ch2 Noi PN

1
GIO TRNH IN T
CH3. NI PN
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2
I.Cht bn dn
1.2.Cht bn dn thun
Qu o nguyn t no vi s in t 2n
2
.
Cc nguyn t Si(14), Ge (32) c 4 in t vng
ngoi cng,nn tng i bn.
Tinh th Si ( hoc Ge) do cc nguyn t gn nhau
c lin kt cng ho tr, nn mi nguyn t Si xem
nh c 8 in t vng ngoi cng nn kh bn,
khng c trao i in t vi nguyn t chung
quanh, nn xem nh khng dn in.
Chng 1. Ni pn
3
4
Mu nguyn t Si
14
(theo BOHR)
+P
N
n=2
electron -
n=3 n=1
5
Hnh 1
c cu to bn
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
6
Tuy nhin,di tc dng nhit (hoc nh sng, in
trng), mt s in t nhn c nng lng
ln hn nng lng lin kt cng ho tr ( nng
lng ion ho 1.12 ev i vi si v 0,6 ev i vi
ge) nn c th bc khi s rng buc ni trn tr
thnh in t t do v d dng di chuyn trong
mng tinh th si tr nn dn in.
Khi c 1 in t ri khi v tr s li ti mt l
trng mang in tch dngcc l trng di chuyn
ngc chiu vi in t t do.
Hin tng trn c gi l hin tng sinh to
nhit cp in t t do l trng.
7
-
+
Sinh to cp in t t do - l trng
Hnh 2
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
8
Hnh ve sau ay dien ta hnh anh noi
tren
chieu di chuyen cua ien t t do
chieu di chuyen cua lo trong
9
Cht bn dn pha
1. Cht bn dn loi n
pha nguyn t ho tr 5 ( vd P
15
)vo tinh th si:
P s dng 4 in t vng ngoi cng lin kt
cng ho tr vi 4 in t ca 4 nguyn t k
cn
cn li mt in t th 5 v khng lin kt nn
d dng di chuyn trong mng tinh th in t
t do dn in.
1 nguyn t P cho 1 in t t do,pha nhiu
nguyn t P cho nhiu in t t do hn
dng in cng mnh .
10
L thuyt bn dn cho :
trong :
A l hng s tu thuc cht bn dn
T nhit tuyt ni (kelvin)
o
K bng t
o
C + 273
o
C
Eg nng lng cn thit b gy ni cng ho tr
ev = 1,6. 10-19 j
k hng s Bolztman = 1,38.10
-23
j/
o
k =
8,8510
-5
ev/
o
K
q =1,6.10
-19
C, in tich ca in t .
300
o
k, n
i
=1,5.10
10
/ cm
3
( Si)
= 2,5.10
10
/cm
3
( Ge)
nhng rt nh so vi mt nguyn t trong
mng tinh th (= 5.10
22
/cm
3)
, nn cht bn dn
thun dn in rt yu.
2 3
exp( / )
g i
A q kT
n T E
=
11
e-
Chat ban dan loai n
Hnh 2
Si
P
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
12
Ngoai ra, trong ieu kien nhiet o trong
phong, con co sinh tao nhiet cap ien t lo trong
nhng vi nong o rat be.
Ket luan : Chat ban dan loai n co:
ien t t do la hat tai a so mat o n
n
,
Lo trong la hat tai thieu so , mat o p
n
,
Nguyen t P la nguyen t cho, mat o N
D
,
Trong ieu kien can bang nhiet ong cho:
n
n
= N
D
+ p
n
N
D
.
Va: n
n
.p
n
=
mat o lo trong thieu so trong chat ban dan loai n cho bi:
~
2
i
n
2
i
n
D
n
p
N
=
13
Cht bn dn pha
1. Cht bn dn loi p
Pha nguyn t ho tr 3( B
5
)vo tinh th Si:
B s dng ht 3 in t vng ngoi cng lin kt
cng ho tr vi 3 in t ca 3 nguyn t k cn
Cn li 1 v tr thiu v in t nn xem nh c in
tch dng v cc in t ln cn d n ti kt vi
l trng ca B v li v tr l trng mi v
hin tng trn c tip dindn inbng l
trng.
1 nguyn t B cho 1 l trng,Pha nhiu nguyn t B
cho nhiu l trng hndng in cng mnh .
14
+
Chat ban dan loai p
Hnh 4
Si
B
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
15
Ngoi ra, trong iu kin nhit trong
phng, cn c sinh to nhit cp in t l trng nhng vi
nng rt b.
Kt lun : cht bn dn loi p c:
- in t t do l ht ti thiu s mt np,
- l trng l ht ti a s , mt pp,
- nguyn t p l nguyn t nhn, mt N
A
,
Trong iu kin cn bng nhit ng cho:
p
p
= N
A
+ n
p
N
A
.
v: p
p
.n
p
=
mt in t t do thiu s trong cht bn dn loi p cho
bi:
~
2
i
n
2
i
p
A
n
n
N
=
16
4. S dn in ca cht bn dn
a. Dng tri
Dng in do cc ht ti chu tc ng ca in
trng uc gi l dng tri.
Cng dng in l tng s ht ti in di
chuyn ngang qua tit din A vi vn tc v .
Mt dng in trong n v th tch cho bi:
j = qv
trong q
n
= n q ( in t t do)
q
p
= p q ( l trng)
p
n
p
n
v
v

=
=
17
mt dng in tngcng:
theo nh lut ohm ta cn c:
suy ra in dn sut:
v in tr sut:
( )
n p
n p
n p
J qn qp
J J
q n p

= + = + =
= +
J o =
( )
n p
q n p o = +
( )
1 1
n p
q p n
o

= =
+
18
b.Dong khuech tan
Dong khuech tan la dong do cac hat tai di chuyen t ni
co mat o cao sang ni co mat o thap.
Mat o dong khuech tan cho bi:
( A/cm
2
) ( lo trong)
( A/cm2) ( ien t )
Vi D
p
va D
n
lan lt la he so khuech tan cua lo trong va
ien t t do cho bi he thc Einstein:
p p
d p
q
J D
d x
=
n n
d n
q
J D
d x
=
p
n
T
p n
k T
q
D
D
V

= = =
19
Va cac he thc khac:
L
p
va L
n
lan lt la khoang ng t do trung bnh cua
lo trong va ien t t do
Dong ien tong cong trong thanh ban dan la:
J = J
tr
+ J
kt
2
2
n
p
n
p p
n
D
D L
L
t
t
=
=
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
--------------
---------------
20
II. Ni pn
1.Cau tao
lp SiO 2 1
mang mong10 5
p
Gia
(substrate)
m
p
+
p
m
m
n
+
n
+
21
2.Can bang nhiet ong
Do cac ha t tai khue ch tan va tai ke t trong vung
ga n no ivung hiem(vung khiem khuye t) hai
be n no i ( vu ng kho ng co n ha t tai di o ng ma ch
co n cac ion co nh ). Vung hiem
J
E
i
V
B
Rao the
-
-
-
- -
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
- - - -
- - -
- - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
22
Khi J=Jt
r
+J
kt
= 0 can bang nhiet ong
ien trng noi at tr nhat nh E
i
va rao ien the
cho bi:
300
o
K , V
B
= 0,7 V (Si)
= 0,3 V (Ge)
Vay noi pn khong dan ien (I = 0) khi cha c cap
ien ( phan cc)
Muon noi pn dan ien phai phan cc bang nguon
cap ien DC e lam giam rao ien the hay lam hep
vung hiem.
2
ln
A D
B T
i
N N
V V
n
=
23
3. Phan cc noi pn
a.Phan cc thuan E
ex
V V
B
-V
+ V
Do tac ong cua ien trng ngoai, rao ien the giam
(V
B
-V) rat be, vung hiem giam hoac triet tieunoi pn
dan ien vi dong thuan I
F
kha ln.
++++++++
++++++++
----------
----------
-
-
+
+
24
b. Phan cc nghch E
ex
V V
B
+V
+ V
Rao the gia tang ( V
B
+ V) , vung hiemni ronggan nh
khong co hat tai di chuyen qua noi, noi pn ngng dan (I =0).
E
i
+ + +
+ + +
-
-
-
- - -
+++
+++
- - -
- - -
25
Thc ra, khi phan cc nghch, co dong hat tai thieu so di
tac ong cua ien trng ngoai di chuyen qua noi dong
nghch I
R
rat be ( vai uA vi Ge va vai nA vi Si ).
Dong nghch nay con goi la dong r hay dong bao hoa
ngc I
S
( v cac hat tai thieu so qua t nen nhanh chong di
chuyen het qua noi va at ngay tr so khong oi bao hoa ).
2
n p po p
n
no
S i
p n p n D A
p
n D D D
D
Aq Aq
N N L L L L
n I
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
26
c.Hien tng huy thac
Tuy nhien ,khi phan cc nghch v i ie n tr ng
qua ln, cac nguyen t trong vu ng hie m b pha
v lie n ket co ng hoa tr va do o se di chuye n
ao at qua noi dong nghch qua ln, trong khi
ie n the khong oi(do ie n tr qua be ) se lam
h hong no i pn ( huy thac hay sup o ).
Huy thac Zener : Khi V< 6 v ch co s pha v
lie n ket co ng hoa tr .
Huy thac tuyet o: Khi V > 6 v ngoai s pha v
lie n ket co ng hoa tr co n co s b c cac ie n t ra
khoi cau truc cu a no do s va chamgi a ha t tai
co ong na ng ln vi cac ie n t cu a nguyen t.
27
III. c tnh ni pn
1.Biu thc dng in ni pn
L thuyt v thc nghim cho:
trong dng bo ho ngc cho bi:
thng trong iu kin dn in ln ta c:
( )
exp / 1
D S T
V
V I I
q = (

2
p n p o
n o
S
p n
p n
i
p n D A
p
D n D
A q
I
L L
D D
A q
n
N N L L
| |
|
+ =
|
|
\ .
=
| |
= +
|
\ .
1 q =
28
Khi phan cc thuan : V > 4V
T
exp(V/V
T
>>1 :
I
D
=I
F
= I
s
exp(V/V
T
) ln
Khi phan cc nghch: V << 4V
T
exp(-V/V
T
) <<1:
I
D
= I
R
=-I
S
2. ac tuyen Ampe-Volt
Ta co ng bieu dien : I
D
Vz 0
0,6 V V
D
I
zk
I
zM
29
3.ien tr noi pn I
D
a.ien tr tnh
I
D
Q
0 V
D
V
b.ien tr ong:
D
D
D
Q
V
R
I
=
D D
d
D D
Q Q
V dV
r
I dI
A
= =
A
30
Thng th do s thay oi nho nen ta co:
Co tr thng rat be ( vai Ohm vai chuc Ohm )
xem nh khong ang ke.
( )
( )
1
exp / 1
1
exp /
D
D T
S
d
D D
d Q
D
D T
S
T T
Q
T
d
D
Q
dI d
V V g
I
dV dV
r
I
V V
I
V V
V
r
I
= = = = (

= =
=
31
4. ien dung noi pn
a.ien dung chuyen tiep
Khi phan cc nghch, vung hiem ni rong va khong co cac hat tai
i qua nen xem nh cach ien ( ien moi). Trong khi o, 2
vung ngoai vung hiem co cac hat tai ien (2 bang dan ien )
Tu ien co ien dung:
Co = 11,7 (Si)
Co = 15,8 (Ge)
= 8,85.10
-12
F/m
C
T
co tr t vai phan mi en vai chuc pF.
T o o
d
A A
C C C
x W
= =
o
c
o
c
o
c
32
b.ien dung khuech tan
Khi phan cc thuan do co s khuech tan cua cac hat tai qua
noi, va khi ien the phan cc tang len mot lng dV th co s
gia tang mot lng dq
j
Tu ien co ien dung cho bi:
C
D
co tr vai ngan pF.
tan so thap Xc=1/ wC rat ln, xem nh tu h mach.
tan so cao Xc 0 rat be, xem nhu tu noi tat .
Vay cac tu C
T
, C
D
lam noi pn khong hot ong tan so cao.
j
D
dq
C
dV
=
33
Mach tng ng cua noi pn
Khi phan cc thuan
r
d
=0 V
D
Khi phan cc nghch
Mach tng cao tan r
d I
C
D
C
T
i
34
Cac loai Diod
I. Cac loai diod
* Diod chnh lu
* Diod cao tan, tach song
* Diod Schottky
* Diod Zener
* Diod bien dung
* Diod quang
* LED, Ghp quang( Optron)
* Diod hong ngoai
* Diod LASER

35
1.Diod chnh lu
ien the l n
Do ng ie n ln
Ne n diod chnh lu c c im:
Tiep xu c ma t
Hoa t o ng tan so thap (ha tan)
S dung diod can tham kha o Data sheet:
P
DM
, I
FM
, I
RM
,V
BR
, C
D
,C
T
, f
max
, T
max
36
2.Diod cao tan
Tiep xu c iemC
D
,C
T
nho
Do o :
ien the tha p
Do ng ie n thap
S dung trong:
Mach tach so ng Radio, T.V.
Mach logic, ma ch so ( mach giao hoa n)
37
4.Diod Zener
Tao ien the on nh ( ap dung hieu ng huy
thac).
Moi diod zener co tr so Vz khac nhau 3,3 V;
3,9 V; 5,1V; 5,6V; 6,8V; 7,5V; 10V; 12V. (tuy
theo cach che tao va mat o pha ).
Khi s dung phai tuan theo Datasheet v:
I
Zk
< I
Z
< I
ZM
P
Z
= V
Z
I
Z
< P
ZM
38
ac tuyen Diod Zener
I
Vz 0 V
Izk
Iz
P
ZM
=VzIz
M
Iz
M
Izk < Iz< I
ZM
39
5.Diod bien dung( Varicap Diod;Varactor)
S dung ien dung chuyen tiep khi phan cc nghch
noi pn.
ien dung diod bien dung:
Thng n = 1; C
T
(0) in dung ti V
R
= 0 V
Ap dung trong cac mach:
Dao ong cong hng, mach ieu hp trong TV,
Radio
Mach ieu khien t xa
Mach chon ai t ong
( )
0
1
T
T
n
R
B
C
C
V
V
=
| |
+
|
\ .
40
3.Diod Schottky
Tiep giap kim loai- ba n da nbc t ng am
va ha t tai no ng
Rao the thap 0,25 V
Thi gian tch tr kho ng a ng ke t
s
= 0
Thi gian ho i phu c be
ien dung tch tr vai phan mi pF
S dung trong cac ma ch giao hoan, ma ch
logic, ma ch so, ma ch tan so cao 20 GHz
41
6. Diod quang (thu quang) - Photodiode
Ap dung hieu ng quang ien cua cac vat
lieu Si, GaAs
Chuyen oi anh sang thu c t be mat trong
suot thanh dong ien khi diod phan cc nghch.
Moi diod ch thu c mot bc xa nhat nh.
S dung lm cm bin, b d trong cac mach:
Bao ong
o cng o sang
em san pham
42
L
e
L
h
W
I
ph
x
EHPs
exp(ox)
From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Second Edition, S.O. Kasap ( McGraw-Hill, 2002)
http://Materials.Usask.Ca
Fig. 6.51: Photogenerated carriers within the volume L
h
+ W + L
e
give rise to a photocurrent I
ph
. The variation in the photegenerated
EHP concentration with distance is also shown where o is the
absorption coefficient at the wavelength of interest.
43
7.Diod phat quang (LED)
Ap dung hieu ng ien quang
LED phat sang khi phan cc thuan
Moi LED phat mot bc xa nhat nh tuy theo
vat lieu che tao va chat pha:
GaAs bc song= 0,77-0,88 o
Al,Sb = 0,65
GaAsP o
GaPZn ho phach
GaAsS = 0,57-0,58 vang
GaPN2 = 0.55-0,56 luc
44
Light output
p
Epitaxial layers
Substrate
n
+
n
+
Fig. 6.44: A schematic illustration of one possible LED device
structure. First n
+
is epitaxially grown on a substrate. A thin p layer
is then epitaxially grown on the first layer.
45
E
c
E
v
E
N
(b) N doped GaP
E
g
(a) GaAs
1-y
P
y
y < 0.45
Fig. 6.45: (a) Photon emission in a direct bandgap semiconductor.
(b) GaP is an indirect bandgap semiconductor. When doped with
nitrogen there is an electron recombination center at E
N
. Direct
recombination between a captured electron at E
N
and a hole
emits a photon.
46
Mach LED
LED dan co : V
D
= 1,6V 2,2V; I
D
= 5 30mA
Chon trung bnh: V
D
= 2V va I
D
= 10 mA
Mach co ien tr R
D
noi vi LED vi nguonVcc, cach
tnh tr R
D
tuy theo tr so nguon Vcc:
+ Vcc R
D
I
D
Vi V
D
Vcc = 5V R
D
= 200 Ohm Chon 270 hoac 330 Ohm
= 9V = 700 Ohm Chon 680
= 12V = 1000 Ohm
D D C C D
C C D
D
D
V V R I
V V
R
I
= +
=
47
Ge
Si GaAs
Current
Voltage
~0.1 mA
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Fig.6.4: Schematic sketch of the I-V characteristics of Ge, Si
and GaAs pn Junctions
48
LED ap dung trong cac mach:
Ch bao, hien th
LED 7 oan trong cac mayphat , may o
Diod phat thu hong ngoai
La nhng diod phat- diod thu quang vi bc
xa trong lanh vc hong ngoai .( bc song
khoang1.000nm)
c s dung trong cac mach bao ong , ieu
khien, phat thu tn hieu, d lieu co tnh bao
mat.
49
8.Diod LASER
Diod khuech ai anh sang bang bc xa cua
phat xa kch thch ( Light Amplication by
StimulatedEmission of Radiation LASER).
Giong nh diod noi nhng co them bo phan
lam ao mat o dan so va buong cong hng
tao ra anh sang ket hp co cng o ln va
bc xa thanh chum tia tap trung rat hep.
Ap dung trong thong tin si quang, kenh
khong gian (khong giay), trong cac may CD,
VCD, DVD, mang may tnh
50
Height, H
Width W
Length, L
Fabry-Perot cavity
Dielectric mirror
Diffraction
limited laser beam
Polished face
Current
Dielectric mirror
Optical cavity
containing
active layer
Fig. 6.56: A semiconductor lasers have an optical cavity to
build-up the required electromagnetic oscillations.
51
Bo ghep quang(Optrons;Optoisolators;Optocouplers)
Ghep noi LED va linh kien thu quang vao chung
trong mot vo kn nham truyen tn hieu co tn bao
mat hoac co o cach ly ien tot hn bien the ( 10
15
Ohm; 7.500V ), tranh nhieu ien t xen vao tn hieu,
d lieu truyen i.
Cac linh kien thu quang la : diod, transistor, FET,
SCR,DIAC quang
LED Diod quang (thu); photodiod

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