisly, we have to unueistanu the non-contiactual natuie of ecological
citizenship. uiven that the ielationship shifts fiom the inuiviuualstate to the
inuiviuualenviionment fiame, we natuially must unueistanu that theie cannot
be a two-pait contiact between people anu non-human things (}ageis,
Naitinsson & Natti, 2u11). Thus, ecological citizenship is shapeu aiounu a coie
set of iesponsibilities that inuiviuuals have towaius the enviionment anu some
iights that states must pioviue to theii citizens so that they aie fully able to
peifoim anu iespect those iesponsibilities (Caitei & Buby, 2uuS).
In light of this, we can then continue with the main piinciples that uistinguish the
tiauitional natuie of citizenship anu that of ecological citizenship. Fiistly,
citizenship is tiauitionally encompasseu within the constitutional fiamewoik of
a given countiy anu once the citizen abanuons the national boiueis, his
iightsobligations change oi completely uisappeai. Bowevei, ecological
citizenship piesents a non-teiiitoiial natuie. 'Fiom being confineu within a
nation-state, citizenship is now thought of as being global oi univeisal in
chaiactei' (}ageis, Naitinsson & Natti, 2u11: 7). Noieovei, this expansion uoes
not only entail a puie teiiitoiial uimension but also a time-spatial peispective,
wheie citizenship peisists acioss geneiations.
Y8143283
6
Seconuly, anothei key piinciple of ecological citizenship is seen in its complete
iuptuie fiom the public-piivate uivision that libeial citizenship has always
caiefully piotecteu. Theie has always been a quite cleai uistinction between the
obligations that a citizen has in the public spheie anu those he has in the piivacy
of theii homes. Bowevei, similaily to feministic political theoiy, ecological
citizenship bieaks up this wall by joining all public piivate iights anu
obligations togethei, since 'piivate acts can have public consequences, which is
especially tiue of many types of piivate enviionmental behavioui' (}ageis, 2uu9:
2u).
Finally, anothei coineistone of ecological citizenship is the concept of social
justice. Bue to the numeious iesponsibilities that must be taken anu the few
iights obtaineu in exchange, a citizen must have a motivation, an ethical path to
follow. Social justice is the sense of acknowleuging that youi actions have an
impact on othei people aiounu the woilu anu the only way to let them enjoy a
iespectable life is by unueistanuing that iesouices aie unequally uistiibuteu
(}ageis, Naitinsson & Natti, 2u11). Noieovei, this fact is linkeu to anothei
impoitant concept, the ecological footpiint, which Bobson (2uuS) uefines as that
situation wheie some citizens anu communities make use of an excesive amount
of iesouices anu occupy unsustainable amounts of natuial space while otheis
enjoy much less than theii faii shaie. Thus, the iuea of social justice can cieate a
woiluwiue acknowleugement of this paiticulai situation, piomoting iemeuial
iesponsibilities to mouify oui habits so that we begin to ieuuce oui iesouices
consumption until ieaching a sustainable level which woulu let all human beings
in this Eaith live a comfoitable life in accoiuance to what the enviionment can
offei us (Nillei, 2uu4).
Y8143283
7
Bence, now that I have piesenteu the coie piinciples that shape the iuea of
ecological citizenship, I will uiscuss whethei this theoiy can have a positive
impact on oui cuiient woilu anu whethei these piinciples coulu let us take the
iight path towaius an actual sustainable society.

970 8+$0*$.&3 +1 2'+3+4.'&3 5.$.60*#7.8
Without any uoubt, globalisation has alteieu the lives of most people on this
planet anu so the enviionment itself. Bowevei, we can finu two complete
opposite consequences of globalisation. 0n the one hanu, the aggiessive maiket
economy anu fiee tiaue, leauing to massive consumeiism has piovokeu an evei
incieasing level of pollution anu the scaicity of natuial iesouices, iesulting in a
quite negative impact on the enviionment (uiay, 2uuS). 0n top of that, facts such
as the lose of powei of inuiviuual states, oveipopulation oi the conflicts foi
iesouices have cieateu the iuea that this globaliseu woilu in ungoveinable anu
thus it cannot ueal with global enviionmental pioblems (valencia, 2uuS).
Bowevei, on the othei hanu, globalisation has also pioviueu a new social anu
political context that can help the iising of enviionmental fiienuly iueas such as
ecological citizenship. Touay we aie expeiiencing a "liquiu moueinity" (Bauman,
2uuu), in othei woius, an acceleiateu inteichange of iueas, people anu
infoimation aiounu the woilu which is alteiing the tiauitional national-baseu
oiuei anu is helping to spieau innovation acioss the planet. Bence, this new
panoiama is giving the oppoitunity foi people to tiuly become global citizens
anu piomote the necessaiy iueas to achieve a sustainable society thiough the
now possible coopeiation of millions of people (valencia, 2uuS). 0ne of those
Y8143283
8
iueas is the concept of ecological citizenship anu now I will exploie how it can be
put into piactice.
Fiom a socio-economic peispective, ecological citizenship anu the impoitance of
an ethical attituue towaius the enviionment is alieauy having an noticeable
impact on many fiims anu public bouies influencing theii piactices (Baiiy,
2uu6). Inuiviuual ethical investment has also been attiacting 'acauemic inteiest
fiom economics, accountancy anu business anu management stuuies' (Caitei &
Buby, 2uuS: 2S6), playing an impoitant iole uue to the ethical conceins of this
kinu of investois, placing the piotection of the planet above economic peisonal
piofit. Bowevei, this business mouel uoes not have many followeis among the
woilu tiaue system, wheie piofit usually oveiiiues any enviionmental concein
(Smith, 2uuS). Ecological citizenship must go beyonu the maiket system, since
any engagement in it basically legitimates capitalism, the sake of capital
accumulation, piouuction piofit. Theiefoie, the most effective way to attack
capitalism fiom an enviionmental peispective is to mouify the patteins of
consumption that consoliuate the maiket economy (Caitei anu Buby, 2uuS).
Bowevei, the stiategy uoes not iely on not consuming. Consumption can actually
be an effective tool foi political iesistance anu an aiena of activism if we mouify
oui patteins towaius a moie sustainable consumption (Seyfang, 2uuS). This
vaiiety of consumption piesents a 'continuous economic anu social piogiess that
iespects the limits of the Eaith's ecosystem, anu meets the neeus anu aspiiations
of eveiyone foi a bettei quality of life, now anu foi futuie geneiations to come'
(BEFRA, 2uuS: 1u). Thus, accoiuing to this uefinition, we can see that fiom a
sustainable peispective, consumption can inueeu be an effective stiategy foi
ecological citizens to succeeu. Among othei factois, we can auvocate foi gieenei
Y8143283
9
piouucts, localiseu foou supply maikets cutting so "foou miles" oi take up again
with tiauitional faiming anu iestoie the foimei lanu management.
Yet, uespite the open possibilities, the ecological citizen still finus uiffeient
obstacles in this globaliseu society. As Seyfang (2uu6) affiims, because of the
subsiuies that intensive agiicultuie ieceives, oiganic foou piices aie still quite
highei than conventional foou. The economic behavioui of consumeis is still
quite embeuueu within the community, making inuiviuual actions still not
ielevant enough. Finally, in that same line, the tiauitional global business
netwoik is too poweiful to be tackleu uown by inuiviuuals anu it can only be
confionteu by a global netwoik of sustainable consumeis.
We can then iealise that uespite having a wiue iange of options to fight the
system, inuiviuual's powei is still too weak. Bence, fiom a socio-political
peispective, anothei impoitant obstacle has to be oveicome anu it involves
changing the political system that piotects capitalism into a moie uelibeiative
uemociacy wheie inuiviuuals can actually have a say anu be able to spieau the
piinciples of ecological citizenship. Citizens will have to 'challenge uominant
state anu economic actois, piocesses anu institutions, since without such
iesistance anu piessuie, it is unlikely that anything appioximating a sustainable
uevelopment path will be iealizeu' (Baiiy, 2uu6: SS). Theiefoie, is it a question
of changing the whole system oi iestiuctuiing the piinciples of uemociacy.
Accoiuing to }ageis (2uu9), some scholais affiim that libeial uemociacies aie too
weak anu so, aie pait of the enviionmental pioblems we aie suffeiing. 0theis
auvocate foi some soit of eco-authoiitaiian iegimes. Bowevei, the best solution
seems to iely on a moie uemociatic iegime such as uelibeiative uemociacy,
wheie ecological citizenship coulu then be taken as a solution to the unuei-
Y8143283
1u
iepiesentation of citizenship in teims of enviionmental conceins (Chiistoff,
1996). Thus, this iestiuctuiing coulu take place thiough two uiffeient channels.
0n the one hanu, the moie locally uecision aie taken the moie accuiate iesults
can be obtaineu. Accoiuing to Kiikpatiick Sale's concept of 'bioiegionalism',
when you piopeily know the iegion you live in anu when you become familiai
with the local enviionmental pioblems you can know 'wheie it is healthy anu
wheie it is stiaineu' (Sale, 198S: 16S), making youi actions uefinitely moie
effective. 0n the othei hanu, besiues this call foi a gieatei local involvement,
anothei stiategy to positively mouify the cuiient political system woulu be with
a wiuei iange of iights that coulu help ecological citizenship be piopeily
iepiesenteu anu have a gieatei say at the national level.
It was alieauy mentioneu befoie that when it comes to piesent the natuie of
ecological citizenship, uue to the impossibility of having a tiauitional contiactual
ielationship between man anu natuie, obligations aie moie numeious than
iights. Bowevei, that uoes not mean these ecological citizens uo not have iights.
Since natuie cannot pioviue them it is unueistoou that it must be the state the
one that has to guaiantee such iights thiough the appiopiiate legal mechanisms.
Bence, in oiuei to mouify the cuiient system, ecological citizens must auvocate
foi an extension of those iights anu the iefoim of those mechanisms. As Bell
(2uuS) suggests, besiues the piopei substantive iights that citizens enjoy in a
libeial uemociacy, citizens must auvocate foi theii pioceuuial iights, that is, the
iight to uefenu theii substantive iights. Foi example, if we aie entitleu the iight
to bieathe goou quality aii, we must also be entitleu the iight to piotest anu be
compensateu when that it is not the case. Seconuly, when theie is not a ceitain
existing iight, citizens must have the powei to campaign foi it anu paiticipate in
Y8143283
11
the uecision anu policy-making leauing to any enviionmental law. Foi instance,
the involvement with uieen political paities coulu uefinitely help to this puipose.
Finally, citizens must have the iight to piomote all soits of enviionmental
piactices anu institutions within the alieauy establisheu system, being able then
to influence local, national anu inteinational oiganisations.
Aftei this analysis, we can see that ecological citizenship piesents a wiue iange
of oppoitunities towaius the achievement of a sustainable society. The question
now is whethei uespite being able to offei such incentives, uoes this theoiy
attiact many followeis. Touay, uue to the numeious events that aie taking place,
such as the financial ciisis, the evei incieasing level of immigiation oi the
coiiuption anu excessive powei of the political elites, the majoiity of citizens in
Westein societies aie staiting to feel alienateu fiom politics anu the public
spheie, mainly focusing on the piivate natuie of theii citizenship (Baiiy, 2uu6).
Bence, all the stiategies mentioneu uuiing the papei seem unlikely to be
followeu unless theie is a change of attituue. Buiing the past uecaues,
enviionmental measuies weie taken unuei an incentive-baseu appioach, that is,
having to pay foi plastic bags, having to pay a fee to use youi cais in ceitain paits
of the city oi uuiing ceitain uays of the week. Bowevei, it has been aigueu that
these incentives uo not piesent a long-teim commitment fiom the citizens, since
it is baseu on fiscal iathei than on moial incentives (}ageis, Naitinsson & Natti,
2u11). As Caitei (2uu7: 6S) says, we neeu to tiansfoim 'the beliefs, attituues anu
behavioui of inuiviuuals'. Foi that puipose, we neeu to change the way we
euucate the new geneiations. We neeu to oveicome the anthiopocentiic natuie
of mouein euucation anu switch it to a moie ecocentiic peispective, letting the
new geneiations leain the extieme impoitance of piotecting the enviionment
Y8143283
12
(Bailwoou, 2uuS). Thus, by mouifying oui attituue anu euucation we coulu
oveicome the thiee possibilities that piovoke ecological vices: 'knowing but not
caiing, sometimes caiing but not knowing, anu sometimes neithei caiing noi
knowing' (Connelly, 2uu6: S4).

5+*'3-#.+*
Aftei having analyseu the natuie anu potential of ecological citizenship we can
concluue that uespite being still unuei constiuction, this theoiy can eventually
pioviue the basis foi a sustainable society. Bowevei, this success will uepenu on
ceitain aspects. We must iealize that in oiuei to fight the cuiient system, eithei
by economic oi political means, we must be heaiu anu taken into consiueiation.
Thus, accoiuing to the piinciple of piima facie political equality, we must
auvocate fiist foi uistiibutive justice, meaning that eveiyone shoulu have the
same oppoitunities anu iesouices to uecently live, anu then foi paiticipative
justice, meaning that we all shoulu have an equal chance to paiticipate in the
uecision-making (Szeiszynski, 2uu6). If we achieve that goal, then the most
impoitant factoi will be the attituue we have towaius the enviionment. A change
of behavioui that may leau to a change in attituue is much less likely to happen
that in the opposite way (Bobson, 2uu7b). By not buying plastic bags oi uiiving
oui cais in ceitain uays, the state 'helps' us to change oui behavioui but that
change is puiely baseu on fiscal incentives. We must mouify that aspect anu tuin
it aiounu so we leain to change oui attituues anu, in that way, we woulu not only
vaiy oui behavioui but also take the initiative to influence legislation anu puisuit
effective actions towaius the piotection of oui planet. Bespite all the obstacles
that may have to face, ecological citizenship uoes iepiesent an impoitant
Y8143283
1S
stiategy towaius a sustainable society. We must just leain to uo the iight actions
that will leau us to that futuie we want foi us anu the next geneiations to come.




:."3.+4%&87;

Baiiy, }. (2uu6). Resistance is feitile: Fiom enviionmental to sustainable
citizenship. In A. Bobson anu B. Bell, (Eus). 2*<.%+*=0*$&3 5.$.60*#7.8.
Cambiiuge, Nass.; Lonuon: The NIT Piess.

Bauman, Z. (2uuu). >.?-., @+,0%*.$;. Cambiiuge: Polity Piess.
Bell, B. (2uuS). Libeial Enviionmental Citizenship. 2*<.%+*=0*$&3 A+3.$.'#, 14:2,
179-194. |0nlinej. Available at:
http:ux.uoi.oig1u.1u8uu9644u1uSuuuS486S |Accesseu 1S Naich 2u14j.
Caitei, N. anu Buby, N. (2uuS). Ecological Citizenship anu Ethical Investment.
2*<.%+*=0*$&3 A+3.$.'#, 14:2, pp. 2SS-272. |0nlinej. Available at:
http:ux.uoi.oig1u.1u8uu9644u1uSuuuSS1S9 |Accesseu 1S Naich 2u14j.
Caitei, N. (2uu7). 970 8+3.$.'# +1 $70 0*<.%+*=0*$B ),0&#C &'$.<.#=C 8+3.';. 2nu eun.
Cambiiuge: Cambiiuge 0niveisity Piess.
Connelly, }. (2uu6). The viitues of enviionmental citizenship. In A. Bobson anu B.
Bell (Eus). 2*<.%+*=0*$&3 5.$.60*#7.8. Cambiiuge, Nass.; Lonuon: The NIT Piess.

Chiistoff, P. (1996). Ecological citizens anu ecologically guiueu uemociacy. In B.
Boheity anu N. Be ueus (Eus). D0=+'%&'; &*, E%00* A+3.$.'&3 97+-47$B
F-#$&.*&".3.$;C G.47$# &*, 5.$.60*#7.8. Lonuon: Routleuge.
BEFRA (Bepaitment foi Enviionment, Foou anu Ruial Affaiis) (2uuS). 57&*4.*4
A&$$0%*#B HI E+<0%*=0*$ J%&=0K+%L 1+% F-#$&.*&"30 5+*#-=8$.+* &*,
A%+,-'$.+*. Lonuon: BEFRA.
Bobson, A. (2uuS). 5.$.60*#7.8 &*, $70 2*<.%+*=0*$. 0xfoiu: 0xfoiu 0niveisity
Piess.
Bobson, A. (2uu7a). E%00* 8+3.$.'&3 $7+-47$. Abinguon: Routleuge.
Bobson, A. (2uu7b). Enviionmental Citizenship: Towaius Sustainable
Bevelopment. F-#$&.*&"30 D0<03+8=0*$, 1S, pp. 276-28S. |0nlinej. Available at:
http:onlinelibiaiy.wiley.comuoi1u.1uu2su.S44abstiact |Accesseu 29
Naich 2u14j.
uiay, }. (2uuS). Los veiuaueios limites ue la globalizacion. In A. uueiia anu }. F.
Tezanos (Eus). !3$0%*&$.<&# 8&%& 03 #.43+ MM). Nauiiu: Sistema.
Y8143283
14
Bailwoou, S. (2uuS) Enviionmental Citizenship as Reasonable Citizenship.
2*<.%+*=0*$&3 A+3.$.'#, 14:2, pp. 19S-21u. |0nlinej. Available at:
http:ux.uoi.oig1u.1u8uu9644u1uSuuuS4921 |Accesseu 1S Naich 2u14j.
}ageis, S. (2uu9) In seaich of the ecological citizen. 2*<.%+*=0*$&3 A+3.$.'#, 18:1,
pp. 18-S6. |0nlinej. Available at:
http:www.tanufonline.comuoipuf1u.1u8uu9644u1u8u26247S1
|Accesseu 2u Naich 2u14j.
}ageis, S., Naitinsson, }. anu Natti, S. (2u11). Ecological citizenship: a uiivei of
pio-enviionmental behavioui. FK0,.#7 A+3.$.'&3 F'.0*'0 !##+'.&$.+*.
Nillei, B. (2uu4). Boluing nations iesponsible. 2$7.'#, 114, pp. 24u-268.
Sale, K. (198S). DK0330%# .* $70 >&*,B 970 :.+%04.+*&3 N.#.+*. San Fiancisco: Sieiia
Book Club.
Seyfang, u. (2uuS). Shopping foi Sustainability: Can Sustainable Consumption
Piomote Ecological Citizenship.. 2*<.%+*=0*$&3 A+3.$.'#, 14:2, pp. 29u-Su6.
|0nlinej. Available at: http:ux.uoi.oig1u.1u8uu9644u1uSuuuSS2u9
|Accesseu 1S Naich 2u14j.
Seyfang, u. (2uu6). Ecological citizenship anu sustainable consumption:
examining local oiganic foou netwoiks. O+-%*&3 +1 G-%&3 F$-,.0#, 22, pp. S8S-S9S.

Smith, u. (2uuS). uieen Citizenship anu the Social Economy. 2*<.%+*=0*$&3
A+3.$.'#, 14:2, pp. 27S-289. |0nlinej. Available at:
http:ux.uoi.oig1u.1u8uu9644u1uSuuuSS17S |Accesseu 1S Naich 2u14j.
Szeiszynski, B. (2uu6). Local lanuscapes anu global belonging: Towaiu a situateu
citizenship of the enviionment. In A. Bobson anu B. Bell (Eus). 2*<.%+*=0*$&3
5.$.60*#7.8. Cambiiuge, Nass.; Lonuon: The NIT Piess.

valencia, A. S. (2uuS) ulobalisation, Cosmopolitanism anu Ecological Citizenship.
2*<.%+*=0*$&3 A+3.$.'#, 14:2, pp. 16S-178. |0nlinej. Available at:
http:ux.uoi.oig1u.1u8uu9644u1uSuuuS4848 |Accesseu 1S Naich 2u14j.