Free-Electron Laser

A) Motivation and Introduction

C) Experimental Realization / Challenges
B) Theoretical Approach
Coherent Radiation
Micro-Bunching
Why SASE?
Self Amplifying Spontaneous Emission (SASE)
Amplifier and Oscillator
Free Electron Wave Interaction
Why FELs?
Need for Short Wavelengths
Free-Electron Laser
A) Motivation and Introduction
Need for Short Wavelengths
state of the art:
structure of biological macromolecule
needs 10
15
samples
crystallized not in life environment
reconstructed from diffraction
pattern of protein crystal:
LYSOZYME MW=19,806
the crystal lattice imposes
restrictions on molecular motion
images courtesy Janos Hajdu, slide from Jrg Rossbach
resolution does not depend on sample quality
needs very high radiation power @ 1
can see dynamics if pulse length < 100 fs
Need for Short Wavelengths - 2
simulated image
we need a radiation source with
very high peak and average power
wavelengths down to atomic scale ~ 1
spatially coherent
monochromatic
fast tunability in wavelength & timing
sub-picosecond pulse length
SINGLE
MACROMOLECULE
courtesy Janos Hajdu
principle of a quantum laser
Why FELs?
problem & solution:
active medium free electron EM wave interaction
Free Electron Wave Interaction
free electron in uniform motion + electric field lines
trajectory
undulator
(before undulator)
courtesy T. Shintake
http://www.shintakelab.com/en/enEducationalSoft.htm
free electron is source of waves
cm
u

(in principle)
after undulator:
waves ahead of particle
there are backward waves
u
2
Free Electron Wave Interaction
z
x
electron
z(t = 0)
wave
wavenumber,
wavelength and
angular frequency
c
k
l
l
l

= =
2
( ) t , r E
change of electron energy
( ) ( ) ( ) t t t e
dt
dW
, r E v =
undulator trajectory
Amplifier and Oscillator
amplifier:
in principle FEL
wave
electrons
oscillator:
amplified noise:
instability, driven by noise, growth until amplifier saturates
amplitude
frequency
amplitude
frequency
noise

amplitude
frequency
saturation
Self Amplifying Spontaneous Emission (SASE)
bunch of electrons
with increasing micro-
modulation
log(P/P
0
)
exponential gain
saturation
uniform random distribution of particles at entrance
incoherent emission of EM waves (noise, wide bandwidth)
amplification (resonant wavelength, micro-bunching)
saturation, full micro modulation, coherent radiation
Why SASE?
oscillator needs resonator
alternative: seed laser + harmonic generation + amplifier
but there are no mirrors for wavelengths < 100 nm
seed laser
seed

modulation of
electron beam
micro bunching of
a particular harmonic
amplifier
seed
n
l
=
Micro-Bunching
longitudinal motion is trivial to 1
st
order, but
micro-bunching is a 2
nd
order effect theory
transverse bunch structure is much larger
than longitudinal sub-structure
1d theory with plane waves
nm 1 . 0
nm 0000 5
Coherent Radiation
electron in undulator plane wave in far field
incoherent superposition of plane waves:
( ) ( )

=
+ = + =

t z k E t z k E
l l
N
l l
cos cos
1
( ) N i E
N
=

=

1
exp

N E P

2
field amplitude:
radiated power:
3

coherent superposition of plane waves:

1

( ) N i E
N
=

=

1
exp

2 2
N E P

field amplitude:
radiated power:
bunch of electrons
with increasing micro-
modulation
log(P/P
0
)
exponential gain
saturation
Coherent Radiation - 2
no micro-bunching
(only shot noise)
P
0
N
saturation:
full micro-bunching
P N
2
with N = particles per
l
B) Theoretical Approach
Free-Electron Laser
Continuous Phase Space
High Gain Theory
Micro-Bunching
FEL Gain
Low Gain Theory
Longitudinal Equation of Motion
Particle Energy and Ponderomotive Phase
Resonance Condition
Gain Length
Resonance Condition
z
x
electron
z(t = 0)
wave
wavenumber,
wavelength and
angular frequency
c
k
l
l
l

= =
2
( ) t , r E
EM wave is faster than electron, but
periodic interaction if wave-electron slippage is one wavelength per
undulator period
v
S
c
u l u
=
+
trajectory length of one undulator period
u
S
otherwise energy exchange cancels over many periods
resonance condition

+ =
2
1
2
2
2
K
v
S
c
u
u
u
l

Lorentz factor (~ energy)
K undulator parameter (~ 1)
(S
u
and v depend on )
Particle Energy and Ponderomotive Phase
if resonance condition fulfilled: cos

E
dt
dW
with = const
ponderomotive phase
= 0 kinetic energy transfer EM wave laser
= transfer EM wave kinetic energy accelerator
if resonance condition is not fullfilled:
res

resonant energy
( )
( )
res
res

v
S
c
u l u
=
+
resonance condition:
( )
( )

v
S
c
u l u
=
+
particle slips in one period by
l

change of ponderomotive phase

l
u
k
T
=

with v S T
u u
=
Longitudinal Equation of Motion
(in average)

cos

E
dt
d

res

dt
d
longitudinal phase space
equations are analog to mathematical pendulum

l
m
two types of solution:
trajectories in phase space
separatrix
longitudinal position
longitudinal momentum
( )
res
0 =
n
( )
res
0 >
n
0 = t
0 > t
15 particles with different initial conditions
(end of undulator)
separatrix
oscillation

rotation

Low Gain Theory

neglect change of field amplitude
indirect gain calculation
( ) ( )
energy field initial
out in
energy field initial
energy particle of loss
energy field initial
energy field of gain


= = =
W W
G
15 particles with different initial conditions
( )
res
0 =
n
( ) ( ) out in

=W W
0 = G
( )
res
0 >
n
( ) ( ) out

in

<W
0 > G
W

cos

E
dt
d

res

dt
d
FEL Gain
analytical analysis

2
2
sin

d
d
G
res
res

M
periods of undulator

G
Micro-Bunching
Fourier analysis of longitudinal particles positions
amplitude of micro modulation
( )

i I exp

(fundamental mode)
High Gain Theory
logitudinal position in undulator
amplitude (and phase) of EM wave
set of equations:
amplitude
this set of equations + field equations can be solved numerically
( ) { }

i
z E
dz
d
exp

Re
( )

i I exp

I K E
dz
d


FEL codes include transverse motion and 3D EM field calculation
ct t v z =
particles
bunching
(from Maxwell equations)
res

dz
d
Continuous Phase Space
phase space distribution
1
res
=

many point particles continuous density distribution

n n
, ( ) , , z F
( ) ( ) , , , z F d z =

( )


i
e z d I

,

Vlasov equation
0 =

=
dz
d F
dz
d F
z
F
dz
dF

bunching
charge density
( ) { }

i
z E
dz
d
exp

Re
res

dz
d
Gain Length
solution of Vlasov equation
(perturbation theory)
numerical solution of
particle equations
saturation
position in undulator
( )
g
exp L z P
3 1
2

I
L
r
g

beam current
C) Experimental Realization / Challenges
Free-Electron Laser
Linac Coherent Light Source - LCLS
Scales
Challenges
RF Gun
European X-FEL
Bunch Compression
Table Top FEL
Linac Coherent Light Source- LCLS
SLAC mid-April 2009 first lasing at 1.5
injector
nC 25 . 0 q
linac &
bunch compression
m 10
3
L m 100 L
undulator
GeV 6 . 13 = E
kA 3 = I
cm 3
u

5 . 1 =
l

m 3 . 3
g
L
saturation
> 10 GW
exponential gain
incoherent
4
10 =
ec
I
N
l

particles per
l
Scales
photon wavelength
cooperation length
bunch length
bunch width
undulator period
power gain length
Rayleigh length
saturation length
undulator length
total length m 10
3
L
m 100 L
m 10
2

m 10
10

m 10 .. 1 =
u c g
N L
m 10
8
=
l c l
N L about N
c
micro-bunches in cooperation
m 10
5
= I cq L
b
m 10
5

g l w
L
3
2 3
I
w u

g R
L L describes widening of EM wave
u g g s
L L L L < 20 .. 10
2

u

(overlap electron-beam EM wave)

Challenges

+ =
2
1
2
2
2
K
u
l

3 1
2
2
3
4
3
1

=
I K e
mc
L
r u
g

high peak current >~ kA

l

Energy 10 .. 20 GeV
gain length L
g
<~ 10 m
transverse beam size
r
10 m
energy spread
overlap electron-photon beam
longitudinal: compression
(undulator parameter K 1)
g l r
L
2
transverse: generate low emittance beam
preservation of emittance
diagnostic and steering
acceleration
undulator alignment
qc
L
I
b r r
2 2

=
volume
bunch charge
space charge forces:
2 2
1
r
sq
q
E

RF Gun
nC 1 q MeV 5 E A 50 I
typical parameters of FLASH & European XFEL:
10
longitudinal compression 1 0.01 needed !
Magnetic Bunch Compression
magnetic compression: path length depends on energy
>>1 velocity differences are too small for effective compression
accelleration off crest
head particle with less energy than tail
t
E
z
z

B
FLASH:
gun accellarating module ~ 10 m
1
st
bunch compressor
4 magnet chicane
beam dynamics with space charge and CSR effects
2
n
d
c
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
o
r
,

m
o
r
e

m
o
d
u
l
e
s
u
n
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
Magnetic Bunch Compression - 2
LCLS (14 GeV, 0.15 nm)
FLASH (1 GeV, 6.5 nm)
European XFEL (17.5 GeV, 0.1 nm)
BCs at 130 MeV, 500 MeV and 2 GeV
European X-FEL
superconducting cavity, 1.3 GHz E
acc
40 MeV/m
22.5 MeV/m are needed for 17.5 GeV & 1
FLASH tunnel: cryo module undulator
European X-FEL -2
beamlines
multi bunch operation
Table Top FEL
from Florian Gruener FLS 2006
Laser-Pasma accelerators: bubble acceleration
q 1 nC,
r
1 m
I ~ 100 kA, < 10
4
all types of effects; usual approximations fail
A challenge in experiment and theory !