Presentation On Metamaterials

Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Metamaterial Superlenses
Finite Size Effects
A. McMurray
Electromagnetic Materials Group,
University of Exeter
Supervisor: Dr Stavroula Foteinopoulou
November 7, 2011
A. McMurray Metamaterial Superlenses
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Outline
Introduction
Aims and Motivation
What are Metamaterials?
Background
Early History
plot
Modern developments
The superlens
The project
Methodology
Summary
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Aims and Motivation
Aims and Motivation
What and why?
Ideal superlens is innite in lateral extent (width).
In practice, any superlens must have a nite lateral extent.
This reduces attainable resolution
We intend to quantify the effect of the nite size

upon resolution via analytical calculations.
Superlenses optical lithography

nanoelectronics hard drives, chemical
detectors.
Anti-reective moth-eye coating for
solar cells,
University of Southampton.
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Aims and Motivation
Denitions
The refractive index, n, of a medium is the ratio of the

speed of light in vacuum to its speed in the medium:
n =
c
v
=

Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Aims and Motivation
Denitions
Poyntings vector, S =
1
0
(E B)
Derived from Poyntings theorem:

dW
dt
=
d
dt
V
1
2
(
0
E
2
+
1
0
B
2
)d
S
1
0
(E B) dA
S points in the direction of energy propagation. (i.e. the

direction of wave propagation)
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Aims and Motivation
Denitions
The wavevector, k is dened as:

|k| =
2
k points in the direction normal to the surfaces of constant

phase (i.e. the wavefronts) which is not always the same
as the direction of wave propagation.
k S < 0 backward wave
k S > 0 forward wave.

Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Aims and Motivation
Metamaterial articial material with properties not found

in nature.
We are interested in metamaterials with Negative

Refractive Index.
Also called NRI materials/ Negative Index Materials (NIM)

Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Aims and Motivation
A NRI is achieved by having and be simultaneously

negative. (i.e. both negative for the same frequency range)
When , < 0, n = |
|.
Figure: CG Images of water in a a) empty glass, b) glass of water
(n = 1.3), c) glass of NRI water (n = 1.3)
1
1
Dolling G. et al (2006), "Photorealistic images of objects in effective negative-index materials",
Optics Express 14.
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Aims and Motivation
Meta-atoms: discrete cells,

size < .
Periodic arrays used to create

bulk NRI medium.
Their small size relative to

means the light wave interacts
with them collectively - not as
individual components
Figure: An SRR/wire lattice. Each
resonator is ~1cm.
1
1
Shadrivov I., 2008, Nonlinear metamaterials: a new degree of freedom, SPIE
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Aims and Motivation
Invisibility cloak
In 2006, SRRs were used to construct an invisibility cloak

1
:
2D region, GHz frequencies.

1
http://people.ee.duke.edu/~drsmith/gallery.html, Research Group of David R. Smith, Duke
University
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Early History
plot
Modern developments
The superlens
Early History
Victor Veselago, 1967 Left-Handed Materials(LHMs)
Simultaneously negative and
E, H and k form a left-handed vector set.

E
k
H
E
k
H
RHM: k (E H*) = kS>0 LHM: k (E H*) = kS<0
Forward Wave Backward Wave
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Early History
plot
Modern developments
The superlens
Early history
Although LHMs do not exist in nature, Veselago was able

to predict many of their properties including:
Negative refractive index
Negative group velocity
Reversed Doppler Effect

(receding sources are
blue-shifted)
Reversed Cherenkov radiation

(backward Cherenkov radiation
cone)
Cherenkov Radiation,
American Chemical Society
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Early History
plot
Modern developments
The superlens
Denitions
Propagating waves: A e
ikx
,
extend to far eld, conventional
microscopy
Evanescent waves: A e
x
,
conned to near eld (~), carry
no energy, carry minuscule
details of object, total internal
reection uorescence
microscopy.
A
x
A
x
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Early History
plot
Modern developments
The superlens
Most dielectrics
Double Negative (DNG)
Metamaterials
Noble Metals(e.g. Ag, Au)
in IR/vis. region
Mu-negative (MNG)
materials
Propagating waves
Propagating waves Evanescent Waves
Evanescent Waves
Quadrant I Quadrant II
Quadrant III
Quadrant IV
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Early History
plot
Modern developments
The superlens
Modern developments
Metamaterials largely abandoned for three decades.
1996, J.B. Pendry: parallel wires via self-inductance

m
e
m
N
(factor 10
4
increase)

p
=
ne
2
0
m
() = 1

2
p
<
p
< 0
Without shift, would be large and negative ~GHz large

R from Fresnel (!)
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Early History
plot
Modern developments
The superlens
Modern developments
In 1999, Pendry also suggested that using SRRs one could

tune the value of for microwave frequencies.
Combine the two ideas a lattice of straight wires and

SRRs -ve , at microwave frequencies.
Demonstrated by D.R. Smith in 2000 and a negative n was

directly conrmed in 2001 by R. A. Shelby.
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Early History
plot
Modern developments
The superlens
The ideal superlens
O
I
A
B
P
D C
d
s
d
d
i
Amplitude of Evanescent Wave
A 0 2A
Ideal superlens has = = 1
Innite in lateral extent.
All rays focused to image point,

I.
All rays pass through point P.
Perfect lens formula: d

s
+ d
i
= d
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Early History
plot
Modern developments
The superlens
The ideal superlens
O
I
A
B
P
D C
d
s
d
d
i
Amplitude of Evanescent Wave
A 0 2A
Propagating components
preserve phase.
Evanescent components
preserve amplitude.
Preservation of all components

perfect image reconstruction.
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Methodology
Summary
Aims and Motivation Recap
What and why?
All practical superlenses must have a nite lateral extent.
Affects the possible resolution as smaller extent less

wave components are focused reduced image quality.
Also have losses in the medium lower quality.
We intend to quantify the effect of lateral size upon

resolution via analytical calculations and perhaps also
consider losses.
This will allow for the optimisation of superlenses

Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Methodology
Summary
Methodology
How do we do this?
1. Decompose incident light wave, E
i
(r ) (Gaussian
waveform), into separate k-components, F
n
(k), via Fourier
transforms.
2. Calculate the transmission functions, t
n
(k)
3. Calculate the resultant k-components, g
n
(k) = t
n
(k)F
n
(k)
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Methodology
Summary
Methodology
How do we do this?
4. Recombine the resultant k-components to obtain the
transmitted wave, E
t
(r ) via inverse Fourier transforms.
Resolution obtained from FWHM.
5. Repeat for different congurations (e.g. different lateral
sizes, included components etc.)
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Methodology
Summary
Summary
Now possible to construct non-ideal superlenses.
Images are imperfect nite extent (ratio of d

s
to lateral
extent), losses in the medium etc.
Quantify the effect of nite size upon resolution via

analytical calculations.
Begin with only far-eld components, non-dispersive (!),

lossless media. Improve as the project develops
Results should allow superlens design to be optimised,

leading to improvements in many devices
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Methodology
Summary
End of talk
I would like to thank my supervisor,
Dr. Stavroula Foteinopoulou,
and my colleague, Alun Daley,
for their help and advice.
Any questions?
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Backup slides
Backup slides
Negative refraction (mathematical reasoning)
Negative refraction (graphical reasoning)
Perfect Lens Equation geometrical proof
Requirements for propagating waves
How does the SRR work?
Conservation of phase
Modications to Fresnels equations
Hyperlens
Why must NIMs be dispersive?
Why dont evanescent waves carry energy?
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Backup slides
An EM-wave propagating in z direction will have

components:
E = E
0
e
ikzi t
H = H
0
e
ikzi t
From wave equation: k = n
c
=
k and hence n must have positive imaginary parts to be

physical (otherwise amplitude exponentially increases)
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Backup slides
n
2
= ||||e
i (
e
+
m
)
n =
||||e
i (
e
+
m
)
2
+im
Im
Re
Root 1, m=0
Root 2, m=1
So to get +ve imag. part of n, must have -ve real part.

Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Backup slides
This is a simplication as wave may propagate in -z

direction
Therefore consider time-averaged Poynting vector

1
:
S =
1
2
Re(E H
)

ze
Im(k)z
Therefore Im(k) must be positive for the solution to be

physical.
So as before the real part of n must be negative.

1
Ziolkowski R. & Heyman E., 2001, Wave propagation in media having negative permittivity and
permeability, Physical Review E, 64, 056625
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Backup slides
k-components parallel to the interface are conserved.
LHM
Air
Magnitude of
parallel k component
EFS of dielectric
EFS of air
k
inc
k
ref
S
A
B
y
Dr. Stavroula Foteinopoulou
In refraction, frequency
conserved
incident k-vector lies on

equifrequency surface(EFS) in
air (radius

c
)
Refracted k-vector lies on EFS

in dielectric (radius |k
ref
| =
|n|
c
)
k
ref
could lie on A or B (k
must be conserved)
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Backup slides
LHM
Air
Magnitude of
parallel k component
EFS of dielectric
EFS of air
k
inc
k
ref
S
A
B
y
Dr. Stavroula Foteinopoulou
LHM k S < 0
Energy ow (direction of S) must

be in causal direction away from
source (y-direction)
k
ref
must lie on point A
direction of energy (and thus

wave) propagation S is on
opposite side of normal
Negative refraction
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Backup slides
O
I
A
B
P
D C
d
s
d
d
i
AB = OB tan
BP =
AB
tan
BP = OB, independent of and
thus the same for all rays emitted
from O.
OP = OB + PB so all rays pass
through point P
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Backup slides
O
I
A
B
P
D C
d
s
d
d
i
PC =
DC
tan
DC = IC tan
PC = IE
PC + BP = OB + IC
d = d
s
+ d
i
The Perfect Lens Formula
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Backup slides
Requirements for propagating waves
From the EM Wave Equation: k

2
E

2
c
2
E = 0
k
2
=
2
c
2
If , both have the same sign then k

2
is +ve and k is real
If their signs differ then k is imaginary
E = E
0
e
ikx
e
i t
So wave is evanescent ( e
kx
) if signs differ (Quadrants II
and IV)
If the signs are the same it is a propagating wave ( e

i kx
)
(Quadrants I and III)
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Backup slides
How does the SRR work?
Splits in rings force currents to oscillate in ring

circulating currents store magnetic energy
inductor.
Large capacitance between smaller oppositely

oriented ring and outer one.
Analogous to L-C circuit.
Resonant frequency:
0
=
1
LC
= 1

2
2
0
< 0 for >

0
I. Shadrivov, ANU
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Backup slides
Conservation of phase
O
I
A
B
P
D C
d
s
d
d
i
Perfect lens formula: d

s
+ d
i
= d

OA =

DI =

AP =

PD
k = n
Optical path for

OA and

DI =
(+|n|
c

OA) + (+|n|
c

DI) = 2|n|
c

OA
Optical path for
AD = |n|
c

AD = 2|n|
c

OA
Total optical path = 0, phase

conserved.
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Backup slides
Fresnel modications
NIM: n =
=
n
1
cos n
2
cos
n
1
cos +n
2
cos
Perfect lens (1st interface): n

1
= 1, n
2
= 1, =
=
2 cos
0
Exact expression
1
: r
=
z
2
cos z
1
cos
z
2
cos +z
1
cos
z =
, in air/vacuum , = 1, in NIM , = 1
1st interface: r
=
0
2 cos
= 0 as expected.
1
Veselago V., 2006, Negative Refractive Index Materials, J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 3, 1-30
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Backup slides
Future possibilites - Hyperlens
The hyperlens enhances the evanescent waves by

coupling them into propagating waves.
Near-eld evanescent components far eld
obtain sub- resolution without needing to form the

image in the near-eld of the lens
Applications in microscopy, cellular imaging.

Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Backup slides
Future possibilites - Hyperlens
Figure: a)Conventional lens. b) Near-eld superlens. c) Far-eld
superlens. d) Hyperlens. The wavy curves are propagating waves.
Smooth curves are evanescent waves.
1
1
Zhang X. & Liu Z., 2008, Superlenses to overcome the diffraction limit, Nature Materials 7, 435-441
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Backup slides
Why must NIMs be dispersive?
The energy density in non-dispersive media is given by:
U =
1
2
( Re(EE
) + Re(HH
))

U < 0 if , < 0 unphysical
If the media is dispersive, i.e. = (), = (), then:
U =
1
2
()
Re(EE
) +
()
Re(HH

U can be > 0 only if the NIM is dispersive.
Introduction
Background
The project
Backup slides
Backup slides
Why dont evanescent waves carry energy?
In an evanescent wave the E and H components are 90
or
2
out of phase
the time-average of the Poynting vector (i.e. considering

energy transfer over a whole cycle) is zero.
S =
1
2
Re(E H
) = 0
No energy is transferred.

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Introduction

Ideal superlens is innite in lateral extent (width).

In practice, any superlens must have a nite lateral extent.

This reduces attainable resolution

We intend to quantify the effect of the nite size

Superlenses optical lithography

The refractive index, n, of a medium is the ratio of the

A. McMurray Metamaterial Superlenses

Derived from Poyntings theorem:

S points in the direction of energy propagation. (i.e. the

The wavevector, k is dened as:

k points in the direction normal to the surfaces of constant

k S < 0 backward wave

k S > 0 forward wave.

Metamaterial articial material with properties not found

We are interested in metamaterials with Negative

Also called NRI materials/ Negative Index Materials (NIM)

A NRI is achieved by having and be simultaneously

Meta-atoms: discrete cells,

Periodic arrays used to create

Their small size relative to

In 2006, SRRs were used to construct an invisibility cloak

2D region, GHz frequencies.

Victor Veselago, 1967 Left-Handed Materials(LHMs)

Simultaneously negative and

E, H and k form a left-handed vector set.

Although LHMs do not exist in nature, Veselago was able

Negative refractive index

Negative group velocity

Reversed Doppler Effect

Reversed Cherenkov radiation

Metamaterials largely abandoned for three decades.

1996, J.B. Pendry: parallel wires via self-inductance

Without shift, would be large and negative ~GHz large

In 1999, Pendry also suggested that using SRRs one could

Combine the two ideas a lattice of straight wires and

Demonstrated by D.R. Smith in 2000 and a negative n was

Ideal superlens has = = 1

Innite in lateral extent.

All rays focused to image point,

All rays pass through point P.

Perfect lens formula: d

Preservation of all components

All practical superlenses must have a nite lateral extent.

Affects the possible resolution as smaller extent less

Also have losses in the medium lower quality.

We intend to quantify the effect of lateral size upon

This will allow for the optimisation of superlenses

Now possible to construct non-ideal superlenses.

Images are imperfect nite extent (ratio of d

Quantify the effect of nite size upon resolution via

Begin with only far-eld components, non-dispersive (!),

Results should allow superlens design to be optimised,

An EM-wave propagating in z direction will have

From wave equation: k = n

k and hence n must have positive imaginary parts to be

So to get +ve imag. part of n, must have -ve real part.

This is a simplication as wave may propagate in -z

Therefore consider time-averaged Poynting vector

Therefore Im(k) must be positive for the solution to be

So as before the real part of n must be negative.

incident k-vector lies on