CHANGE OF STATE

The The The The melting point melting point melting point melting point of a solid is the temperature at of a solid is the temperature at of a solid is the temperature at of a solid is the temperature at which which which which
changes changes changes changes state state state state from from from from solid solid solid solid to to to to liquid liquid liquid liquid at atmospheric at atmospheric at atmospheric at atmospheric pressure. pressure. pressure. pressure. Eg Eg Eg Eg . Ice to water. . Ice to water. . Ice to water. . Ice to water.
The The The The boiling boiling boiling boiling point point point point . .. .
The temperature at which changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric The temperature at which changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric The temperature at which changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric The temperature at which changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric
pressure. pressure. pressure. pressure. Eg Eg Eg Eg . . . . water water water water to to to to vapour. vapour. vapour. vapour.
Freezing Freezing Freezing Freezing point point point point
The temperature at which changes state from The temperature at which changes state from The temperature at which changes state from The temperature at which changes state from liquid liquid liquid liquid to to to to solid solid solid solid at atmospheric at atmospheric at atmospheric at atmospheric
pressure. pressure. pressure. pressure. Eg Eg Eg Eg . . . . water water water water to to to to ice ice ice ice
Condensing point Condensing point Condensing point Condensing point
The temperature at which changes state from The temperature at which changes state from The temperature at which changes state from The temperature at which changes state from gas gas gas gas to to to to liquid liquid liquid liquid at atmospheric pressure. at atmospheric pressure. at atmospheric pressure. at atmospheric pressure.
Eg Eg Eg Eg . . . . vpour vpour vpour vpour to to to to water water water water
Melting point of ice = 32 Melting point of ice = 32 Melting point of ice = 32 Melting point of ice = 32 F (0 F (0 F (0 F (0 C) , boiling point of water = 212 C) , boiling point of water = 212 C) , boiling point of water = 212 C) , boiling point of water = 212 F (100 F (100 F (100 F (100 C) , freezing C) , freezing C) , freezing C) , freezing
point of water = 32 point of water = 32 point of water = 32 point of water = 32 F F F F (0 (0 (0 (0 C) C) C) C) , condensing point of vapour = , condensing point of vapour = , condensing point of vapour = , condensing point of vapour = 212 212 212 212 F (100 F (100 F (100 F (100 C) C) C) C)
LATENT HEAT (LH)
Latent means hide. The heat which brings about a change of state with no change in Latent means hide. The heat which brings about a change of state with no change in Latent means hide. The heat which brings about a change of state with no change in Latent means hide. The heat which brings about a change of state with no change in
temperature is called latent heat. temperature is called latent heat. temperature is called latent heat. temperature is called latent heat.
Eg Eg Eg Eg . Boiling point of water is 212 . Boiling point of water is 212 . Boiling point of water is 212 . Boiling point of water is 212 F F F F (100 (100 (100 (100 C) C) C) C) . 1 pound water reach . 1 pound water reach . 1 pound water reach . 1 pound water reach 212 212 212 212 F (100 F (100 F (100 F (100 C) C) C) C) , , , ,
then we give 970 BTU heat again water state change to vapour state at 212 then we give 970 BTU heat again water state change to vapour state at 212 then we give 970 BTU heat again water state change to vapour state at 212 then we give 970 BTU heat again water state change to vapour state at 212 F. F. F. F.
LATENT HEAT OF VAPOURISATION /CONDENSATION
The heat absorbed when a substance changes The heat absorbed when a substance changes The heat absorbed when a substance changes The heat absorbed when a substance changes phase phase phase phase from from from from liquid liquid liquid liquid to to to to gas gas gas gas. .. .
Latent heat of Latent heat of Latent heat of Latent heat of vapourisation vapourisation vapourisation vapourisation of water = 970.4 BTU/pound of water = 970.4 BTU/pound of water = 970.4 BTU/pound of water = 970.4 BTU/pound
LATENT HEAT OF MELTING /FREEZING
The heat absorbed as a substance changes The heat absorbed as a substance changes The heat absorbed as a substance changes The heat absorbed as a substance changes phase phase phase phase from from from from liquid liquid liquid liquid to to to to solid solid solid solid, a , a , a , a process process process process
called called called called fusion fusion fusion fusion or or or or solidification solidification solidification solidification
Latent heat of Latent heat of Latent heat of Latent heat of freezing / melting freezing / melting freezing / melting freezing / melting of water = of water = of water = of water = 144 144 144 144 BTU/pound BTU/pound BTU/pound BTU/pound
UNITS OF HEAT
In British system (FPS) BTU ( British Thermal Unit) & Metric system (CGS) Calorie In British system (FPS) BTU ( British Thermal Unit) & Metric system (CGS) Calorie In British system (FPS) BTU ( British Thermal Unit) & Metric system (CGS) Calorie In British system (FPS) BTU ( British Thermal Unit) & Metric system (CGS) Calorie
What is BTU? What is BTU? What is BTU? What is BTU?
The heat required to rise One pound water to 1 The heat required to rise One pound water to 1 The heat required to rise One pound water to 1 The heat required to rise One pound water to 1 F . Temperature of 1 pound water to F . Temperature of 1 pound water to F . Temperature of 1 pound water to F . Temperature of 1 pound water to
reduce 1 reduce 1 reduce 1 reduce 1 F , we need to remove 1 BTU heat. F , we need to remove 1 BTU heat. F , we need to remove 1 BTU heat. F , we need to remove 1 BTU heat.
What is What is What is What is calorie? calorie? calorie? calorie?
The heat required to The heat required to The heat required to The heat required to rise rise rise rise One One One One gram gram gram gram water to water to water to water to 1 11 1 C. C. C. C.
1 BTU = 252 calorie 1 BTU = 252 calorie 1 BTU = 252 calorie 1 BTU = 252 calorie
1 K 1 K 1 K 1 K cal cal cal cal = 3.97 BTU = 3.97 BTU = 3.97 BTU = 3.97 BTU
UNITS OF REFRIGERATION
The amount of heat required to melt 1 ton of ice in 24 hrs. is called ton of The amount of heat required to melt 1 ton of ice in 24 hrs. is called ton of The amount of heat required to melt 1 ton of ice in 24 hrs. is called ton of The amount of heat required to melt 1 ton of ice in 24 hrs. is called ton of
refrigeration or ton. The capacity of ac and ice plant mention in ton. refrigeration or ton. The capacity of ac and ice plant mention in ton. refrigeration or ton. The capacity of ac and ice plant mention in ton. refrigeration or ton. The capacity of ac and ice plant mention in ton.
0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2 ton capacity window ac are available in the market. Capacity of 0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2 ton capacity window ac are available in the market. Capacity of 0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2 ton capacity window ac are available in the market. Capacity of 0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2 ton capacity window ac are available in the market. Capacity of
ice plant and central ac are normal 15 to 500 ton. ice plant and central ac are normal 15 to 500 ton. ice plant and central ac are normal 15 to 500 ton. ice plant and central ac are normal 15 to 500 ton.
A ac machine absorbed 12000 BTU heat per hr. is call 1 ton capacity ac A ac machine absorbed 12000 BTU heat per hr. is call 1 ton capacity ac A ac machine absorbed 12000 BTU heat per hr. is call 1 ton capacity ac A ac machine absorbed 12000 BTU heat per hr. is call 1 ton capacity ac
1ton= 12000 BTU/hr. 1ton= 12000 BTU/hr. 1ton= 12000 BTU/hr. 1ton= 12000 BTU/hr.
1 BTU = 252 calorie 1 BTU = 252 calorie 1 BTU = 252 calorie 1 BTU = 252 calorie
1 ton = 3024 K calorie/hr. 1 ton = 3024 K calorie/hr. 1 ton = 3024 K calorie/hr. 1 ton = 3024 K calorie/hr.
Heat required to melt 1 pound ice in 24 hr. = 144 BTU Heat required to melt 1 pound ice in 24 hr. = 144 BTU Heat required to melt 1 pound ice in 24 hr. = 144 BTU Heat required to melt 1 pound ice in 24 hr. = 144 BTU
Heat required to melt 1 ton ( 2000 pound) ice in 24 hr. = 288000 BTU Heat required to melt 1 ton ( 2000 pound) ice in 24 hr. = 288000 BTU Heat required to melt 1 ton ( 2000 pound) ice in 24 hr. = 288000 BTU Heat required to melt 1 ton ( 2000 pound) ice in 24 hr. = 288000 BTU
So heat required to melt 1 ton ice in 1 hr. = 288000/24 =12000 BTU/hr. So heat required to melt 1 ton ice in 1 hr. = 288000/24 =12000 BTU/hr. So heat required to melt 1 ton ice in 1 hr. = 288000/24 =12000 BTU/hr. So heat required to melt 1 ton ice in 1 hr. = 288000/24 =12000 BTU/hr.
1. 1. 1. 1. 0 00 0 C = 5/9 ( C = 5/9 ( C = 5/9 ( C = 5/9 ( F F F F - -- - 32) 32) 32) 32)
2. 2. 2. 2. F = 9/5 x F = 9/5 x F = 9/5 x F = 9/5 x C + 32 C + 32 C + 32 C + 32
3. 3. 3. 3. 1 meter = 3.281 ft. 1 meter = 3.281 ft. 1 meter = 3.281 ft. 1 meter = 3.281 ft.
4. 4. 4. 4. 1 ft. = 0.3038 m 1 ft. = 0.3038 m 1 ft. = 0.3038 m 1 ft. = 0.3038 m
5. 5. 5. 5. 1 KJ = 0.9478 BTU 1 KJ = 0.9478 BTU 1 KJ = 0.9478 BTU 1 KJ = 0.9478 BTU
6. 6. 6. 6. 1 kW = 1.341 1 kW = 1.341 1 kW = 1.341 1 kW = 1.341 hp hp hp hp
7. 7. 7. 7. 1W = 3.415 BTU/hr. 1W = 3.415 BTU/hr. 1W = 3.415 BTU/hr. 1W = 3.415 BTU/hr.
8. 8. 8. 8. 1 calorie/ sec = 14.286 BTU/ hr. 1 calorie/ sec = 14.286 BTU/ hr. 1 calorie/ sec = 14.286 BTU/ hr. 1 calorie/ sec = 14.286 BTU/ hr.
9. 9. 9. 9. 1 k Pa = 4.0186 inch of water ( in. of WG or WC) 1 k Pa = 4.0186 inch of water ( in. of WG or WC) 1 k Pa = 4.0186 inch of water ( in. of WG or WC) 1 k Pa = 4.0186 inch of water ( in. of WG or WC)
= 0.339 ft. of H20 = 0.339 ft. of H20 = 0.339 ft. of H20 = 0.339 ft. of H20
= 0.145 psi = 0.01 bar = 0.145 psi = 0.01 bar = 0.145 psi = 0.01 bar = 0.145 psi = 0.01 bar
10. 10. 10. 10. 1 sq. m = 10.764 1 sq. m = 10.764 1 sq. m = 10.764 1 sq. m = 10.764 sq.ft sq.ft sq.ft sq.ft. .. .
11. 11. 11. 11. 1 cubic meter = 35.3146 cubic ft. 1 cubic meter = 35.3146 cubic ft. 1 cubic meter = 35.3146 cubic ft. 1 cubic meter = 35.3146 cubic ft.
12. 12. 12. 12. 1 m/s = 196.85 fpm 1 m/s = 196.85 fpm 1 m/s = 196.85 fpm 1 m/s = 196.85 fpm
13 13 13 13 1 cubic meter/ sec = 2119 1 cubic meter/ sec = 2119 1 cubic meter/ sec = 2119 1 cubic meter/ sec = 2119 cfm cfm cfm cfm
14 14 14 14 1 cubic meter/ hr. = 0.5886 1 cubic meter/ hr. = 0.5886 1 cubic meter/ hr. = 0.5886 1 cubic meter/ hr. = 0.5886 cfm cfm cfm cfm
15 15 15 15 1 l/s = 2.119 1 l/s = 2.119 1 l/s = 2.119 1 l/s = 2.119 cfm cfm cfm cfm
16 16 16 16 1 l/s = 15.85 1 l/s = 15.85 1 l/s = 15.85 1 l/s = 15.85 gpm gpm gpm gpm
17 17 17 17 1 kg = 2.205 1 kg = 2.205 1 kg = 2.205 1 kg = 2.205 lb lb lb lb (pound) (pound) (pound) (pound)
18 18 18 18 1 TR = 12000 BTU / hr. 1 TR = 12000 BTU / hr. 1 TR = 12000 BTU / hr. 1 TR = 12000 BTU / hr.
= 3.517 kW = 3.517 kW = 3.517 kW = 3.517 kW
19 1 mm of water ( aqua) = 9.8 Pa 19 1 mm of water ( aqua) = 9.8 Pa 19 1 mm of water ( aqua) = 9.8 Pa 19 1 mm of water ( aqua) = 9.8 Pa
20 1 in. water ( aqua) = 249 Pa 20 1 in. water ( aqua) = 249 Pa 20 1 in. water ( aqua) = 249 Pa 20 1 in. water ( aqua) = 249 Pa
21 21 21 21 1 psi ( pound per square inch) = 0.07 bar 1 psi ( pound per square inch) = 0.07 bar 1 psi ( pound per square inch) = 0.07 bar 1 psi ( pound per square inch) = 0.07 bar
22 22 22 22 Cfm Cfm Cfm Cfm = cubic feet per minute = cubic feet per minute = cubic feet per minute = cubic feet per minute
23 23 23 23 Fpm = feet per minute Fpm = feet per minute Fpm = feet per minute Fpm = feet per minute
24 24 24 24 Gpm Gpm Gpm Gpm = gallon per minute = gallon per minute = gallon per minute = gallon per minute
BASIC REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
DIAGRAM DIAGRAM DIAGRAM DIAGRAM
REFRIGERATION CYCLE
WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS IN A REFRIGERATOR ? WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS IN A REFRIGERATOR ? WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS IN A REFRIGERATOR ? WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS IN A REFRIGERATOR ?
A. A. A. A. Evaporator Evaporator Evaporator Evaporator
B. B. B. B. Compressor Compressor Compressor Compressor
C. C. C. C. Condenser Condenser Condenser Condenser
D. D. D. D. Expansion valve Expansion valve Expansion valve Expansion valve
What happened in a refrigerator ? What happened in a refrigerator ? What happened in a refrigerator ? What happened in a refrigerator ?
It is a process of removing heat from one substance and transferring it to another It is a process of removing heat from one substance and transferring it to another It is a process of removing heat from one substance and transferring it to another It is a process of removing heat from one substance and transferring it to another
substance. substance. substance. substance.
How and where does it happen? How and where does it happen? How and where does it happen? How and where does it happen?
It happens in the evaporator . Opening the valve allows the liquid refrigerant to flow It happens in the evaporator . Opening the valve allows the liquid refrigerant to flow It happens in the evaporator . Opening the valve allows the liquid refrigerant to flow It happens in the evaporator . Opening the valve allows the liquid refrigerant to flow
in to coil. As warm air is blown over the surface of the coil , the liquid refrigerant in to coil. As warm air is blown over the surface of the coil , the liquid refrigerant in to coil. As warm air is blown over the surface of the coil , the liquid refrigerant in to coil. As warm air is blown over the surface of the coil , the liquid refrigerant
inside the coil will absorb heat from the air, causing the refrigerant to boil while the inside the coil will absorb heat from the air, causing the refrigerant to boil while the inside the coil will absorb heat from the air, causing the refrigerant to boil while the inside the coil will absorb heat from the air, causing the refrigerant to boil while the
air is cooled. air is cooled. air is cooled. air is cooled.
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
After the liquid refrigerant passes through the coil and collect in the drum as a After the liquid refrigerant passes through the coil and collect in the drum as a After the liquid refrigerant passes through the coil and collect in the drum as a After the liquid refrigerant passes through the coil and collect in the drum as a
vapour. vapour. vapour. vapour.
For functioning continuously you need to close the cycle. For functioning continuously you need to close the cycle. For functioning continuously you need to close the cycle. For functioning continuously you need to close the cycle.
The refrigeration vapour must then be transformed back in to a liquid in order to The refrigeration vapour must then be transformed back in to a liquid in order to The refrigeration vapour must then be transformed back in to a liquid in order to The refrigeration vapour must then be transformed back in to a liquid in order to
return to the evaporator and repeat the process. return to the evaporator and repeat the process. return to the evaporator and repeat the process. return to the evaporator and repeat the process.
A compressor is used to pump the low pressure refrigerant vapour from the A compressor is used to pump the low pressure refrigerant vapour from the A compressor is used to pump the low pressure refrigerant vapour from the A compressor is used to pump the low pressure refrigerant vapour from the
evaporator and compress it to a high pressure. evaporator and compress it to a high pressure. evaporator and compress it to a high pressure. evaporator and compress it to a high pressure.
A condenser is used to cool the refrigerant using air or water as a cooling medium. A condenser is used to cool the refrigerant using air or water as a cooling medium. A condenser is used to cool the refrigerant using air or water as a cooling medium. A condenser is used to cool the refrigerant using air or water as a cooling medium.
PH DIAGRAM
Diagram Diagram Diagram Diagram
1. 1. 1. 1. Heat is a form of energy Heat is a form of energy Heat is a form of energy Heat is a form of energy
2. 2. 2. 2. Heat can vary in quantity and intensity Heat can vary in quantity and intensity Heat can vary in quantity and intensity Heat can vary in quantity and intensity
3. 3. 3. 3. Heat energy cant destroyed Heat energy cant destroyed Heat energy cant destroyed Heat energy cant destroyed
4. 4. 4. 4. Heat can be transferred from one substance to another Heat can be transferred from one substance to another Heat can be transferred from one substance to another Heat can be transferred from one substance to another
5. 5. 5. 5. Heat always flows from a higher temp. substance to a lower temp. substance. Heat always flows from a higher temp. substance to a lower temp. substance. Heat always flows from a higher temp. substance to a lower temp. substance. Heat always flows from a higher temp. substance to a lower temp. substance.
6. 6. 6. 6. Refrigeration is a method of removing heat. Refrigeration is a method of removing heat. Refrigeration is a method of removing heat. Refrigeration is a method of removing heat.
WINDOW AC
Window ac units comes in 0.5 ton, 1 ton, 1.5 ton and 2 ton . It is mostly preferred Window ac units comes in 0.5 ton, 1 ton, 1.5 ton and 2 ton . It is mostly preferred Window ac units comes in 0.5 ton, 1 ton, 1.5 ton and 2 ton . It is mostly preferred Window ac units comes in 0.5 ton, 1 ton, 1.5 ton and 2 ton . It is mostly preferred
way of cooling the residential and small offices. The unit is divided in to two way of cooling the residential and small offices. The unit is divided in to two way of cooling the residential and small offices. The unit is divided in to two way of cooling the residential and small offices. The unit is divided in to two
partitions , evaporator side and condenser side. Divided with a partition that is partitions , evaporator side and condenser side. Divided with a partition that is partitions , evaporator side and condenser side. Divided with a partition that is partitions , evaporator side and condenser side. Divided with a partition that is
insulated. insulated. insulated. insulated.
GAS CHARGING
1. 1. 1. 1. Discharge pressure = 275 psi Discharge pressure = 275 psi Discharge pressure = 275 psi Discharge pressure = 275 psi
2. 2. 2. 2. Suction pressure = 75 psi Suction pressure = 75 psi Suction pressure = 75 psi Suction pressure = 75 psi
Refrigerant required to charge Refrigerant required to charge Refrigerant required to charge Refrigerant required to charge
1 TR = 1.2kg of R22 1 TR = 1.2kg of R22 1 TR = 1.2kg of R22 1 TR = 1.2kg of R22
TR No. of strands and TR No. of strands and TR No. of strands and TR No. of strands and guage guage guage guage
1. 1. 1. 1. 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3- -- -20 20 20 20
2. 2. 2. 2. 1.5 7 1.5 7 1.5 7 1.5 7- -- -20 20 20 20
3. 3. 3. 3. 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7- -- -18 18 18 18
Liquid line size is smaller than gas line Liquid line size is smaller than gas line Liquid line size is smaller than gas line Liquid line size is smaller than gas line
FOR VENTILATION
Open = air comes in from out Open = air comes in from out Open = air comes in from out Open = air comes in from out
Close = sealed , no fresh air comes in Close = sealed , no fresh air comes in Close = sealed , no fresh air comes in Close = sealed , no fresh air comes in
Stabilizer Stabilizer Stabilizer Stabilizer
3 Minutes delay stabilizer 3 Minutes delay stabilizer 3 Minutes delay stabilizer 3 Minutes delay stabilizer
1. 1. 1. 1. 1 TR = 3kVA 1 TR = 3kVA 1 TR = 3kVA 1 TR = 3kVA
2. 2. 2. 2. 1.5 TR = 4kVA 1.5 TR = 4kVA 1.5 TR = 4kVA 1.5 TR = 4kVA
3. 3. 3. 3. 2.0 TR = 5kVA 2.0 TR = 5kVA 2.0 TR = 5kVA 2.0 TR = 5kVA
WINDOW AC DIAGRAM
Diagram Diagram Diagram Diagram
Window ac should be placed at such a place where the sun is minimum. If kept in Window ac should be placed at such a place where the sun is minimum. If kept in Window ac should be placed at such a place where the sun is minimum. If kept in Window ac should be placed at such a place where the sun is minimum. If kept in
sun path give shading to (compressor ) unit. sun path give shading to (compressor ) unit. sun path give shading to (compressor ) unit. sun path give shading to (compressor ) unit.
Always above 6 ft. from ground to avoid dust collection. Always above 6 ft. from ground to avoid dust collection. Always above 6 ft. from ground to avoid dust collection. Always above 6 ft. from ground to avoid dust collection.