Xu Li Anh PDF

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GING VIN: THS. TRN THY H
B MN: K THUT IN T - KHOA KTDT1
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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI GING MN
Ging vin: ThS. Trn Thy H
in thoi/E-mail: 0912166577 / thuyhadt@gmail.com
B mn: K thut in t- Khoa KTDT1
Hc k/Nm bin son: Hc k 2 nm 2013
X L NH
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MC TIU MN HC
Cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn:
Cc khi nim v nh
Phng php v k thut x l nh:
Biu din,
Lc v nng cao cht lng nh
Phng php phn vng nh
Xc nh bin nh
Cc phng php nhn dng nh
Mt s k thut v cng ngh nn nh s
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Ti liu
Hc liu bt buc:
[1]. Nng Ton, Gio trnh X l nh, Hc vin CNBCVT, 2010
[2] Lng Mnh B, Nguyn Thanh Thu, Nhp mn x l nh s. Nh
xut bn Khoa hc K thut, 1999
Hc liu tham kho
[3] John C. Russ , The Image Processing Handbook, CRC Press, 2002
[4] Alan C. Bovik , Handbook of Image and Video Processing, Academic
Press, 2000
[5] Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, Steven L. Eddins, Digital
Image Processing Using MATLAB, Prentice Hall, 2003
[6] Nguyn Kim Sch. X l nh v Video s. Nh xut bn Khoa hc
K thut, 1997
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nh gi
Tham gia hc tp trn lp: 10%
Thc hnh/Th nghim/Bi tp/Tho lun: 10%
Kim tra gia k: 10%
Kim tra cui k: 70%
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1. Chng 1. Nhp mn x l nh. ( 2 tit).
2. Chng 2. Thu nhn nh. (4 tit).
3. Chng 3. X l nng cao cht lng nh. (4 tit).
4. Chng 4. Cc phng php pht hin bin. (4 tit).
5. Chng 5. Phn vng nh. (4 tit).
6. Chng 6. Nhn dng nh. (4 tit).
7. Chng 7. Nn d liu nh (2 tit).
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Chng 1. NHP MN X L NH
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1. Tng quan v h thng x l nh.
2. Nhng vn c bn trong x l nh
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1.1. Tng quan v h thng x l nh.
Qu trnh x l nh l qu trnh thao tc
nh u vo nhm cho ra kt qu mong
mun.
Kt qu u ra ca mt qu trnh x l
nh c th l mt nh tt hn hoc mt
kt lun.
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nh l tp hp cc imnh.
Mi im nh l c trng cng
sng hay mt du hiu no ti mt v
tr no ca i tng trong khng
gian.
nh c th xem nh mt hm n bin P(c
1
,
c
2
,..., c
n
).
Do , nh trong x l nh c th xem
nh nh nchiu.
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S tng qut ca mt h thng x l nh:
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1.2. NHNG VN C BN TRONG X L NH
1.2.1. Mt s khi nim c bn
Pixel (Picture Element): phn t nh
nh gm nhiu im nh, gi l pixel. Mi
pixel gm mt cp to x, y v mu. Cp
to x, y to nn phngii (resolution)
Khi c s ho, n thng c biu din
bi bng hai chiu I(n,p): n dng v p ct
nh gm n x p pixels.
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K hiu I(x,y) ch mt pixel.
Thng chn n = p = 256.
Mt pixel c th lu tr trn 1,
4, 8 hay 24 bit.
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Graylevel: Mc xm/Mu
L s cc gi tr c th c ca cc
imnh ca nh.
Mc xm l cng sng
Mu l mu ca imnh
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1.2.2. Nn chnh bin dng
nh thu nhn thng b bin dng do cc thit b quang hc v
in t.
khc phc ngi ta s dng cc php chiu, cc
php chiu thng c xy dng trn tp cc im
iu khin.
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1.2.3. Kh nhiu
C 2 loi nhiu c bn trong qu trnh
thu nhn nh:
Nhiu h thng: l nhiu c quy lut
c th kh bng cc php bin i.
Nhiu ngu nhin: vt bn khng r
nguyn nhn khc phc bng cc
php lc
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1.2.4. Chnh mc xm
Nhm khc phc tnh khng ng u ca h
thng gy ra. Thng thng c 2 hng tip
cn:
Gim s mc xm: Thc hin bng cch nhm
cc mc xmgn nhau thnh mt b.
Trng hp ch c 2 mc xm th chuyn v
nh en trng.
ng dng: In nh mu bng my in en trng.
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Tng s mc xm: Thc hin ni suy
ra cc mc xm trung gian bng k
thut ni suy. K thut ny nhm
tng cng mn cho nh.
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1.2.5. Phn tch nh
Cc c im ca i tng c trch chn tu
theo mc ch nhn dng trong qu trnh x l nh.
C th nu ra mt s c imca nh sau y:
c im khng gian: Phn b mc xm, phn b
xc sut, bin , im un v.v..
c im bin i: Cc c im loi ny c trch
chn bng vic thc hin lc vng (zonal filtering).
Cc b vng c gi l mt n c im
(feature mask) thng l cc khe hp vi hnh dng
khc nhau (ch nht, tam gic, cung trn v.v..)
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c im bin vng bin: c trng
cho ng bin ca i tng hu
ch trong vic trch trn cc thuc tnh
bt bin c dng khi nhn dng i
tng.
Cc c im ny c th c trch
chn nh ton t gradient, ton t la
bn, ton t Laplace v.v..
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1.2.6. Nhn dng
C 2 cch nhn dng khc nhau:
Phn loi c mu (supervised classification):
trong mu u vo c nh danh nh
mt thnh phn ca mt lp xc nh.
Phn loi khng c mu (unsupervised
classification): trong cc mu c gn
vo cc lp khc nhau da trn mt tiu
chun ng dng no . Cc lp ny cho
n thi im phn loi vn cha bit hay
cha c nh danh.
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H thng nhn dng t ng bao gm ba
khu tng ng vi ba giai on ch yu
sau:
Thu nhn d liu v tin x l.
Biu din d liu.
Nhn dng, ra quyt nh.
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Bn cch tip cn khc nhau trong l
thuyt nhn dng l:
i snh mu da trn cc c trng
c trch chn.
Phn loi thng k.
i snh cu trc.
Phn loi da trn mng n-ron nhn
to.
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1.2.7. Nn nh
Nhm gim thiu khng gian lu
tr.
Nn nh c 2 loi l nn c bo ton
v nn khng bo ton thng tin.
Nn khng bo ton th thng c
kh nng nn cao hn nhng kh
nng phc hi th kmhn.
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C 4 k thut c bn trong nn nh:
Nn nh thng k: da vo vic thng
k tn xut xut hin ca gi tr cc
imnh
Nn nh khng gian: da vo v tr
khng gian ca cc im nh tin
hnh m ha. K thut li dng s
ging nhau ca cc im nh trong cc
vng gn nhau.
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Nn nh s dng php bin i: y l
k thut tip cn theo hng nn khng
bo ton v do vy, k thut thng nn
hiu qu hn.
Nn nh Fractal: S dng tnh cht
Fractal (t ng dng) ca cc i tng
nh th hin s lp li ca cc chi tit.
K thut nn s tnh ton ch cn lu
tr phn gc nh v quy lut sinh ra
nh.
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CHNG 2.
THU NHN NH
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2.1. CC THIT B THU NHN NH
2.2. LY MU V LNG T
2.3. MT S PHNG PHP BIU DIN NH
2.4. CC NH DNG NH C BN
2.5. K THUT TI NHN NH
2.6. KHI NIMNH EN TRNG, NH MU
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2.1. CC THIT B THU NHN NH
Cc thit b thu nhn nh c 2 loi chnh
ng vi 2 loi nh thng dng Raster,
Vector v c th cho nh en trng hoc nh
mu.
Cc thit b thu nhn nh Raster thng
thng l camera, scanner.
Cc thit b thu nhn nh Vector thng
thng l sensor hoc bn s ho digitalizer
hoc c chuyn i t nh Raster.
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Nhn chung cc h thng thu nhn
nh thc hin qu trnh:
Cm bin: bin i nng lng
quang hc thnh nng lng in
(giai on ly mu)
Tng hp nng lng in thnh
nh (giai on lng t ha)
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2.2. LY MU V LNG T HO
2.2.1. Giai on ly mu
S dng b cm bin hoc my qut
bin tn hiu quang ca nh thnh tn hiu
in lin tc.
My qut s qut theo chiu ngang to
ra tn hiu in ca nh, kt qu cho ra
mt tn hiu in hai chiu f(x,y) lin tc.
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Ly mu bng scanner
nh c biu din bi hm f(x,y)
nh gc c th ti to c th
tn s ly mu:
f
x
> 2f
xmax
v f
y
> 2 f
ymax
vi f
xmax
v f
ymax
l tn s cao nht
ca tn hiu vo
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2.2.2. Lng t ha
nh sau khi ly mu s c dng
f(m,n) vi m, n l nguyn nhng
gi tr f(m, n) vn l gi tr vt l
lin tc.
Qu trnh bin i gi tr f(m,n)
thnh mt s nguyn thch hp
lu tr gi l lng t ho.
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Qu trnh lng t ha l qu trnh nh x
mt bin lin tc u vo bin ri rc u*
thuc tp hu hn [u
1
, u
2
,..u
L
] xc nh
trc, L l mc lng t ho c to ra.
V d:
To nh a cp xm th L=256:
f(m,n) = g [0, 255]
To nh 2
24
th L=2
24
:
f(m, n) = g [0, 2
24
1]
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2.3. MT S PHNG PHP BIU DIN NH
Qu trnh lu tr nh nhm 2 mc ch:
Tit kimb nh
Gimthi gian x l
Vic la chn phn gii thch hp nh
cng p v mn tu thuc vo nhu cu s dng
v c trng ca mi nh c th, trn c s
cc nh thng c biu din theo 2 m hnh
c bn:
M hnh Raster
M hnh Vector
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2.3.1. M hnh Raster
y l cch biu din nh thng dng
nht hin nay.
nh c biu din di dng ma trn
cc im(im nh).
nh thu nhn qua cc thit b nh
camera, scanner.
Tu theo yu cu thc t m mi im
nh c biu din bng 1 hay nhiu bit.
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c im:
M hnh Raster thun li cho hin th v
in n.
Thit b thu nhn nh Raster ph hp vi
tc nhanh v cht lng cao cho c u
vo v u ra.
Mt thun li cho vic hin th trong mi
trng Windows
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2.3.2. M hnh Vector
Bao gm cc i tng hnh hc
Ph bin trong phn mm m ha
ng (2D v c bit m hnh 3D)
Kch thc file (khng ph thuc vo
kch c)
Zoom ty (khng b v)
Thun li trong lu tr v thit k
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2.4. KHI NIMNH EN TRNG, NH MU
nh l tp hp cc im nh, thng tin ca tng im
nh s quyt nh loi nh
C 3 loi nh s:
nh en trng
nh nh phn
nh mc xm
N mc, t 8 n 256 hoc nhiu hn
nh mu
Bao gm 3 trng mu , xanh da tri v xanh
l
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M hnh mu
Mt con ngi c kh nng phn bit
khong 10 triu mu.
Tuy nhin no b con ngi ch c th
cm nhn c s khc bit ca vi chc
nghn mu.
Cc m hnh mu c s dng ti
hin li mt phn tp hp cc mu nhn
thy c nhng khng phi l tt c
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M hnh RGB (Red, Green, Blue)
Chp nm 1911 bng ba tm lc , xanh l cy v xanh da tri.
hin th li ba hnh chiu phi c lng ln nhau trong phng ti
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M hnh RGB
Da vo l thuyt 3
mu Young-Helmholtz
u th k 19
Da vo phng php
phi mu cng.
S dng trong hin th
trn mn hnh.
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RBG trong my nh - Lc Bayer
Cm bin ch cm nhn cng sng
Cn c lp lc xc nh mu
Lp lc Bayer c s dng nhiu trong my nh
c y thng tin cho mt im nh, mt s
thut ton ni suy c s dng
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My quay Three-CCD
tng nt v gim nhiu do cc thut ton
ni suy 3 sensor cho ba mu c th c dng
ring bit
S dng ch yu trong my quay chuyn nghip
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Bayer Three-CCD
S dng 1 cmbin S dng 3 cmbin
Ch lc c 1 mu
trn mi pixel. xc
nh mu tip theo
phi s dng 1 s
thut ton ni suy
sai s trong iu kin
thiu sng, nh d b
nhiu.
Cho ra 3 mu tht s,
cho ra cht lng nh
tt hn, su mu,
sc nt hn, nh t b
nhiu.
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M hnh mu CMY (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow)
Quy trnh in 3 mu, 1902
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Ba mu ny l phn b tng ng ca ba
mu gc RGB.
H mu ny s dng phng php phi mu
tr thay v phi mu cng.
S dng ch yu trong in n.
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
B
G
R
Y
M
C
1
1
1
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Phi mu cng l vic to nn cc mu sc bng cch
chng vo nhau nh sng pht ra t vi ngun sng.
Hai tia sng cng cng thuc hai trong ba mu
gc ni trn chng ln nhau s to nn mu th cp:
+ Lc = Vng;
+ Lam = Hng sm (cnh sen).
Lam + Lc = Xanh l
Ba tia sng thuc ba mu gc cng cng chng
ln nhau s to nn mu trng. Thay i cng
sng ca cc ngun s to ra gam mu ca ba mu
gc.
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Phi mu tr: l vic to nn cc mu sc bng cch trn cc
mu nh cc loi sn, thuc nhum, mc, cc cht mu t nhin
...
Pha ba mu gc theo phng php ny, gm , vng, lam, cho
kt qu nh sau:
+ Vng = Da cam.
+ Lam = Tm.
Lam + Vng = Lc
+ Lam + Lc = en
Thc ra cch pha mu ny khng cho ph mu rng. Cc mu
trn vi nhau c th lm mt i sc . Pha cng nhiu mu vi
nhau th mu cng xn c, hay cn gi bng t chuyn mn l
b "cht mu".
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M hnh mu HSV (Hue,
Saturation, Value) v HSL
(Hue, Saturation, Lightness)
M hnh mu ny mun sp
xp li h mu RGB hay CMY
theo mt cch d hnh dung
hn.
Trong Hue l tng mu,
Saturation l sc
Value l gi tr cng sng
hoc Lightness l sng (t
en n mu n trng).
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Khi biu din mu trong h HSV v HSL th l hnh
tr tuy nhin do lng mu trng qu nhiu nn
thng thng ngi ta hin th dng hnh nn
(HSV) hoc hnh nn i (HSL) v chiu bn knh
gi l Chroma
HSL HSV
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2.5. K thut in nh
Trong sch bo, tp ch, k thut na cng
(half tone) c s dng
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K thut halftone l k thut chia
nh bc nh thnh chui cc im,
v mu sc lin tc c chuyn
thnh 1 thang v mu sc.
K thut ny s gip to cc hiu
ng nh bng cho bc nh, lm cho
bc nh c cm gic sng hn nh
gc m khng cn thm mu sc
khc.
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K thut na cng (Halftone)
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phn gii im trong k thut na
cng c tnh bng lpi (lines per
inch)
Bo thng dng 85 lpi
Tp ch in nt hn vi 135 n 150 lpi
c cht lng nh chun th nh
gc phi c phn gii gp 1.5 ln
nh na cng , nu mun nh cht
lng cao th con s ny l 2.
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Khuch tn li (Error Diffusion)
L mt dng na cng .
Khuch tn li c thc hin bng
cch so snh mu sc thc t ca 1 im
nh vi mu sc gn nht.
u tin c pht trin bi Richard
Howland Ranger cho h thng gi nh
qua in thoi v in bo.
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Khuch tn li 1 chiu
Cch n gin nht chuyn nh mu lin tc sang
nh halftone (vi ch 2 knh t nh a cp xm):
Qut nh ln lt tng dng v tng im nh mt.
So snh vi gi tr xm trung bnh.
Nu gi tr xmln hn th thay bng im nh
trng.
Nu gi tr xmnh hn th thay bng im nh
en.
V im nh hoc en hoc trng nn gi tr b lm
trn, phn tha ny c chuyn sang im tip
theo.
Qu trnh tip tc c lp li.
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Khuch tn li 2 chiu
Khuch tn li mt chiu thng li
nhng ng thng dc khng mong mun.
Khuch tn li hai chiu gip gim li c
trng ny.
Phn d s c khuch tn mt phn c
xung dng di
(
1 1
2 #
4
1
# l im nh ang c x l
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Ma trn khuch tn c th c tinh chnh hn na:
Ma trn ca Floyd v Steinberg:
(
1 5 3
7 #
16
1
- v # l nhng im nh v ang c x l
Ma trn ca J F Jarvis, C N Judice v W H Ninke
t Bell Labs:
(
(
(

1 3 5 3 1
3 5 7 5 3
5 7 #
48
1
- v # l nhng im nh v ang c x l
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V d
Ngng = 128
22 < 128 Gi tr ca pixel = 0
error = old new = 22
3/16 5/16
7/16
1/16
error
255 0
68 187
210
56
255 22
64 180
200
55
255 0
64 180
200
55
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Nhng loi khuch tn khc
Trong nh mu:
Thut ton nh trn c th c s dng cho tng
knh mu khc nhau
Tuy nhin nn chuyn qua h mu HSV hoc HSL
trc
V s khc bit trong sng d c pht hin
bi mt ngi hn.
V h thng nn khuch tn li da vo sng
hn l sc hay nht.
Phn chnh trong qu trnh chuyn mu cng
nn c tnh ton v chuyn sang im nh tip
theo.
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Vi nhiu knh xm hn:
Khi s dng vi thit b u ra (my
in, mn hnh) c nhiu hn hai mc
sng.
Thay v s dng mt ngng th
nhiu ngng s c s dng, gi tr
s c lm trn ti ngng gn nht.
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Mt s nh dng c bn
BMP (BITMAP)
Chun raster dng trong MS-Windows
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)
Nh gn v dng trn web
nh c m ha theo 4 bc
Khi c gii m tng bc s c hin th.
iu ny gip vic ti nh hiu qu hn v ngi
dung c th dng vic ti nh nu thy nh khng
thch hp.
IMG
nh en trng
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JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
Nn ti a nh (t l nn t 5:1 n 15:1) :
Ti u ha cch lu tr d liu.
Xc nh v loi b ti a d liu tha.
V l nn khng bo ton nn cht lng nh
cng b nh hng khi t l nn cao.
TIFF (Tagged-Image File Format)
6 kiu m ha (khng nn, Huffman, Pack Bits,
LZW, Fax Group 3, Fax Group 4)
3 kiu mu (en trng, a cp xm, mu)
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PNG (Portable Network Graphic)
L phin bn m ngun m thay th cho GIF
Nn c bo ton nn ph hp vi nh c nhiu
mng ng mu ln.
Ph hp vi web v c kh nng hin th tng
bc
C thm knh alpha th hin trong.
RAW
Xut hin trn mt s my nh tuy nhin c th
khng cng chun
C th c nn c bo ton
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SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
Khng c nn tuy nhin v cu to bi
XML, SVG c th c nn bi gzip
AI (Adobe Illustrator)
CDR (CorelDRAW)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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CHNG 3
X L NNG CAO CHT LNG NH
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X l nng cao cht lng nh
Cc k thut x l nh nhm nng cao
cht lng
S dng ton t im
S dng ton t khng gian
Khi phc nh do nhiu
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S dng ton t im
L nhng php ton khng ph thuc v
tr imnh:
Tng gim sng
Thng k tn sut
Bin i tn sut
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3.1. CI THIN NH S DNG CC TON T IM
3.1.1. Gii thiu
Biu tn sut (Histogram): Biu tn sut
ca mc xm g ca nh I l s im nh c gi
tr g ca nh I. K hiu l h(g)
Mc ch l a ra mt nh c mc xm
c phn b ng u.
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3.1.2. Tng gim sng
Gi s ta c nh I ~ kch thc m n v s
nguyn c
Khi , k thut tng, gim sng c th
hin
I [i, j] = I [i, j] + c; (i,j)
Ch:
Nu c > 0: nh sng ln
Nu c < 0: nh ti i
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3.1.3. Tch ngng
Gi s ta c nh I ~ kch thc m n, hai s Min,
Max v ngng
Khi , k thut tch ngng c th hin:
I [i, j] = I [i, j] > ? Max: Min; (i,j)
ng dng:
Nu Min = 0, Max = 1 k thut chuyn nh thnh
nh en trng c ng dng khi qut v nhn dng
vn bn c th xy ra sai st nn thnh nh hoc nh
thnh nn dn n nh b t nt hoc dnh.
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Trang 9
nh chp cc hnh tinh quanh tri t; Kt qu phn ngng
ca nh (b) vi ngng l 25%ca cp xm sng nht.
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3.1.4. B cm
K thut nhm gim bt s mc xm ca nh bng cch
nhm li s mc xm gn nhau thnh 1 nhm
Nu ch c 2 nhm th chnh l k thut tch ngng. Thng
thng c nhiu nhm vi kch thc khc nhau.
tng qut khi bin i ngi ta s ly cng 1 kch thc
bunch_size
I [i,j] = (I [i,j]/ bunch
size) * bunch_size (i,j);

Trong I[i,j] chia ly nguyn vi bunch_size.
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V d: B cm nh sau vi bunch_size= 3
I [i,j] = (I [i,j]/ bunch
size) * bunch_size (i,j)

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3.1.5. Cn bng histogram
Histogram l mt lc biu din sng ca mt bc
nh.
Mc ch cn bng histogram l a ra mt nh c mc
xmc phn b ng u.
Histogram l mt th vi trc honh l sng (c
gi tr t 0-255; 0: mu en, 255: mu trng) v trc
tung l s lng im nh sng tng ng. Chiu
cao ca cc ct en trn histogram cng th hin s
lng pixel mc sng .
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K thut cn bng histogram c th ci thin cht
lng nh t ng m khng cn lm th cng vi
chc nng co/gin mc xm.
nh I c gi l cn bng "l tng" nu vi mi

mc xm g, g ta c h(g) = h(g).
Ngha l cc mc xm trong nh c s lng pixel
tng ng nhau.
Vi n
i
l s pixel c mc xm i, v n
j
s pixel c mc
xm j, nl tng s pixel c trong nh.
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nh I sau khi cn bng
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V d: Cn bng Histogram ca nh I
c I
kq
c mc xm trong khong
(0,6). V lc xmca I
kq
.
7 0 6 5 5
0 0 1 1 2
3 1 4 1 4
3 0 3 0 1
4 2 2 2 0
I
(
(
(
( =
(
(
(

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i 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n
i
6 5 4 3 3 2 1 1
P(r
i
) 6/25 5/25 4/25 3/25 3/25 2/25 1/25 1/25
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S(2)= 6*[P(0)+P(1)+P(2)] = 6 [6/25+5/25+4/25] ~ 4
.
S(3) ~ 4
S(4) ~ 5
S(5) ~ 6
S(6) ~ 6
S(7) = 6
Ma trn I
kq
sau khi cn bng
6 1 6 6 6
1 1 3 3 4
4 3 5 3 5
4 1 4 1 3
5 4 4 4 1
kq
I
(
(
(
( =
(
(
(

7 0 6 5 5
0 0 1 1 2
3 1 4 1 4
3 0 3 0 1
4 2 2 2 0
I
(
(
(
( =
(
(
(

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Cn bng histogram n gin
Gi s, ta c nh I c kch thc mx
n; new_level l s mc xm ca nh
cn bng s im nh trung bnh
ca mi mc xm ca nh cn bng
l:
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S imnh c mc xm g l :
Ta phi xc nh hm f: g f(g) sao cho
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V d: Cn bng nh sau vi new_level= 4
Ta phi tnh:
h(g) - s im nh c gi tr g ca nh I;
TB - s im nh trung bnh ca mi mc xm.
t(g)- S im nh c mc xm g.
f(g)
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3.1.6. K thut tm tch ngng t ng
K thut tm tch ngng t ng nhm tm ra ngng
mt cch t ng da vo histogram.
K thut ny da theo nguyn l trong vt l l vt th
tch lm 2 phn nu tng lch trong tng phn l ti
thiu.
Gi s, ta c nh I:
c kch thc m n
G l s mc xm ca nh k c khuyt thiu
t(g) s im nh c mc xm g
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Mmen qun tnh TB c mc xm g l:
0
1
( ) * ( )
( )
g
i
m g i h i
t g
=
=

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V d: Tmngng t ng ca nh sau
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3.1.7. Bin i cp xmtng th
Nu bit nh v hm bin i th ta c th tnh c
nh kt qu v histogram ca nh bin i.
Nhng thc t nhiu khi ta ch bit histogram ca
nh gc v hm bin i, cu hi t ra l liu ta c
th c c histogramca nh bin i.
Nu c nh vy ta c th hiu chnh hm bin i
thu c nh kt qu c phn b histogram nh
mong mun.
Bi ton t ra l bit histogram ca nh gc, bit
hm bin i hy v histogram ca nh mi.
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V d: Bit histogram ca nh I nh sau, hy v histogram
ca nh mi.
cn tnh h(q) vi q = f(g)
h(q) l gi tr ca biu tn sut sau khi s dng php bin
i
e
=
) (
1
) ( ) (
q f i
i h q h
BI GING MN: X L NH
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cht lng
S dng ton t im
Khi phc nh do nhiu
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L nhng php ton ph thuc v tr imnh:
Bin i kch thc
Nn khng gian nh
Cc php lc vi mc ch lm cho nh tt
hn v thun tin cho vic bin i nh v
sau.
Lm trn hoc m nh: gim nhiu, gim chi tit nh.
Lm nt nh
Pht hin bin
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(a) nh gc; (b) lm m nh; (c) nh sc nt; (d) trn vi lc bo
ton ng bin;
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3.2. CI THIN NH S DNG CC TON T KHNG
GIAN
Gii thiu c bn v phplc khnggian(spatial filtering):
Php lc khng gian da trn cc php ton v tch chp
(convolution) trn ln cn ca tng pixel.
Ln cn vung ca 1 pixel s c thc hin chp vi
subimage cng kch thc to ra gi tr mi ca pixel ang
xt.
Subimage c gi l : filter (b lc), mask (mt n), kernel
(nhn chp), template (mu chp), hay window (ca s chp)
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Nhiu b lc khng gian c thc hin
thng qua php cun. Bi v thao tc mt
n cun cung cp kt qu l tng trng s
ca cc gi tr ca mt pixel v cc lng
ging ca n, nn c gi l l mt b
lc tuyn tnh.
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3.2.1. Php nhn chp v mu (php cun v mu)
Gi s ta c nh I kch thc M N, mu T c kch
thc m n khi , nh I nhn chp theo mu T
c xc nh bi cng thc:
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Ch : tm ca nhn chp thng gia ca s
chp.
Ti mt v tr bt k, pixel ch s bng tng cc
tch gia pixel ngun vi cc phn t tng ng
trong nhn.
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Nhn xt:
Trong qu trnh thc hin php nhn chp
c mt s thao tc ra ngoi nh, nh khng
c xc nh ti nhng v tr dn n
nh thu c c kch thc nh hn.
nh thc hin theo cng thc 3.1 v 3.2 ch
sai khc nhau 1 php dch chuyn n
gin ta s hiu php nhn chp l theo
cng thc 3.1
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3.2.2. Mt s mu thng dng
- Mu:
Dng kh nhiu Cc im c tn s cao
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Mu ny dng pht hin cc im c tn s cao
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3.2.3. Lc trung v (Median Filter)
Lc Trung v l mt k thut lc phi tuyn (non-
linear), n kh hiu qu i vi hai loi nhiu:
nhiu m (speckle noise) v nhiu mui tiu
(salt-pepper noise). K thut ny l mt bc rt
ph bin trong x l nh.
Chc nng c bn ca n l thit lp gi tr ca
cc im vi cc mc xmkhc nhau thnh gi
tr cv nh gn ging vi ccim lncn.
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Thut ton lc Trung v gm cc bc:
S dng mt ca s lc (ma trn 3x3) qut qua ln
lt tng im nh ca nh u vo input.
Ti v tr mi im nh ly gi tr ca cc im nh
tng ng trong vng 3x3 ca nh gc "lp" vo
ma trn lc.
Sau sp xp cc im nh trong ca s ny theo
th t (tng dn hoc gim dn ty ).
Cui cng, gn im nh nm chnh gia (Trung
v) ca dy gi tr im nh c sp xp trn
cho gi tr im nh ang xt ca nh u ra
output.
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nh ngha 3.1(Trungv)
Cho dy x
1
; x
2
...; x
n
n iu tng (gim). Khi
trung v ca dy k hiu l Med({x
n
}), c nh
ngha:
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Lc trung v
nh gc nh sau khi lc
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K thut lc trungv
Gi s ta c nh I ngng ca s W(P)
v imnh P
Khi k thut lc trung v ph thuc
khng gian bao gm cc bc c bn sau:
Bc 1: Tm trung v trong phn nh
ang xt (ca s qut qua)
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Bc 2: Gn gi tr cho pixel tm.
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3.2.4. Lc trung bnh
B lc lmtrn (smooth filtering)
Tc dng:
Lm m nh (do cc h s u dng)
p dng trong cc php tin x l nh
Loi b cc i tng nh trong nh
Kh nhiu
B lc lm trn n gin nht l b lc trung bnh
(average filtering)
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tng b lc trung bnh: thay th gi tr ti mi
pixel bng trung bnh cc gi tr pixel trong mt n
ln cn nhm
loi b nhng pixel bin i ln so vi ln cn
(nhiu)
nhng pixel nm trn bin cng c s bin i ln
so vi ln cn lm m
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nh ngha 3.2(Trungbnh)
Cho dy x1, x2, xn khi trung bnh ca dy k
hiu AV({xn}) ddc nh ngha:
Mnh 3.2
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nh kt qu mn hn so vi nh gc
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K thut lc trungbnh
Gi s ta c nh I, im nh P, ca s W(P) v
ngng . Khi k thut lc trung bnh ph thuc
khng gian bao gm cc bc c bn sau:
Bc 1: Tm trung bnh
Bc 2: Gn gi tr
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=
1 2 1 2
1 1 2 4
1 2 16 4
2 3 2 1
I
V d: Lc nh sau: cho W (3 x3); u = 3
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34 56 234 24 129
123 32 254 12 243
93 55 33 34 2
170 156 220 234 8
5 253 0 12 111
I
(
(
(
( =
(
(
(

(3 3)
127
W x
u
=
=
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3.2.5. Lc trung bnh theo k gi tr gn nht
Gi s ta c nh I, imnh P, ca s W(P), ngng
v s k. Khi , lc trung bnh theo k gi tr gn nht
bao gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Tm K gi tr gn nht
Bc 2: Tnh trung bnh
Bc 3: Gn gi tr
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V d: Lc nh I sau bit W (3 x 3), u = 3; k = 3
=
1 2 1 2
1 1 2 4
1 2 16 4
2 3 2 1
I
C nhiu cch chn k gi tr gn nht. (Khi lm ta phi nu ra
l ta chn theo cch no?)
C1: Lun ly cc gi tr sao cho trung bnh cng l nh nht.
C2: Lun ly cc gi tr sao cho trung bnh cng l ln nht.
C3: Lun ly cc gi tr sao cho trung bnh cng l gn vi gi
tr gc nht.
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Nu k ln hn kch thc ca ca
s th nh thu c sau khi lc theo
k gn nht c kt qu ging php
lc trung bnh
Nu k=1 th nh khng i
Vy nn cht lng nh ph
thuc vo kch thc ca k
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cht lng
S dng ton t im
Khi phc nh do nhiu
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3.3. KHI PHC NH
3.3.1. Nhiu v m hnh nhiu
Thng thng nh c coi l mt min
mc xm ng nht. S bin i mc xm
l lin tc.
Tuy nhin thc t c mt s im c mc
xm khc tng i nhiu so vi cc im
khc. chnh l nhiu.
Nh vy nhiu l s dch chuyn t ngt
ca tn hiu trong mt khong nh.
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Mhnhlintc
H thng thu nhn nh chuyn cc hnh nh thc ca
mi trng xung quanh g(x,y) thnh dng tn hiu nh
g(x,y). Tuy nhin trong qu trnh chuyn i c nhiu
yu t tc ng to thnh nhiu. Do tn hiu g(x,y)
c th cha cc thnh phn nhiu trong .
Qu trnh thu nhn nh c nhiu c th m t mt
cch trc quan nh sau:
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Mhnhri rc:
g(x,y) thnh g[m,n]
g(x,y) thnh g[m,n]
nhiu (x,y) thnh [m,n]
nh sau qu trnh thu nhn nh l:
| | | | | | | | n m n m g n m h n m g , , * , , ' q + =
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h[m,n]
[m,n]
g[m,n]
g[m,n]
g[m,n]* h[m,n]
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3.3.2.Cc loi nhiu
Nhiu do thit b thu nhn nh:
Quang sai ca thu knh
Nhiu do cm bin
Nhiu do rung ng
Nhiu ngu nhin v c lp
nh hng ca mi trng
Nhiu do vt quan st
Do b mt nhm, gy tn x to nhiu lm
m
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3.3.3.Cc k thut lc nhiu
Lc o
Lc gi o
Lc nhiu lmm
Lc ng cu
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Lc o (inverse filter)
Nguyn l ca lc o l s dng hm ngc
ca p ng xung h[m,n] khi phc li mt
nh xp x nh nguyn gc g[m,n] t nh
g[m,n] bit nguyn l ny c biu din
m t theo s sau:
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Nh vy nh khi phc g*[m,n] s c tnh
theo cng thc:
g*[m,n]= g[m,n]* h
-1
[m,n]
Trong h
-1
[m,n] chnh l hm ca b lc
o.
V H
-1
(H(x))=x nn ta c gi tr u ra
g*[m,n] cng bng gi tr vo g[m,n].
Nh vy ta khi phc c nh g[m,n]
nh dng hm ngc ca p ng xung
h[m,n].
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Lc gi o (Pseudoinversefilter):
Do vic xc nh hm h
-1
[m,n] l khng
chnh xc v i lc l khng xc nh
c
Lc gi o l mt la chn tt thay
th lc o
Lc gi o xc nh hm h
-1
[m,n] vi
phng php gn ng gip vic c
lng nh gc tt hn
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CHNG 4:
CC PHNG PHP PHT
HIN BIN
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4.1. KHI QUT V BIN V PHN LOI CC K
THUT D BIN
4.1.1. Gii thiu
Nhm trch chn c im hiu nh
Bin l:
Thay i t ngt trong mc xm
Nu l nh en trng th im bin l im en c t nht
1 im trng bn cnh
Tp hp cc im bin l ng bin bao quanh i
tng
C 2 cch pht hin c bn
Pht hin bin trc tip
Pht hin bin gin tip
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Pht hin bin trc tip:
Phng php ny lm ni bin da vo bin thin mc xm ca
nh.
K thut ch yu dng pht hin bin l ly o hm
o hmbc nht (gi l k thut Gradient)(o hmbc nht th
hin c cnh dy trongnh. o hmbc nht th hin tt bc nhy
ln ca mc xm)
o hmbc hai (gi l k thut Laplace)(o hmbc hai th hin
rccchi tit mn hoc im clp. o hmbc hai cth to ra2gi
tr ti thayi ln trongmc xm)
o hmbc hai thng c dng nhiu trong nng cao cht lng
nh v kh nng ci tin cc chi tit mn.
Phng php ny tng i hiu qu v t chu nh hng ca
nhiu nu bin i mc xm l t ngt v ngc li.
Kt qu nhn c l nh bin
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Pht hin bin gin tip:
Nu nh c th c phn vng th
ranh gii gia cc vng l bin.
C th dng c trong trng hp
bin thin ca mc xm khng t
ngt.
Kt qu l ng bin.
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Quy trnh pht hin bin
B1. Kh nhiu nh
V nh thu nhn thng c nhiu, nn bc u tin
l phi kh nhiu. vic kh nhiu c thc hin bng
cc k thut kh nhiu khc nhau.
B2. Lm ni bin
Tip theo l lm ni bin bi cc ton t o hm.
B3. nh v im bin
V cc k thut lm ni bin c hiu ng ph l tng
nhiu, do vy s c mt s im bin gi cn loi b.
B4. Lin kt v trch chn bin.
Pht hin bin v phn vng nh l mt bi ton i ngu.
V th cng c th pht hin bin thng qua vic phn
vng nh.
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4.1.2. K thut pht hin bin Gradient
S khi tng qut ca h thng pht hin ng bin
nh gc f(x,y) c a vo khi lm ni ng bin.
nh G(x,y) l nh gc c tng cng bin ng
bin gia cc vng nh.
Ti khi so snh, ngi ta so snh gi tr cc im nh
G(x,y) vi mc ngng T xc nh v tr cc im c
mc thay i chi ln.
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Trang 9
Vic la chn gi tr ngng rt quan trng trong qu
trnh xc nh ng bin:
Khi gi tr T qu cao, cc ng bin c tng
phn thp s b mt i.
Khi T qu thp, d xy ra hin tng xc nh bin sai
di tc ng ca nhiu.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 10
Phng php gradient l phng php d bin cc
b da vo gi tr cc i ca o hm
Gradient l mt vector c thnh phn hin th tc
thay i gi tr im nh:
dxv dyl khong cch theo hng x, y
y l gi tr gn ng v trong tn hiu ri rc, o
hm khng tn ti. Do vy ta m phng v ly xp x
o hm bng nhn chp.
+
~ =
c
c
+
~ =
c
c
dy
y x f dy y x f
fy
y
y x f
dx
y x f y dx x f
fx
x
y x f
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 11
Vi dx=dy=1 ta c:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
1
1
1 1
B
A
+ ~ =
c
c
+ ~ =
c
c
) , ( ) 1 , (
) , ( ) , 1 (
y x f y x f fy
y
f
y x f y x f fx
x
f
Ma trn nhn chp l:
Ch rng, tng cc h s trong mt n u bng 0
(ngha l p ng ca nh s cho gi tr 0 trn vng c
cp xm khng thay i)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 12
V d:
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3 3 3 0
3 3 3 0
3 3 3 0
0 0 0 0
I
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
* * * *
* 0 0 3
* 0 0 3
* 0 0 0
A I
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
* * * *
* 0 0 0
* 0 0 0
* 3 3 0
B I
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= +
* * * *
* 0 0 3
* 0 0 3
* 3 3 0
B I A I
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
1
1
1 1
B
A
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 13
4.1.2.1. K thut Prewitt
K thut s dng 2 mt n nhn chp xp x
o hm theo 2 hng x v y l:
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 0 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
x
H
1 1 1
0 0 0
1 1 1
y
H

| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 14
V d:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 5 5 5 5
0 0 5 5 5 5
0 0 5 5 5 5
0 0 0 0 0 0
I
0 0 10 10 * *
0 0 15 15 * *
0 0 10 10 * *
0 0 5 5 * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
x
I H

| |
|

|
|

=
|

|
|
|
|
\ .
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 0 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
x
H
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 15
1 1 1
0 0 0
1 1 1
y
H

| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 5 5 5 5
0 0 5 5 5 5
0 0 5 5 5 5
0 0 0 0 0 0
I
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 16
4.1.2.2. K thut Sobel
Tng t Prewitt k thut Sobel c 2 ma trn
nhn chp theo 2 hng
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 0 1
2 0 2
1 0 1
x
H
1 2 1
0 0 0
1 2 1
y
H

| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
Cc bc tnh ton tng t Prewitt
+Bc 1: Tnh I H
x
v I H
y
+Bc 2: Tnh I H
x
+ I H
y
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 17
Bc 3: Tch ngng theo
1 nu |I H
x
|+| I H
y
|
I(x, y) =
0 nu ngc li
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 18
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0 7 6 5 4 3 2
0 0 7 6 5 4 3
0 0 0 7 6 5 4
0 0 0 0 7 6 5
0 0 0 0 0 7 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 7
34
I
u
| |
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
\ .
=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 0 1
2 0 2
1 0 1
x
H
1 2 1
0 0 0
1 2 1
y
H

| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 19
4.1.2.3. K thut labn
K thut s dng 8 mt n nhn chp theo 8 hng 0
0
, 45
0
, 90
0
,
135
0
, 180
0
, 225
0
, 270
0
, 315
0
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

5 5 3
5 0 3
3 3 3
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

5 5 5
3 0 3
3 3 3
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

3 5 5
3 0 5
3 3 3
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

3 3 5
3 0 5
3 3 5
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

3 3 3
3 0 5
3 5 5
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

3 3 3
3 0 3
5 5 5
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

3 3 3
5 0 3
5 5 3
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

5 3 3
5 0 3
5 3 3
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 20
4.1.3. K thut pht hin bin Laplace
Cc phng php nh gi gradient trn
lm vic kh tt khi m sng thay i r
nt.
Khi mc xm thay i chm, min chuyn
tip tri rng, l phng php cho hiu qu
hn l s dng o hmbc hai Laplace.
Ton t Laplace c nh ngha nh sau:
2
2
2
2
2
y
f
x
f
f
c
c
+
c
c
= V
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 21
Vy o hm bc hai trong tn hiu ri rc xp x:
) , 1 ( ) , ( 2 ) , 1 (
)] , 1 ( ) , ( [ )] , ( ) , 1 ( [
y x f y x f y x f
y x f y x f y x f y x f
+ + ~
+ ~
) 1 , ( ) , ( 2 ) 1 , (
2
2
+ + ~
c
c
y x f y x f y x f
y
f
)) , ( ) , 1 ( (
2
2
y x f y x f
x x
f
x x
f
+
c
c
~
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
) 1 , ( ) , 1 ( ) , ( 4 ) 1 , ( ) , 1 (
2
+ + + + + ~ V y x f y x f y x f y x f y x f f
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0 1 0
1 4 1
0 1 0
H
Tng ng vi ma
trn:
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 22
Phn ngng: | HI | theo > 0
1 Nu | H I(x, y) |
I(x, y) =
0 Nu ngc li
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 23
Thc t ngi ta c th dng mt s bin th xp
x ri rc o hm bc hai
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
0 1 0
1 4 1
0 1 0
H
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
1 1 1
1 8 1
1 1 1
H
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
1 2 1
2 4 2
1 2 1
H
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 24
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 6 5 4 3 2 1
0 0 6 5 4 3 2
0 0 0 6 5 4 3
0 0 0 0 6 5 4
0 0 0 0 0 6 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 6
14
I
u
| |
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
\ .
=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
0 1 0
1 4 1
0 1 0
H
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 25
Do ton t Laplace l ton t o hm nn n lm ni bt
cc vng khng lin tc ca cp xm, ng thi lm yu i
cc vng phng.
iu ny dn n nh kt qu sau khi p dng ton t
Laplace s khng gi li c cc chi tit ban u ca
nh.
Do , khi phc cc chi tit ca nh gc, ngi ta
thng cng nh kt qu vi nh gc cho ra nh r nt
(l nh vn gi nguyn nhng chi tit ban u nhng cc
cnh c lmni bt ln).
Nu ton t Laplace c h s tm l m th chng ta s ly
nh gc tr i nh kt qu sau khi p dng ton t
Laplace thay v cng.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 26
4.1.4. K thut Canny
y l thut ton c in nhng n nay vn
rt hiu qu v c s dng rng ri
C kh nng a ra ng bin mnh v
pht hin chnh xc vi nh c nhiu
Sau khi p dng, nh c th c m ha
thnh cc ng cong vi cng thc ton hc
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 27
Bc 1: Lm trn nh (ma trn Gaussian): Gip
loi b nhiu ca nh u vo
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
=
2 4 5 4 2
4 9 12 9 4
5 12 15 12 5
4 9 12 9 4
2 4 5 4 2
159
1
H
H I B
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 28
Bc 2: Tnh gradient bng ma trn Prewitt
y y
x x
H B G
H B G
=
=
C th dng cc php pht hin bc mt khc
(gradient n gin, Sobel..)
Kt qu l 2 nh gradient theo hai hng x
v y
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 29
Bc 3: Tnh gradient hng ti mi im (i,j)
Hng s c
nguyn ha nm
trong 8 hng [0..7]
Tng ng 8 im
ln cn ca mt im
nh
|
|
.
|
\
|
= O
+ =
x
y
y x
G
G
G G G
arctan
2 2
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 30
Bc 4: Loi b nhng im khng phi
l cc i xa b nhng im khng
phi l bin (tc loi b 1s cnh d tha)
Xt (i,j), l gradient hng ti (i,j),
G
1
, G
2
l hai im ln cn theo hng .
Nu G(i,j) G
1
v G(i,j) G
2
th mi
gi li (i,j) ((i,j) l cc i a phng)
Ngc li th xa (i,j) v (i,j) l im
nn
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 31
Bc 5: Phn ngng tm bin
im c gradient ln hn thng c kh
nng l bin cao hn im c gradient nh
hn.
Vic chn ngng phn loi l rt kh.
Canny s dng phn ngng vi tr
Chai ngng caovthp
Gi nh lbinquantrng thng nm
trongnhng ng lintc trongbc
nh.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 32
Nu I(x,y) > ngng cao th gi li im
bin ny
Nu I(x,y) < ngng thp th loi b im
ny.
Nu ngng thp s I(x,y) s ngng cao
th so snh I(x,y) vi gi tr ca 8 im ln
cn. Nu 1 trong 8 im ln cn > ngng
cao th ta gi li im bin ny. Ngc li
th b im bin ny.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 33
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 34
4.2. PHNG PHP PHT HIN BIN CC B
L phng php lc pht hin bin da vo trung
bnh cc b
Xc nh bin khng theo s bin i m da vo
trung bnh gi tr cc im ln cn
Vi ca s m x n vi tm l (i,j) th nu
o + >
) , (
*
) , (
j i I
n m
j i W
th im nh I(i,j) s l im bin v ngc li s
l im nn
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 35
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 36
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 37
4.3. D BIN THEO QUY HOCH NG
Xt nh I vi kch thc M x N.
im nh ti v tr (i,j) c gi tr I(i,j)
Chng ta tm xt nh en trng (0,1) cho
n gin.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 38
im 4 v 8 lng ging.
Vi im (i,j) th im:
4 lng ging l im ln cn trn, di, tri
v phi (P2,P4,P6,P8)
8 lng ging l im ln cn c tm hng.
P1 P2 P3
P8 P P4
P7 P6 P5
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 39
Chu tuyn
Chu tuyn ca i tng l tp hp cc im
trong nh <P
1
,P
2
...,P
n
> sao cho:
P
i
v P
i+1
l 8-lng ging vi nhau
P
1
v P
n
l 8-lng ging vi nhau
Vi mi i th tn ti mt im Q khng
thuc i tng sao cho Q l 4-lng ging
ca P
i
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 40
Chu tuyn i ngu
Hai chu tuyn C=<P
1
,P
2
...,P
n
> v C
=<Q
1
,Q
2
...,Q
n
> l i ngu nu:
Vi mi i tn ti j sao cho P
i
v P
j
l 4 lng
ging ca nhau
P
i
l nn th Q
j
l i tng hoc ngc li
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 41
D bin s dng quy hoch ng
Thut ton gm cc bc:
Xc nh im xut pht
D bo v xc nh im bin tip theo
Lp bc 2 cho n khi gp im xut pht
Vic xc nh im xut pht s quyt nh
tnh cht ca cc ng bin thu c
tng hiu qu ca thut ton ta c th s
dng cp nn vng thay v ch mt im bin
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 42
Thut tontng qut s nh sau:
Xc nh cp nn-vng xut pht
Xc nh cp nn-vng tip theo
La chn im bin vng
Thc hin tip t bc 2 cho n khi
gp cp nn-vng xut pht
tm cp nn-vng xut pht c th
duyt nh t trn xung di, t tri
qua phi.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 43
Tont dbin
Xc nh cp xut pht
Xc nh cp tip theo
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 44
4.4.CC PHNG PHP KHC
4.4.1. Cc php ton hnh thi c bn
Nghin cu cu trc hnh hc ca i tng nh
C cc php ton ch yu gin n (dilation) v
co(erosion).
Cc php ton c nh ngha da vo cc iu
kin:
i tng l X
Phn t cu trc B
B
x
l php dch chuyn B ti v tr x
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 45
Vi nh nh phn, mc xm ch c 2 gi tr l 0
hay 1.
Do vy, ta coi mt phn t nh nh mt phn
t l gc v c th p dng cc ton t hnh hc
(morphology operators) da trn khi nim
bin i hnh hc ca mt nh bi mt phn t
cu trc (structural element).
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 46
Phn t cu trc l mt mt n dng bt k
m cc phn t ca n to nn mt m-tp.
Ngi ta tin hnh r mt n i khp nh v
tnh gi tr im nh bi cc im ln cn
vi m-tp ca mt n theo cch ly hi
(php v) hay ly tuyn (php hoc).
Da vo nguyn tc trn, ngi ta s dng 2
k thut: dn nh (dilatation) v co nh
(erosion).
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 47
(a) nh gc (b) nh mt n AND (c) nh kt qu ca ton t
AND trn nh (a) v (b)
(d) nh gc (e) nh mt n OR (f) nh kt qu ca ton t OR
trn nh (d) v (e)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 48
Php gin n (dilation)
Hp ca cc Bx vi x thuc X
X x
B
e
=
x
B X
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 49
Dn nh nhm loi b im en b vy bi cc im
trng. Trong k thut ny, mt ca s N+1 x N+1 c
r i khp nh v thc hin i snh mt pixel ca
nh vi (N+1)
2
-1 im ln cn (khng tnh im
tm). Php i snh y thc hin bi php tuyn
lgc (OR)
Gi tr ca cc pixel ra l gi tr ln nht ca tt c
cc pixel trong vng ln cn ca pixel vo tng ng .
Trong mt nh nh phn, nu bt k pixel no c gi tr
1, pixel ra s l 1
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 50
A={(2,1),(3,1),(4,1),(3,2)} Z={(0,0),(0,1)}
A1={(2,1),(3,1),(4,1),(3,2)}
A1=Atnh tin bi
Vector (0,0) ca Z
D(A,B)=A1UA2={(2,1),(3,1),(4,1),(3,2),(2,2),(4,2),(3,3)}
AZ
D(A,B)=A1UA2={(
2,1),(3,1),(4,1),(3,2)
,(2,2),(4,2),(3,3)}
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 51
S dng ca s 3x3c dng cho php m rng u v c 8 hng.
Kt qu dilation trn nh mu nh sau
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 52
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
0 1 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0
X
| | 1 B =
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 53
B c p ln mi pixel ca nh. Tm ca B c kt
hp vi tng pixel, ton b B c p cho pixel ang
xt theo cch thay th pixel bng B.
Khi nim p l hot ng cng logic nh phn
gia cc gi tr 0, 1.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 54
Php co (erosion)
Tp hp cc im x sao cho Bx nm trong X
{ } X B x X
x
_ = O : B
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 55
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
X
(
(
(
=
(
(

0 0 0
B 0 0 1
0 1 0
(
(
=
(
(

BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 56
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 57
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
X
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(

1 1 1
B 1 1 1
1 1 1
(
(
=
(
(

BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 58
Xt pixel ca nh, nu mi phn t ca SE trng vi phn
nh tng ng, th logical disjunction (OR operation)
c thc hin gia tm ca SE vi pixel tng ng
to ra pixel trong nh output.
Cc i tng nh hn SE s b xa, cc i tng ni
vi nhau bi ng mnh s tch ri v kch c i tng
s gim
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 59
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
0 1 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0
X
| | 1 B =
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 60
p dng: Ngi ta thng vn dng k
thut ny cho cc nh nh phn nh vn
tay, ch vit.
khng lm nh hng n kch
thc ca i tng trong nh, ngi ta
tin hnh n ln dn v n ln co.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 61
Dilation: nhm tng kch thc, bt cc l
hng
C tnh giao hon:
A(A,B) = AB = B A = D(B, A)
C tnh kt hp: (A B) C = A (B C)
Erosion : co kch thc, m rng khong h
Khng c tnh giao hon
Khng c tnh kt hp
Dilation v erosion c tnh i ngu
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 62
Hai php ton pht trin v bo mn
thng c s dng cng nhau. T nhu
cu , ngi ta kt hp 2 php ton ny
to nn mt s php ton c mc
quan trng cao hn: php m v php
ng.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 63
Php m (open)
Php m l co ri gin n
( , ) ( B) B OPEN X B X B X = = O
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 64
Php m (open)
Php m l co ri gin n
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
0 1 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0
X
| | 1 B =
( , ) ( B) B OPEN X B X B X = = O
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 65
Php ng l gin n ri co
Php ng (close)
( , ) ( B) B CLOSE X B X B X = - = O
Close
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 66
Php ng l gin n ri co
Php ng (close)
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
0 1 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0
X
| | 1 B =
( , ) ( B) B CLOSE X B X B X = - = O
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 67
Kt qu ca php m v php ng:
ng dng
Php m c th s dng loi b cc cu ni, cc cnh
hoc phn nh ra ca nh.
Php ng c th s dng lp y cc l hng, cc
khe h nh.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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BI GING MN: X L NH
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Php rt xng (Tmxng nh-Skeleton).
Xng l biu din dng ng ca mt i
tng, trong :
ng ny c rng 1 im nh,
ng ny i qua phn "gia" ca i tng
ng ny bo ton tp ca i tng.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 70
C nhiu thut ton lm xng nh khc nhau,
trong cng trnh lm xng nh ca
Lantuejou ang c nh gi cao. Cng thc
xng nh ny l
0
( ) ( )
k
k
i
S A S A
U
=
=
{ }
( ) ( ) ( ) ;
ax ( )
k
S A A kB A kB B
k m k A kB
= O O
= O = C
( ) A B A B B = O
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trnh t cc bc trong thut ton c din t trong
bng sau
BI GING MN: X L NH
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1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(

0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
B
(
(
=
(
(

V d . Lm xng nh A, bng phn t cu trc B nh
hnh sau:
BI GING MN: X L NH
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V d . Lm xng nh A, bng phn t cu trc B
nh hnh sau:
BI GING MN: X L NH
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BI GING MN: X L NH
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BI GING MN: X L NH
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BI GING MN: X L NH
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BI GING MN: X L NH
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Xc nh ng bin ca nh ( Boundary
extraction)
Cho nh A, phn t cu trc B. Khi
Xc nh bin ngoi:
|B(A) = (A B) -A .
Xc nh ng bin bn trong nh:
|B(A) = ( AB)( AB)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 80
0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 0
A
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

1 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 1
B
(
(
=
(
(

BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 81
Php bin i "Hit or miss"
Phn ln cc php ton hnh thi hc c suy t php
bin i "hit or miss". Phn t cu trc dng trong bin
i "hit or miss" bao gm cc pixel nn v khng nn.
Bin i "hit or miss" c nhng tc dng sau :
C th thc hin cc php : co, gin, m, ng, lm mnh,
lm dy hoc kt ni vi tp hp ton t n gin.
c dng i snh, tm kim cc i tng c bit
trong nh
Xc nh cc im c lp trong nh nh phn
Xc nh cc im cui khi lm xng nh nh phn.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 82
Thc hin bin i "hit or miss" theo h thc
sau :
Trong A l i tng nh, B

1
v B
2
l phn
t cu trc.
(B
1
B
2
)= C . Nu B
1
l i tng th B
2
l
nn v ngc li
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 83
Hnh a l nh A, phi tm xem trong nh A c bao nhiu i tng c
hnh dng nh hnh b. Gi hnh b l B
1
A B
1

Dng AB
1
ta c nh hnh sau B
2
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 84

A
c
B
2
Dng A B
2
ta c nh hnh
BI GING MN: X L NH
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p dng php bin i "hit or miss :
A B
1
)( A
C
B
2
) ta xc nh c mt
im hng 3 ct 7 trn hnh l hit. Nh vy
trong nh Ach c mt i tng ging hnh b
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 86
V d:
1 2
0 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 ; 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0
B B
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
A
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(

BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 87
ng dng bin i "hit or miss" lm mnh (thinning)
Cng thc:
Thin (A, B
1
B
2
)=A- HitMiss(A, B
1
B
2
)
Ty thuc vo cch chn B
1
, B
2
m ta c cc thut ton lm
gy nh khc nhau. Mt cch biu din khc:
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 88
Phn t cu trc c dng tm xng
nh (im gc tm ca phn t cu trc).
Ti mi bc lp, nh s c lm gy bi
phn t cu trc bn tri, sau n phn
t cu trc bn phi, tip theo vi php
quay 90
o
hai phn t cu trc trn. Qu
trnh c lp i lp li cho n khi php
ton lm gy khng dn n s thay i
no na.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Xng nh c tm bng php ton lm gy vi hai
phn t cu trc trn
BI GING MN: X L NH
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BI GING MN: X L NH
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ng dng bin i "hit or miss" lm dy (thickening)
Cng thc:
Thicke (A, B
1
B
2
)=A HitMiss(A, B
1
B
2
)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 92
Tm bin n gin
Da vo nh co v gin
E
G
( A)=( AB)( AB)
Nn tch ngng trong hu ht thi gian
0 1 0
1 1 1
0 1 0
BI GING MN: X L NH
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V d:
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 94
tch ngng = 128
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 3
CHNG 5:
CC PHNG PHP PHN
VNG NH
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 4
Thng thng x l nh th chng ta
phi tch c cc i tng trong nh
ra lm cc vng ring bit.
Tch ch, s, nh trong vn bn
Tch cc vng chy rng xc nh
thit hi trong nh v tinh v chy
rng
Tch cc loi vi khun, vi rt trong
ng dng y hc
5.1. Phn vng nh
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 5
Hnh dng i tng ph thuc vo
bin vt th hoc mt vng ng
nht th hin v tr ca i tng
pht hin vng th c th pht
hin bin gia cc vng hoc pht
hin trc tip vng
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 6
BI GING MN: X L NH
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C th hiu phn vng l tin trnh chia
nh thnh nhiu vng, mi vng cha mt
i tng hay nhm i tng cng kiu.
Phn vng c ba loi khc nhau:
K thut cc b da vo thng tin cc b ca im
nh.
K thut ton th da vo thng tin ca ton nh (s
tn sut)
K thut tch, hp, gin s dng khi nim ng
nht v gn v hnh hc
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 8
Trc khi phn vng thng thng th
biu tn xut nh s c lm trn
5.2. Lm trn nh
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 9
Phn vng theo ngng l tch 2 vt th
bng mt ngng chn t ng
Vic chn ngng ny s thc hin trn
biu tn sut.
V ngng ny s phn bit vng v
nn.
5.2.1. Phn vng nh theo ngng
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 10
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 11
Gi s chng ta c nh bao gm i tng v
nn.
Chng ta gi nh l i tng v nn l hai
phn phi thng k ring bit
Phn phi nn bao gi cng ln hn rt nhiu
so vi phn b i tng.
Biu tn sut ca nh s l t hp ca hai
phn phi ny.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 12
Thut ton lp do Ridler v Calvard a
ra.
th tn xut c chia ra lm 2 on
bng mt gi tr ngng (0), gi tr ny l
gi tr nm gia ca thang tn sut ca
nh.
5.2.2. Thut ton ng iu
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 13
Gi tr trung bnh mu m(f,0) ca i tng
v m(b,0) ca nn c tnh ton theo cng
thc:
=
=

max
min
max
min
) (
) (
G
G g
G
G g
g h
g h g
m(f,k) c tnh vi Gmin = 0 v Gmax = (k)
m(b,k) c tnh vi Gmin = (k)+1v Gmax = 255
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 14
Ngng (k) c tnh nh sau:
( , ) ( , )
( 1)
2
m f k m b k
k u
+
+ =
Thut ton c lp i lp li cho n khi
(k) = (k+1) th ngng c chn l
ngng khng i ny
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 15
V d: Tmngng t thut ton ng iu
I = [12 34 45 45 46 78 201 78 60];
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 16
Chng ta gi nh l phn phi nn rt ln
so vi phn phi i tng v hai phn phi
ny l i xng.
V nn l sng v i tng l ti
5.2.3. Thut ton i xng nn
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 17
nh cc i maxp tm c nh tin hnh
tm gi tr cc i trong lc .
V vy nh maxpc th coi l nh ca phn
phi ca nn
V vy bng vic tnh gi tr a sao cho a ch
nh mc (1-p%) ca nn tnh t maxp
Ta c th ly i xng sang qua maxp c
c ranh gii p%ca i tng nn v l
ranh gii xc nh s phn chia
T = maxp - (a - maxp)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 18
Gi s chng ta chn p% l 95% th chng
ta s tnh sao cho din tch t a n max l
bng 5%ca din tch t maxp n max.
Sau ly i xng qua maxp v vy din
tch t T n max s l 95% tng din tch
ca phn phi nn, v vy T s l ngng
phn tch nn v i tng
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 19
Thut ton tam gic do Zack xut
Thut ton ny cng s dng tng nh
thut ton trn, l tm ranh gii gia
phn phi ca nn v i tng.
5.2.4. Thut ton tam gic
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 20
Trong thut ton ny th cch xc nh l k
mt ng t nh c s im nh bng
max ti im c s imnh l min
Ri tmv tr b sao cho d t n H
b
l max
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 21
Nu trong trng hp m phn phi i
tng v nn l tng ng nhau v ln
Th ngng chng ta s chn v tr cc tiu
a phng gia hai phn phi ny
gim nhiu nn lm trn bng hm lm
trn.
Ngng vi Bimodal Histogram
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 22
Phn vng nh da trn thuc tnh quan
trng no ca min
Mi thuc tnh khi s dng th c mt tiu
chun phn on tng ng.
Thuc tnh:
mc xm,
mu sc,
kt cu
5.3. Phn vng theo min ng nht
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 23
Mc hiu qu thng ph thuc vo vic
nh gi thun nht.
Thng thng l trung bnh v lch
chun.
C ba cch tip cn ch yu:
Phng php phn tch-cy t phn (split-
quad trees)
Phng php hp (merge)
Phng php tch-hp (split-merge)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 24
V nguyn tc, phng php ny kim
tra tnh hp thc ca tiu chun tng
th trn min ln. Nu t chun th
vic phn on kt thc.
Nu khng, vng c chia nh lm 4
vng v s dng quy thc hin
trn tng vng nh.
Tch cy t phn (quad tree)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 25
Vi ngng u cho trc vng thun nht
phi tha mn iu kin |max-min|<
vi max v min l gi tr xm ln nht v nh
nht trong min cn chia.
Hoc tiu chun c th l lch bnh
phng trung bnh nh hn ( vi x l gi
tr trung bnh)
u <
2
1
) (
1
x x
n
n
i
i
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 26
Trong gii thut |max-min|< , khi min l ng
nht cn tnh li gi tr trung bnh v cp nht li
nh u ra. Gi tr trung bnh c tnh bi:
Tng gi tr mc xm/ tng s im.
Thut ton ny to nn mt cy m mi nt cha c
4 nt con mi mc, tr mc ngoi cng. V th
cy ny c tn l cy t phn.
Mt vng tho mn tiu chun to nn mt nt l,
nu khng s to nn mt nt trong v 4 nt con
tng ng ca vic chia lm 4 vng. Mi nt l ca
cy biu din mt vng phn chia theo tiu
chun.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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BI GING MN: X L NH
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BI GING MN: X L NH
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Tch cy t phn (tng th)
Tiu chun phn vng y l mu sc. Nu mi im
ca vng l mu trng s to nn mt nt l trng v
tng t nh vy vi nt l en. Nt mu ghi c ngha
l vng khng thun nht v phi tip tc chia.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 30
V d: Cho nh I(m, n) , hy phn vng theo tiu ch:
ngng = 2
2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8
2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8
2 3 5 5 6 7 8 9
8 7 5 5 3 3 2 1
( , )
7 7 5 5 3 3 2 2
7 7 5 5 3 3 2 2
2 2 4 4 6 6 8 9
2 2 4 4 6 6 8 9
I m n
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(

BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 31
tng l xem xt nh t cc min nh nht
ri t hp chng li nu tha mn tiu chun
ca mt min ln hn
Tip tc thc hin hp cho n khi khng
hp c na.
Tiu chun hp hai min l:
Chng phi cng t tiu chun
Chng phi cnh nhau (lin thng)
Phng php hp
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 32
Phng php tch qu chi tit, v tng phc
tp rt nhanh
Phng php hp n gin hn nhng khng
cho thy cu trc lin quan gia cc vng
Ta c th kt hp 2 phng php trn
Trc tin tch to cy t phn, phn
on theo hng t gc ti l
Tin hnh duyt cy theo hng ngc li v
hp cc vng c cng tiu chun
Phng php tch hp (split-merge)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 33
Gii thut gm mt s bc sau:
i. Kim tra tiu chun ng nht
i1. Nu khng tho mn v s im trong vng ln hn mt
im, tch lm 4 vng (trn, di, tri, phi) bng cch gi
quy. Nu kt qu tch xong v khng tch c na
chuyn sang bc ii.
i2. Nu tiu chun ng nht l tho mn th tin hnh hp
vng v cp nht gi tr trung bnh cho vng.
ii. Hp vng
Cn kim tra 4 ln cn nu trn. C th c nhiu vng
tho mn khi ta chn vng ti u ri tin hnh hp.
Phng php ny thu c kt qu s vng l nh hn
phng php tch v nh c lm trn hn.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 34
Phn vng da theo ng bin c cc bc
sau:
Thc hin pht hin v lm ni bin
Lm mnh bin
Nh phn ha ng bin
Miu t ng bin
5.4. Phn vng da theo ng bin
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 35
V nh ngha ta c bin l s thay i
t ngt ca mc xm.
C th s dng cc phng php pht
hin bin trc tip hc
Pht hin bin
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 36
Lm cho bin mnh ch vi rng 1 im
nh.
Trong Laplace th thng ta s c bin
rng mt im khi tmimbng 0 hoc gn 0
Tuy nhin trong Grandient th chng ta phi
lc cc i hoc cc tiu a phng to ra
bin mnh 1 imnh
Lmmnh bin
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 37
Nh phn ha ng bin nhm lm
gimnhiu
Loi b ng bin khng cn thit
Trnh trng hp qu nhiu bin song
song.
Thng s dng ngng
Nh phn ha ng bin
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 38
bin c th c s dng thut tin th
phi c m ha cho n gin
C th s dng cc n v m ha m ha
gn ng nh:
im
on thng
cung trn
Miu t ng bin
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 39
Kt cu b mt thng l s lp li ca cc
phn t si c bn.
S lp li c th c tnh ngu nhin hoc c
chu k.
C hai loi kt cu:
Thng k
Cu trc
5.5. Phn vng theo kt cu b mt
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 40
CHNG 6. NHN DNG NH
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 41
Nhn dng
Qu trnh phn loi i tng
i tng c biu din theo mt m hnh no
V gn chng vo mt lp (tn gi) da theo nhng
quy lut v cc mu chun.
V d:
Nhn dng ging ni
Nhn dng khun mt
Nhn dng vn tay
Nhn dng cm xc...
6.1. Gii thiu nhn dng nh
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 42
Qu trnh nhn dng
La chn m hnh biu din i tng
La chn lut ra quyt nh (phng php nhn dng)
v suy din qu trnh hc
Hc nhn dng
Khi m hnh biu din c xc nh
M hnh tham s
M hnh cu trc
n qu trnh hc nhmci thin, iu chnh vic phn lp
Nhn dng l tm ra quy lut v thut ton gn i
tng vo lp ca n
Qu trnh nhn dng
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 43
Hc c gim st da vo kin thc bit trc.
K thut ny da vo mt th vin mu
chun.
Mu cn nhn dng s c so snh vi mu
chun xc nh thuc loi no.
Vn ch yu l thit k h thng c th so
snh i tng vi mu nn tng i r
rng v kt qu v d nh gi hiu qu.
Hc c gim st (Supervised learning)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 44
Hc khng gim st phi t nh ra cc lp
khc nhau v xc nh c trng ca tng
lp
Kh khn xc nh tnh chnh xc ca kiu
hc ny v khng c th vin mu so snh
K thut nhm hp cc nhm theo mt cch
ti u nht.
Hc khng gim st (Unsupervised learning)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 45
Trong k thut ny th i tng c
biu din bng mt vector nhiu chiu.
Mi chiu l mt tham s th hin mt
c imca i tng
Mt s khi nim
Phn hoch khng gian
Hm phn lp hoc hm ra quyt nh
6.2. Nhn dng da theo khng gian
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 46
Gi s khng gian i tng X
Phn hoch khng gian
{ } m i X X
i
,..., 2 , 1 , = =
X C C
i i
c ,
X C j i C C
i
m
i
j i
= =
=1
, ,
Th P l phn hoch khng gian X thnh cc lp
sao cho
Trong trng hp thng thng th khng gian
ch c th c phn tch tng phn
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 47
phn i tng ra cc lp ta cn xc nh
s lp v ranh gii gia cc lp
Hm phn lp s gip phn bit cc lp
Nu c k lp th phi c k-1 hm phn lp
Hm phn lp
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 48
Gi {g
i
} l lp cc hm phn lp. Lp hm ny c
nh ngha nh sau:
nu i k, g
k
(X) > g
i
(X) th ta quyt nh X lp k.
Nh vy phn bit k lp, ta cn k-1 hm phn
bit. Hm phn lp g thng l hm tuyn tnh
k k
X W X W W X g + + + = ... ) (
1 1 0
trong :
- W
i
l cc trng s gn cho cc thnh phn X
i
.
- W
0
l trng s vit cho gn.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 49
Trong trng hp g l tuyn tnh, ngi ta ni
l vic phn lp l tuyn tnh hay siu phng
(Hyperplane).
Cc hm phn bit thng c xy dng da
trn khi nim khong cch hay da vo xc
sut c iu kin.
Nu khong cch nh hn mt ngng no
y th coi 2 i tng l ging nhau v gp
chng vo mt lp. Ngc li, nu khong
cch ln hn ngng, c ngha l chng khc
nhau v tch thnh 2 lp.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 50
Mt s thut ton tiu biu
Thut ton da vo khong cch ln
nht
Thut ton k trung bnh (K-mean)
Thut ton ISODATA
Thut ton k lng ging (K-nearest
neighbor)
Thut ton nhn dng khng gian (thut tonnhn dng trongt
hc)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 51
y l thut ton da vo K phn t u tin
trong khng gian (xc nh K lp vi K
cho trc)
Cch chn K l tm K lp sao cho khong
trung bnh gia cc phn t v tm ca lp
cc phn t ny thuc l nh nht
Da vo cng thc:
Thut ton K trung bnh (K - means)
1
1
,
N
k j j k
j
Z X X C
N
=
= e
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 52
Cc bc thc hin:
1. Chn ngu nhin K tm (centroid) cho K
cm (cluster). Mi cm c i din bng
cc tm ca cm.
2. Tnh khong cch gia cc i tng n K
tm (thng dng khong cch Euclidean).
3. Nhm cc i tng vo nhm gn nht.
4. Xc nh li tm mi cho cc nhm.
5. Thc hin li bc 2 cho n khi khng c s
thay i nhm no ca cc i tng.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 53
V d: phn lp cho nh I sau theo thut ton K-means:
Gi s ta mun phn thnh 2 nhm
k = 2
1 2 4 5
1 1 3 4
I
(
=
(

A B
C D
1 2 4 5
1 1 3 4
I
(
=
(

BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 54
Vi mt tp gmmi tng
Khong cch gia cc i tng c th c xc
nh nh l i lng phn lp
Khong cch ln nht ng vi phn t xa nht
to nn lp mi
S phn lp s hnh thnh dn dn da vo vic
tnh khong cch gia cc i tng v cc lp
Thut ton khong cch ln nht
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 55
Bc 1:
Chn ht nhn ban u: X
i
C
1
l lp g
1
vi Z
1
l
phn t trung tm (phn t c khong cch trung
bnh ti cc phn t khc tron g
1
)
Tnh tt c cc khong cch D
j1
= D(X
j
,Z
1
) vi j =
1..m
Tm D
k1
ln nht. X
k
l phn t xa nht ca nhm
g
1
X
k
tr thnh phn t trung tm Z
2
ca lp mi g
2
.
Tnh d
1
=D
12
=D(Z
1
,Z
2
)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 56
Bc 2:
Tnh cc khong cch D
j1
,D
j2
vi j = 1..m
t D
k
l khong cch ln nht
iu kin kt thc
Nu D
k
<d
1
kt thc thut ton (phn
lp xong)
Nu khng s to nn lp g
3
c Xk l phn
t trung tm Z
3
Tnh d
3
=(D
12
+D
13
+D
23
)/3
Thut ton lp i lp li cho n khi kt thc
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 57
ISODATA l Iterative Self Organizing
Data Analysis
Thut ton ny tng i mm do v
khng c nh cc lp
Thut ton ISODATA
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 58
Ccbc:
La chn phn hoch da vo cc tm bt k (kt
qu khng ph thuc vo tm ban u ny)
Phn vng bng cch t cc im vo lp c tm
gn nht da vo khong cch
Tch i lp ban u nu khong cch ln hn
ngng t
1
Xc nh phn hoch mi da vo cc tm va xc
nh cho n khi khng c tmmi
Nhm cc vng theo ngng t
2
Lp cc bc trn cho n khi tha mn tiu chun
phnhoch
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 59
Thut ton ny da vo v tr ca i tng
cn xt xc nh lp i tng thuc v
l lp no
Cc mu s c biu din trn khng gian
i tng
Mi i tng cn xc nh lp s tm k
mu gn nht xung quanh
i tng u vo ny s thuc lp c s
lng ln nht trong s klng ging
Thut ton K lng ging
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 60
V thut ton chn s ng quyt
nh vic phn lp nn thng thng
lp ln nht trong tp mu thng c
xu hng thng tr
lm gim vic ny th trng s lin
quan n khong cch c th c thm
vo, v mu cng xa s c nh hng t
hn so vi mu gn
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 61
Ngoi cch biu din nh lng th cn tn
ti kiu i tng nh tnh
V d mi quan h gia cc i tng hoc
dng ca i tng
Gi s i tng c th c biu din bi
mt chui k t v mi k t s th hin mt
c tnh
Hm phn bit s l hm logic nhn din cc
t c cng di
Nhn dng da theo cu trc
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 62
C hai giai on trong quy trnh nhn
din:
Xc nh quy tc xy dng
Xc nh cc dng da vo cc quy
tc
Trong hai giai on th xc nh quy tc
xy dng l rt kh khn v l vn
chnh cn gii quyt trong quy trnh
nhn din dng ny
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 63
Mng nron bao gm nhiu phn t x
l n gin hot ng song song.
Tnh nng ca h thng ph thuc vo
cu trc lin kt gia cc nron v
trng s ca cc lin kt ny
Trong mng nron c cc nron u
vo v cc nron u ra
Nhn din da trn mng Nron
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 64
Mng Hopfield l mng n ron
1 lp NN
nh x d liu tn hiu vo sang tn hiu ra
theo kiu t kt hp
Nu tn hiu vo l X thuc min D th tn
hiu ra Y cng thuc min D
Mng Hopfield m phng kh nng hi
tng ca no ngi (nhn ra ngi quen khi
nhn ra cc nt quen trn khun mt)
Mng Hopfield
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 65
Mng Hopfield c mt lp ra c kch thc
bng kch thc tn hiu vo, lin kt n ron
l y .
Mng Hopfield yu cu tn hiu vo c gi
tr lng cc -1 v 1
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 66
W
ij
l trng s ca lin kt gia n
ron th i vi n ron th j
s
>
j
i j ij
j
i j ij
i
s w
s w
a
u
u
, 1
, 1
Hm kch hot ti cc n ron l:
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 67
Mng Hopfield hc c gim st
Gi s c p mu hc tng ng vi cc
vector tn hiu vo X
s
, s=1..p
Mng cn xc nh b trng s W sao cho
X
s
=f(X
s
,W) vi mi s=1..p
Ta xy dng ma trn trng s Wnh sau:
=
=
=

=
j i
j i x x
w
p
s
si sj
ij
, 0
,
1
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 68
Gi s a vo mng vector tn hiu X
Vic tnh ton u ra Y cho tn hiu X l qu trnh
lp li:
t X
0
=X
Tnh Y
t
l tn hiu u ra tng ng vi X
t
lan
truyn trong mng mt ln
Nu Y
t
khc X
t
th tip tc vi t=t+1 v X
t+1
= Y
t
Nu Y
t
=X
t
th dng li v kt qu ca mng l
Y
t
W khng thay i trong qu trnh tnh Y
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 69
Mt vi tnhhung cth ny sinh
Mng khng dng
Mng c th a ra lun phin mt
vi mu hc hoc nh ngc ca
chng
Mng dng v X
t
=X
X c on ng da trn mu
hc, X c th l mt trong cc mu
hc
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 70
Mt vi tnhhung cth ny sinh(tt)
Mng dng vi X
t
l X
s
no trong mu
hc
Mng phc hi nguyn dng ca X
chnh l X
s
Mng dng vi X
t
khng thuc mu
hc
Ch ra mt vector mi c th dng cp
nht trng s
Mng dng vi X
t
l nh ngc ca cc
trng hp 2,3,4
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 71
Mng Kohonen tp trung vo mi lin
h c tnh cu trc trong cc vng ln
cn hoc trong ton th khng gian mu
Trong mng Kohonen cc vector tn
hiu vo gn nhau s c nh x sang
cc n ron trong mng ln cn nhau
Mng Kohonen hay bn Kohonen hoc bn t t chc
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 72
Mng Kohonen rt gn vi mng sinh hc v
cu to ln c ch hc
Mng Kohonen c mt lp kch hot l cc
n ron c phn b trong mt phng hai
nhiu kiu li vung hoc lc gic
Phn b ny lm cho mi n ron c cng s
n ron trong tng lp lng ging v cc u
vo tng t nhau s kch hot cc n ron
gn nhau (khng gian 2 chiu s phi c
cun thnh mt khng gian lin tip)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 73
Tt c cc n ron lp kch hot c
ni y vi lp vo mi kt ni ny
s c mt trng s
Cc n ron trn lp kch hot ch ni
vi cc lp ln cn nn khi c tn hiu
u vo s ch to ra kch hot a
phng
Vng c kch hot s ch ra v tr ca
tn hiu u vo trong khng gian i
tng
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 74
Vic hc ca mng kohonen da trn k
thut cnh tranh khng cn mu hc.
Trng s ca cc n ron c khi to bng
mt s bt k nh
Mng c hc qua mt lng ln mu gn
nhau v thng nhiu ln theo cc vng lp
Ti mt thi im ch c mt n ron duy nht
C trong lp kch hot c la chn vi
nguyn tc l n ron C c vector trng s gn
vi tn hiu vo nht
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 75
Sau khi c nron C, cc trng s w
ci
c hiu chnh nhm cho gn vi trng
s mong mun (u vo)
Nu tn hiu vo x
si
v trng s w
ci
to
kt qu ra qu ln th phi gim trng
s v ngc li
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 76
Vi
s l th t bc
D(t) l vector u vo t
u l s th t ca n ron C c chn
(u,v,s) l hm t l khong cch gia n ron v
v u (c th l hm ngng hoc hm Gaussian)
)) ( ) ( )( ( ) , , ( ) ( ) 1 ( s w t D s s v u s w s w
v v v
+ = + o u
T l gim hoc tng trng s s nh dn theo
thi gian v khong cch sai s gia vector u
vo v vector trng s vi cng thc:
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 77
V mng Kohonen c hun luyn da vo
s kch hot a phng v cc n ron ln
cn nn cc i tng gn nhau s kch hot
cc n ron gn nhau
Khi chuyn mt tn hiu u vo vo mng
th mt vng n ron s c kch hot cho
chng ta thy tn hiu u vo ny thuc
vng d liu no
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 78
CHNG 7. NN D LIU NH
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 79
Nn d liu l nhm gim thng tin d
tha trong d liu gc nhm thu c
lng thng tin nh hn d liu gc
Nhn chung vi d liu nh cc thut
ton nn nh thng t hiu qu 10:1,
mt s cho kt qu cao hn (vd: thut
ton fratal cho t s nn 30:1)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 80
C th phn loi cc phng php nn d liu nh
theo hai hng
Phn loi theo nguyn l:
Nn chnh xc (nn khng mt thng tin)
Sau khi gii nn ta thu c d liu gc
Nn khng bo ton (nn c mt thng tin)
Sau gii nn khng thu c hon ton d liu
gc
Li dng kh nng c hn ca mt ngi
loi b d liu
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 81
Phn loi theo cch thc thc hin nn:
Phng php nn khng gian (Spatial Data
Compression)
Thc hin nn bng cc mu nh trong khng gian
Phng php s dng bin i (Transform Coding)
Bao gm cc php bin i nh gc
Phn loi theo trit l ca s m ha
Phng php nn th h th nht
Bao gm cc phng php n gin (ly mu, gn
t m ha)
Phng php nn th h th hai
Da vo bo ha ca t l nn
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 82
Phng php nn th h th nht
Phng php m ha lot di
Phng php m ha Huffman
Phng php LZW
Phng php m ha khi
Phng php thch nghi
Bin i Cosin v chun nn JPEG
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 83
Phng php nn th h th hai
Phng php Kimt thp
Phng php Kim t thp Laplace
(Laplacian pyramid)
Phng php m ha da vo biu din nh
Phng php m ha da vo vng gia
tng
Phng php tch-hp
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 84
Phng php m ha lot di (RLC-
RunLengthEncoding)
nh ngha: mt lot di l mt dy cc k
hiu lp li lin tc
Mc ch ca m ha lot di l xc nh
cc lot di, kch thc, v cc k hiu
trong lot di
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 85
V D:
K KKKK KKKK
ABC DEFG
ABA BBBC
A bc12 3bbb bCDE
Xc nh cc lot di:
1. KKKKKKKKKLot di = 9 k hiu K
2. ABCDEFG Khng c lot di no.
3. ABABBBC lot di = 3 k hiu B
4. abc123bbbbCDE lot di = 4 k hiu b
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 86
M ha lot di gn cc t m cho cc lot di
thay v m ha cho tng k hiu ring bit.
Mi lot di c thay th bi 1 t m gm 3
phn (r, l, s). Trong :
r: k hiu c lp li (r : repeat)
l : di ca lot di (l: length)
s: cc k hiu c mt trong lot di (s : symbol)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 87
Vi v d trn:
1. Lot di gm 9 k hiu K c thay th
bi m (r, 9, K) hoc r9K.
Dy th 2 : ABCDEFG khng phi l lot
di c thay th bng dy (n, 7,
ABCDEFG) hoc n7ABCDEFG.
N: c lot di khng lp li (n: non -
repeat)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 88
V d: M lot di cho d liu sau:
A AAAA AAAA BBBB BBBC
CCCC DDEF EDDC CCCC BBBB
BBBA AAAA AAAA
Tnh t s nn nu mi k hiu s
c biu din bi 8 bit trong trng
hp khng nn v cc lot di c
di < 256.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 89
Thc hin RLE theo Gray code v Binary
code cho nh xm
i vi nh nh phn, cc bc thc hin:
M ha tng dng ring bit, bt u vi
s lng s 0
M ha mt chui s 0 v s 1, bng
cch RLE, lp li cc s 0 v 1 trong mi
chui.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 90
i vi nh xm cc bc thc hin nh sau :
Chuyn nh mc xm thnh nhiu nh nh phn
c gi l plane
Tch nh
Thc hin RLE, m ha Huffman mt chui s 0
v s 1, lp li cc s 0 v 1 trong mi chui.
Tnh t s nn ( di t m trc v sau nn)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 91
5 5 6 5 5 4
5 4 6 5 4 4
4 4 5 4 5 5
3 3 4 3 4 4
2 3 4 3 2 3
1 2 3 2 1 2
I
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

V d: Cho ma trn nh I
nh sau
Hy chuyn ma trn
nh trn sang gray code
v binary code.
Tch nh v m ha
RLE
Tnh s lng bit
cha chui m v t s
nn trong 2 trng hp
gray code v binary
code
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 92
Kt lun : T s nn gray code nh hn t s
nn binary code, iu chng t gray code
gim c nhiu d tha hn binary code. l
do cc biu din cc s gn nhau ch khc nhau
1 bit nn to ra nhiu qu trnh lp thun li
khi thc hin RLE
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 93
Phng php ny c s dng m ha
nh trong nh PCX v BMP
Ta c th m ha s dng chiu di c nh
hoc thch nghi kiu Huffman
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 94
Phng php m ha Huffman
M ha Huffman da vo m hnh thng k
Da vo d liu gc, tn sut xut hin ca
cc k t c tnh ton
Sau gn cho k t tn sut cao m ngn v
k t tn sut t m di
c pht trin m ha chung cc loi d
liu khc nhau tuy nhin ch mt s loi d
liu mi mang li hiu qu mong mun
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 95
Vic m ha ny gip gim lng d
liu cho k t xut hin nhiu hn v c
th gimlng d liu cn lu tr
Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp m
ha theo cch ny c th gy bt li ch
khng c li (khi s khc bit v tn
sut khng nhiu)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 96
Cc m Huffman c xy dng t di
ln trn, bt u vi cc nt l ca cy v
lp li cho n khi gp nt gc
thc hin m ha Huffman th:
Cc k hiu c sp xp thnh 1 dy
cc nt l to thnh cy nh phn.
Mi nt c gn 1 trng s l tn sut
xut hin ca k hiu tng ng.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 97
Cch xy dng cy m Huffman.
1. Hai nt cha c xt c trng s nh nht s
c gn vo 1 nt mi c trng s bng tng
trng s ca 2 nt ny.
2. Nt mi ny s c thm vo danh sch cc nt
cha xt n v loi b 2 nt xt trong danh
sch.
3. 1 trong 2 nt c gn m l 0(v d bn tri), nt
cn li c gn m l 1 (bn phi).
4. Lp li cc bc trn cho n khi ch cn 1 nt
trong danh sch. Nt cn li c xem l gc ca
cy m.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 98
V d: Cho thng ip
BCA ACAD BDCA DAEE EABA CDBA
CADC BADA BEAB EAAA
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 99
K t Tn sut
A 24
B 12
C 10
D 8
E 8
Xy dng cy m Huffman vi tn sut xut hin nh sau:
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 100
u im ca phng php m ho
Huffman l t c h s nn cao (H s
nn tu thuc vo cu trc ca cc tp tin).
Nhc im ca phng php ny l bn
nhn mun gii m c thng ip th
phi c mt bng m ging nh bng m
bn gi, do khi nn cc tp tin b h s
nn khng c cao.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 101
Phng php LZW
c Abraham Lempel, Jacob Ziv pht trin
trc ri c Terry Welch nng cp (Lempel
ZivWelch)
Thut ton ny l thut ton nn t in, da
vo vic lp mt t in cc k t c tn sut
cao
im mnh ca k thut ny l kh nng t
chc t in t hiu qu cao
C th c dng nn cc loi file nh phn
khc nhau
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 102
Mt chui k t cn nn phi tun th nguyn
tc sau:
Mt tp hp t hai k t tr ln gi mt xu k
t .
Nu tm thy cc xu k t gp, phi nh
v gn cho n mt du hiu (token) ring.
Nu ln sau gp li xu k t , xu k t s
c thay th bng du hiu ca n.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 103
V d c chui sau :
010101010100000011111101010101010011100100
111
Qut qua ton b chui v tm ra cc on ging
nhau.
010101010100000011111101010101010011100100
111
y on 0101010101 xut hin hai ln nn ta
nh ngha n bng mt t mi l X. Sau bc ny
chui trn ca ta cn:
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 104
X000000111111X0011100100111
Tng t ln qut tip v t vo t in ta
c chui kt qu nh sau:
X000000111111X0011100100111
Vi: X = 0101010101; A = 00; B = 001; C = 11
XAABCCXBCBBC
Nh vy chui 45 byte ban u c nn li cn
12 byte tc l cn 12/45 = 26,67% dung lng
ban u.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 105
Phn quan trng nht ca phng php nn ny l phi
to mt mng rt ln dng lu gi cc xu k t
gp, mng ny c gi l "T in".
Khi cc byte d liu cn nn c em n, chng lin
c gi li trong mt b m cha (Accumulator) v
em so snh vi cc chui c trong "t in".
Nu chui d liu trong b m cha khng c trong "t
in" th n c b sung thm vo "t in" v ch s
ca chui trong "t in" chnh l du hiu ca chui.
Nu chui trong b m cha c trong "t in" th
du hiu ca chui c em ra thay cho chui dng d
liu ra.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 106
Do kch thc b nh khng phi v
hn v m bo tc tm kim, t
in ch gii hn 4096 phn t dng
lu ln nht l 4096 gi tr ca cc
t m. Nh vy di ln nht ca t
m l 12 bits (4096 = 2
12
).
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 107
LZW da vo mt t in lu cc mu
c tn sut cao trong nh
LZW s lun cp nht t in mi khi
c thm c mt k t mi
T in c ti a 4096 t vng m
bo hiu qu ( di ln nht ca t m
l 12 bit)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 108
T in ca LZW
Cu trc t in
0 0
1 1
... ...
255 255 (Clear Code)
256 Chui
257 Chui
258 Chui
259 Chui
... ...
... ...
4095 Chui
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 109
256 t u (0...255) l m ca k t ASCII
T 256 l m c bit (CC Clear Code)
khc phc trng hp s mu lp trong
nh ln hn 4096
M xa s ch bo vic kt thc m ha vi
t in c v bt u b t in mi
T 257 l m (EOI End Of Information)
Gip phn chia file thnh nhiu cm nh
(file nh ng GIF c nhiu nh gp li)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 110
Cn li l (258...4095) l cc mu lp li trong
nh.
512 phn t u tin c biu din bi 9
bit
512 n 1023 biu din bi 10 bit
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 111
Phng php LZW(gii nn)
K thut gii nn gn nh ngc li ca k thut nn
Mt vn ln vi LZW l nu s dng m thay i
chiu di th h thng m ha v h thng gii m
phi bit c im m thay i chiu di
Thng thng chiu di m c thay i khi w+k
c thm vo t in vi m 256,512,1024, 2048
(y l cc v tr lmtng di ca m)
V c bit quan trng l v gii nn lun i sau nn
mt bc nn vic tng kch thc m ha ny phi
c thc hin chm mt bc trn h thng nn
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 112
Phng php LZW (v d)
Gi s ta mun m ha chui
ABCBCABCABCD
M ASCII ca A l 65, B l 66, C l 67 v D
l 68
T in ban u bao gm 256 k t ASCII v
2 m CC v EOI
Nu m ha bng ASCII d liu s l
65-66-67-66-67-65-66-67-65-66-67-68-EOF
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 113
w k u ra M Chui
null A
A B A 258 AB
B C B 259 BC
C B C 260 CB
B C
BC A 259 261 BCA
A B
AB C 258 262 ABC
C A C 263 CA
A B
AB C
ABC D 262 264 ABCD
D EOF D
Phng php LZW (v d nn)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 114
Phng php LZW (v d)
(Mu vo: ABCBCABCABCD . Nu mhabng ASCI I
d liu s l
65-66-67-66-67-65-66-67-65-66-67-68-EOF)
u ra theo pp LZWs l
65-66-67-259-258-67-262-68-EOF
Kch thc u vo l12x8 = 96 bit
Kch thc u ra 8x9 = 72 bit
T l nn l 96:72 1.333
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 115
Phng php LZW (v d gii nn)
w k u ra M Chui
A A
A B B 258 AB
B C C 259 BC
C 259 BC 260 CB
BC 258 AB 261 BCA
AB C C 262 ABC
C 262 ABC 263 CA
ABC D D 264 ABCD
EOF
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 116
Phng php m ha khi
M ha khi lc u pht trin cho nh en
trng v sau m rng cho nh a cp xm
bi cc phng php thch nghi
Bc nh gc s c chia nh thnh cc khi
Nu nh gc kch thc M*N
Th nh s c chia ra lm cc khi k*l
(vi k v l l rt nh so vi M v N)
Sau thc hin m ha Huffman vi cc
khi
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 117
Phng php thch nghi
Thut ng thch nghi ch s thch hp ca cc t
m theo mt ngha no
Trong trng hp ca RLC th nu s dng t m
c chiu di thay i th ta c phng php RLC
thch nghi
Vi m ha khi
Nu s dng cc khi ging nhau s bc l im
yu trn nh khng thun nht
C th s dng cc khi c mt chiu c nh,
chiu kia thay i da theo ni dung ca khi
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 118
Bin i Cosin v chun nn JPEG
JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group) l mt
nh dng nh t chun quc t c cng nhn
nm 1990.
JPEG c dng ch yu cho nh a cp xm v
nh mu (vi nh en trng kt qu khng n nh
lm)
JPEG va nn bo ton thng tin va nn khng
bo ton thng tin
Ch yu JPEG c bit n vi kh nng nn
khng bo ton thng tin cho kt qu tt trn nh
k thut s thng thng
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 119
Quy trnh m ha JPEG
M ha JPEG gmnhiu cng on
DCT (Discrete cosine transform)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 120
C th coi qu trnh gii m l qu trnh ngc ca
m ha.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 121
Phn khi
Chun nn JPEG thng s dng phn khi 8x8
Vic phn cc khi c kch thc nh v bng nhau
gip vic bin i Cosin nhanh hn
Bin i Cosin vi cc khi kch thc nh gip
tng chnh xc khi tnh ton vi du phy tnh
(gim sai s do lm trn)
nh s c chia lm B khi l M
B
xN
B
Cc khi s c ta (m,n) vi m = [0..M
B
-1] v n =
[0.. N
B
-1]
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 122
Gimtn sut mu
Trc khi phn khi, nh c th c chuyn
sang YC
B
C
R
(h mu ny ging h mu trong
truyn hnh k thut s)
Mt ngi nhy vi thnh phn Y ( l
sng) hn l thnh phn C
B
v C
R
v vy nu
gim tn sut mu ca 2 thnh phn ny th
mt ngi vn khng nhn ra s khc bit
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 123
Bin i Cosin
Bin i Cosin nhm chuyn nh t min khng gian
(spartial domain) sang min tn s (frequency domain)
Trong min khng gian, bc nh th hin ln cc
mu khi di chuyn trong khng gian
Trong min tn s, bc nh th hin tc thay i ca
ln cc mu khi dch chuyn t im ny sang im
kia
Vic bin i ny nhm gip vic tch v loi b nhng
bin i khng cn thit cho mt ngi d dng hn
Mt ngi thng khng tt trong nhn bit thay i c
tn s ln (nn ta c th tch v loi nhng thay i ny)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 124
Bin i Cosin
Vi mi khi NxN ta s tnh cc h s nh sau:
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
1
0 1
1
0 2
2 2 1 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2
) 1 2 (
2
) 1 2 (
) , (
2
) , (
N
n
N
n
k k
N
k n
Cos
N
k n
Cos n n x
N
k k X
t t c c
<
=
=
1
1
1
0 , 1
0 ,
2
1
k
k
k
c
<
=
=
2
2
2
0 , 1
0 ,
2
1
k
k
k
c
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 125
Sau khi bin i th ta thu li c mt
ma trn NxN tng ng vi cc h s
ca cc tn s
Cc h s ny quyt nh mc ng
gp ca cc sng c tn s tng ng
vo bc nh hon chnh.
Bin i Cosin l bin i c bo ton
nn tt c cc h s c s dng ti
to nh.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 126
Tn s ti cc im trong nh 8x8
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 127
Vi mi khi NxN ta s ti to li cc im nh sau
Vi
Bin i Cosin ngc
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
1
0 1
1
0 2
2 2 1 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
2
) 1 2 (
2
) 1 2 (
) , (
2
1
) , (
N
k
N
k
k k
N
k n
Cos
N
k n
Cos k k X
N
n n x
t t
c c
<
=
=
1
1
1
0 , 1
0 , 2
k
k
k
c
<
=
=
2
2
2
0 , 1
0 , 2
k
k
k
c
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 128
Bin i Cosin (v d)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 129
Hu ht nng lng tp trung nhng h s chnh
Bin i Cosin (v d)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 130
Bin i Cosin (v d)
nh
gc
H s 2x2 u
H s 4x4 u
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 131
Lng t ha
Lng t ha gip cc h s c
chuyn v dng k thut s nhm gim
thiu lng thng tin khng cn thit
Thng thng chng ta s quy cc h s
trong cng mt khi v mt khong
phn b
Lng t ha trong nn JPEG l nhm
lng t ha cc gi tr h s ca php
bin i
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 132
K thut ca Lloyd - Max
K thut ca Lloyd-Max chia vng tn hiu thnh n
khong
Vi tn hiu x trong mt khong s c thay th
bng mt gi tr thay th nh sau
Vi min(x) = L
1
< L
2
... L
n
< L
n+1
= 1+max(x)
V p
1
, p
2
... P
n
l cc gi tr thay th tng ng
| )
1
, , ) (
+
e =
j j i j i
L L x p x q
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 133
Mc tiu l tm cc bin Li v gi tr thay th pi sao cho li do
lng t ha E c gim thiu
=
=
m
i
i i
x q x E
1
2
) (
y l vn c bn ca s hc
( )
| )

= e
+
=
n
j L L x
i i
j j i
p x E
1 ,
2
1
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 134
Chng ta mun gim thiu E vy nn tt c cc o
hm tng phn phi l 0
( )
| )
0 2
1
,
= =
c
c
+
e
j j i
L L x
i i
j
p x
p
E | )
| ) { }
1
,
, | #
1
+
e
e
=

+
j j i
L L x
i
i
L L x i
x
p
j j i
0 =
c
c
j
L
E
2
1 j j
j
p p
L
+
=

BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 135
Thng thng cc phng trnh trn khng th gii
c m chng ta s dng thut ton sau lm
gn ng (chnh l k-trung bnh)
Bc 1: Cp nht p
j
mi
| ) { }
1
, |
+
e =
j j i i
new
L L x x average p
j
Bc 2: Cp nht L mi (gi L
1
v L
n+1
khng i)
n j
p p
L
new new
new j j
j
... 2 ,
2
1
=
+
=

BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 136
Lng t ha trong nn JPEG
Thng thng trong thc t, nh l mt cch
n gin hn nn JPEG s dng ma trn
lng t ha
Cc h s s c chia cho i s tng ng
trn ma trn ny v lm trn n mt s
nguyn gn nht. Nh vy vi nhng h s
ca tn s cao th kh nng c lm trn
n 0 l rt cao.
Nh vy s ch cn cc h s ca tn s cao.
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 137
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 138
M ha
Thng thng sau khi lng t ha
th tin ti m ha
Vic m ha s c tin hnh ti u
ha vic lu tr d liu
Sp xp theo hnh Zig-Zag trc khi m
ha gip cc h s c sp xp theo tn
s thp n cao
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 139
Zig-Zag
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 140
C 2 cch m ha cc h s
M ha h s ca tng khi mt theo ng
Zig-Zag
M ha h s tn s thp trn tt c cc khi
ri ti tn s tip theo (theo hnh Zig-Zag)
Cch m ha th 2 cho kh nng nn cao hn
v n cho php s dng cc bng Huffman
khc nhau cho mi tn s gip ti u ha kh
nng m ha
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 141
Hiu qu nn
nh gc
x l vi Canny
Nn c bo ton Nn khng bo ton
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 142
Lena (nh gc)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 143
Lena (12:1)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 144
Lena (20:1)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 145
Lena (32:1)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 146
Cc phng php th h th 2
Phng php Kimt thp
Phng php Kim t thp Laplace
(Laplacian pyramid)
Phng php m ha da vo biu din nh
Phng php m ha da vo vng gia
tng
Phng php tch-hp
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 147
Phng php kimt thp
Vi phng php kim t thp nh c bin
i bng mt php bin i (lc low pass)
Sau ly nh gc tr i nh lc low pass
c nh lc high pass
nh lc low pass c thu nh thnh 1/4
Vic ny c lp i lp li mt s ln nht
nh
Cui cng nh lc low pass nh nht v cc
nh lc high pass cao hn s c gi li
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 148
Phng php kim t thp l mt cch
bin i nh t min ny sang min kia
(ging bin i DCT)
Bin i mt bc nh gc thnh mt lot cc
bc nh kch thc nh dn (nu xp chng
ln nhau ta s c hnh kimt thp
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 149
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 150
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 151
Nn nh vi phng php kimt thp
Khi cn to li bc nh gc, ta ch vic thc
hin cc bc theo chiu ngc li
Vi cch m ha ny khi ti to li nh cc
bc nh high pass s gip gi li chi tit ca
bc nh
Trong khi bc nh low pass c trch
nhim cung cp hnh thi chung ca bc nh
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 152
Mc d nu ch bin i, kch thc ca kim t
thp s ln hn nh gc
Tuy nhin do phn cp c thng tin theo
cc cp lng t ha v m ha c th gip gim
lng d liu cn lu tr nh
Lu tr cc high pass c kch thc ln vi
sai s nhiu hn (mt ngi phn bit km chi
tit nh)
Lu tr cc high pass c kch thc nhvi
sai s t hn hn (mt ngi phn bit chi tit
ln tt hn)
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 153
M ha da vo vng gia tng
nh c chia lm nhiu vng c tnh cht ng
nht
Lu l cch xc nh min ng nht s xc nh
phc tp ca thut ton
C th s dng phng php o hm m bo
cc vng khng b chia qu nh
Sau khi c cc ng bin khp kn th tin hnh
m ha cc ng bin ny bng xp x hnh hc
Tin ti m ha nh dng vector ng bin v
texture
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 154
M ha bng tch-hp (fractal compression)
Nh hc vic tch v hp khc phc im yu ca c
phng php tch v hp
Phng php ny cng s dng m hnh bin-texture
ng bin cn chnh xc (nhy cm vi mt ngi)
Texture (thay i tng i nh, t nhy cm vi mt
ngi)
tng l nh thng thng c s lp li ca cc mu
v mt nh c th c coi l s lp li ca chnh n
qua cc hmbin i:
) ( ... ) ( ) (
2 1
S f S f S f S
N
=
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 155
Ci kh l tm c cc hm f
1
..f
n
vi chnh xc
v hiu qu cao
Nhn chung tm cc hm ny ta c th
Chia nh nh thnh cc vng R
i
kch thc sxs
Vi mi R
i
tm mt vng D
i
kch thc 2sx2s rt
ging R
i
Tm mt php bin i H(D
i
)=R
i
Vic tm vng ging mt cch chnh xc l rt tn
thi gian, nhng nu vng khng chnh xc th nh
k qu s khng t c chi tit cn thit
BI GING MN: X L NH
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Trang 156
V m ha tn rt nhiu thi gian nn
phng php ny khng hiu qu vi
cc ng dng thi gian thc
Tuy nhin do gii m rt nhanh v vi
kh nng nn rt cao (khong 50:1) cc
ng dng nh nn video cht lng
cao li rt tim nng vi k thut ny

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BI GING MN: X L NH

size) * bunch_size (i,j);

size) * bunch_size (i,j)

nh I c gi l cn bng "l tng" nu vi mi

Trong A l i tng nh, B

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