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Announcements
Popular Physiology Review - Immune
Thursday, April 17 Thursday, April 17
Posted on D2L
Replacement/Makeup Exam Selection now open
See top right of D2L course page
Can make choice until May 2
Announcements
Exam 3
I' e posted the annotated ans er ke for e am3 I've posted the annotated answer key for exam 3.
Mean =76.5 12.6 SD
Highest grade was 100
Mode =84
Median =77.5
This is always the hardest exam of the semester.
As a group, you did quite well.
Lecture 21
Tuesday, April 15
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Announcements
Announcements
http://www.pbs.org/your-inner-fish/watch/
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Physiology in the News
Google Doodle from April 11
Its not every day that you wake up, turn on the laptop, and see chemical structures
in the doodle on the Google search landing page. Especially those of drugs isolated
or made from plants
Yet today, the Google Doodle marks the 115th anniversary of the birth of The
cortisone physostigmine
http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidkroll/2014/04/11/todays-google-doodle-honors-pioneering-medicinal-chemist/
Forgotten Genius, synthetic medicinal chemist, Dr. Percy J ulian. Treatments for
glaucoma and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as oral contraceptives and testosterone
gel, are among the drugs made directly by J ulian, or were indirectly enabled by the
chemistry in one of his 160 U.S. patents.
View a NOVA show about him at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/forgotten-genius.html
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/urban-scientist/2014/04/11/google-doodle-honors-chemist-dr-percy-julian/
Physiology in the News B (several students)
Measles Outbreak Traced to
Fully Vaccinated Patient
for First Time
Wh it t th l i t h t b tt th L th 1% f l When it comes to the measles vaccine, two shots are better than one. Less than 1% of people
who get both [measles] shots will contract the potentially lethal skin and respiratory infection. And
even if a fully vaccinated person does become infecteda rare situation known as vaccine
failurethey werent thought to be contagious.
Thats why a fully vaccinated 22-year-old theater employee in New York City who developed the
measles in 2011 was released without hospitalization or quarantine. But like Typhoid Mary, this
patient turned out to be unwittingly contagious. Ultimately, she transmitted the measles to four
other people, according to a recent report in Clinical Infectious Diseases that tracked symptoms
in the 88 people with whom Measles Mary interacted while she was sick. Surprisingly, two of
the secondary patients had been fully vaccinated. And although the other two had no record of
http://news.sciencemag.org/health/2014/04/measles-outbreak-traced-fully-vaccinated-patient-first-time
the secondary patients had been fully vaccinated. And although the other two had no record of
receiving the vaccine, they both showed signs of previous measles exposure that should have
conferred immunity.
By analyzing her blood, the researchers found that Measles Mary mounted an IgM defense, as if
she had never been vaccinated. Her blood also contained a potent arsenal of IgG antibodies, but
a closer look revealed that none of these IgG antibodies were actually capable of neutralizing the
measles virus. It seemed that her vaccine-given immunity had waned.
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Respiratory Systems
External respiration =
exchange of O
2
and CO
2
between organism and
environment
Internal respiration =
cellular use of O
2
in
metabolisms
See also Figs. 11-1 and 1
Respiratory strategies
Animals more than a few millimeters thick use one of
three respiratory strategies:
1) Circulating external medium throughout body ) g g y
Sponges, cnidarians, and insects
2) Diffusion of gases across body surface +
circulatory transport (bulk flow)
Cutaneous respiration
Most aquatic invertebrates, some amphibians, bird eggs q p gg
3) Diffusion of gases across a specialized respiratory
surface +circulatory transport (bulk flow)
Gills (evaginations) or lungs (invaginations)
Vertebrates
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Ventilation
Reduces formation of static boundary layers
Types of ventilation
Nondirectional - medium flows past respiratory p p y
surface in an unpredictable pattern (e.g., frog skin)
Tidal - medium moves in and out (e.g., humans)
Unidirectional - medium enters chamber at one point
and exits at another (e.g., fish, crustaceans, birds)
Animals respond to changes in environmental
O
2
or metabolic demands by altering rate or
pattern of ventilation
Movement of blood through respiratory surface
can affect efficiency of gas exchange
Nondirectional ventilation
(fully mixed medium and
thin surface)
Nondirectional ventilation
(poorly mixed medium or
thick surface) Tidal ventilation
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Unidirectional ventilation - blood can flow in one of
three ways relative to flow of medium
Crosscurrent flow Countercurrent flow Cocurrent flow
See also Fig. 11-6, p. 501
The physics of respiratory systems
1) Rate of diffusion (Fick equation)
dQ/dt = D x A x dC/dx
dQ/dt =rate of diffusion or mass flux (moles/sec)
D =diffusion coefficient (how easy to diffuse) (cm
2
/sec)
A =membrane area (cm
2
)
dC/dx =energetic gradient ([ ], pressure, etc.)
Gas exchange surfaces are thin with large
surface area
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Table 11-1, p.464
Ventilation and gas exchange: Water vs air
The different physical properties of air and water
require different strategies from animals
Differences
[O
2
]
air
20-30X greater than [O
2
]
water
Water is denser and more viscous than air
Evaporation only an issue for air breathers
Strategies
Unidirectional: most water-breathers
Tidal: air-breathers
Air-filled tubes: insects
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Fish gills are arranged for countercurrent flow
See Fig. 11-6, p. 501
Breathing in air (compared to water)
O
2
easy to get out of air (21% of gases)
For 1 ml O
2
, need to transport 25 ml of air
For 1 ml O
2
, need to transport 1 L water
Respiration by diffusion for small animals, ventilated
lungs for most larger ones; some cutaneous respir.
If gills present, need rigid support against gravity
Two major lineages: Two major lineages:
Arthropods crustaceans, chelicerates, insects, arachnids
Vertebrates
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The lung
1. Diffusion lungs
no muscular ventilation
ll i l
Sea cucumber Pulmonate snail
very small animals
invertebrates
2. Ventilation lungs
exchange via tidal flow
Frog
Mammal
e c a ge a t da o
amphibians, reptiles, mammals
unidirectional flow - birds
Filling a ventilation lung:
A. pressure pump
Fig. 11-11, p.474
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A. pressure pump
Thoracic cavity
Filling a ventilation lung:
p p p
amphibians
B suction pump
Thoracic cavity
B. suction pump
mammals, reptiles, birds
lung
Mammals - pleural sac around lungs critical
See also Fig. 11-13, p. 510
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Relevant pressures during ventilation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NB1aCBId6qA
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Gas exchange at alveoli
Type I alveolar cells
See also Figs. 11-11
d 11 12
Type II alveolar cells secrete surfactants
reduce surface tension, which increases lung
compliance and decreases force needed to inflate lungs
and 11-12
Reptiles
No true diaphragm - use rib cage to produce negative
pressure to fill lungs
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Birds
Lung - stiff, changes little in volume
Series of flexible air sacs act as
bellows
Air sacs ramify into bones
Two bronchi pass through lungs to
air sacs
Gas exchange at parabronchi
Crosscurrent flow Crosscurrent flow
Bird ventilation requires
two cycles of inhalation
and exhalation
Unidirectional air flow
http://www.peteducation.com
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1st inhale
Anterior air sacs
lung
Posterior air sacs
trachea
Anterior air sacs
1st exhale
lung
Posterior air sacs
trachea
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2nd inhale
Anterior air sacs
lung
Posterior air sacs
trachea
2nd exhale
Anterior air sacs
lung
Posterior air sacs
trachea
16
Presumed earliest unidirectional
vertebrate lung
Upper Cretaceous (85 million years ago) rocks in Argentina
Sereno et al. 2008. PLoS One.
17
Insects have extensive tracheal system
Series of air-filled tubes that terminate in tracheoles
Ends of tubes are filled with hemolymph sites of
gas exchange g g
Open to outside via spiracles
Gases diffuse in and out of trachea
Mechanisms of insect ventilation
Abdominal muscle contractions or thorax movements
Tidal or unidirectional (anterior abdominal spiracles)
Discontinuous gas exchange
e
a
s
e

(
m
m
o
l

g
-
1
m
i
n
-
1
)
Open
Closed phase: no gas exchange.
O
2
used and CO
2
converted to
HCO
3
-
. in total P
Flutter phase: air is pulled in
Open phase: total P as CO
Discontinuous gas exchange
R
a
t
e

o
f

C
O
2
r
e
l
Time (h)
Closed
Flutter
Open phase: total P as CO
2
can no longer be stored as
HCO
3
-
. Spiracles open and
CO
2
is released.