Ch1Cac Dinh Luat Mach Dien

IN T C BN
Ch1. C bn v mch in
1
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Mch in cn bn
Kho K (cng tc)
E + I n I = V/R
I I I R
dy dn
Kho K h: n tt ( Mch h, I = 0)
Kho K ng: n sng ( Mch kn, I khc khng)
2
I. Nhng phn t mch in
S mch in c bn:
Day dn
K
B phn tieu th co th khong co
in do ngun cung cp
Ngun cp
inDC Ti
Ch th
(chn)
3
II. Cac nh lut mch in
1. nh lut Ohm V
AB
+ -
A B
I
Khi co dong ien I chay qua vat dan co dien tr R th ta co hieu
ien the gia A va B cho bi:
V
AB
= RI I = V
AB
/R R = V
AB
/I
Th d 1: Cho I = 2 A, R = 10 V
AB
= 10 (2 A) = 20 V
2. nh luat Joule
Khi co dong ien I chay qua vat dan co ien tr R th cong
suat tieu tan nhiet cua R c cho bi:
P = I
2
R = VI = V
2
/R ( W)
Th du: Cho I = 3 A, R = 2 P = 2(3
2
) = 18 W
O
R
O
O
4
2. nh lut Kirchhoff
1). nh luat Kirchhooff ve dong ien (KCL)
Dong ien tong cong i
1
I
2
tai mot nut ( nutj) la
bang khong (zero)
I
3
j I
4
H. 2
vi qui c:
- Dong ien i vao nut co dau -
- Dong ien di ra khoi nut mang dau +
Th du tren h.2 cho:
- I
1
+ I
2
+I
3
I
4
= 0 hay I
1
+ I
4
= I
2
+ I
3
Tong quat: Tong so dong ien i vao = tong so dong ien i ra khoi nut.
1
0
n
j
j
i
=
=
5
b). nh luat Kirchhoff ve ien the (KVL)
Tong cong ien the cua mot vong mach ien la bang khong:
vi qui c: khi ta chon chieu dong ien bat ky,
- ien the co dau khi dong ien i vao cc cua nguon ien,
- Khi giai xong, neu I > 0 chieu dong ien c chon la ung
neu I < 0 chieu dong ien chon sai, phai oi chieu ngc lai.
Th du1: Phng phap vong
Cho mach ien theo h.3:
Chon chieu dong ien theo H.3, cho:
-V+V1+V2+V3 =0
-V + R
1
I + R
2
I+ R
3
I =0
Suy ra:
Vay chieu dong ien c chon la ung.
Ta co the viet:
V = V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
Hoac theo phat bieu sau: ien the cua mach chnh bang tong ien the
cua cac nhanh phu mac noi tiep tao thanh mach chnh o.
1
0 ,
n
k
k
V
=
=
R1
1
R2
2
R3
3
+
V
12V
I
( )
1 3 4
12 12
2 0
1 2 3 6
V V
I A
R R R
= = = = >
+ + + + O
6
Th du 2: Tnh dong ien qua ien tr tai R
L
theo mach H.4 :
Giai:
Ta chon chieu dong I1, I2
chay trong vong th 1 va
vong th 2 nh H.4.
Ap dung nh luat Kirchhoff
cho:
Thay tr so cac ien tr vao c:
(4) ( 1+2+4) K (I
2
)= 1k (I
1
) 7 I
2
= 1 I
1
(5)
(3) V = (1 + 1 k ) I
1
1k (I
2)
12V = 2k (7I
2
) 1k (I
2
)= 13k (I
2)
Ket qua:
I
2
= 12 V/ 13 k =0,923 mA
suy ra I
1
= 7I
2
= 7(0,923mA)=6,461mA
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2 1 2
2 2 1 3 2 2
1 2 1 2 2
2 3 2 1 1
0 (1)
0 (2)
(1) (3)
(2) (4)
L
L
V R I R I I
R I I R I R I
V R R I R I
R R R I R I
+ + =
+ + =
= +
+ + =
D
C
B
A
R1
1k
R3
2k
R2
1k
RL
4
+
V
12V
I1
dong dien
I2
I1
I2
I2
O O
O O O O O
O
7
Gii bng phng php Cramer
Sp xp cc pt (3) v (4) li dng sau:
Tnh c I
2
8
( )
( )
1 2 1 2 2
1 1 2 3 2
(3')
0 (4')
L
R R I R I V
R I R R R I
+ =
+ + + =
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1
2
1 2 2
1 2 3 4
1
1 2 2 3 4 1 2
0
R R V
R
I
R R R
R R R R
R V
R R R R R R R
+
= =
+
+ +
=
+ + +
Thay tr s vo, tnh c:
Tng t vi I
1
:
9
( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
1
2
1 2 2 3 4 1 2
1 1 2
1 1 1 2 4 1 1
1 2 1 2
0 , 9 2 3
1 4 1 1 3
R V
I
R R R R R R R
V
m A
k
=
+ + +
=
+ + +
= = =
O
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
2
1
1 2 2
1 2 3 4
2 3 4
1 2 2 3 4 1 2
0
2 3 4
7 12
6, 461
13
R V
R R R
I
R R R
R R R R
R R R V V
mA
R R R R R R R k
+ +
= =
+
+ +
+ +
= = =
+ + + O
Phng php Phn gii nt .
p dng phng php KVL, KCL
1. Chn nt tham chiu ( mass, t) o in th t
.
2. Gn tn in th ca cc nt cn li so vi t. l
nhng n s u tin.
3. Vit KCL cho tt c nhng nt t, thay th lut linh
kin v KVL.
4. Gii cc in th nt.
5. Tr li gii cc in th v dng in nhnh ( ngha
l cc n s th cp)
10
Th du: phng phap nut
Cho mach:
Ap dung nh luat
Kirchoff ve dong
-Nut 1 cho:
- Nut 2:
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 1 1 2
1 2 3
0
0
0 (1)
I I I
I I I
V e e e e
R R R
+ + =
=
=
+
-
4
I
+
-
e1
V
R1
1
R2
2
R3
R4
e2
I1 I3
I2
-
I4
+
3 4
1 2 2
3 4
0
0 (2)
I I I
e e e
I
R R
+ =
+ =
( )
( )
2
1
1 1 2 3 3
1
2
3 3 4
1 1 1
1 (3)
1 1
2 (4)
V e
e
R R R R R
e
I e
R R R
| |
= + +
|
\ .
| |
= + +
|
\ .
11
Hay vit li:
Gii bng phng php thay th cho:
(6) cho: (7)
Thay(7) vo li (5) c:
( )
( )
1 1 1 2 3 2 3
1 3 2 3 4
(5)
(6)
GV e G G G e G
I e G e G G
= + +
= + +
( )
1 3
2
3 4
I e G
e
G G
+
=
+
( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( )
1 3
1 1 1 2 3 3
3 4
1 3 4 1 1 2 3 3 4 3 1 3
1 3 4 3 8
1
2
1 2 3 3 4 3
I e G
GV e G G G G
G G
GV G G e G G G G G G I e G
G V G G G I
e
G G G G G G
| |
+
= + +
|
+
\ .
+ = + + + +
+ +
=
+ + +
12
Thay (8) vo (1) c:
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 3 1 2 3 1
2 3 1 2 3
1 3
2
1 3 4 3
2
1 2 3 3 4 3
1 3 4 3
2
1 2 3 3 4 3
2
1 1 2 3 3 4 3
2
1 2 3 3 4 3
1 2 3
1 0
2
1 2 3 3 4 3
G V G G G I
e G G G G G V
G G G G G G
G V G G G I
e G G G G
G G G G G G
G V G G G G G G
G G G G G G
G G V G G G I
e
G G G G G G
+ +
= + +
+ + +
+ +
= + +
+ + +
(
+ + +
(

+ + +
+ + +
=
+ + +
13
Hoac viet lai theo dang ien dan:
Giai theo qui tac Cramer, cho:
Vit li dng ma trn ct v sau:
Cach giai e
1
va e
2
nh sau:
( )
( )
1 1 1 2 3 2 3
1 3 2 3 4
(5)
(6)
GV e G G G e G
I e G e G G
= + +
= + +
| || | | || |
1 1 2 3 3
1
2 3 3 4
0
(7)
0 1
G G G G G
e V
e I G G G
G e S s
( + + (
( (
= ( (
( (
+
( (

=
14
1 2 3 3
1 1
2
3 3 4
(7')
G G G G
e GV
e I
G G G
+ + (
( (
=
(
( (
+
(

Vit li:
vi nh thc chnh:
Gii c:
Hay:
15
3 4 3
1 1
2 3 1 2 3
1
G G G
e GV
e I G G G G
+ (
( (
=
(
( (
A + +
(

( ) ( )
2
1 2 3 3 4 3
G G G G G G A = + + +
( )( ) { }
( ) ( ) { }
1 3 4 1 3
2 3 1 1 2 3
1
1
e G G G V G I
e G G V G G G I
= + +
A
= + + +
A
( )
( )( )
1 3 4 3
1
2
1 2 3 3 4 3
GV G G G I
e
G G G G G G
+ +
=
+ + +
( )
( )( )
1 3 1 2 3
2
2
1 2 3 3 4 3
GGV G G G I
e
G G G G G G
+ + +
=
+ + +
Hoac viet lai theo dang ien dan:
Giai theo qui tac Cramer, cho:
( )
( )
1 1 1 2 3 2 3
1 3 2 3 4
(5)
(6)
GV e G G G e G
I e G e G G
= + +
= + +
| || | | || |
1 1 2 3 3
1
2 3 3 4
0
(7)
0 1
G G G G G
e V
e I G G G
G e S s
( + + (
( (
= ( (
( (
+
( (

=
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )( )
1 3 4 3
1
2
1 2 3 3 4 3
1 3 1 4 3
1 3 1 4 2 3 2 4 3 4
1 3 1 2 3
2
2
1 2 3 3 4 3
VG G G IG
e
G G G G G G
V G G G G IG
G G G G G G G G G G
G G V G G G I
e
G G G G G G
+ +
=
+ + +
+ +
=
+ + + +
+ + +
=
+ + +
16
Tng qut phng php Kirchoff
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Th du:
Cho mach ien h. vi V=1V, R
1
= 3 , R
2
= 4 , R
3
= 2 , R
4
= 5
I = 1A. Tnh tr e
1
, e
2
, va dong I chay qua ien tr R
4
.
Giai:
Tai nut 1, KCL cho:
Tai nut 2, KCL cho:
Giai he thong phng trnh cho:

e
1
= 0,65V
e
2
= 4,75V
i = 4,75/ 5 = 0,95A
O
O
O
O
1A
2A
+
-
V
1V
e2
R4
5
e1
R2
4
i
R3
2
R1
3
1 1 1 2
1
2 0
3 4 2
e e e e
+ + + =
2 1 2
2 1 0
2 5
e e e
+ + =
24
25
26
III. nh ly Thevenin
Vi mach ien bat ky(H.a), ta co the bieu dien thanh mach ien n
gian (H.b) nh sau, vi nh ngha sau:
A R
TH
A
V
TH
R
L
B B
ien the Thevenin V
TH
: tnh c khi cho h tai RL
ien tr Thevenin R
TH
: tnh c khi cho h tai va noi tat cac nguon
ien the co trong mach
Va cho h cac nguon dong co trong mach ien.
V
TH
= V
OC
R
TH
= R
OC
Mach ien
bat ky
R
L
Th du: Cho lai mach ien H. 4
Tnh c lan lt sau:
Ta co cung ket qua nh khi giai bang nh luat Kirchhoff, nhng
nhanh va tien li hn, nen thng c ap dung trong giai mach
ien t.
B
A
+
VTH
6V
RTH
0.5k
R3
2k
B
A
+
V
12V
R1
1k
R2
1k
=I2 I
+
VTH
6V
RTH+
R3
2,5k
RL
4k
I
( )
3
6
2, 5 4
0, 923
TH
TH L
V V
I
R R R k
mA
= =
+ + +
=
IV. nh ly Norton
La nh ly tng oi tnh cua nh ly Thevenin, c bieu dien nh
sau:
Vi nh ngha:
I
N
= I
SC
R
N
= R
OC
= R
TH
Do o:
V
TH
= I
N
R
N
I
N
= V
TH
/R
TH
R
TH
= R
N
R
N
= R
TH
ien the Dong ien
Nguon the Nguon dong
Noi tiep Song song
ien tr noi tiep ien tr song song
Nguon the Nguon dong
1. Nguon the:
R
s
+
v
s
v
s
-
a.Nguon the thc te b. Nguon the ly tng (R
s
= 0)
2. Nguon dong:
i
s
R
S
i
s
R
s
a. Nguon dong thc te b. Nguon dong ly tng (Rs )

S tng ng gia mach Thevenin va mach Norton
Th du: Cho mach:
Ta co lan lt mach tng ng
Thevenin va mach tng ng
Norton
1
1 2
1 2
1
TH
TH
R
V V
R R
R R
R
R R
=
+
=
+
+
-
V
a'
a
R1
R2
a'
a
+
-
VTH
RTH
R3 IN
a'
a
RN
2
1
1 2
1 2
N
N
V
I
R
R R
R
R R
=
=
+
TH
N
N
N TH
V
I
R
R R
=
Vai th du ap dung nh ly Thevenin
Th du 1.
Cho mach:
Tnh c:
Dong ien qua tai:
( )
2
1 2
1
2
2
3 2
1 2
1 2
2
1 2
1 2 3
TH s
TH
R
V V V V
R R
R R
R
= = =
+ +
= = = = O
+
2
0, 41
2
4
3
TH
TH L
V V
I A
R R
= = =
+ | |
+ O
|
\ .
a'
a
+
-
VTH
2V
RTH
2/3
RL
4
I
a'
a
+
-
vs
3V
R1
1
R2
2
RL
4
Th du 2.
Cho mach theo h. .Tnh dong I
1
.
Tnh c:
Khi mach tai h, cho:
V
TH
= 2A(2 ) = 4 V
R
TH
= 2
O
a'
a
+
-
V
1V
Is
2A
R2
2
R1
2
I1
+
-
1V
a'
a
+
-
VTH
RTH
I1
VTH
a'
a
Is
2A
R2
2
R1
2
O
O VTH
a'
a
R2
2
R1
2
1
1 4 1
1, 5
2
TH
TH
V V V V
I A
R

= = =
O
Th du 3
Cho mach:
Mach tng ng Thevenin
cho tng t nh cach tnh
nh tren:
V
TH
= 4V
R
TH
= 2
Dong ien va ien the cua tai:
( )
2
' 2
4
2 10
4 1
0, 333
12 3
1 10
10
3 3
TH
TH L
aa L
V V
I
R R
A A A
V I R A V
= =
+ O + O
= = =
= = O =
Is
2A
a'
a
R2
2
R1
2
I2
RL
10
a'
a
+
-
VTH
RTH
I2
RL
10
O
Th du 4
Cho mach:
Lan lt tnh c:
( )
3
72 24
3 6
3 6
2
3 6
TH
TH
k
V V V
k k
k k
R k
k k
O
= =
O + O
O O
= = O
O + O
a'
a
+
-
vs
72V
R1
6K
R2
3k
RL
4
RL
2k
a'
a
+
-
vs
72V
R1
6K
R2
3k
RL
2k
a'
a
R1
6K
R2
3k
RL
2k
( )
'
24 24
3 ,
2 2 4 8
3 2 6
aa L
V V
I mA
K k k k
V IR mA k V
= = =
O + O + O O
= = O =
a'
a
+
-
VTH
24V
RTH
2k
I
RL
2k
R3
4k
Th du 5
Cho mach:
Ap dung nh ly Thevenin va
Nguyen ly chong chat,lan lt tnh c :
( )
( )
1
2
1
2
6 3
2
6 3
6
18 12
6 3
4 2 8
12 8 20
TH
TH
TH
TH
TH TH
R
V V V
V A V
V V V V V V +
= = O
+
= =
+
= O =
= = + =
4A
+
-
V
18V
a'
a
R1
3
R2
6
RL
8
a'
a
R2
6
R1
3
a'
a
+
-
VTH
20V
RTH
2
RL
8
+
-
VTH2
8V
I
4A
a'
a
R2
6
R1
3
+
-
VTH1
18V
a'
a
R2
6
R1
3
( )
20 20
2
2 8 10
2 6 16
TH
L
TH L
L
V V V
I A
R R
V A V
= = = =
+ O + O O
= O =
Th du 6
Cho mach:
Ta co mach ien tng
ng Thevenin sau:
2
1
1 2
1 1 2
TH
TH
R
V V
R R
R R R
=
+
=
R3
R5
R4
+
-
V
+
-
V
R1
R2
+
-
VTH2
+
-
VTH1
RTH1
R3
RTH2
5
2
4 5
2 4 5
TH
TH
R
V V
R R
R R R
=
+
=
Vai ap dung nh ly Norton
Th du 1.
Cho mach theo h. . Tnh
Dong I
N
va R
N
.
+
-
V
3V
a'
a
R2
2
R1
1
+
-
V
3V
IN
a'
a
R2
2
R1
1
3
3
1
2
1 2
3
N
N
V
i A
R
= =
O
= O O = O
a'
a
R2
2
R1
1
IN
3A
a'
a
RN
2/3
Th du 2
Cho mach:
Lan lt tnh c:
2
2
N
N
I A
R
=
= O
+
-
V
1V I
2A
a'
a
R2
2
I1
R1
2
I
2A
a'
a
R2
2
IN
R1
2
a'
a
R2
2
R1
2
+
-
V
1V
IN
2A
a'
a
RN
2
I1
I2
1
1 2
1 2
1
0, 5
2
0
2 0, 5 1, 5
N
V V
I A
R
I I I
I I I A A A
= = =
O
+ + =
= = =
Cach ap dung cac nh ly mach ien
Cho mach ien:
Lan lt ap dung nh ly Thevenin,
Norton, va nguyen ly chong
chat, c:
I
+
-
V
a'
a
R1
R2 R3
I
+
-
V
Voc
a'
a
R1
R2
I
+
-
V
Isc
a'
a
R1
R2
RTH
a'
a
R1
R2
a'
a
+
-
VTH
RTH
R3
2
1
1 2
1 2
2
1 2
1 2
1
1 2
TH
TH TH
TH TH TH
TH TH
TH
R
V V
R R
R R
V I IR
R R
V V V
V
V I R
R
R R R
=
+
| |
= =
|
+
\ .
= +
| |
= +
|
\ .
=
V Nguyn l chng chp (xp chng)
41
42
43
44
Th d. Nguyen ly chong chp (xep chong)
Cho mach nh tren th du tren, nhng gi co them nguon tac ong V2:
Giai:
+
-
V2
+
-
4
I
+
-
e1
V1
R1
1
R2
2
R3
R4
e2
I1 I3
I2
-
I4
+
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 3
2 1 3 2 4
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3
1 3 2 3 4
0
0
V e G V e G e e G
e e G e G I
VG V G e G G G e G
I e G e G G
+ + =
+ =
+ = + +
= + +
45
Giai c:
Nhan xet:
Ta co the giai bang cach cho V
2
= 0 va I = 0, giai mach theo V
1
,cho
e
1
A:
Cho V
1
=0, I =0 , giai e
1
B theo V
2
, cho:
Cho V
1
=0, V
2
=0, giai e
1
c theo I:
( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 3 4 3
1
2
1 2 3 3 4 3
1 1 3 4 2 2 3 4 3
1 3 1 4 2 3 2 4 3 4
VG V G G G IG
e
G G G G G G
VG G G V G G G IG
GG GG G G G G G G
+ + +
=
+ + +
+ + + +
=
+ + + +
( )
1 1
1
1 2 3 4 3 4
A
VG
e
G G G G G G
=
+ + +
( )
2 2
1
1 2 3 4 3 4
B
V G
e
G G G G G G
=
+ + +
( ) ( )
3
1
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
C
IG
e
G G G G G G G G
=
+ + + +
46
Phat bieu nguyen ly xep chong:
Tong quat:
Ket luan
1. Gi nguon tac ong 1 va cho cac nguon khac khong tac ong
( cho nguon the noi tat, nguon dong h).
2. Giai mach tng ng o e tm ap ng 1
3. Tiep tuc cho nguon 2 tac ong va cho cac nguon con lai
(nguon1, nguon 3khong tac ong) giai mach tm ap ng 2.
4. Tiep tuc vi cac nguon con lai (neu co).
5. ap ng tong cong bang cach cong tat ca cac ap ng tren lai .
1 1 1 1 A B C
e e e e = + +
1 1 2 1 1 11 2 12
1 2 1 21 2 22
1 1 1 31 2 32 33
.... ....... ...
............................... ...
................................ ...
a b
a
c
VG V G I e G e G
VG e G e G
VG e G e G G
+ + + + = + +
+ = + +
+ = + +

Ch1Cac Dinh Luat Mach Dien

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