97566915 မ ဟာ ေဆြ လူႀကီးခ်ဳိခ်ဳိစုိ ့ နည္း

r[maqG
vljuD;csdKcsdKpdkhenf;
vGefcJhonfh(13)ESpfcefhu 7efukefyef;qdk;wef; trSwf(92)ay:xyfonf

7mZ0if p mwif 7 rnf h w d k u f c ef ; us<f j uD ; _zpf o nf ? xd k w d k u f c ef ; us<f j uD ; Y
taysmf x rf ; 7J w yf A [k d X mecsKyf E S i f h uEk f y f O D ; pD ; aom7J o wif ; pmt_yif
a@S h a evd k u f v #uf @ S d a om trf a tOD ; armif j uD ; | 0wf v H k O D ; xG e f ; wif u wwG J |
0wf v H k O D ; armif a rmif v wf E S i f h 0wf v H k O D ; b[ef ( 2)uwwG J | txuf w ef ;
a@S h a ejuD ; OD ; _zd K ;wif h w d k h t vk y f c ef ; rsm;vnf ; @S d o nf ? t_yif r S 0wf v H k
a@Shae| w7m;oljuD;paomrdwfaqGrsm; tvnfvmjuum waysmfwyg;
pm;aomuf 0 d k i f ; zG J h I 7<f a rmp7ma_ymqd k a ewwf j uonf ? waeh o Y
taemufEdlifiHynmoifjum;juyHkudk pum;pyfrdju7mrS <ckw7m;oljuD;
_zpf a eaom0wf v H k w OD ; ES i f h uEk f y f E S i f h t vG e f c if r if 7 if ; ES D ; aom0wf v H k w OD ;
uEk f y f y gaygif ; oH k ; OD ; teuf 0wf v H k w OD ; u td k i f a q;ud k b aqG
cif A sm;vl u d k . .... tvG e f t pd k h o ef w J h v l a ygh [k a emuf a _ymif v d k u f 7 m
uEf k y f E S i f h 7 if ; ES D ; aomrd w f a qG r S m rsuf E S m ysuf o G m ;_yD ; v#if rif ; tvG e f
aemuf w J h a umif ? ud k b aqG e J h i geJ h 'D v d k t ao;tzG J a v;awG b<f a wmh r S
ra_ymbl;uG? [kjudrf;vdkufo_zifh rlva_ymolrSm v#mxkwf_idrfusoGm;
onf? cyfvSrf;vSrf;@Sd0wfvHkOD;armifarmifvwfu a[;- -udkbaqG
ck e u udkvSaomfaemufa_ymifvdkufwm udk........awmfawmfa'gyGoGm;
w<f? bmrsm;vJ... [kar;7m uEfkyfu rodygbl;Asm? tpdkhoefw<f
vd k h a _ymwmeJ h a'gyG o G m ;wmyJ [k _ yef a _ymv#if OD ; armif a rmif v wf u
atmf....[dkpmtkyfygwJhenf;twdkif; vkyfjuwJhvlawGaygh [k pmtkyf
r[maqG
trnf E S i f h pmtk y f y gtajumif ; t7mrsm;ud k a_ym_yygonf ? xd k p Of u yif

awmf a wmf x l ; qef ; onf [ k 7J o wif ; pmrS m xnf h o G i f ; azmf _ y7ef p mtk y f
@SmazG7m r7@Scd hJay?
odkhESifhyiftcsdefukefcJh7m vGefcJhonfh(2)ESpfcefhurS umwGef;udk[efpGef;
td r f o d k h a y:ayguf v m_yD ; td k a q;ud k b aqG . .....cif A sm;eJ h t H u d k u f b J
[k pmtk y f w tk y f a y;vmygonf ? uEk f y f t xl ; 0rf ; a_rmuf 0 rf ; om_zpf I
oGm;onf? xdkpmtkyfrSm vGefcJhaom(13)ESpfcefhuwnf;u uEkfyftvdk@Sdaom
pmtkyfwtkyf_zpfonf? ~smrefa'gufwm um;vfbwfwif;pwuf
u ~smrefbmom_zifha7;om;I armh'fygvdk[wfcsDqifqdkolu
t~F v d y f b mom_zif h _ yef q d k x m;aom
td r f a xmif h t7om qd k o nf h p mtk y f _ zpf o nf ? xd k p mtk y f v uf x J o d k h
a7muf a omtcgvnf ; tajumif ; trsd K ;rsd K ;ajumif h bmomr_yef _ zpf b J
t_cm;pmtkyrf sm;udo
k m qufvufa7;om;cJh7ygonf?
vG e f c J h a omwES p f c ef h u omref u mv#H u mwacguf z wf _ yD ; v#if
[k ay:vG i f x if @ S m ;atmif
a j u m f _ i m a p c J h y g o n f ?
<ck w u<f _ yef q d k a 7;om;rnf q d k I aocsmusepG m zwf @ S K junf h a omtcg
uEk f y f a jumf _ imxm;_cif ; onf ay:vG i f @ k H r S t y rl v usrf ; _yKq7m>
7nf@G<fcsufodkhra7mufay? bwfwif;pwufonf vlwdkh>touf@Snf_cif;|
@k y f y sd K _cif ; >tajumif ; rsm;ud k ES d K uf E S d K uf c wf c wf e nf ; trsd K ;rsd K ;_zif h p H k p rf ;
r[maqG
@SmazGo_l zpf>?
vlrsm;rSm vHk;csif;aeI opfoD;rsm;udkompm;| vGifwD;acgifwGifae|
rnf o nf h _ yK_yif a omtpmud k r #rpm;v#if @k y f y sd K Itouf @ S n f o nf [ l I
awG h 7 onf ? od k h 7 mwG i f r sm;aomtm;_zif h vl [l a omynwf w G i f
rdef;r-a<mufsm;| taz-tar TuJhodkhpHkwGJ_zpfae_yefo_zifh xdkpHkwGJrsm;
twGuf tpmt[m7enf;omr[kwfawmhbJ t_cm;enf;rsm;udk@SmazGaom
tcg
ykdKvfwa<mufxHrSpmwapmif7onfutp
... aoG;csi;f zvS<af om

enf ; onf tvG e f a umif ; rG e f a omenf ; _zpf a jumif ; awG h 7yH k r sm;ud k
qufvufa7;om;xm;avonf?
Tpmtkyfudk bwfwif;pwufa7;om;cJhaomtcsdefrSm vGefcJhaom
ES p f a ygif ; 40ausmf u _zpf 7 m ES p f a ygif ; 40ausmf t wG i f ; avmu"gwf b uf |
aq;buf w G i f rnf r #wd k ; wuf a e_yD u d k txl ; azmf _ ybG < f 7 mrvd k a y?
od k h 7 mwG i f bwf w if ; pbuf ! $ e f _ yaomt[m7rsm;rS m ol > acwf u
Adkufwmrif"gwfcGJr_yaomfvnf; ol!$ef_yaomopfoD;rsm;...t7nf@$rf;aom
opfoD;...tcGHrmaomopfoD;rsm;rSm <ckacwfwGifvnf; taumif;qHk;aom
tpmt[m7rsm;yif _zpfIaeayonf?
uEkfyfonf Tpmtkyfudkbmom_yefqdk7mY a@Shydkif;tenf;i<fudk
r[maqG
vHk;aphywfaphr[kwfbJ vdk7if;oabmavmufom<l_yD;v#if pmbwfy7dowf

rsm;em;vnfvG<fatmif (uEkfyf>pmawGh|udk<fawGhrsm;yg a7;om;abmf_y
oGm;rnf_zpfygonf?) uEkfyfudk<fwdkifvnf; Tpmtkyfudkbmom_yef7if;yif
rd r d > pm;aomuf r S K cwf < G i f ; yH k u d k aemif w w7m;7v#uf @ S d y gonf ?
aemufyikd ;f
pmtkyrf t
l wdik ;f _yefqykd grnf?
ESihv
f ufawGhjuHKb;l olwh>
kd _yefjum;pmudu
k m;
r[maqG
'kwd<ESdyf_cif;
Tpmtk y f u d k a 7;om;7mY tawmf j uD ; yif y ef ; ajumif ; abmf _ ycJ h

_yD;yg_yD? xdkr#ESifhrat;ao;yg? touf 50-ywf0ef;usif@Sd 7if;ESD;aom
rdwfaqGo~F[rsm;> qlyl_cif;udkvnf; cHcJh7ygonf? r[maqGqdkonfh
emrnfEiS hf
v
l
[kuav;uvm;emrnfay;I
f
j
u
m
;
ajumf_im7ygrvm;? xdkemrnfajumifhyif tcsdKhpmtkyfudk rudkif7Jrbwf7J

ju? bwf j unf h _ yef a wmh v nf ; vl w d k i f ; wu<f t usd K ;@S d r nf h p mtk y f ?
awG ; xif o vd k n pf n rf ; aompmtk y f r [k w f a jumif ; ponf _ zif h pH k v d k h o m
uJygawmhonf?
od k h a yrnf h ay;cJ h o nf h e mrnf u d k a wmh r_yif v d k a wmh y g? 7if ; ES D ;
bwf b l ; ol w d k i f ; u wu<f y if t usd K ;@S d a jumif ; pm_zif h w rsd K ;| ES k w f _ zif h
wwef ? a0bef a _ymqd k j uygonf ? wck b J o l w d k h n nf ; !l j uonf r S m
t_cm;r[kwf? pmtkyfygenf;vrf;twdkif; pm;aomufusifhjuHu aiGaju;
ydkrdkukefusajumif;yif _zpfygonf? odkh7mwGif Tpmtkyfygenf;vrf;twdkif;
usif h o _zif h tom;t7nf j unf v if u m @k y f y sd K _cif ; ? ud k < f p d w f E S p f _ zm
r[maqG
csrf ; om_cif ; ? touf @ S n _cif ; wd k h o nf aiG a ju;ES i f h w ef b d k ; _zwf I 7aom

aumif;usdK;r[kwf7um; wwfEdlifolwdkif;xyfrHavhusifhju7ef wdkufwGef;
ygonf?
yXrESdyf_cif; ukefIoGm;7m| onfawmhrSyJwqifhpum;wqifhjum;
ESifh rSwfom;bwf@SKvdkolta_rmuft_rm;ay:xGufvm_yefav7m ZGJpmay
7dyf_rHKrS 'kwd<@kdufESdyf_cif;udk ajueyfpGmcGifh_yKvdkuf7_cif;_zpfygonf?
r[maqG
20-3-50
yXrem;vnfbdkh7mrSm Tusrf;_yKq7m bwfwif;pwufonf

obm0q7mjuD;_zpfygonf? olonf bbm0tav#muf avmu"gwef nf;
"gwkaA'enf; pdwfynm obm0"rRponfwdkh_zifh trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHkpHkprf;
@SmazG7mwGi.f ......
T 4-csufudk t"duxm;IcsJhxGifa7;om;7m
ac:
[laomOD;ykn>pmuJhohkd opfo;D pm;ItusKd ;@Syd u
kH kd
a'guw
f mypfZ>
f a7;om;csurf sm;udk ud;k um;abmf_yavonf?
r[maqG
vd a rR m f o D ; | a@S m uf c sd K oD ; | uJ a umoD ; uJ h o d k h t7nf @ $ r f ; aom

opfoD;rsm;| opfawmfoD;| yef;oD;uJhodkhaom juGyfjuGyf0g;7aomopfoD;
rsm;| opft<foD;| opfcsoD;| tkef;oD;| Am'HoD;uJhodkh tcGHrmaomtoD;
rsm;ud k tpOf t _rJ r S D 0 J o H k ; aqmif o l o nf @k y f E k y sd K Itouf @ S n f o nf [ l I
!$ e f _ yavonf ? Ad k u f w mrif " gwf E S i f h c G J _ y_cif ; r@S d a omf v nf ; tcG H r maom
opfo;D rsm;udk EGm;om;ESihfEKdS i;f <SOIf _yxm;ayonf?
opft<foD;
89 7mcdkifESKef;
opfcsoD; 88 7mcdkifESKef;
Ag'HoD;
87 7mcdkifESKef;
tkef;oD;
51 7mcdkifESKef;_zpfI
vufa@G;pOftrJom;rSm 29 7mcdkifESKef;r#om
yg0ifavonf?
<aeh w d k ; wuf v #uf @ S d a omacwf Y bwf w if ; pwuf > !$ e f _ yaom
opfoD;rsm;rSm Adkufwmrif"gwf| y@kdwdef umbGef[dkuf'7dwfponfwdkh_zifh
"gwfcGJr_y@kHrSty t[m7wefbdk;rSm _rifhv#ufyif@Sdavonf? usef;rma7;
em;vnf o l r sm;rS m ~@k w pd k u f p m;juonf ? uEk f y f > rd w f a qG r~d k v rf ; @S d
r[maqG
bmbl u k v m;rS m ppf r _zpf r D u yif opf o D ; waeh ( 8d - 10d ) bd k ; pm;onf ?

opf o D ; pm;_cif ; ud k tvkyfwck_zpfaeonf? <ckpma7;csdefwGif xdk8d-10d
bdk;onf 80d-100d bdk;r#_zpfae7m oGif;ukefvdkifpifESifhwuG juD;yGm;aeaom
bmblrsm; waeh 80d-100d bd;k yifpm;aomufjuonf[k od@7dS avonf?
bwf w if ; pwuf > tvd k t m;_zif h TtoD ; rsm;rS t y t_cm;tpm
t[m7rsm;rvdk[k !$ef_yavonf?
ajumf - csuf - _yKwf - zk w f - uif ponf h _ yK_yif 7 onf h t pmrsm;onf
obm0usaomtpmrsm;r[kwf[k !$ef_yavonf? bwfwif;pwufonf
aygif r k e f h u d k erl e m_yavonf ? aygif r k e f h p m;onf h t wG u f a@S ; OD ; pG m
v<f u G u f x G e f < uf o l pd k u f y sd K ;ol 7d w f o d r f ; ol p onf _ zif h tvk y f r sm;yH k
~sH K aph _ zpf v maomtcg ~sH K rS K ef h t _zpf j ud w f 7 yH k | xdkrSw zef rkefhzkw form;
aygifrkefhtvkyf@kHjuD; aygifrkefhzkwf7ef ausmufrD;aoG;tvkyform;ponf_zifh
tawmfrowfEdlifatmiftvkyfrsm;yHk aygifrkefhESifhtzuf_zpfaom [if;vsm
rsm;twGuf tdk;cGuftrsdK;rsdK;tvdk@Sd7yHkrsm;udk 7ifarmbG<fazmf_yxm;onf?
vdarRmf| o7uf| ydEMJ| rmvum 7moDtvdkufay:aygufvmaom
tcg uEkfyfwdhkonf taumif;qHk;0<f_crf;pm;aomufjuonf?
xdkodkh
pm;aomufju7m0<f t[m7"gwfoabmudkodI pm;aomufjuolrsm;xuf
pm;aumif;aumif;@SdI0<fpm;olu rsm;avonf?
wck c uf a eonf u bwf w if ; pwuf ! $ e f j um;onf h t wd k i f ;
r[maqG
10
opf o D ; pm;avh onf tvG e f a umif ; rG e f o nf h e nf ; _zpf a omf v nf ;

0<f < l p m;aomuf 7 ef aiG a ju;rwwf E d l i f _ cif ; yif _ zpf o nf ? pm;aomuf o l
ig;a<muf@SdaomtdrfY vlwa<muftbdkh tenf;qHk; 4dr#ukefrnf_zpf7m
wtdrfaxmifvHk;twGuf aehpOf 20d-r#ukefusrnf_zpf7m wwfpGrf;Edlifol
tvG e f @ S m ;ayrnf ? xd k a jumif h v nf ; uEk f y f w d k h x uf w d k ; wuf a eaom
avmu"gwf t ajumif ; em;vnf _ yD ; v#if aiG a ju;wwf E d l i f a omtaemuf
Ed l i f i H o m;rsm;yif opf o D ; ouf o uf u d k r pm;yJ tpG u f t buf o abm_zif h
pm;juavonf? odkh7mwGifolwdkhonf opfoD;udk t[m7wefbdk;@Sdonf[k
em;vnfjuavonf?
uEk f y f w d k h _ ref r mvl r sd K ;rsm;vnf ; opf o D ; ud k yXrta7;juD ; qH k ;
tpmtaeESihf wwfEild o
f avmuf trsm;qH;k pm;oifhayonf?
bwf w if ; pwuf o nf tao;pd w f ! $ e f _ y_cif ; r@S d a omf v nf ;
vlawGwdk;wufvdrRm<Ofaus;vmjuI toufwdkjuonf? vlawGrdkufrJI
toufwdkjuonf[kum; olhusrf;pmwGif nnf;wGm;ovdkawGh7onf?
cEmudk<faoG;om;vSnfhvnfyHkudk 4-wef;wGifoifjum;cJh7aomfvnf;
juD;_yif;vmaomtcg ~@kpu
kd o
f t
l vGe@f mS ;avonf? aoG;om;oefh@iS ;f juifvifrS
@kyfysdKItouf@SnfEdlifonf? aoG;om;oefh@Sif;7ef tpm;tpmvwfqwfoefh@Sif;7ef
ta7;juD;avonf? uEfkyfwdkhcsuf_yKwfpm;aomufjuaom[if;vsmrsm;rSm
aqmif ; 7moD _ zpf v #if wnr#wm@S n f c H I aEG 7 moD _ zpf v #if eH e uf c if ; u
r[maqG
11
csux
f m;aom[if;rSm aehyikd ;f wGif ykyo
f ;kd oGm;wwfonf?
rmqvmeHhar$;ar$;ESifhpm;vdkufaom[if;v#mudk ygpu 0rf;rD;onf
wcgwnf;auscsuf_cif;r_yKEdlifacs? tcsdefwefv#if tlodrftlrxJodhka7mufoGm;7m
raumif;aomtnpftaju;rsm;_zpfaeavonf? xdkajumifh _rufaumuf@kd;
pm;xm;aom uJ E G m ;rsm;>acs;rS m eH a pmf _ cif ; r@S d y J | td k ; cG u f E S i f h p m;aom
vl>rpifrSm ESmacgi;fydwf7atmif eHapmfavonf? bwfwif;pwufonf
TuJ h o d k h a omt_ypf r sm;ud k _ rif I opf o D ; pm;avh obm0tpmrsd K ;ud k
!$ef_y_cif;_zpfonf?
Tae7mY bwf w if ; pwuf o nf yg@S i f ; avmu"gwf q 7mjuD ;

rwfueDaumif pHkprf;@SmazGaom udk<fcEmaoG;om;wnfaeyHk| aoG;tdyf
uav;rsm;wnfaeyHk| a7m~gydk;rsm;udk ud<
k fwGif;@Sdydk;aumifrsm;u ckcHwdkufzsuf
yHkrsm;udk Oyrm Oyar<srsm;ESifh pdwf0ifpm;bG<f7m a7;om;xm;ayonf?
vl r sm;onf obm0twd k i f ; wd k ; wuf j uD ; yG m ;vmjuaomf v nf ;
obm0ESihfzv
D mqefhusirf KS _yKrw
l wfjuonf? rdru
d se;f rmajumif;| touf@n
S f
ajumif;udk vlonf wd7d mefavmufrS obm0usatmif raexdik w
f wfju
[kqu
kd m oufwrf;ESKd i;f <SO_f y7mY?
r[maqG
12
vlwdkh>ysrf;r#oufwrf;onf 51-ESpfr#om@SdI qif orif '7<f

pdkif qwf vif;<kef juufwla@G; ief; ydkufac:_rpfig;wrsdK; ig;odkif;rsdK;
a_rGponfwdkhrSm touf7maygif;rsm;pGm@Snfonf[k todtrSwf_yKjuonf?
vdyu
f m; tESpw
f axmiftxdoufwrf;@Sno
f nf[k todtrSw_f yKjuonf?
~smreD_ynf uefjuD;wueftwGif;@Sd 7mZ0ifausmf ydkuf
ac:_rpfig;wrsKd ;rSm ud<
k t
f av;csed f 391-aygi@f IdS tvsm; 19-aycG@J n
S _f yD;v#if
touf 267-ESp@f adS vonf?
touf t ao;qH k ; iS u f
>touf 3-ESpf| 4if;> 3-q
acG;>touf| acG;> 3-q _rif;>touf| _rif;> 3-q vl>touf|

vl> 3-q _rnf;>touf| _rnf;touf 3-q a_rmuf0if@kd;pGef;wd7dmef
rsm;>touf | usD ; onf xd k w d 7 d mef r sm;xuf 3-q touf @ S n f I
orif | '7<f o nf usD ; > 3-q touf @ S n f > ? 0uf o pf c syif o nf
orif | '7<f w d k h x uf 3-q touf @ S n f o nf [ k ygarmuQ 0 D p ref >
avhvmrSKudk bwfwif;pwufu udk;um;_yavonf? vlawmhaum...
toufr@SnfEdlifbl;vm;....qdkonfudk.....
ygarmuQ u mwpf
><l q csuf t m;_zif h vl w d k i f ; vl w d k i f ;
r[maqG
13
usef ; rmenf ; | avmu"gwf e nf ; ES i f h waoG r wd r f ; vd k u f e mpm;aomuf

aexdkifygu touf 1000 @S n f E d l i f o nf [ k ol > a[ma_ymyG J r sm;wG i f
a[ma_ymoif_yavonf?
AD<mem_rdKha[ma_ymyGJY ya7mfzufqmaemofe~<fvf ua_ym_y
onfrSm...... vlwodef;aoqHk;onfhteuf wa<muftEdlifEdlifomv#if
obm0tav#muf a oqH k ; _cif ; _zpf I a_rmuf _ rm;pG m aomaoqH k ; ol w d k h t m;
ol w d k h p rf ; oyf j unf h @ S K 7mY obm0tav#muf a oqH k ; 7aomtajumif ; ud k
@SmIrawGhacs[q
k o
kd nf?
bwf w if ; pwuf o nf ol E S i f h t vm;wl o bm0q7mjuD ; rsm;>
<l q csuf | pH k p rf ; awG h @ S d c suf r sm;ud k v nf ; ud k ; um;_y7m| qd k v d k 7 if ; rS m
vlonf usef;rma7;ESifhtnD obm0twdkif;aexdkifoGm;wwfu a7m~g
rqdkxm;bd| OD;acgif;yifrcJ7[lI_zpf>? rsm;pGmrSefuefavonf? uEkfyf
wdkhonf trsm;tm;_zifhobm0rvdkufemEdlifI 96-yg;a7m~gay:aygufvm
_cif;_zpfavonf?
bwfwif;pwufonf cEmudk<fa_ymif;vJjuD;yGm;vmyHkabmf_y7mY
uEf k y f w d k h A k ' b mom0if r sm;em;vnf a om tXuvyf c yf q ef q ef o abm|
tEk_rL| y7rmtEk_rL| Oyg'f| D| bif oabmrsm;yg pdwf0ifpm;bG<f7m
a7;om;abmf _ yxm;avonf ? vl > cE m ud k < f Y wpH k w ck c sd K h < G i f ; v#if
r[maqG
14
obm0tav#muf t pm;xd k ; Ed l i f o nf [ k ~êf ; ud k e rl e m_yavonf ?

~êf ; rsm; waumif E S i f h w aumif ; owf _ zwf u d k u f ! S y f I vuf a csmif ; rsm;
_yKwfxGufoGm;ju>? aemufrsm;rjumrD xdk_yKwfxGufoGm;aomvufacsmif;
rsm;avmuf y if obm0tav#muf _ yef I ayguf v monf u d k a wG h 7 um;
t@kd;tqpf
[k!$ef_yavonf?
@Sdaomvlrsm;rSm wd7dmefxufydkrdkvG<fulrnf
<aeh t a_ctaeY obm0tav#muf u d k < f t ~F g vS K yf @ S m ;a_ymif ; vJ

_cif ; rsm; rnf r #wd k ; wuf a eonf u d k a wG h @ S d 7 v#if bwf w if ; pwuf o nf
igwd k h v rf ; xG i f c J h o nf h t wd k i f ; tawmf w d k ; wuf a eyguvm;[k 0rf ; a_rmuf
@Smayrnf? <cktcgY cEmudk<fwGif aoG;_yGefuav;rsm; 4-50avmuf
_ywfatmifcGJpdyfukoaomfvnf; xdktwGuf bmr#txl;taxGr_zpfonfudk
awGhju_yD; tqkwfwbufraumif;yJ useftqkyfwbuf_zifh tvkyfvkyf
EdlifonfudkawGhju_yD;| ausmufuyfESpfvHk;teuf tajumif;wckckajumifh
wvHk;xkwfy<fypfvdkuf7aomtcg usefwvHk;onf ESpfqr#juD;xGm;vm
_yD;v#if obm0tvkyfvkyfEdlifyHkudkawGhju_yD; udk<fwGif;Yobm0tav#muf
tpm;xd k ; oG m ;yH k pH k p rf ; awG h j uonf r sm;ud k a bmf _ y7u.....usrf ; wapmif
wzGJh_zpfayrnf?
bwfwif;pwufqdkvdkcsifwmu vlrSm obm0tav#mufaoG;om;
vS n f h v nf a eonf ? csd K h < G i f ; v#if obm0tav#muf t pm;xd k ; Ed l i f o nf ?
r[maqG
15
odkh7mwGif vlawGrdkufIom toufwkd7onf[lI_zpfonf?

bwfwif;pwufa7;om!$ef_yonfhteuf udk<fcEmusef;rmcdkif_rJ
rSKwGif juGufom;onf ta7;juD;qHk;vnf;yg0ifaeonf? wkwfauG;a7m~g
0if a 7muf v mv#if tm;upm;orm;onf 8-7uf E S i f h a ysmuf u if ; Ed l i f _ cif ; |
omrefvlrSm we~FaEG8-ywfr#cHpm;7rnf? tr<ftdkwGifuyfa7mufaomf
cEmajuGrnfrvGJ[k ESdKif;<SOfabmf_y>?
_refrm_ynf@Sd tm;upm;um<Avorm;rsm;tajumif;um; txl;
abmf_ybG<frvdkay? olwdkhonft_cm;olrsm;xuf touf@Snfolrsm;_zpf>?
touf(60)ausmfykdKvfESpfOD;tajumif;udktvsif;oifhI abmf_yvdkayonf?
1947-ckESpfu touf-40ausmft@G<fawG| tm;upm;_ydKifyGJwGif yg0if
ju7mY uEfkyfrSm touf47-ESpfr#@Sdao;>? touf 63-ESpft@G<f@Sd
tif ~ sif e D < mOD ; armif a rmif r S m uEf k y f x uf r sm;pG m oef p G r f ; onf u d k a wG h 7 >?
vufarmif;juGufom;rsm;plxGufatmif xkwf_yEdlif>? olvSnfhjuyfydwf
xm;aom0uf t l 7 pf u d k ud k a Zmf 0 d w f _ yef v S n f h r _zKwf E d l i f [ k a_ym_y>?
rd k i f - 20c7D ; ud k rem;wrf ; vrf ; av#muf E d l i f a jumif ; vnf ; od 7 >? t_cm;
wOD ; rS m Aef w d k O D ; boef ; _zpf 7 m xd k _ yd K if y G J w k e f ; u touf 69-ES p f @ S d _ yD
_zpf>? ume<frif;pdefonf OD;boef;vufarmif;udkprf;oyfqkyfudkif_yD;aemuf
t@k d ; ae7mES i f h t om;ae7m cG J _ cm;r7[k a _ym_y>? vuf a rmif ; juG u f o m;
xkwf_yEdlifao;>? twkwfqHk;juHwacsmif;udk olhvufarmif;ESifh @kdufcsdK;
r[maqG
16
_yEdil >
f ?
rdwfaqG......rdwfaqG> a_covHk;| vuf@kH;| vufarmif;udk
prf;oyfjunfhyg? a_ymhtdtdaev#if olrsm;xuftoufwdkrnf[k rSwfyg?
odkh7mwGif tm;ri<fygESifh?
touf50-ausmfonfhwdkif aemufrusao;yg?
_ref r m_ynf w G i f tm;upm;orm;awG a ygygonf ? ol w d k h x H r S e nf ; emcH < l I
vuf@kH;| vufarmif;| aygif| a_covHk;ponfwdkh juGufom;xGufatmif
avhusifhyg? tvS_y7rnfhum<Avorm;avmuf judK;pm;bdkhrvdkaomfvnf;
vufarmif;prf;junfhv#if rmuspv
f ;kH _zpfygap?
tpm;rS m vnf ; opf o D ; pm;avh _zif h p m;I ud k < f t ~F g vnf ;

obm0tav#muf v S K yf @ S m ;a_ymif ; vJ v mv#if @k y f y sd K ud k < f E k t ouf @ S n f E d l i f
onf [ k q d k 7 vif h u pm; pd w f " mwf a ysmf @ $ i f j unf v if _ cif ; vnf ; ta7;juD ;
onf[k bwfwif;pwufu !$e_f yavonf?
uEkyf w
f hkd_refrmpum;yHrk sm;wGiv
f nf; pdwyf sKd u<
kd Ef k aysmaf ysmf
aeaocJ [lI@S7d m bwfwif;pwufuvnf; xdt
k wdik ;f yifa7;om;xm;_cif;
r[maqG
17
_zpfonf?
uEkfyfwdkh_refrmvlrsdK;rsm;tbdkhum; (1)<aom ta_cGt7Hrsm;_cif;
(2)vmabm pnf;pdrfOpPmvmbfvmbaygrsm;_cif;| (3)okcH udk<fpdwfESpfyg;
csrf ; om_cif ; | (4)yoEM H ol w xl ; >csD ; rG r f ; _cif ; ud k 7 _cif ; ? TuJ h o d k h a om
avmu"H w 7m;@S p f y g;teuf taumif ; (4)rsd K ;ES i f h a wG h j uH K v# i f rnf o l r qd k
pdw"f gwrf aysm@f i$ b
f J @Sjd urnfr[kwaf y?
od k h 7 mwG i f xd k a v;yg;ES i f h q ef h u sif b uf t qd k ; ES i f h a wG h 7 aomtcg
cHEdlif7nf@SDol tvGef@Sm;avonf? trSeftm;_zifhvnf; bk7m;| 7[EWm
rS o m vH k ; 0cH E d l i f 7 nf @ S d o nf ? pd w f j uef h c d k i f o l o nf juef h c d k i f o avmuf
cH E d l i f 7 nf @ S d 7 m cH E d l i f 7 nf @ S d o avmuf touf u sef ; rma7;twG u f v nf ;
oufomcGifh7@SdEdlifavonf?
vl[lI_zpfvmaomtcg txufygavmu"Hw7m;ESifhruif;Edlifay?
tcsKyftm;_zifh taumif;ESifhtqdk;[lIESpfrsdK;om@Sd7m taumif;udktompH
cJhv#if tqd;k udv
k nf; temcHEild 7f rnf?
_zpf y suf a omud p P w ck t wG u f pd w f n pf a e_cif ; | ai;rS d K if a wG a 0
ae_cif ; xuf rnf o d k h a _z@S i f ; 7rnf [ k v rf ; p@S m _cif ; ES i f h vrf;p@SmrawGhv#if
rnfodkhaysmfaysmfjuD;juefhjuefhcH7rnfudk judK;pm;oifhavonf? pdwfnpf
r[maqG
18
vdkufonfhtwGuf wyef;@SHK;@kHomr[kwf| pdwfnpf_cif;ajumifh tjuHOm^f

vnf;wH;k wwfavonf?
pd w f n pf j u7mY avmu"H t qd k ; ES i f h 7 if q d k i f w d k ; juaomtcgwG i f
_zpf w wf a v7m rd r d j uH K awG h 7 aom'k u Q u d k ES d K if ; <S O f p 7mES i f h @ S m juH I
pdwfudka_zoifhavonf?
wJtdrftwGif;Y pm;p7mqefqDr@SdI nnf;!laeolonf t0wf
wxnfudk<fwckESifh tvGwf@kef;a_y;vmaom rvufwdk@Gmu 'kuQonf
rsm;ES i f h p mv#if wJ t d r f @ S i f r S m aep7mwJ t d r f @ S d _ yD ; csuf _ yKwf p m;p7m
td k ; cG u f t oif h @ S d _ yD ; apmif | acgif ; tH k ; @S d _ yD ? xd k ' k u Q o nf r sm;ES i f h p mv#if
igwdkhuawmfao;onf[kESdKif;qwwfu pdwfcsrf;om7m7rnf_zpfonf?
xdkenf;twl rnfonfht_zpfrqdk udk<fhxufqdk;onfESifhESdKif;pm
a_zazsmufwwfu pdwfoufom7m7@SdEdlifavonf?
pd w f n pf _ cif ; onf @k y f t d k v G < f > ? touf w d k w wf > ? tcsd K h
tvG e f p d w f n pf z G < f t _zpf t ysuf t awG h t juH K ajumif h em7D y d k i f ; twG i f ;
xdkol>@kyfonf 10-ESpf| 15-ESpftdkIoGm;wwfonf? tcsdKhonf tjuD;
tus<pf w
d n
f pf_cif;ajumifh qHyifrsm;yif _zLvmwwfonf?
r[maqG
19
pd w f " gwf E S i f h y wf o uf I uEk f y f i <f p Of u jum;bl ; aomrwW 7 m

q7mawmfb7k m;>pdwaf _zyHw
k hkdukd tusO;f csKyaf bmf_yvdu
k 7f ayonf?
q7mawmfonf t_rJqGrf;cHavh@Sd7m waehwGif ausmif;avSum;

twuf oydwfvufuvGwfusuGJoGm;7m [<f...awmfygao;7Jh?
uHaumif;ygav7Jh [kqdk7m- ausmif ; wumvnf ; q7mawmf > rd e f h q d k c suf u d k tH h j oae
avonf?
waeh o Yausmif ; wumonf EG m ;uav;waumif a ysmuf a jumif ;
av#mufxm;7m awmf y gao;7J h ? aumif ; ygav7J h [k r d e f h q d k _ yef 7 m
rausreyfESifh_yefcJhavonf?
rsm;rjumrD . ....ausmif ; wum>om;av;qH k ; ajumif ; av#muf
xm;7m
[if awmfao;7Jh? aumif;ygav7Jh [krdefhqdk_yefaom
tcg - ausmif ; wumrS m onf ; rcH E d l i f a wmh b J b<f h E S < f v J b k 7 mh ?
r[maqG
20
wcgu oydwfusuGJwkef;uvnf; aumif;ygav7Jhvdkhrdefhw<f? EGm;uav;

aysmuf w H k ; uvnf ; aumif ; ygav7J h ? tck o m;qH k ; wm aumif ; ygav7J h
vdhk rdehf_yefawmh- -
'g[m wck r S a umif ; wawG r[k w f y gbJ v m;bk 7 m; [k
av#mufxm;o_zifh
q7mawmfu 'Dvrkd <lq7bl;wum? oydwrf uGb
J J igv_J yD;
ighacgi;f uG7J if ydrk qd;k ygvm;?
igh a cgif ; uG J w mxuf p m7if oyd w f u G J w mu awmf a o;wmaygh v d k h
a_ymwmaygh 'um7Jh? EGm;uav;aysmufwm EGm;juD;aysmufwmxufpm7if
awmfao;w<fr[kwfvm;?
tckuav;ao_yefywJh? uav;raobJ 'umao7if b<f'if;u
ydkqdk;rvJ? 'gajumifhpdwfqdkwm oufwmwJhenf;eJha_zwwf7r<f [k
qH;k ravonf?
waeh o Y q7mawmf a 7csd K ;pOf a usm_yif w G i f tif y sOf u J h o d k h a om
tzkrsm; wvpyf_rif7o_zifh 7[ef;omra^tcsdKh q7mawmf>anmifapmif;
udkoGm;a7mufjunfh@SK7m ae7mxdkifcif;atmufwGif jurf;ydk;rsm;waumifcsif;
r[maqG
21
raumuf 7 bJ vuf c k y f E S i f h j uH K ;_yD ; ausmif ; eH 7 H o d k h w zG m ;zG m ;usatmif

v#if _ ref p G m yuf y pf a ejucd k u f q7mawmf 0 if a 7muf u mwm;_rpf o _zif h
t_yifodkhxGufcJhju7avonf?
rif;wkef;rif;juD;onf q7mawmf>oDvorm"dudkjunf!dkav;pm;
o_zifh rEWav;a@$_rdKhawmfodkhyifhum juD;us<fcrf;em;aomausmif;juD;_zifh
ud k ; uG < f p Of q7mawmf o nf pH a usmif ; juD ; >juD ; us<f c rf ; em;yH k |
ewf b H k e wf e ef ; wr# csD ; rG r f ; rd e f h q d k a wmf r l > ? rif ; rd e f h _ zif h xd k a usmif ; rS
0g;ausmif ; i<f o d k h o wif ; oH k ; awmf r l a omtcgvnf ; 0g;ausmif ; >aumif ; yH k |
rD ; ab;ajumif h ES a _rmbG < f r @S d y H k p onf w d k h u d k ajueyf p G m rd e f h j um;o_zif h
q7mawmf>a7mifh7JvG<frSKudkoabmusum rlvausmif;juD;odkh yifhwif
ud;k uG<x
f m;avonf?
xd k o d k h o wif ; oH k ; aecJ h 7 m waeh o Y7[ef ; tcsd K h q7mawmf t m;
wawmif E S i f h j ud w f u mjud w f u m 0wf _ znf h a ejupOf 'l ; qpf w ae7mod k h
a7muf a omtcg wG e f h I oG m ;o_zif h oif ; yd k i f u d k t omvS y f j unf h j u>?
7[ef ; awmf r sm;yif juuf o D ; xoG m ;juonf ? q7mawmf > 'l ; a~gif ; wG i f
temayguf I temwG i f a vmuf w zG m ;zG m ;pm;aejuonf u d k _ rif j uaom
ajumifh_zpfonf? q7mawmfum; armifyif;wdkh olwdkhtodkufttHkudk
rzsufjuygeJh [k avmufrsm;udkz<f@Sm;cGifhr_yK? orm;awmfrsm;vnf;
vuf a v#mh j u7um xd k t emES i f h y if c sOf q D v d k u f _ yD ; v#if ysH v G e f a wmf r l
avonf?
r[maqG
22
'k u Q w G i f pd w f q if ; 7J a om'k u Q | ud k < f c E m emusif c H p m;7aom'k u Q

[l I ES p f r sd K ;@S d o nf h t euf pd w f q if ; 7J _ cif ; onf ud k < f q if ; 7J _ cif ; xuf y d k r d k
qdk;@Gm;avonf? vlwdkhwGif aysmf@$ifpGmaexdkifwwf@kHomr[kwf? juefhcdkif
aompdwf"gwfvnf; @Sdzdkhvdkayonf? avmu"H>a0Sh7rf;_cif;udk _rJ_rHjuefhcdkif
aompd w f " gwf @ S d o l r sm;om cH E d l i f 7 nf @ S d a vonf ? tajumif ; rJ h a_cvS K yf |
vuf v S K yf | 'l ; aygif E S H h a ewwf o l r sm;rS m _rJ _ ref j uef h c d k i f a ompd w f " gwf r @S d [ k
pdwfynmq7mjuD;rsm;u qdkavonf?
bm_zpfawmhrSmbJ? nm_zpfawmhrSmbJ[k r_zpfao;cifu awG;awm
ylyefpdwfonf rdrdtouf@Snf_cif;udk wm;qD;_cif;ESifhwlavonf? _zpfawmh
rS _ zpf a 7m| r_zpf c if u awG ; awmyl y ef r aebJ pd w f x d e f ; Ed l i f a tmif j ud K ;pm;
oifhavonf?
~syef a cwf u uEk f y f w d k h t awmf q if ; 7J j uonf ? _zpf o vd k
pm;aomuf a exd k i f 7 onf ? Tod k h a exd k i f 7 onf u d k y if t7<f t armrysuf
juef h j uef h c d k i f E d l i f c J h o nf ? waeh o YtnmrS v l j uH K a7muf v mI rd c if j uD ;
tenf;i<faeraumif;bl;[ka_ymaomtcg uEkfyf>pdwfudk txl;xdcdkuf
oGm;avonf? xdkpOfurdcifjuD;rSm touf 69-70r#@Sd_yD_zpf>? tedpP
oabm_zpf I aorsd K ;ao7rS m bJ aoqH k ; oG m ;rnf u d k p d k ; 7d r f _ cif ; r[k w f ?
igh r d c if j uD ; uG < f v G e f o G m ;awmh r S igaumif ; pG m ro~ KF d vf v d k u f 7 7if a wmh
tcuf [k TuJhodkhylyefvm_cif;_zpfonf? aemufqHk; Tylyefpdwfonf
r[maqG
23
tcsnf;ESD;_zpf@kHomru usef;rma7;udkygxdcdkufwwfo_zifh twif;azsmuf

zsuf y pf v d k u f 7 onf ? rd c if j uD ; um; <ck t ouf 74-ES p f @ S d _ yD ;
usef ; rm0_zd K ;v#uf y if ? uEk f y f o myl y ef p d w f r azsmuf E d l i f v #if tawmf ' k u Q
a7mufrnf_zpf>?
avmu"gwfq7mjuD; bwfwif;pwufonf touf@Snfa7;ESifh
ywfoufI pdwfonft"du_zpfajumif; !$ef_yavonf? pdwfonf rdrdudk<f
udkjuD;yGm;wdk;wufatmifvnf; _yK_yifEdlifonf? qif;7Jedrfhusatmifvnf;
zefwnf;Edil o
f nf?
yXreyd k v D < H b k 7 if o nf t_rJ a ysmf @ $ i f p G m aexd k i f w wf o nf _ zpf I
t_cm;ol r sm;tm;vnf ; aysmf @ $ i f p G m aexd k i f 7 ef !$ e f _ ya_ymqd k a vh @ S d o nf ?
aysmf@$if_cif;onf cGeftm;topfavmif;_cif;yif _zpfonf?
r[maqG
24
usef;rm@kyfysdKtouf@Snfvdk7mY tpmt[m7| udk<fcEmvSKyf@Sm;

a_ymif ; vJ a y;_cif ; ES i f h pd w f " gwf j unf v if _ cif ; _zif h _ynf h p H k E d l i f a omf v nf ;
vl w d k ; "rR w m umrt7mratmif h E d l i f _ cif ; vnf ; @S d a o;7m umrquf q H r S K
acgif ; yg;Ed l i f o avmuf a cgif ; yg;bd k h t a7;juD ; onf [ k ~smref a vmu"gwf
q7mjuD ; bwf w if ; pwuf u !$ e f _ yavonf ? ud k < f t wG i f ; @S d a oG ; td y f
uav;rsm;onf avsmhyg;aeaomcEmudk<ftpdwftydkif;udk t_rJtpm;xdk;
tvkyfvkyfae77m umrqufqHrSKydkvmaomtcg 4if;wdkhwGifvnf; tvkyf
ydv
k m_yefonf?
a<muf s m;wG i f ok w f a oG ; xG u f w d k i f ; tm;tif < k w f a v#mh 7 m
a<muf s m;ok w f a oG ; watmif p onf aoG ; @k d ; @k d ; atmif p (80)ES i f h n D r # o nf [ k
bwfwif;pwufu !$ef_yavonf? rdef;rrsm;um; umrqufqHrSKajumifh
om;zGm;7m om;zGm;_cif;ajumifh tiftm;<kwfav#mhavonf?
obm0tm;_zifh wd7dmefrsm;onf umrqufqHrSKtvGefacgif;yg;
r[maqG
25
ajumif ; ud k bwf w if ; pwuf u !$ e f _ y7mY wES p f w jud r f v d k u f a om

acG;| ajumifwdkhudkrabmf_ybJ qifrsdK;rsm; 3-ESpfrSwjudrfomrdwfvdkuf
ajumif; abmf_yavonf?
umrquf q H r S K csd K ;_cH E d l i f a v| touf y d k @ S n f a v_zpf o nf u d k
wxpf c srS w f x m;oif h j u>? ratmif h E d l i f I avsmh y g;oG m ;onf h t m;ud k
rnf o d k h t pm;xd k ; 7rnf e nf ; [k @ S m juH 7 mrS csd K csd K pd k h e nf ; awG h @ S d _ cif ;
_zpf a vonf ? xd k t ajumif ; ud k q uf v uf r a7;om;cif uEk f y f w d k h >
r[maqG
26
rSm;<Gif;csufrsm;udk abmf_yvdkayonf?
rdef;r a<mufsm;| rnfolhtm;rqdk @kyfysdKcsifovm;| touf@Snf

csif o vm;[k a r;v#if acgif ; 7rf ; ol w OD ; wavr#awG h @ S d 7 rnf r [k w f a y?
odkh7mwGifuEkfyfwdkhonf tcsdKhudkodv#uf tcsdKhudkrodbJv#uf rdkufrJpGm
rS m ;<G i f ; _cif ; rsm;ud k _yKcJ h j uonf ? _yKqJ | _yKvwW H h v nf ; _zpf o nf ?
xdk_yKrl_cif;rsm;onf @kyftdkItoufwdk7majumif;rsm;_zpfonf?
ed ' gef ; wG i f uEk f y f a emif w w7m;7onf [ k q d k c J h _ cif ; rS m wu<f
vSdKufvSdKufvSJvSJabmf_ycJh_cif;_zpfygonf? Tpmtkyfa7;om;csdefY uEkfyf>
touf 49-ES p f @ S d _ yD _ zpf > ? usef ; rma7;csd K h < G i f ; _cif ; um; r@S d v S y g?
od k h 7 mwG i f touf 20-30wk e f ; uavmuf oG u f v uf z swf v yf _ cif ; r@S d ?
rsuf a ph r S K H _ cif ; | qH y if a _ymuf j um;_zL_cif ; rsm;_zpf a y:ae7m TvuQ ^ m
wd k h o nf wmarG E S i f h j uH a wm jud K uf 7 ma@G ; cs<f 7 ef ! $ e f _ yaeonf [ k y if
xifrSwfae7um; wwfEdlifor#umuG<f7ef qHk;_zwfvdkufygonf?
rnfonfhtpmt[m7onf uEkfyfwdkh>@kyfysdK_cif;| touf@Snf_cif;
_zpf E d l i f o nf u d k abmf _ ycJ h 7 m <aeh w d k i f v d k u f e m_cif ; r@S d j uao;ay?
r[maqG
27
uEk f y f w d k h o nf v#mud k t vd k v d k u f c J h j u>? t[m7"gwf y grygpD p pf _ cif ;

r@SdbJ cHwGif;awGhovdkpm;aomufwwfju>? opfoD;pm;avh rqdkxm;bd?
vl w a<muf v #if w aeh rnf o nf h t [m7"gwf r nf r #vd k t yf o nf [ k
wG u f c suf p m;wwf a omtd r f a xmif p k 10-OD ; v#if wOD ; @S d r nf r xif a cs?
Oyrm c7rf;csOfoD;tpdrf;onf csufpm;onfxuf ydkIt[m7"gwf_ynfhpHk
>? odkh7mwGif ig;_rif;| ig;ydESifhc7rf;csOfoD;vSdKifvSdKifcsufum wrm@Guf
wdkhESifhpm;csifju>?
uEk f y f o nf 1924-ck urB m h u sef ; rma7;uG e f z 7if h r S w f w rf ; ud k
bwf@SKjunfh7m udk<fpm;vS<fwOD;a_ymaom tpdrf;pm;avh
oabmudktawmfESpfcsdKufcJh>? xdkpOfuwnf;u wwfEdlif
oavmuf tpdrf;pm;cJh>? xrif;pm;yGJwGif c7rf;csOfoD;tpdrf;| uefpGef;@Guf
tpdrf;| @kH;ywDoD;tpdrf;| yJvGef;oD;tpdrf; ponf_zifh wdkhp7mrsm;yg0if
wwf 7 m tcsd K h { nf h o nf r sm; ES p f c sd K uf p G m pm;onf u d k r awG h 7 acs? <ck
0ef j uD ; csKyf o cif E k rEW a v;axmif w G i f t usOf ; cH a e7pOf u uk v m;yJ p d r f ; |
_ruf E k E k | juuf o G e f e D w d k h _ zif h tpd r f ; vd k u f o k w f p m;onf j uonf u d k
ocif v G e f ; abmf w d k h v l o d k u f u EG m ;oif ; ac:ajumif ; ES i f h Ed k i f i H a 7;q7m
OD ; aiG Z if _ yef a _ymIrS w f o m;7bl ; >? ocif v G e f ; abmf u J h o d k h yd K vf r sd K ;yif
t[m7"gwEf iS hfywfoufI avhvmyHrk 7ay?
uEk f y f o nf ouf o wf v G w f p m;orm;r[k w f a cs? od k h 7 mwG i f
toufjuD;av| ykyfodk;wwfaom0uf| juufom;| ig;rsm;udk a@SmifjuOf
r[maqG
28
Edlifor#a@SmifjuOfcJh7m wwfEdlifaomwaehwGif opfoD;pm;avh twdkif;

usifhoHk;oGm;rnf[k qHk;_zwfxm;ygonf? rnfIrnfr#rSm;<Gif;cJhjuonfudk
a7;om;abmf _ y7v#if qH k ; Ed l i f r nf r [k w f a cs? xd k a jumih f rd r d u d k < f r d r d
qef ; ppf j unf h v #if tb<f r #rS m ;<G i f ; aeonf u d k od @ S d a yrnf ? tpmud k
tcsdefrSefrSefpm;7Jhvm;? ausnufpGm 0g;Ipm;7Jhvm;? rdrdpm;onfhtpmwGif
tiftm;_zpfrnfhtpmrsm; ygovm;? ponf_zifh vm;aygif;rsm;pGmay:xGuf
vmayrnf ? wd 7 d mef r sm;onf rusef ; _zpf u tpmrpm;bJ a e_cif ; _zif h
_yefvnfusef;rmatmifaexdkifwwfju7m vlrsm;wGif rusef;rrm_zpfv#if
tpmrpm;bJae_cif;_zifh _yefvnfaysmufuif;Edlifajumif;odol tvGefenf;yg;
rnf_zpf>?
ud k < f t ~F g vS K yf @ S m ;a_ymif ; vJ _ cif ; oabmud k bwf w if ; pwuf t vd k
ESifh uEkfyf>A[kokwygabmf_ycJh_yD;_zpf>? obm0tav#muf aoG;ajum
rsm;| aoG;tdwfrsm;| tqkwf| ESvHk;| ausmufuyf| tpmtdrfwdkhonf
ol h q d k i f 7 mtvk y f r sm;ud k tvd k t av# m uf v k y f u d k i f v # u f @ S d 7 m tpmt[m7
rSm;<Gif;cJh_cif;ajumifh 4if;wdkhwGif tvkyfydkju>? tvkyfydkonfhtwGuf
wm@SnftrSKrxrf;Edlifatmif_zpfoGm;wwfavonf?
xdkif,x,avsmif;,oGm; 7d<ykwfav;yg;udk vlwdkif;odrnf_zpf>?
od k h 7 mwG i f rd r d c E m ud k ouf o mr#watmif ~ @k p d k u f a eol tvG e f @ S m ;>?
uEk f y f o nf ppf b k 7 if u d k 48-em7D a usmf j umatmif wxd k i f w nf ; xd k i f I
xdk;upm;cJhbl;>? oHk;yHkudk aeh 12-em7DavmufrS aemufwaehrdkCf;pifpif
r[maqG
29
vif;onftxd tjudrfaygif;rsm;pGmupm;cJh>? xdktrSm;ukdodI ppfbk7if

ESifh oHk;yHkzJupm;_cif;udk _zwfvdkuf>? xdkajumifhydkum0dkif;udk uEkfyf
vHk;0rxdkifacs? rsufrSefwyf7uwnf;u q7m0efu pmudkwqufwnf;
wem7D j umatmif r junf h 7 [k tjuH a y;>? a@S m if E d l i f o avmuf a @S m if
aomf v nf ; vH k ; 0r7ao;ay? bwf a umif ; v#if Zuf w d k u f b wf @ S K wwf
ygonf? waehv#iftenf;qHk; 2-rdkifavmufvrf;av#muf_cif;| em7D0ufcefh
avh u sif h c ^f ; wck c k < l _ cif ; wd k h r S m a7@S n f j uv#if ysif ; wwf y gonf ?
xd k y sif ; pd w f u d k tawmf c sd K ;ES d y f 7 ygonf ? juG u f o m;aumif ; ol o nf
ol r sm;xuf t ouf @ S n f o nf [ k oabmayguf 7 um; @S d _ yD ; juG u f o m;
r<k w f a vsmh a pbJ wd k ; wuf a tmif j ud K ;pm;7m7@S d y gonf ? aeh p Of E S i f h t r#
cEmudk<fjuD; twdrf;tapmif;| trSm;t<Gif;r@Sd7atmif ~@kpdkufjuygpdkh?
pd w f " gwf j unf v if _ cif ; wG i f v nf ; abmf _ ycJ h a ompd w f n pf _ cif ; om
r[k w f ? avmb| a'go| arm[| r7d < pd w f " gwf x l a _ym_cif ; onf
uEkfyfwdkh>pdwfudknpfEGrf;apI toufwdkapygonf?
a'0'wftavmif;@GJukefonf 7ifuGJemusao_cif;rSm T<kwfrm
pdwfxla_ym_cif;yif_zpfonf? ykxkZOf_zpfIruif;Edlifaomfvnf; wwfEdlif
or# xdef;odrf;v#ifxdef;odrf;Edkifoavmuf pdwfjunfvifItouf@Snfrnf
_zpf>?
umrquf q H _ cif ; acgif ; yg;_cif ; wG i f u m; urB m ay:@S d v l r sd K ;wd k i f ; yif
r[maqG
30
trsm;juD;rSm;<Gif;aeju>? rdrd>wOD;wnf;aomr<m;ESifhyif aEG| rdkCf;

aqmif; OwkoHk;yg;teuf aqmif; 4-vr[kwf| 3-vr#avmuf<l?
wv 4-judrfonf trsm;qHk;qufqHoifhaomtjudrf_zpfo_zifh wESpf
vHk;rS 12-judrfr#om qufqHoifh>? 4if;rSm umrqufqHrSKem;vnfaom
avmu"gwfq7mjuD;rsm; oabmt7_zpf>? xdkajumifhbwfwif;pwuf
u 3-ESpfrSwjudrfrdwfvdkufaomqifudk abmf_y_cif;_zpfavonf?
uEkfyfwdkhwGifum; r<m;wa<mufu 2-a<muf| tarmif
r<m; taysmftyg;_zifh @kyftdktoufwdk7mwdkajumif; rSm;<Gif;cJhju7m
<aehrpS I vH;k 0qif_cifjuygphkd?
vl r sm;onf touf w axmif t xd aeEd l i f o nf [ k a bmf _ ycJ h > ?
waxmifrae7apumrl vdrfrmovdkaev#if touf@SnfEdlif>? obm0
q7mjuD ; ~smref a vmu"gwf y g7~l b wf w if ; pwuf o nf abmf _ ycJ h a om
tcsuf (1) (2) (3) ESifhaeEdlifv#if (4)tcsuf_zpfonfh umrqufqHrSK
ruif ; | vl w G i f rd e f ; ra<muf s m;'G e f w G J a eo_zif h xd k o d k h ' G e f w G J a ev#uf
touf@Snfajumif;usef;rmapajumif; enf;vrf;aumif;rsm;udk udk<fwdkif
vnf; @SmjuH>? olrsm;xHodkhvnf; tjuHOm^fawmif;>? vufa7;rl
wck u pI csd K csd K pd k h e nf ; tajumif ; rsm;ud k a wG h @ S d y H k r sm;abmf _ yrnf _ zpf 7 m
r[maqG
31
vufa7;rlwck u[laomacgif;pOfupI abmf_yaombmom_yefrsm;rSm

bwf w if ; pwuf > a7;om;csuf c snf ; _zpf I uEk f y f > xif _ rif c suf v H k ; 0
rygajumif;| pmbwfy7d\wfrsm; owdcsyfapcsifygonf?
xd k t ajumif ; ES i f h y wf o uf I a7;ol t rnf r ygaomvuf a 7;rl

wck u d k uEk f y f w d k h 7 @S d > ? ol h t qd k u awmh enf ; vrf ; aumif ; rsm;@S m juH
awG h @ S d _ yD ; ol a 7;om;xm;aomtajumif ; t7mrsm;ud k ~@k w pd k u f b wf @ S K
7efvnf; awmif;yefxm;>? ol>vufa7;rlwdkhudk txufwef;aq;buf
t7m@Sdrsm;tm; tjudrfrsm;pGmwif_ybl;7m t7m@Sdrsm;onf ol>tajumif;
_ycsif;rsm;udk cif;csufr@Sdoabmwlju>? odkh7mwGif vuf@Sdvli<frsm;ESifh
roifhawmfao;o_zifh yHkESdyfxkwfa0_cif;r_yK7ef olhtm;owday;vdkufo_zifh
rajureyf y if _ zpf v monf [ k q d k > ? ol h p mud k b wf @ S K juaomya7mf z uf q m
rsm;teuf wa<mufrSm avmu"gwfenf;| aq;enf;ESifhprf;oyfjunfh@Sk
_yD ; aemuf acguf w H k h a cguf _ yef v rf ; av#muf v d k u f | acgif ; ud k u k w f v d k u f E S i f h
pdwfudkyifrxdef;EdlifawmhbJ 'dkhwawG tckxufxd uef;aejuao;ovm;
[k nnf;wGm;onfq>
kd ?
xdkenf;vrf;aumif; @SmjuHawGh@SdonfqdkaomydKvfu uEkfyfESifh
vl c sif ; awG h q H k I _yef a _ymonf r S m ol > juH p nf p d w f u l ; csuf u d k a _ym_yo_zif h
r[maqG
32
ol > bcif t 7if ; u ol h t m;t@l ; axmif o d k h y d k h v d k u f o nf q d k a jumif ; ?

t@l;axmifa7muf_yefaomtcg q7m0efonf ol>pdwful;awG;awmcsufudk
todtrSwf_yK_yef7m xdkq7m0efvnf; tvkyf_yKwfoGm;onfqdkajumif;?
uEk f y f u J h o d k h ES p f a ygif ; rsm;pG m xd k t ajumif ; rsm;ud k a 7;om;vmol r S m
<kwfnHhaomoabm_zifh olhenf;vrf;rScdk;cs7efqENr@Sdyg? ol>pmrlajumifh
uEkfyftm; xl;_cm;_cif;_zpfrnfr[kwfyg?
xd k o l o nf u Ek f y f x H o d k h emrnf r abmf b J aemuf x yf p mwapmif
a7;om;_yD ; aemuf uEk f y f E S i f h v ma7muf a wG h q H k > ? ol h e mrnf u d k a _ym_y
aomfvnf; uEkfyfarhoGm;_yD_zpf>? @kyfysdK_cif;ESifhywfoufI uEkfyfESifhol
tcsdeftawmfjumaqG;aEG;junfh7m trsm;tm;_zifhvnf; uEkfyfod_yD;om;
awGom_zpf>?
ol h t qd k u awmh a<muf s m;ES i f h r d e f ; r ES p f a <muf v H k ; aoG ; om;
twlwl_zpfI wOD;ESifhwOD; vJ<lEdlif>? aoG;om;vJvS<fzvS<f
yHkrSm a<mufsm;onf olcspfcifonfhrdef;r>7ifom;udk wdkuf@kduf
csd K csd K pd k h 7 rnf ? xd k r d e f ; rvnf ; yd o aE 7 yf p J o G m ;vd r f h r nf ?
a<mufsm;onf csdKcsdKpdkh_yD;aemufumrpyf<Sufv#if
a
<
m
u
f
s
m
;
r
S
m
rd e f ; r>Ed k h 7 nf a jumif h tif t m;@S d I pd w f t m;xuf o ef u m 4if ; >
okwfaoG;onf rdef;rt~FgZmwfrS aoG;om;xJodkha7muf@SdoGm;o_zifh
r[maqG
33
ESpfa<mufpvHk;wGif tiftm;qkwf<kwf_cif;r@Sd[ka_ym>?
xdktrnfrodpma7;ol(q7m0ef)onf <cktcgY rdef;r>Edkh7nfrsm;
ESifh a<mufsm;>okwfaoG; tcgra@G;zvS<f_cif;onf tiftm;
qkwf<kwf_cif;r@Sd[k avmu"gwfenf;_zifh tudk;tumtcdkiftrm
r[maqG
34
_yEd l i f _ yD q d k o _zif h xd k u d k ; um;csuf u d k bwf @ S K 7ef a wmif ; qd k 7 m

11-7uftwGif;ay;ydkhrnfqdkaomfvnf; ay;ydkh_cif;r@Sdacs?
xdq
k 7m aoovm;| @Sio
f vm; rodawmhyg?
<ck a omf uEk f y f w a<muf w nf ; pl ; prf ; @S m azG a wmh r nf ?

pifppfawmh xdkq7m>juHpnfcsufrsm; wdrf_rKyfaysmufuG<foGm;onfrSm
ES a _rmp7myif _ zpf a wmh > ? tu<f I uEk f y f > A[k o k w rsm;ES i f h ol >
udk;um;csufrsm;| uEkfyfESifhvma7mufaqG;aEG;v#if oabmt<ltqcsif;
wlrnfxif>?
uEk f y f > ud k < f a wG h a bmf _ y7v#if yXrtjud r f obmttwd k i f ;
umrpyf < S u f _ cif ; onf a_ymr_yEd l i f a vmuf a tmif t7omxl ; awG 7 >?
rd e f ; rES i f h a oG ; csif ; zvS < f I umrpyf < S u f _ cif ; onf ES p f O D ; pvH k ; wG i f t if t m;
rqk w f < k w f b J tusd K ;rsm;onf u d k a wG h 7 >? wa<muf a oG ; wa<muf
vJ v S < f < l j u7mY cspf c if o l > 7if o m;rsm;rS vJ v S < f < l E d l i f j u>?
uEk f y f w d k h a <muf s m;rsm;wG i f v nf ; EdkhoD;rsm;@Sd7m wpHkwOD;u uEkfyfwdkh
xHrS csdKcsdKpdkhcsifv#if uEkfyfwdkh7ifom;rS Edkh7nfay;Edlifygonf?
r[maqG
35
rd e f ; rEd k h 7 nf E S i f h y wf o uf I um; umvtawmf j umanmif ; pG m uyif

vG e f r if ; pG m tm;tif _ zpf a paomt[m7"gwf _ zpf a jumif ; od j u_yD ; _zpf > ?
usef;rma7;t7m@Sd udka[mpif qdkolu pmtkyfwtkyfwGif rdef;r>
Ed k h 7 nf o nf uav;rsm;>t[m7"gwf _ znf h p G r f ; @k H o mru uav;rsm;>
a7m~gud k v nf ; umuG < f E d l i f I vl j uD ; rsm;>usef ; rma7;twG u f v nf ;
toH;k csEild o
f nf [kabmf_yxm;>?
qdkvdkrGef qdkolu rdef;r>Edkh7nfonf csdeJholESifh rusef;rrm
ol w d k h t m;wd k u f a u;v#if v#if _ ref p G m aysmuf u if ; I tcsd K h a omwG i f ; ecrf ;
a7mufaeolrsm;udkyif rdef;rEdkh7nf_zifhtoufu<fq<fEdlifonf[k a_ym
bl;>?
~7d w f q 7m0ef r sm;u yef ; uef c G u f a <muf w ck c k E S i f h x nf h I
aomuf _ cif ; xuf usef ; rmaomEd k h x d e f ; >Ed k h u d k wd k u f @ k d u f p d k h _ cif ; u yd k r d k
aumif;rGefajumif; !$ef_yjuonf[k ~gvDewf qdkola_ym_ybl;avonf?
r[maqG
36
touf 82-ESpft@G<f@Sdtbdk;juD;rSm tdyf7may:vJavsmif;v#uf

aorif;udkar#mfae77m ZeD;i<f>Edkh7nfudkpdkh7o_zifh usef;rmoefpGrf;vm@kH
omru qHyifrsm;_yefeufvmI oGm;rsm;yif_yefaygufonf[k udkpifa[m
uabmf_yavonf?
t@G < f a 7muf a omvk v if w a<muf o nf i<f @ G < f a omEd k h x d e f ; >

7if o m;tay:vJ a vsmif ; um csd K csd K pd k h u opf 7 nf E k r sm;a_y;0if v mo_zif h
pd e f ; vef ; pd k a _yaeaomtud k i f ; tcuf u J h o d k h vk v if i <f r S m vnf ; tif t m;
wd k ; vm7rnf _ zpf > ? opf y if i <f o nf cd k i f _ rJ a omt_rpf r S a_rjoZm
vd k o avmuf x k w f < l a y;Ed l i f o _zif h ysuf _ ym;_cif ; r@S d o uJ h o d k h xd k h t wl
Ed k h x d e f ; wa<muf o nf wpH k w OD ; tm; ol > Ed k h 7 nf c sd K csd K ay;_yD ; aemuf
tpm;tpmud k tvsif u xuf y d k I 2-qavmuf p m;Ed l i f > ? pm;or#tpm
rsm;udkvnf; ygpu 0rf;rD;onf vHkrwa<mufwnf;aepOfuxufyif
ydkI t[m7"gwf_zpfatmif auscsufvmavonf?
<cktcg rnforl qdk @ky7f nfEyk sKd IvSyvmEdil _f yD_zpf>?
xk d t 7mum; t_cm;r[k w f ? tbd k ; r_zwf E d l i f a omaq;_zpf o nf h
oifrkcs aomufpdkh7rnfh obm0"gwfAl;_zpf> vHkronfEdkhcsdK"gwfAl;udk
obm0twd k i f ; _yK_yif > ? od k h 7 mwG i f @ S u f o _zif h aomuf p d k h _ cif ; r_yKjuacs?
obm0twdkif;_yKrl_cif;onf bmr#@Sufp7mr@Sday?
r[maqG
37
~syefvlrsdK;rsm;um; wd7dmefEdkhrsm;onf wd7dmefi<frsm;twGufom

[k rnfonfhtcgr# aomufoHk;_cif;r_yKjuacs? ~syefrif;aqG rif;aoG;
uav;i<frsm;onf tysdKEdkhudkpdkhju77m tcsdKhuav;rsm;rSm <ckwdkifatmif
@Suaf ejuwke;f yif_zpfonf?
a<muf s m;>tbd k ; wef o k w f a 7onf 4if ; >aoG ; rS x k w f < l 7 _cif ;

_zpf I xd k o k w f a 7ud k cspf c if o l r d e f ; rtm; umrpyf < S u f _ cif ; _zif h rdef;r
t~FgZmwfxJu rdef;r>aoG;om;rsm;xJodkh ysHhESHha7muf@SdoGm;um a<mufsm;
pdhkI Edhk7nfuek af om7ifom;rsm;xJohkdvnf; Edhkrsm;tpm;7@So
d mG ;>?
rd e f ; r>Ed k h 7 nf r S m vnf ; 4if ; >aoG ; om;rS x k w f < l _ cif ; _zpf 7 m
a<mufsm;onf avsmhyg;oGm;aomtiftm;udk rdef;rEdkh7nfrsm;_zifh _znfhpGrf;
r[maqG
38
Edlifavonf? a<mufsm;>okwfaoG;| rdef;r>Edkh7nf wOD;ESifhwOD;zvS<f

ae_cif;_zifh ESpfOD;pvHk;>aoG;om;rSm tpOfrlvtwdkif;_zpfIvmavonf?
y7d ~ f _ rd K h u uk e f o nf j uD ; wa<muf > tajumif ; owif ; pmwG i f

awGh7yHku xdkukefonfjuD;onf csdKcsdKpdkh7eftwGuf rdef;rysdKESpfa<mufudk
w_yd K if e uf o d r f ; yd k u f x m;_yD ; csd K csd K pd k h > ? xd k u k e f o nf j uD ; uyif rd e f ; rysd K
ES p f a <muf o nf ol > usef ; rmoef p G r f ; a7;ud k rsm;pG m tul t nD 7 onf [ k
tcdkiftrma_ymqdkavonf?
ausmif;q7mwa<mufonf q7muawmf>Edkhudk!Spfum!Spfum
5-rdepfrS 8-rdepfxdjumatmif aehpOfoHk;judrfpdkh7m 8-7ufr#jumaom
tcg Ed k h x G u f v m>? q7muawmf v nf ; yd k r d k u sef ; rmvmavonf ?
q7muawmf u yif vl w d k i f ; Tpd w f u l ; rod j uao;onf r S m oemp7m
aumif;onf[k a_ymavonf?
uav;awGw_yHKjuD;ESifhukefonfwa<mufrSm ol>ZeD;>csdKcsdKudk
pd k h 7 m oH k ; 7uf E S i f h c sd K csd K xG u f v m>? aemuf x yf u av;r7awmh b J ES p f O D ;
pvHk; usef;rma7;aumif;rGefvmavonf?
r[maqG
39
6-ESpft@G<fuav;wa<muf@SdI uav; 3-a<muftzwfrwif

_zpfcJhaomausmif;q7muawmfwa<mufrSm tiftm;enf;_yD;v#if we~FaEG
4-ygwfwdkifatmif EdkhrxGuf_zpfae7m olr>cifyGef;pdkhay;awmhrS EdkhxGuf
vmum use;f rmaysm@f i$ pf mG _zpfvmavonf?
4-ES p f c G J w a<muf | 3-ES p f c G J w a<muf @ S d I aemuf q H k ; uav;
tzwf r wif a omrif ; uawmf r S m Ed k h 7 nf 2-7uf r #xG u f _ yD ; aemuf 7yf p J
oG m ;>? ol r >cif y G e f ; pd k h a y;aomtcg yd o aE a emuf x yf r 7awmh b J
ESpOf ;D pvH;k aysm@f i$ u
f se;f rmvmjuavonf?
[ife7DbmbGef qdkolonf ol>usef;rma7;udk 2-ESpfwdkifwdkif
rdef;rEdkh7nf_zifh _znfhpGrf;cJhbl;avonf?
_rdKhpm; t<fvfbm; qdkolrSm olhwoufwmywfvHk; rdef;rEdkhxdef;
ESpfa<mufudk t_rJodrf;ydkufum csdKcsdKpdkh>?
r[maqG
40
omoem_yKq7mwa<muf r S m aovk a rsmyg;a7m~g_zpf a e7m

uk v m;rwa<muf > Ed k h u d k we~F a EG 4 -ygwf r # p d k h 7 o_zif h _yef v nf u sef ; rm
vm>?
3-7ufrS 31-7uftwGif; Edkh7nfxGufvmvdrfhrnf? Edkh7nfxGuf

vmaomtcg rdef;re>om;_rwf7ifom;onfvnf; zGHh_zdK;_ynfhxGm;vm_yD;v#if
rdef;r"rRwm7moDvnf; 7yfpJoGm;vdrfhrnf? xdktcsdefY umrpyf<Sufv#if
ydoaEr7awmhacs?
uEkfyfa7;onfh tdrfaxmifht7om udk pm7dwWysuf_ym;apaom

pmtk y f [ k w7m;pG J c H 7 >? q7m0ef 4-5a<muf u d k o uf a owif _ yI
41
r[maqG
a@ShaewOD;iSm;um xkacs@Sif;vif;o_zifh 1903-ck Edk0ifbmv 6-7ufaehwGif

vGwaf _rmufchJavonf?
xdkpmtkyfudk yXrtjudrfyHkESdyf7mY tpdk;7a@Shaeonf yHkESdyfxkwfa0
_cif;r_yK7ef uyfuyfowfowft_ypf@Smav#mufvJ>? uEkfyfwdhkbufrSvnf;
yH k E S d y f x k w f a 07ef av#muf v J j u7m atmuf @ k H ; wG i f uEk f y f w d k h @ S H K ;>?
v$ w f @ k H ; t<l c H w uf r S v$ w f a wmf w 7m;ol j uD ; 5-a<muf u tm;vH k ;
t_ypfr@Sd[k cGifh_yKvkduf_cif;_zpfavonf?
uEkfyftrSKpD7ifcsufcsrSwf_yD;aemuf v$wfawmf!$efjum;a7;0efu
w7m;ol j uD ; toD ; oD ; a@S h r S m cif A sm;wif _ ycJ h w J h cif A sm;7J h v k y f i ef ; pOf a wG
owif ; pmawG x J yguk e f O D ; rS m vm; [k a r;7m uEk f y f o nf _ yH K ;v#uf
ygOD;rSmaygh [ka_ymvdkuf7avonf?
waeh v H k ; aps;xG u f a e7aomyef ; onf w OD ; u pma7;vd k u f o nf r S m

tdrfaxmifht7ompmtkyfudk 7uftenf;i<fuyif7@SdI bwf@SK7ygonf?
uef a wmf o nf uef a wmf h Z eD ; >csd K csd K ud k eH e uf c if ; ES i f h n aecif ; waeh
2-judrfrSefrSefpdkh7m Edkh7nfrsm;pGmxGufvmygonf? a@S;OD;pGm ZeD;>"rRwm
vnf; 7yfpJoGm;ygonf? TodkhpdkhcJh7m aemufqHk;b<fbufom;_rwfwGifom
r[maqG
42
EdkhxGufI nmbufu vHk;rrxGufawmhyg?

'gayr<f h uef a wmf w d k h u sef ; rma7;rS m aumif ; rG e f v # u f @ S d y gonf ?
ES p f O D ; pvH k ; pyf < S u f 7 mwG i f v nf ; [ef v #uf y if _ zpf y gonf ? quf v uf
judK;pm;oGm;v#if armfvifhp7m@Sdygonf? uav;ESpfa<muf@SdI aemufxyf
rvdck siaf wmhyg?
rdef;rwa<mufu a'gufwm7def[wftm; _yefa_ymbl;onfrSm
ol > a<muf s m;onf ol E S i f h p yf < S u f 7 mwG i f a_ymh a cG o rm;_zpf o nf q d k > ?
ol r >csd K csd K wd k u f a u;awmh r S Ed k h 7 nf v nf ; trsm;juD ; xG u f | cif y G e f ; onf
rSmvnf; pyf<u
S 7f mwGif vloef_zpfvmavonf?
a@S ; OD ; pG m uef a wmf h Z eD ; tm; ol h c sd K csd K pd k h b d k h cJ c J < Of ; <Of ; a_ym7

ygonf? tvGefZdrfawGhaomcsdKcsdKpdkh_cif;rsm;udk EdkhcsdKrxGufI pGefhv$wfxm;
juygonf?
uefawmfwdkh> v#m| ESKwfcrf;| EdkhoD;acgif;rsm;rSmvnf;
r[maqG
43
<rf ; acs;yef ; ovd k yG p d p d t zk u av;awG _ zpf a eygonf ? <ck a wmh

ES p f a <muf v H k ; aumif ; oG m ;ygonf ? tif t m;_ynf h w if ; vmonf [ k v nf ;
a_ymcsifygonf? cspfolcsif;aoG;zvS<f_cif;onf tvGeftusdK;rsm;onfudk
0efcyH gonf?
uefawmf>ZeD;onf wjudrfomprf;oyfjunfh7efoabmwlo_zifh
7ifom;ESpfbufudk wbufpDrSm 5-rdepfrS 7-rdepfjumatmif ESpfjudrf
pdkhygonf?
yXrtjudrfpdkhjunfh_yD;aomtcg ol>EdkhoD;acgif;rSm awmifhwif;
xG u f a y:vmygonf ? 'k w d < tjud r f p rf ; oyf _ yD ; aomtcg 7if o m;_ynf h _ zd K ;
vmygonf? aemufwaehpdkh_yD;aomtcg 7ifom;juD;xGm;vmum| nbuf
usawmh t7if u vd k _ yef _ zpf o G m ;ygonf ? uef a wmf > ZeD ; onf 7if p nf ;
t0wf r sm;r0wf o _zif h ol > ud k < f t xuf y d k i f ; 7if c sD u m ay:vG i f o l _ zpf y g
onf?
44
r[maqG
odvdkolwa<mufxHrS atmufyg_zpfajumif;ukefpifudk uEkfyf>

pmbwfy7dowfrsm;tm; wif_y7ef wm0efwifIaeayonf?
Tzpfajumif;ukefpifrSm tpdk;7a@ShaejuD;u tjuD;tus<fuefhuGuf_cif;
cH 7 >? uEk f y f w d k h u avmu"gwf e nf ; ES i f h w uG trsd K ;rsd K ;tajumif ; _y
av#mufvo
J _zifh xkwaf 0cGihf7avonf?
xdkodvdkolonf tdrfaxmifht7om wGifyg0ifaom vifawGh
tvk y f r S e f o r# wckr#r<Hkjunf[kpma7;bl;o_zifh olhxHodkhpmtkyfwtkyf
ay;yd k h u m ES p f o uf v #if p mtk y f b d k ; ay;| rES p f o uf v #if pmtk y f _ yef y d k h y g[k
vk y f v d k u f 7 v#if a umif ; rS m bJ [ k pmtk y f w tk y f a y;yd k h v d k u f 7 m 4-7uf r #
jumaomtcg tqdyk gyk Kd vfxrH S pmtkyfbdk;aiGESifh T_zpfajumif;ukefpif
yga7;om;ay;ydkh_cif;_zpfygonf?
Ed k h 7 nf a wG a y;Ed l i f _ yD ; b<f a wmh r S r d c if _ zpf a wmh r nf h

oluav;twGuf uefawmf_zifh tjuHOm^fopfr7_zpfaeygonf?
uef a wmf > _zpf a jumif ; uk e f p if u d k v nf ; em;ES i f h r embJ z0g;ES i f h
emawmfrlyg?
uef a wmf > ausmif ; om;b0wk e f ; uaygh ? touf 18ESpaf vmuf@o
dS nfhred ;f uav;ESihrf w
d af qG_zpf7mu 7if;ES;D onfxuf
7if;ESD;vm_yD;v#if aemufqHk;usL;usL;vGefvGef_zpfoGm;juygonf?
oluav;[m tysdKppf_zpfajumif; xif@Sm;atmiftcdkiftrm
a_ymqdkEdlifygonf? yXrtjudrfpyf<Sufwkef;u aoG;xGuf_yD;v#if
r[maqG
45
xGefhxGefhvl; cH7@Smygonf? tpcyfodrf; tysdKvuQ^mawGh7yg

onf? oluav;ESifhuefawmf[m Ttcsdefwkef;u aehpOfpyf<Suf
juygonf? xdkodkhpyf<Suf7mY uefawmfonf juufaygiftdwf
pGyfxm;avh@Sd7m oluav;u 'gawGvkyfaebdkhrvdkygbl;armif7<f?
usrb<f a wmh r S uav;7awmh r S m r[k w f b l ; [k a_ym_yygonf ?
uef a wmf u bm_zpf v d k h v J a r;awmh ol h r S m rd e f ; r"rR w m7moD
rvmwm wESpfESifh3-v@Sd_yDwJh? aemufqufvufar;_ref;o_zifh
oluav;_yefa_ym_yyHkrSm atmufygtwdkif;_zpfygonf?
ol u av; Tt7yf a 7muf u mpu touf 16-ES p f
r#om@Sdao;I oluav;>rdbrsm;uvnf; tvGefqif;7J@Smygonf?
oluav;tm; vHk;csif;aeaomtbdk;juD;wa<mufxH tdrfaxmif
odrf;t_zpf ae7mcsxm;ygonf? tbdk;juD;uvnf; cspfcif<k<
_yD;v#if yifyifyef;yef;rvkyf7| aumif;aumif;rGefrGef_yKpkau;arG;
ygonf?
tbd k ; juD ; xH a eI 7uf t awmf j umaomtcg tbd k ; juD ;
pd w f a zguf _ ym;vmum ol h t eD ; td y f a eaomuav;rav;tm;
umrpyf < S u f 7 ef jud K ;pm;ygonf ? ol u av;jud K uf E S p f o uf p 7m
vufaqmifuav;rsm;0<f_crf;ay;um ESL;ESyfawmh uav;rav;
vnf ; oabmwl y gonf ? od k h 7 mwG i f umrpyf < S u f a omtcg
tbd k ; juD ; >t~F g rS m a_ymh a cG a eo_zif h txa_rmuf o nf [ k
r@Sdyg? rdef;uav;uvuf_zifh tbdk;juD;>t~Fgudk qGIay;aomf
r[maqG
46
vnf; rdef;uav;>a<medt0odkha7mufv#if okwf7nfa_cmufcrf;

a_ymh a cG u soG m ;ygonf ? Tenf ; twd k i f ; tbd k ; juD ; ES i f h p yf < S u f
aomfvnf; wjudrfr#txa_rmuf_cif;r@Sdyg?
ol > tysd K arS ; rsm; rpk w f r _ywf a o;onf u d k uef a wmf
awGh7ygonf?
ol u av;u uef a wmf h t m; t_zpf t ysuf 0 ef c H u m
quf v uf a _ym_yonf r S m tbd k ; juD ; [m ol u av;>7if o m;ud k
aehpOfv#mESifhv#ufygonf? aemufEdkhoD;zsm;rSpkwf<lum csdKcsdKpdkh7m
Ed k h 7 nf r sm;xG u f I vmygonf ? 7if o m;rsm;rS m vnf ; a@S ; uxuf
juD;xGm;vmygonf? tbdk;juD;csdKcsdKpdkh_cif;_zifh rnfodkhr#emjuif_cif;
r_zpfyg? odkhaomfoluav;rSm umrqENwufjuGaeygawmhonf?
tbdk;juD;uvnf; csdKcsdKpdkh@kHxufrwwfEdlifawmho_zifh oluav;>
umrqENwufjuGrSKudk tbdk;juD;>vufacsmif;_zifh a_zazsmfay;
ygonf? oluav;>7ifom;rSm Edkh7nft_rJxGuf_yD;v#if rdef;r"rRwm
7moDvm_cif;vnf; 7yfpo
J mG ;ygonf?
(xd k r d e f ; uav;rS m obm0twd k i f ; t7m7m_ynf h p H k o l _ zpf o _zif h
rdef;r"rRwm7moDOwkvnf; e~dktwdkif;_zpfay:Edlifonf? ?bwfwif;pwuf)
aemuf x yf E S p f E S p f t wG i f ; ol u av;ES i f h u ef a wmf aeh p Of v d k v d k y if
juufaygiftdwfawGbmawGpGyfraebJ umrpyf<SufcJhygonf? odkh7mwGif
r[maqG
47
bmr#txl;taxG(udk<f0ef) r@SdcJhyg?
csdKcsdKpdkhudpPrSm uefawmfvHk;0~@krpdkufcJhyg? waehwGif csdKcsdKpdkh_cif;
tajumif;udk xif@mS ;pGm_yEdil v
f rd hfrnf[k xifygonf?
oluav;>tbdk;juD; a7<l7mt7yfodkh tjumjuD;xGufcGmoGm;
aomtcg oluav;wa<mufomtdrfwGifusef7pf7m xdktcgoluav;ESifh
twl uef a wmf t _rJ @ S d y gonf ? ol u av;u csd K csd K pd k h 7 ef a _ymaomf v nf ;
uefawmfrpdkhyg? olh@kyftquftaygufuyif ESpfa<mufpvHk; pdwfwdkif;us
aysm@f i$ pf 7m_zpfaeygonf?
onf a wmh ol > csd K csd K xG u f a om7if o m;ES p f b uf r S Ed k h 7 nf r sm;
ukefcrf;atmif Edkh_cLydkufESifhxkwfypfonfudk uefawmf>a@ShwGif rsuf_rif
_zpfygonf?
uefawmf[m oluav;ESifhpwifI tysdKarS;aygufysufoGm;atmif
pyf < S u f v mcJ h 7 mrS t_rJ w rf ; aygif ; buf c J h y gonf ? uav;arG ; _rL_cif ;
r@Sdyg?
tdkrif;rpGrf;@Sdonfhtbdk;juD;wa<muf csdKcsdKpdkhvdkh bmr#tajumif;
rxl;onfuv
kd nf; uefawmfaehpOfjuHKjudKucf hJygonf?
r[maqG
48
aemufqHk;tbdk;juD;rSm oluav;ESifhqufqHaygif;oif;aexdkif7if;
uG < f v G e f o G m ;awmh 7 m <ck t cgol u av;rS m ~k ^ f o a7@S d v G w f v yf a om
trsdK;orD;tdrfaxmif@SifwOD;_zpfaeygonf?
Tonf w d k h r S m uef a wmf > ud k < f a wG h r sm;_zpf 7 m Tud p P r sm;ES i f h
ywfoufI xdktrsdK;orD;ESifhaqG;aEG;vdkygu ol>vdyfpmudk twdtus
@S m azG a y;ygrnf ? ol > oabmqEN w l n D y gu ol h x H o d k h p mES i f h a 7;om;
aqG;aEG;Edlifygonf?
aemufqHk;| oluav;>usef;rma7;csdKhwJh_cif;rawGh? t_rJusef;rm
@$ i f v ef ; um umrEN | ed 0 7^wd k h _ zif h ra7mif h 7 J E d l i f a tmif _ zpf a e7m
wcgw7H ol7JhqENudkvdkufvkyfbdkh cJ<Of;aeygawmhonf?
(1) tysKd ppfrsm;| tdraf xmifusprde;f rrsm; Edhk7nfxu
G o
f nf?
(2) xd k u J h o d k h a <muf s m;tm; Ed k h 7 nf a y;aomtcg rd e f ; r"rR w m
7yfpo
J nf?
(3) a<muf s m;tm; csd K csd K ay;I rd e f ; r"rR w m7yf p J a omtcg
49
r[maqG
t_rJwrf;umrpyf<u
S af omfvnf; ud<
k 0f efr@SEd ild ?f
(4) xdkrdef;ronf vifa<mufsm;tm; csdKcsdKEdkhudk ESpfaygufpdkhcGifh
_yKapum xdrk ed ;f rrSm use;f rm@$iv
f ef;pGm@SEd ild _f cif;?
(5) vifa<mufsm;ESifhumrpyf<Suf7mrS a<mufsm;>okwfaoG;onf
xd k r d e f ; r>aoG ; om;wG i f y sH h E S H h _ yD ; v#if tm;tif _ ynf h _ zd K ;
oefrmEdil _f cif;?
(6) vif a <muf s m;tm; Ed k h 7 nf t _rJ a y;avh @ S d 7 mrS wcgw7H
vifa<mufsm;r@Sdaomtcg ydoaE rwnfrdap7eftwGuf
xG u f _ rJ E d k h 7 nf r sm;ud k Ed k h _ cLyd k u f _ zif h xk w f < l E d l i f _ cif ; rsm;
_zpf>?
txuf y gZmwf a jumif ; _yef v nf a 7;om;csuf t 7yif tbd k ; juD ;
udpP @Sif;vif;abmf_ybdkhvdk>? tbdk;juD;wa<mufonf rdef;ri<fwOD;tm;
Ed k h x d e f ; ozG < f csd K csd K pd k h _ cif ; xuf xd k r d e f ; ri<f E S i f h v uf x yf v d k u f _ cif ; u
omIaumif ; >? tusif h p m7d w W y suf _ ym;aomt_yKtrl E S i f h quf q H 7 v# i f
ajumufajumuf@GHh@GHhpdk;7drfpdwfajumifh Edkh7nfa_zmifha_zmifhwef;wef;rxGuf
Edlifay? vifjuD;ESifhqufqH7mwGif tvdkr_ynfho_zifh t_cm;a<mufsm;
wOD;ESifhqufqH7aomrdef;ruJhodkh_zpf>? t_ypfusL;vGef_cif;| ajumuf@GHh
r[maqG
50
pd k ; 7d r f _ cif ; paompd w f " gwf o nf aoG ; ajumvS K yf @ S m ;rS K csd K h < G i f ; apo_zif h
Ed k h 7 nf r sm; vG w f v yf p G m rxG u f E d l i f a y? xd k a jumif h ajumuf @ G H h p d k ; 7d r f _ cif ;
r@Sd? t_ypfuif;rJhum _idrf;csrf;aompdwf"gwfomv#if tdrfaxmif>t7om
twGuf yXratmif_rif_cif;_zpfajumif; xif@Sm;ay:aygufvmayrnf?
Tusrf ; pmtk y f e d ' gef ; Y aemuf y d k i f ; -csd K csd K pd k h e nf ; ES i f h vuf a wG h

juH K bl ; ol w d k h > _yef j um;pmud k u m; pmtk y f r l t wd k i f ; _yef q d k y grnf ? [k
abmf_ycJh>? xdkodkhabmf_ycJhonfhtwdkif; vufa7;rlwck[laomacgif;pOfrS
pI 16-ES p f o rD ; ES i f h t bd k ; juD ; txuf y gpmt7 acgif ; pOf r sm;txd
wdkuf@kduf_yefqdkcJhygonf? T@Sif;vif;csuftydk'fra7mufcif _yefqdkcsufudk
xyf r H b wf @ S K aomtcg tcsd K h a ompmbwf y 7d o wf r sm; em;vnf j urnf
rxifay? a'gufwmbwfwif;pwuf>pmrlt7 xdkxuf@Sif;vif;atmifvnf;
r_yef q d k E d l i f a y? wtk y f v H k ; _cH K Ibwf @ S K xm;aom uEk f y f t bd k h r S m um;
aumif ; pG m em;vnf y gonf ? uEk f y f e m;vnf o vd k em;vnf 7 ef t wG u f
awG ; um<l q csuf r sm;| bwf w if ; pwuf > qd k v d k c suf r sm;| ol h r d w f a qG
tcsdKhxHrSay;pm;rsm;udk ysdK;_yGef;um| qufvufabmf_yoGm;ygrnf?
~smrefa'gufwmonf ol>usrf;pmtkyfwGif csdKcsdKpdkhenf;wckwnf;
r[maqG
51
twGufomr[kwfajumif; a@Shydkif;wGifabmf_ycJhyg_yD? odkh7mwGif Tqef;qef;

_ym;_ym;enf ; vrf ; wck u d k u m; od v nf ; od x d k u f | rS w f v nf ; rS w f x d k u f |
vd k u f e m_yKusif h o if h o nf [ k x if I Tenf ; ud k o m Tusrf ; pmtk y f w G i f
cyfrsm;rsm;a7;om;abmf_y7_cif;_zpfygonf?
abmf _ ycJ h a ombmom_yef c suf r sm;ud k xyf r H q if _ cif o H k ; oyf u
bwfwif;pwufuJhodkh t_cm;q7m0efwa<muf> pl;prf;@SmazGxm;aom
pmrlwckudk bwfwif;pwuf>tapcHuy;I bwf@SK7ajumif;awGh7onfh
t_yif q7m0efESpfa<muf><lqcsufrsm;udkvnf; awGh7rnf_zpf>?
xd k p Of u 4if ; >awG ; awm<l q csuf r sm;ud k zG i f h [ xk w f a bmf 7 mY
yXrq7m0efrSm ol>zcifu ighom;@l;ae_yD [k pdwWZaq;@kHtydkhcH7onfudk
awGh7rnf_zpf>? bwfwif;pwufonf xdkq7m0efESifhrawGh7awmhaom
tcg ol w OD ; wnf ; quf v uf p l ; prf ; @S m azG y H k r sm;ud k abmf _ yxm;>?
opf y if i <f y rmoabmtcsKyf | vufawGhq7mrsm;[laomacgif;pOfrsm;txd
pl;prf;@SmazGqJyif_zpfI csdKcsdKpdkhenf;[k!$ef_yaomtcsdefY bwfwif;pwuf
tcdik t
f rmawGh@adS omenf;vrf;rsm;_zpf>?
bwf w if ; pwuf o nf Tcsd K csd K pd k h e nf ; yg a@S h y d k i f ; abmf _ ycJ h a om
touf @ S n f @ k y f y sd K Ek e nf ; rsm;yg td r f a xmif h t 7om [k y Xrpmwtk y f
xkwfa0cJh>? <ckabmf_ycJhaom 16-ESpforD;ESifhtbdk;juD;tajumif;vnf;
yg>? xdkpmtkyfudk npfnrf;onf[k@kH;wifw7m;pGJcH7>? atmuf@kH;wGif
r[maqG
52
t_ypfusI t<lcHwGifvGwfa_rmufcJh>? xdktcgusrS uEkfyfbmom_yefaom

pmtkyu
f kd xyfraH 7;om;_cif;_zpfajumif; em;vnfapcsiyf gonf?
16-ES p f o rD ; ES i f h t bd k ; juD ; ud p P w G i f csd K csd K pd k h e nf ; ES i f h y wf o uf I
pOf ; pm;p7m rsm;pG m @S d y gonf ? uav;rav;qif ; 7J v G e f ; o_zif h olhrdbu
oufouftwGuf
tbdk;juD;xH tdrfaxmifxdef;odrf;a7;
tyf E S H x m;_cif ; om_zpf > ? tbd k ; juD ; upd w f a zguf _ ym;um uav;rav;
judKufESpfoufaomvufaqmifuav;rsm; 0<f_crf;ay;urf;ESL;ESyf_yD;v#if
umrpyf < S u f r <m;usif h _ cif ; _zpf > ? vl o d @ S i f j um;vuf x yf < l a omr<m;
r[k w f ? xd k t bd k ; juD ; vuf x J r S a~:orm; qd k j uygpd k h ? xd k v l u
uav;rav;touf 18-ES p f w G i f 7if ; ES D ; awG h q H k u m vif r <m;ozG < f
pyf<u
S jf u_yef_cif;_zpf>?
a~:orm;u a'gufwmbwfwif;pwufxH olwdkh_zpfajumif;
uk e f p if _yef v S e f a 7;om;_cif ; _zpf > ? bwf w if ; pwuf > usrf ; pmt7
rdef;r>csdKcsdKEdkh7nfonf aocgeD;qJqJtbdk;juD;yif _yefvnfusef;rmvmonf
qd k > ? a~:orm;awG h 7 aomtbd k ; juD ; um; ol a ~:aeaomvH k r ysd K >
csdKcsdKudkpdkh7ygv#uf toufwdkoGm;yguvm;..... [kt"dy`g<fygvm>?
xdkt<ltqudk bwfwif;pwufu @Sif;_y_cif;_zpf>? tbdk;juD;
wa<mufonf vHkri<fwa<muf>Edkhudk pdkhae_cif;xuf xdkrdef;rysdKtm;
vuf x yf < l v d k u f _ cif ; u yd k r d k a umif ; rG e f o nf [ k ! $ e f _ y>? tawmf o d r f a rG h
r[maqG
53
eufeJaom _y\em_zpfonf? wOD;ESifhwOD;Edkhpdkhay;I umrpyf<Suf7mY

aoG;ajumvSKyf@Sm;rSKoabm| pdwf"gwfwnf_idrfrSK ponfwdkhudk bwfwif;
pwufu !$ef_yavonf? ajumufajumufvefhvefhESihfqufqH7_cif;onf
umrt7omES i f h w uG usef ; rma7;ud k y gaumif ; pG m r7Ed l i f [ k qd k v d k _ cif ; _zpf
ygonf?
<ckabmf_ycJhaom rdef;uav;ESifhtbdk;juD;rSm w7m;0ifvifr<m;
r[kwf? touft@G<fcsif;uvnf;rwl? tbdk;juD;tdrfwGif t_cm;tapcH
rsm;vnf ; @S d 7 tH k ; rnf _ zpf 7 m 4if ; wd k h > umrquf q H r S K | uav;rav;u
tbdk;juD;tm; csdKcsdKay;rSKwdkhrSm {csrf;wnf_idrfpGmr_zpfEdlif?
xd k a jumif h v nf ; bwf w if ; pwuf u vif j uD ; eS i f h t vd k r _ynf h I
vif i <f a eaomrd e f ; rES i f h w l o nf [ k !$ e f _ y_cif ; _zpf > ? vif i <f a eaom
rdef;ronf tb<frSmpdwfat;csrf;wnf_idrfpGm qufqHEdlifygrnfenf;?
tdrfaxmifht7om tppftrSefum; vifESifhr<m; wOD;udkwOD;
cspfcif_cif;| @Sufajumufpdk;@GHhpdwfuif;_cif;| aoG;ajumvSKyf@Sm;rSK rSefuef
_cif;| pdwf"gwfjunfvif_cif;| r<m;>csdKcsdKudk vifupdkh_yD;v#if vifu
r<m;tm;pyf<u
S u
f m aoG;csi;f zvS<_f cif;_zpfayonf?
16-ESpforD;ESifhtbdk;juD;udpPwGif rdef;uav;usef;rm0_zdK;onfrSm
a~:orm;>okwfaoG;ajumifh[k <lqEdlifavonf? tbdk;juD;csdKcsdKudkpdkhv#uf
toufr@Snf_cif;rSm 4if;rdef;uav;>Edkh7nfonf rlrSefaomEdkh7nfr[kwf?
r[maqG
54
ajumuf@GHhpdk;7drfpGm a_cmufuyfuyfESifhxGuf7_cif;ajumifh tm;tifrsm;pGm

r_ynfhEdlif?
aoG;om;vSKyf@Sm;rSKoabm
udk txl;em;vnf
bd k h v d k a vonf ? Tcsd K csd K pd k h _ cif ; | umrquf q H a 7;omr[k w f ? vl w d k h >

touf @ S n f a 7;wG i f v nf ; txl ; ta7;juD ; vS > ? vl > cE m ud k < f w G i f
t_rJvSKyf@Sm;oGm;vmaeaom aoG;ajumjuD;rStp qH_cnfxufao;i<faom
aoG;ajumi<fuav;rsm;txd@Sd>? xdkaoG;ajumrsm;vSKyf@Sm;rSKrSefuefv#if
vlusef;rmI vSKyf@Sm;rSKcwf<Gif;v#if rusef;rrm_zpf7avonf? aoG;vefh
_cif;udk vlwdkif;em;vnfju>? aoG;vefhv#if toufaoonf? Tr#
ta7;juD;avonf?
bwf w if ; pwuf > tvd k t m;_zif h ES p f O D ; ajuajueyf e yf v uf x yf
<l a omvif r <m;r[k w f u td r f a xmif h t 7om aumif ; pG m r7Ed l i f [ k
tcd k i f t rmqd k x m;>? vuf r xyf b J t_cm;enf ; _zif h p yf < S u f r S K rsm;onf
Oya'usL;vG e f _ cif ;
| pm7d w W y suf _ ym;_cif ; rsm;_zpf I
aumif;usKd ;ray;Edil [
f k !$e_f yxm;avonf?
bwf w if ; pwuf ! $ e f j um;aom td r f a xmif h t 7omenf ; twd k i f ;
qufqHaexdkifo_zifh tusdK;cHpm;7olrsm;u 4if;xHpma7;tajumif;jum;
yHkrsm;udkqufvufabmf_yxm;7m- -
r[maqG
55
touf 53-ES p f t @G < f @ S d usef ; rma7;q7mwOD ; rS m a'guf w m

enf;twdkif;vdkufemusifhjuHo_zifh ol>@G<fwlZeD;onfrSm usef;rmaysmf@$if
txa_rmufonf[k a7;om;vdkuf7>?
@kdif_rpfurf;udkukef;_rdKhrS touf 41-ESpf@Sdrdef;rwOD;u a7;om;
abmf_yonfrmS olonfvifa<mufsm;ESihfa'guw
f m> tdraf xmifht7om
enf;vrf;twdkif;
3-ES p f u sif h j uH a exk d i f c J h 7 m awG h _ rif o l r d w f a qG o ~F [
rsm;u ol>@kyf7nfEkysdKonf[ka_ymjuajumif;?
tpd k ; 7t7m@S d w a<muf u a7;om;onf r S m a'guf w m>pmtk y f y g
tvkyfrsm;onf rdwfaqGaumif;wa<muf7ovdk tppt7m7matmif_rif
txa_rmufygonf? pmwtkyfydkhay;7efawmif;ygonf [lI_zpf>?
uav;ES p f a <muf o m;ysuf b l ; I uav;ES p f a <muf r d c if
td r f a xmif o nf w OD ; rS m 7if o m;i<f o _zif h uav;rsm;tm;csd K csd K pd k h c G i f h
ray;Ed l i f b J @ S d a e7m td r f a xmif h t 7ompmtk y f y genf ; vrf ; twd k i f ; _yKvk y f
vdu
k af omtcg 7ifom;juD;xGm;vmyHk a7;om;abmf_yxm;onfrmS ?
usra<muf s m;onf wwf u rf ; em;vnf I aysmf @ $ i f p G m
csd K csd K pd k h a omtcg 7if o m;juD ; xG m ;vmum csd K csd K xG u f v m_cif ;
_zpfygonf? txl;o_zifh rdef;rrsm;"rRwmay:csdefwGif pdkhonfu
rsm;ygonf? tu<fI Edkh_cLydkufudkusroHk;u tenf;i<fr#om
r[maqG
56
Ed k h x G u f r nf _ zpf y g>? 7if o m;ud k z spf ! S p f u m Ed k h o D ; rS w d k u f @ k d u f

pdhko_zifh TuJhohkdjuD;xGm;um Edhk7nfxu
G v
f m_cif;_zpfygonf?
a'guf w mbwf w if ; pwuf x H o d k h Ttwd k i f ; a7;om;juaom
pmrsm;um; abmf_yIqHk;Edlifrnfr[kwf? aemuftc^f;Y qdkif7mavmufudk
xyfrHabmf_yygrnf? bwfwif;pwuf>pmwtkyfvHk;udk tptqHk;bmom
_yef v #if Tpmtk y f > 6-qavmuf @ S d r nf h t _yif wcsd K h t c^f r sm;rS m
tvG e f a umif ; rG e f a omf v nf ; 0goemrygol r sm;tbd k h ysif ; 7d _ iD ; aiG h b G < f
aumif;rnf_zpfo_zifh uEkfyfudk<fwdkifwtkyfvHk;_cHKI txyfxyfbwf@SKum
tjud r f j ud r f q if _ cif o H k ; oyf _ yD ; aemuf pmbwf r d w f a qG r sm;tusd K ;txl ;
tyifyef;cHum a7;om;7_cif;_zpfygonf?
vd k 7 if ; ud k r a7muf b J @S K yf a xG ; oG m ;v#if usrf ; _yKpk 7 usd K ;reyf ?
bwf @ S K ol t bd k h v nf ; tusd K ;r@S d _ zpf a wmh r nf u d k euf e uf e J e J a wG ; awm
xm;_yD ; _zpf y gonf ? a@S ; OD ; pG m em;vnf t bd k h r S m Tusrf ; pmtk y f o nf
td r f a xmif h t 7om ususeecHpm;wwfbdkhr#_zpfI umr7m~udkvSHKhaqmf
ay;aompmtk y f r [k w f y g? wwf E l d i f v #if umrqEN e nf ; yg;Ed l i f o avmuf
enf ; yg;oG m ;7k m u vH k ; 0rpyf < S u f j uawmh b J a<muf s m;rd e f ; rvH k ; csif ;
ae_cif ; _zif h touf t enf ; qH k ; 7mausmf @ S n f E d l i f a jumif ; rsm;yg quf v uf
@Sif;vif;abmf_yygrnf?
pmbwf y 7d o wf r sm;tbd k h csd K csd K pd k h e nf ; ud k tjurf ; tm;_zif h
r[maqG
57
abmf_ycJh_yD;_zpf7m tao;pdwfudkodvdkjurnf_zpf>? a'gufwmbwfwif;

pwuf > !$ e f _ ycsuf t 7 csd K csd K pd k h e nf ; ud k _ yef v nf a bmf _ y7v#if waehv#if
3-judrfrS 4-judrftxdpdkhyg? EdkhwbufpDv#if 5-rdepfrS 10-rdepftxd
jumatmif p d k h y g? 3-7uf r S 7uf a ygif ; 30-twG i f Ed k h x G u f v mrnf
ponfwhkd_zpf>?
vufawGhoabmem;vnf7efrSm rdef;rrsm;onf t@G<fa7mufcsdef
upI Edkh7nfxGuf7eftoifh_zpf>? xdkY rnfonfudkt@G<fa7mufonf[k
ac:oenf ; ? tysd K ayguf r d e f ; uav;onf 7if o m;rnf r #juD ; xG m ;zG H h _ zd K ;ae
aomf v nf ; t@G < f r a7muf a o;yg? rd e f ; r"rR w m7moD a y:vm_yD ; rS
t@G<fa7mufonf[kac:ygonf? xdktcgusrSvnf; vif<lom;arG;tvkyf
rsm;udk aumif;pGmxrf;aqmifEdlifrnf_zpfawmhonf?
tysd K Ed k h 7 nf x G u f w <f q d k w m [k w f o vm;[k uEk f y f t m;
rjumcâr;_ref ; jubl ; >? bwf w if ; pwuf > Tusrf ; wG i f v nf ;
xG u f E d l i f a jumif ; !$ e f _ ycJ h _ yD ; _zpf > ? vuf a wG h t m;_zif h tysd K Ed k h u d k
yXrpd k h aomtcg oif 7 nf u J h o d k h t7nf j unf t enf ; i<f x G u f > ?
aemuf q uf c gquf c gpd k h a omtcg xd k o d k h p d k h o nf u d k rd e f ; rysd K uvnf ;
cspfpdwfoabmwlaomtcg wu<fhEdkh7nfxGufygonf? om;onftar>
Ed k h 7 nf a vmuf u m; rrsm;wwf y g? (~syef r if ; aqG r sm; tysd K Ed k h p d k h 7 yH k
abmf_ycJh_yD?)
rdef;rrsm;rSm tysdK_zpfap| vif@Sdr<m;_zpfap Edkh7nft_rJxGufavh
r[maqG
58
r@S d y g? om;onf t arrsm;om uav;tm;Ed k h 7 nf w d k u f a u;pOf t_rJ

xG u f a e_cif ; _zpf > ? od k h 7 mwG i f a<muf s m;wOD ; upd k h I Ed k h 7 nf x G u f v m
aomtcg Zufwu
kd x
f u
G w
f wfygonf?
a@S h y d k i f ; Yrd e f ; ronf uav;arG ; 7v#if usef ; rma7;csd K h w J h u m

tm;tif q k w f < k w f w wf o nf ? a<muf s m;rsm;rS m ok w f a oG ; xG u f v #if
tm;tifqkwf<kwfonf[k abmf_ycJh_yD;_zpf>? xdkajumifh rdef;ra<mufsm;
ES p f O D ; umrpyf < S u f 7 mY rd e f ; rwG i f tm;tif r qk w f < k w f | ok w f a oG ;
v$wf7aoma<mufsm;om tm;tifqkwf<kwfo_zifh xdkokwfaoG;tm;tif
tpm;_znfh7ef rdef;rEdkh7nf_zifhaoG;csif;zvS<f7onf[k txufuqdkcJh_cif;
_zpf>?
rd e f ; r>7if o m;wG i f csd K csd K pd k h I umrpyf < S u f 7 rnf h o l r sm;rS m
wOD;udkwOD; cspfcifjuonfh cspfvif|cspfr<m;rsm;om _zpf7rnfudkvnf;
abmf_ycJhav_yD?
Tud p P r S m a<muf s m;wd k i f ; rd e f ; rwd k i f ; tbd k h vG < f u l a omtvk y f
r[k w f a y? bwf w if ; pwuf > pmrsm;t7 yG i f h v if ; 7J w if ; aomtaemuf
EdlifiHrsm;Yyif tcsdKhrdef;ru oabmrwl? tcsdKha<mufsm;u @Suf@GHhjuD;
_zpf a ewwf j u>? vG e f c J h a om 2-vausmf a vmuf u pma7;q7m
r[maqG
59
'g@kdufwmwa<muf tabmfrsm;ESifhtvnfvm>? olonf umrqufqH

a7;wGif tm;enf;yg;ol_zpfajumif; uEkfyfod_yD;_zpf>? q7ma7;aewJh
csd K csd K pd k h e nf ; [m rif h t wG u f {uef r k c s [ef u s7rnf [k a _ym_y7m
[m- -q7muvJ? xGD- -@GHp7m [k@SHKhrJhoGm;avonf?
csd K csd K pd k h I umrquf q H a 7;wG i f wOD ; ES i f h w OD ; @S u f a eIr7yg?
tusdK;tmedoifudk ESpfOD;pvHk;oabmaygufum pdwf"gwfjunfvifpGm_zifh
quf q H u a_ymr_yEd l i f a omumrt7omud k rk c scH p m;7rnf _ zpf > ?
obm0tm;_zif h 7if o m;csd K csd K Ed k h u d k uav;i<f p d k h a omtcgxuf vl j uD ;
vif o m;pd k h a omtcgusv#if umrajumwG i f vS K yf @ S m ;xjuG v m_rJ
_zpfavonf?
vif a <muf s m;onf rd r d > cspf r <m;tm; 7if o m;ES p f b uf u d k
wbufpDvSnfhIpdkhaepOfrSmyif cspfr<m;>cEmudk<fwckvHk; txl;o_zifh
cE m ud k < f a tmuf t~F g tpd w f t yd k i f ; rsm;onf @k d ; wd k ; @G w pk e f h p k e f h w uf u m
umrqEN _ yif ; xef I aewwf a vonf ? xd k t cd k u f w G i f csd K csd K pd k h a eaom
vifa<mufsm;u pyf<Sufv#if ESpfOD;pvHk; twdkif;rodumrt7om_zifh
rde;f armrwwf ajueyfjunfE;l pGm awGhjuHKcpH m;wwf7onf?
rdef;ronf umr7m~wufjuGaepOf a<medt~FgpyftwGif;ydkif;onf
pk e f h p k e f h w uf u m vS K yf @ S m ;aewwf o nf ? a<muf s m;>vd i f t ~F g oG i f ; vd k u f
aomtcg tysd K tarS ; ayguf 0 onf v nf ; vd i f a csmif ; ud k z spf ! S p f o uJ h o d k h
r[maqG
60
pk e f h p k e f h - usH K h u sH K h _ zpf a ewwf o nf ? aemuf q H k ; a<musf m ;>ok w f a 7rsm;

v$ w f x G u f o G m ;aomtcg umr7m~wuf j uG a eaom rd e f ; r>t~F g pyf
twG i f ; yd k i f ; om;td y f y g ok w f a 7rsm;ud k p k y f < l o G m ;avonf ? xd k o k w f 7 nf
rsm;omv#if rd e f ; rtm;tif t m;csif ; _znf h w if ; zvS < f a om oabmtrS e f
_zpfavonf?
a<muf s m;u rnf r #pd w f w uf j uG I umrpyf < S u f q uf q H a eap
umrl rdef;rwGifxdkpdwfr@Sdu tcsnf;ESD;_zpfwwf>? a<musfm;okwfaoG;
onf rd e f ; r>twG i f ; t~F g pyf u pk w f < l _ cif ; r@S d o _zif h xd k o k w f a 7rS m
rdef;rt~FgpyfxJatmif;ae7mrS qD;oGm;aomtcg_zpfap| olhtvdktav#muf
_zpfap t_yifodkh<dkqif;oGm;wwfavonf?
TwG i f j um;_zwf I tcsd K h o d v d k r nf _ zpf a om _y\emw7yf u d k
@S i f ; vif ; vd k a yonf ? tu<f I a<muf s m;>ok w f a oG ; onf rd e f ; rrsm;
tm;tif _ ynf h _zd K ;aponf q d k t H h ? a<muf s m;trsm;ES i f h quf q H a om
_ynf h w ef q mrsm;onf tb<f a jumif h t m;tif r wd k ; oenf ; [k a r;v#if
_ynf h w ef q mrsm;rS m quf q H v mol t m; tcspf p d w f E S i f h v uf c H _ cif ; r[k w f ?
aiG7IvufcH_cif;_zpf>? 4if;_yif umrqufqHpOfYvnf; _ynf h w ef q m
rsm;onf 4if;wdkhcspfolwOD;ESifh vufcHqufqHonfhtaetxm;rsdK;r[kwfbJ
rif;wdkif;auspdwfrygbJ pdwfygcsifa<mifaqmifumqufqHjuaomajumifh
a<muf s m;>ok w f a oG ; onf _ynf h w ef q mtbd k h tusd K ;rrsm;_cif ; _zpf > ?
tcsd K h _ ynf h w ef q mrsm;rS m umrpyf < S u f _ cif ; cH 7 _yD ; aemuf csuf c sif ; vd k y if
4if;wdkh>t~FgpyftwGif;ydkif;udk a7aq;_ypfjuavonf?
r[maqG
61
<ck a bmf _ ycJ h a om csd K csd K pd k h I umquf q H _ cif ; um; aygh a ygh q q
r[k w f a y? od v d k o l r sm;tbd k h qif a _cvuf a _crsm;pG m 0if E l d i f r nf u d k v nf ;
awG;awm_yD;_zpf>?
umrpyf<Suf_cif;onf toufwdk7mwdkajumif;wGif wcktygt0if
_zpfajumif; a@Shydkif;wGifabmf_ycJh_yD? tjuifvifr<m;onf tdrfaxmif
us_yD;aemuf twdkif;tqr@Sd umrpyf<Sufwwfjuavonf? enf;Edlif
av#mhEdlifv#if taumif;qHk;_zpf>? pdwfqENudkESdyfuGyfr7I pyf<Sufv#if
r<m;>7if o m;rS csd K csd K ud k p d k h < l _ yD ; rS p yf < S u f u vif a <muf s m;twG u f
qk w f < k w f r nf h t if t m;twG u f tpm;_znf h E d l i f _ cif ; _zpf o nf u d k bwf w if ;
pwuf !$e_f y_cif;_zpfavonf?
r<m;>7if o m;ud k csd K csd K pd k h w d k i f ; umrpyf < S u f 7 rnf a vm?
Todkhr[kwfay? csdKcsdKudkum; waehv#if 2-judrf 3-judrf EdkhtxGufudk
vdu
k If pdhk7rnf? TodhkcsKd csKd phkdwikd ;f r<m;wGiv
f nf; umrqEN_yif;_yvmcdu
k f
vifa<mufsm;vnf; tvdk@Sdcdkuf| ESpfOD;qENnDr#aomtcg umrpyf<SufrS
tusdK;rsm;ygonf? a<mufsm;>okwfaoG;onfvnf; abmf_ycJhonfhtwdkif;
xdktcgusrS rdef;r>udk<fwGif;odkh ysHhESHhoGm;ygonf?
vif a <muf s m;u csd K csd K pd k h y gv#uf umrpyf < S u f _ cif ; r@S d ?
ok w f a oG ; zvS < f r ay;ygu r<m;wG i f tm;tif r avsmh b l ; vm;? r<k w f
r[maqG
62
avsmhyg? csdKcsdKay;_yD;aemuf tpm;tpmrsm; a@S;<cifuxuf 2-qavmuf

yd k I pm;Ed l i f a jumif ; Tpmtk y f p mrsuf E S m (36)wG i f abmf _ ycJ h _ yD ; _zpf > ?
uEkfyfwdkhrsuf_rifudk<fawGhtm;_zifh rD;zGm;_yD;uav;i<ftm; Edkhwdkufaeaom
rdef;ronf waoG;warG;_zpfIvm>? wom;arG;waoG;vS[ka_ymju>?
xd k o d k h w aoG ; vS v m_cif ; rS m ud k < f w G i f ; @S d a oG ; npf a oG ; yk y f r sm; xk w f y pf
vd k u f 7 um aoG ; opf a vmif ; aomajumif h w ajumif ; ? uav;i<f t m;
Edkh7nfay;7o_zifh tpmt[m7rsm; a@S;uxuf ydkrdkpm;aomufEdlifaom
ajumif h w ajumif ; ? Ttajumif ; rsm;ajumif h 0_zd K ;vm_cif ; _zpf > ?
bwf w if ; pwuf x H a7;om;aompmrsm;ud k j unf h u Ed k h r xG u f a omrd e f ; r
vifpdkhIxGuf_yD;v#if usef;rm0_zdK;vmajumif; awGh7rnf_zpf>?
vif r <m;pH k w G J Y vif > touf u d k 20-rS 30-txd w yd k i f ; |
30-rS 40-txdwydkif;| 40-ausmfwydkif; ydkif;_cm;oihf>? ToHk;ydkif;Y
yXryd k i f ; Y toef t rmqH k ; _zpf I 'k w d < yd k i f ; Y tm;qk w f < k w f v m>?
40-ausmf Y rl usef ; rma7;_ynf h p H k o l r sm;om csuf c suf v uf v uf @ S d j u>?
50-ausmfv#if umrbufwGif qkwf<kwfoGm;>? tvGefhtvGefusef;rm
olrsm;om vl@G<f| vlvwfrsm;uJhodkh _znfhpGrf;Edlif_cif;@Sdavonf?
r<m;rS m um; vif E S i f h t ouf c sif ; 5-ES p f t xuf r uG m bJ
usef;rma7;_ynfhpHku umrqENudk tvdk_znfhpGrf;Edlifavonf? odkh7mwGif
rdef;rrsm;rSmvnf; touf 40-ausmf "rRwm7moD7yfpJI aoG;qHk;aom
tcsdefYum; umrqENenf;yg;oGm;avonf? TEdkh7nfudku vifpdkho_zifh
r[maqG
63
"rR w m7yf p J _ cif ; ES i f h touf j uD ; Itvd k t av#muf " rR w m7yf p J _ cif ; rS m

w_cm;pD_zpfonf?
Tusef ; ud k _ yKpk a 7;om;aecd k u f 7if ; ES D ; aomrd w f a qG t rsm;yif
ar;cG e f ; trsd K ;rsd K ;xk w f j uonf ? uav;i<f E d k h p d k h a ecd k u f vif _ zpf o l u
pdkh7rnfavm [laom_y\emrSm pdkhEdlifonf[ka_z7rnf_zpf>? odkh7mwGif
uav;r@S d a omtcguJ h o d k h r [k w f b J umrquf q H r S K tvd k @ S d a omtcgpd k h v #if
vif r <m;ES p f O D ; pvH k ; twG u f Zd r f a wG h a ysmf @ $ i f E d l i f j u>? OD ; yk n pmuJ h o d k h
olhvifpdkhawmif rukefwnf; [laom EdkhxGufaumif;aomr<m;xHrSrl
rsm;rsm;pdkh<lEdlif>?
rdef;ronf ydoaEaev#if "rRwm7moD7yfpJoGm;>? uav;arG;
_yD ; onf h a emuf v nf ; uav;Ed k h w d k u f p Of 5-vrS 7-v| 8-vtxd
"rR w m_yef a y:wwf > ? xd k t csd e f Y vif a <muf s m;u0if p d k h a y;v#if
"rR w mray:| om;orD ; vnf ; aemuf x yf r 7bJ _ zpf w wf > ? Tum;
om;orD ; wES p f w om;arG ; ol r sm;tbd k h tvG e f r S w f o m;p7maumif ; aom
ydoaEwm;_rpfaq;_zpf>?
tcsdKhtdrfaxmifpHkrsm;rSm om;orD; 3-4 a<mufxufyif ydkI
rvdkcsif? tcsdKhum; vHk;0yiftvdkr@Sdo_zifh wwfodurf;em;vnfolrsm;ESifh
r<m;>om;tdrfudk_yK_yifju| tcsdKhrSm vif>ydoaEydk;aumifygvmaom
vdif_yGefacsmif;udk_yK_yifjuo_zifh om;orD;r7atmifvkyfju>? tcsdKhrSmvnf;
r[maqG
64
yd o aE w m;aq;ud k 0<f < l p m;aomuf j u>? Tcsd K csd K pd k h e nf ; um;

q7m0ef v nf ; rvd k | aq;0g;vnf ; pm;aomuf b d k h r @S d | obm0twd k i f ;
"rRwm7yfpJoGm;o_zifh ydoaEtvdktav#mufwm;qD;_yD;_zpf>? TuJhodkh
7moDrvm_cif;ajumifh r<m;wGifab;Oyg'fr_zpfygoavm[kqdkaomf obm0
twdik ;f _zpfI b<fenf;ESihfraS b;Oyg'rf _zpf[k bwfwif;pwufu!$e_f y>?
TuJhodkhyifcsdKcsdKpdkho_zifh r<m;rSm wcgwnf;vHk;07yfpJoGm;oavm
qd k v #if csd K csd K pd k h _ cif ; ud k 7 yf q d k i f ; xm;u "rR w may:vm_rJ a y:vmEd l i f > ?
(16-ES p f o rD ; ES i f h t bd k ; juD ; tajumif ; rS w f c suf w G i f j unf h y g?) xd k w G i f r # r u
7moDxdefcsefaeaomrdef;rtm;vnf; csdKcsdKpdkh_cif;_zifh "rRwmay:vm_yefonf?
Tpmtkyfed'gef;Y tajumif;trsdK;rsdK;ajumifh bmomr_yef_zpf[k
abmf_ycJh>? trSeftm;_zifh vli<fvl@G<frsm;tm; ynmA[kokway;7mY
nm0g;_zef ; oef ; I pmawG h w ck w nf ; _zif h ray;oif h a y? uEk f y f o nf
bwf w if ; pwuf > pmtk y f u d k 2-acguf b wf @ S K _yD ; aemuf pmawG h u m;
em;vnf _ yD ? ud k < f a wG h p rf ; oyf O D ; rS oif h a vsmf r nf [ k prf ; oyf c J h > ?
xd k p rf ; oyf c suf u d k Tpmtk y f w G i f a bmf _ y7ef owW d a jumif a eao;>?
aemuf q H k ; wG i f usrf ; q7monf rd r d p l ; prf ; @S m azG a wG h @ S d o r#ud k pmbwf
r[maqG
65
y7d o wf t m; abmf _ y7J 7 rnf ? t_cm;ol w d k h > xif _ rif a 0bef c suf u d k
~@kpdkufp7mrvdk[k qHk;_zwfcsufcsum| udk<fawGhudk tusOf;csKyfabmf_y
vdkufygonf?
vifr<m;ESpfa<mufpvHk;onf usef;rmolrsm;_zpfju>? odkh7mwGif

bwfwif;pwuftvdktwdkif; tpmt[m7"gwfrsm;rSm_ynfhpHkvHkavmufatmif
0<f_crf;pm;aomufEdlif_cif; r@SdcJhay? pIprf;oyfaomtcsdefrSm 1948-ck
ZEM 0g7Dvavmufu_zpf7m aomif;usef;rSKajumifh vrf;yef;tquftoG<f
_ywf u m pmtk y f x k w f a 0a7;vk y f i ef ; rsm;7yf q d k i f ; xm;7o_zif h xrif ;
eyfrSef7efyif renf;judK;pm;cJh7avonf? bwfwif;pwuf>t!$ef;twdkif;
t[m7"gwf w vcef h _ znf h p G r f ; Ed l i f o _zif h wqif h w uf p rf ; oyf 7 rnf h t vk y f
t[m7r_znfhpGrf;EdlifI 7yfqdkif;xm;7_yef>? tpm;taomuf 2-vavmuf
_znfhprG ;f Edil af omtcgusrS prf;oyf_zpfavonf?
vif>touf 49-ESpf| r<m;>touf 34-ESpf| r<m;wGif
orD ; ES p f a <muf a rG ; zG m ;_yD ; aemuf aemuf x yf o m;orD ; r7awmh a cs?
"rR w m7moD u m; rS e f r S e f v m>? vl v nf ; usef ; rm>? orD ; ti<f E d k h p d k h 7 yf
uwnf;u Edkh7nfrxGufawmh? vif_zpfoluvnf; Edkh7nfxGufrxGufudk
~@krpdkufawmhacs? orD;tjuD; 16-ESpf| orD;ti<f 14-ESpft@G<fa7mufrS
r[maqG
66
prf;oyfrSKpwifawmh>? 7ifom;rSm rjuD;ri<ftaeawmf_zpfI tenf;i<f

r_zpfpavmufwGJ>? y'krRmZmabmfvDESifh0wfqifaev#if tcsdKhu tysdK
[k y if x if r S w f a ejuonf ? nOD ; buf w jud r f | eH e uf b uf w G i f w jud r f
b<f 7 if o m;ES i f h n m7if o m;wd k h u d k 5-rd e pf c ef h p D j umatmif vif _ zpf o l u
pdkh7m yXrnY bmr#tajumif;rxl;? xdkenf;twdkif; 5-7ufcefhqufvuf
pd k h a omtcg yXrEd k h 7 nf j unf x G u f v m>? aemuf 3-7uf c ef h q uf v uf
pd k h a omtcg yuwd E d k h c sd K 7nf x G u f v m>? r<m;wG i f v nf ; umrqEN
a@S;uxuf wufjuGvmonfudkawGh7>?
Tpmtk y f pmrsufESm 42-wGif ausmif;q7mwa<mufpmxJY
v#mES K wf c rf ; Ed k h o D ; acgif ; rsm; <rf ; acs;yef ; ovd k yG p d p d t zk u av;awG _ zif h
aeygonf? [kabmf_yxm;7m vufawGhprf;oyfvdkolrsm; txl;owd_ykbdkh
aumif;>? <ckvufawGhprf;oyfaomvif_zpfolrSm TuJodkh_zpfwwfonfudk
od_yD;_zpfI tvGefowdxm;v#ufyif ESKwfcrf;xltrf;trf;_zpfoGm;ao;>?
bwf w if ; pwuf x H a 7;aompmwapmif Y yg;pyf _ yJ o l r sm;csd K csd K pd k h v #if
ESKwfcrf;uav;plI_yJvmum vSyvmrnf[kabmf_yxm;7m 7<fp7mr[kwf?
tjudrrf sm;pGmavhusihfaomtcg wu<f_zpfEild af yonf?
t[m7"gwf u d k o wd x m;I quf v uf a bmf _ yae_cif ; rS m rd e f ; r
Ed k h 7 nf E S i f h a<muf s m;>ok w f a oG ; onf ud k < f c E m aoG ; rsm;rS _zpf a y:
vm_cif ; _zpf > ? ud k < f c E m aoG ; onf t[m7"gwf u d k t rS D _ yKI_zpf > ?
r[maqG
67
bwfwif;pwuf>!$efjum;csuftwdkif; opfoD;ESifhtcGHrmaomtoD;rsm;udk
rsm;rsm;pm;Ed l i f b d k h t a7;juD ; >? wwf E d l i f v #if opf o D ; ES i f h t cG H r maom
opf o D ; rsm;csnf ; ompm;v#if tif t m;yd k r d k a umif ; rG e f o ef h @ S i f ; vmrnf
_zpf>?
<ckacwf"gwfq7mawGu juufO| om;| ig;| EGm;Edkhponfwdkhvnf;
Apf w mrif " gwf | Ed k x @k d ~ sif | y@k d w if ; ponf w d k h _ zif h wG u f c suf _ yxm;>?
umrtm;vnf;wdk;>? odkh7mwGif opfoD;ESifhtcGHrmopfoD;pm;_cif;avmuf
aoG;om;oefh@Sif;_cif;r@Sday?
vuf a wG h p rf ; oyf r S k w G i f uEk f y f r S m 77m juuf | 0uf | om;ig;wd k h u d k
pm;wkef;yif_zpfygonf? _AHK;ueJ_zwfIr7yg? odkh7mwGif a@S;uvdkrsm;rsm;
rpm;bJ av#mhIpm;ygonf? <ck_zifh opfoD;ESifhtkef;oD;yJ pm;Edlifygao;
onf ? wcgw7H opf j um;oD ; pm;ygonf ? t7nf @ $ r f ; aomopf o D ; rS m
vwf v wf q wf q wf a eh p Of r 7Ed l i f o _zif h Ed l i f i H _ cm;uyk v if ; ES i f h v maom
vdarRmf7nfudk eHeuftdyf7mxzefcGufESifhwcGuf a7ESifhtcsdK;usa7kmpyf_yD;
aehwcGuf| nwcGuf tdyf7m0ifwdkif;aomufygonf? tkef;oD;tvHk;juD;
wvHk;udk aehw_crf;| iSufaysmoD;| ydEMJoD;| 'l;7if;oD; 77mopfoD;rsm;udk
vwfvwfqwfqwfaehpOfpm;ygonf?
a_cmuf v cef h p rf ; oyf j unf h a omtcg umrpyf < S u f r S K vnf ;
r[maqG
68
av#mh y pf v d k u f o _zif h @k y f 7 nf E k y sd K vmaomt7d y f t a<mif r sm;awG h 7 ygonf ?

qHyifrsm;_zLae7mu qufvufr_zLyJ 7yfqdkif;aeonfudkvnf;awGh7>?
r<m;_zpfolrSmvnf; a@S;uxufttdyftpm;aumif;_yD;v#if tom;ta7
junf v if u m usef ; rm0_zd K ;vmygonf ? usef ; rmtouf @ S n f v d k o l w d k i f ;
wu<fvu
kd ef mavhusihf7ef xyfrIH wdu
k w
f eG ;f vdu
k yf gonf?
TvufawGhoifc^f;pmrsm;udk 7if;ESD;olrsm;tm;wdkufwGef;junfh7m
tdk[ifESifh @SufovdkajumufovdkvlawG trsm;juD;awGh7ygonf? tcsdKh
uvnf; prf;oyfjunfhygrnf[k a_ymju>? <ckpma7;csdefY 4if;wdkhteuf
wOD ; xH u om [ef u syef u spm_yef a bmf 7 >? ol > pmt"d y ` g <f r S m
bwfwif;pwuf>_yefjum;csuftwdkif;_zpfI Tusrf;pmtkyfbwf@SKolrsm;
xl ; _cm;rnf r [k w f a omf v nf ; vuf a wG h o rm;wOD ; >t_zpf u d k abmf _ y
vdkuf7ygonf?
xdkolrSm touf-30| r<m; 25-ESpf| orD; 5-ESpft@G<fwa<muf
3-ESpft@G<fom;wa<muf@Sd>? tv<ftvwfwef;pm; pm;EdlifaomufEdlif
olrsm;_zpf>? prf;oyfIwESpfcefhtjumwGif a7;om;vdkuf_cif;_zpf>?
OD;av;!$efjum;aomenf;twdkif; uefawmfprf;oyfjunfh
ygonf? tpyXrY ESpfa<mufpvHk;@Sufaejuygonf? uefawmf>
orD;tjuD;up_yD; uefawmf>ZeD; Edkhaumif;aumif;rxGufo_zifh
r[maqG
69
Ed k h b l ; ES i f h j uD ; _yif ; 7ajumif ; a_ymbl ; yg_yD ? om;tvwf a rG ; aom

tcg Ed k h x G u f e nf ; onf x uf e nf ; vmygonf ? OD ; av;a_ym_yrS
olhtm;ar;junfhaomtcg orD;tjuD; 6-vt@G<fwGif "rRwm
_yef a y:ajumif ; a_ym_yygonf ? uef a wmf c sd K csd K pd k h a omtcsd e f r S m
om;i<farG;_yD;ptcsdefwGif _zpfygonf? om;orD;ToHk;a<mufxuf
ydkrvdkcsif[ka_ym7m uefawmfu OD;av;>enf;udk!$ef_y
o_zifh oabmwl_cif;_zpfygonf? Edhkxu
G v
f ;kH 07yfpaJ e_cif;r[kw?f
r_zpf p avmuf x G u f y gonf ? uef a wmf p d k h a y;aomtcg yd k r d k x G u f
vmygonf ? Ed k h 7 nf r sm;vmo_zif h om;i<f t m;wd k u f a p7m
Ed k h b l ; pd h k a eusom;i<f u trd E d k h u d k r pd k h a wmh y g? xl ; _cm;csuf u m;
om;i<f t cgvnf w d k i f a tmif "rR w mray:awmh _ cif ; _zpf 7 m
ol t awmf 0 rf ; omaeygonf ? tpmt[m7ud k v nf ; opf o D ; ES i f h
tcGHrmaomtoD;rsm;udk trsm;qHk;pm;juygonf? umrqufqHrSK
udkvnf; wwfEdlifoavmufav#mhcJhju7m wu<fpdwfygvufyg
@SdaomtcgusrS qufqHjuaomtcg ESpfOD;pvHk;a@S;tcguxuf
aysmf@$ifum umrt7omudk cHpm;7ygonf? uefawmf>7if;ESD;aom
rd w f a qG r sm;tm;vnf ; wd k u f w G e f ; 7m tcsd K h @ S u f a ejuygonf ?
uef a wmf > rd w f a qG w a<muf t ajumif ; a7;vd k y gonf ?
touf 35-ES p f c ef h @ S d > ? ZeD ; o<f r S m touf 30-cef h |
00_zd K ;_zd K ;| om; 2-a<muf r d c if _ zpf y gonf ? waeh p rf ; oyf r nf
prf ; oyf r nf E S i f h a _ym7mrS taotcsmprf ; awmh r nf a _ymoG m ;aom
aemuf w aeh xd k r d w f a qG > td r f o d k h a7muf @ S d o G m ;ygonf ?
r[maqG
70
wa<mufESifhwa<muf oHkoHkrSHKrSHK_zpfIaejuygonf? a@S;urlum;

cspfcspfcifcifaysmfaysmf@$if@$if| uefawmfa@ShwGif ykwfvm;cwfvm;
aeavh@Sdjuygonf? rdwfaqGESifhwa<mufcsif;awGhI tjudrfjudrf
ar;awmhrS olhZeD;tm; csdKcsdKpdkh7efa_ymaomtcg uefhuGuf_cif;um;
r_yK| 7<farmaeajumif;? olcsKd csKd phakd omtcg wjudrw
f nf;ESihyf if
EdkhxGufpysdK;cdkuf ausmudkyGwfoyfay;um vluav;7<fidk|
cdkzrf;vdkhay; ponfhom;acsmhoDcsif;ESifhusnfp<fo_zifh @Sufa'go
_zpfI pum;rsm;juajumif;_zpfygonf? xdkrdwfaqGtdrfuvnf;
uef a wmf q if ; 7J p Of u vnf ; tawmf a omuf @ S u f e J w J h t vk y f [k
rjum;wjum;a_ymvdkufygao;onf? xdkajumifh OD;av;usrf;_yKrnf
@S d a omtcg vifr<m;@Sufp7mr@Sdajumif; a7vnfatmifa7;ap
csifygonf?
txufygpmt7 csdKcsdKpdkhenf;udk yXrenf;vrf;@Smoltm; zcifu
t@l ; axmif y d k h v d k u f _ cif ; | bwf w if ; pwuf u d k < f w d k i f u w7m;pG J c H 7 _cif ;
wdkhrSm tHhjozG<f7mr[kwfawmhay? csdKcsdKpdkh_cif;um; umrpyf<Suf7mwGifom
r[k w f ? usef ; rma7;twG u f v nf ; tbd k ; wef a jumif ; a7;om;abmf _ ycJ h
_yD ; _zpf > ? tmz7d u ud k v d k e D E d l i f i H r sm;@S m azG 7 mY tD w vD _ ynf t ygt0if
_zpf > ? rd e f ; r>Ed k h 7 nf w ef b d k ; ud k o d a om tD w vD t xuf w ef ; pm;rsm;ES i f h
rif;aqGrif;rsdK;rsm;onf EdkhtHk7ifom;aumif;aumif;| EdkhxGufaumif;aumif;
tmz7d u rS u y` v D r rsm;ud k umrtwG u f r [k w f b J csd K csd K pd k h 7 ef t wG u f
aiGaju;ay;I iSm;7rf;au;arG;xm;juavonf?
r[maqG
71
urB m ausmf ~ G o rm; pma7;q7mjuD ; bm;e'f a @S m onf bwf w if ;

pwuf p mtk y f x G u f a y:csd e f Y touf 40-ausmf u av;r#@S d _ yD _ zpf > ?
olonf oufowfvGwfpm;_cif;| aea7mif_cnfcH_cif;| (tbdk;juD;b0wGif
a7ay:Y 7mbmazgif E S i f h ~G o d k i f ; abmif ; bD w d k u av;_zif h ud k < f w H k ; vH k ;
aea7mifcHaeaomyHkudk pme<fZif;rsm;wGif awGhbl;juonf?) ponf_zifh
bwf w if ; pwuf ! $ e f j um;onf h t wd k i f ; vd k u f e mvk y f u d k i f a eonf x if 7 >?
bm;e'fa@Smonf 1949-ck Zlvdkifv 24-7ufaehwGif touf 93-ESpf
wif;wif;_ynfhI <cktouf 94-ESpfxJ oefwkef;_refwkef;yif_zpfonfudk
Tpmtkyfbwf@SKolrsm; tm;usp7m_zpfygonf?
a'gufwmbwfwif;pwufenf;vrf;onf txl;o_zifh ola7;om;
_yKpkaom tdrfaxmifht7ompmtkyf (
)
onf ~smreD w _ynf v H k ; omru Oa7mywG i f tawmf y sH h E S H h o G m ;[ef w l y g
onf? olwdkhvlrsdK;um; aumif;rGefaomenf;vrf;_zpfu t@Suftajumuf
y"merxm;| yGifhvif;pGmvdkufemvkyfudkifavh@Sdju>?
rdef;rwOD;rSm viftm;csdKcsdKwdkufau;>? 7ifom;u Edkhaumif;pGm
rxG u f ? t_cm;vif @ S d r d e f ; rwa<muf r S m um; Ed k h 7 nf a umif ; pG m xG u f > ?
od k h 7 mwG i f ol h v if w d k u f @ k d u f p d k h 7 ef xd k r d e f ; r| vif u oabmrwl o _zif h
Ed k h x G u f a omrd e f ; r>Ed k h u d k Ed k h r xG u f a omrd e f ; ru waeh 4-jud r f p d k h > ?
3-4 7ufpdkhrdaomtcg EdkhrxGufaomrdef;ronf Edkh7nfrsm;xGufIvmum
r[maqG
72
ol h v if t m;csd K csd K wd k u f E d l i f a wmh a jumif ; bwf w if ; pwuf x H a 7;7mwG i f

awGh7>?
uefawmf>rdwfaqGtcsdKhu touf 40-ausmfv#if EdkhxGufygrnf
vm;[k a r;ju>? bwf w if ; pwuf x H r S _yef v S e f a 7;om;aompmrsm;wG i f
touf 40-ausmfaomrdef;rrsm;pGmyif Edkhaumif;pGmxGufI usef;rmajumif;
ESifh olwdkhaysmf@$ifyHkrsm;udk awGh7>? viftouf 60| r<m;touf
61-ESpf@SdaompHkwGJu Edkhcrf;a_cmufae7mu bwfwif;pwuf>enf;vrf;
twdik ;f csKd csKd phkd7m Edhk7nfrsm;xGuv
f monf[k pma7;>? touf 60-ausmrf S
Ed k h 7 nf x G u f a jumif ; xd k p mwapmif o m7onf [ k bwf w if ; pwuf u
rSwfcsufcs>?
tcsuf u m; 40-ausmf | 50-ausmf e D ; yg;txd Ed k h 7 nf x G u f E d l i f I
r[maqG
73
60-ausmfv#if Edkhcrf;wwf>? odkh7mwGif usef;rma7;ESifhnDI Zufwdkuf

Ed k h a umif ; aomtzG m ;juD ; rsm;um; touf 60-ausmf o nf h w d k i f a tmif
a_r;rsm;_rpfrsm;tm; Edhkwu
kd jf uonf[k abmf_y>?
a<mufsm;Edkhvnf; Edkh7nfxGufajumif;abmf_ycJh7m bwfwif;pwuf

>rd w f a qG | rk w f q d w f z G m ;zG m ;ES i f h a <muf s m;_zpf o l t m; t_cm;a<muf s m;
wOD ; u Ed k h 7 nf x G u f I Ed k h p d k h a eonf u d k ol u d k < f w d k i f _ rif 7 ajumif ;
abmf_y>?
a<muf s m;Ed k h 7nf x G u f 7 _cif ; um; tus<f a bmf _ y7ef r vd k ?
rd e f ; rEd k h 7 nf o m ta7;juD ; >? abmf _ ycJ h o nf r S m vnf ; tawmf p H k v if _ yD
_zpf>?
vd k 7 if ; ud k _ yef I aumuf j uOD ; pd k h ? bwf w if ; pwuf q d k v d k a om
td r f a xmif h t 7omwG i f t~F g _ynf h p H k o nf u d k a@S h y d k i f ; Yabmf _ ycJ h _ yD ; _zpf > ?
tpmt[m7rS m uEk f y f w d k h o nf ouf o wf v G w f y if rpm;Ed l i f j uao;?
bwf w if ; pwuf u rl ouf o wf v G w f p m;onf x uf wqif h a usmf a e>?
ausmf - csuf - _yKwf - zk w f - uif ponf h t pmrsm;? obm0rusqd k c J h o _zif h
r[maqG
74
ouf o wf v G w f o rm;rsm;um; om;-ig; ouf @ S d o wW 0 grsm;ryg0if o nf r S

ty toD;t@Gufponfwdkhudk t7om@Sdatmif _yK_yifpm;ju>? tpdrf;
pm;avhavmuf t7om"gwfwefbdk;r@Sdajumif; em;vnfolwdkif;0efcH7rnf
_zpf>? 7om| w^Smajumifh cufIaejuonf?
uEk f y f v uf a wG h p rf ; junf h o nf ? tpd r f ; pm;avh u d k usif h I 7>?
xd k x uf opf o D ; ES i f h t cG H r maomtoD ; rsm;um; a_ymbG < f r @S d t 7om@S d _ yD ;
_zpfI pm;Edlifjurnf_zpf>? vlwdkhrSm tusifhygaeonfudk razsmufcsifju?
azsmufI7rnf[kvnf; rxifrSwfju? zD;jurf;iSufaysmoD;rSnfh 10-vHk;onf
xrif ; ES p f y ef ; uef _ ym;xuf wef b d k ; @S d > ? od k h 7 mwG i f iS u f a ysmoD ;
ESifhrwif;wdrf? xrif;pm;rS ajueyfju>? vl>toufcEmudk<f@SnfbdkhrSm
0rf ; _ynf h a omtpmxuf em;@k p f 7 f r if h a c: t[m7_zpf a omtpmwd k h
ta7;juD;ajumif; owd_yKbdkhvdk>?
xdkajumifhrdwfaqGtm; tjuHay;vdkonfrSm _AHK;ueJra_ymif;vJbJ
wppa_ymif ; vJ u m opf o D ; rsm;rsm;pm;bd k h j ud K ;pm;yg? wwf E d l i f v #if
opfoD;ESifhtcGHrmaomtpm;u taumif;qHk;_zpfajumif; uEkfyfvufawGh
_ycJh_yD_zpf>?
ud k < f t ~F g vS K yf @ S m ;a_ymif ; vJ _ cif ; ud k v nf ; abmf _ ycJ h _ yD _ zpf 7 m
aemufxyf_znfhpGufI aehpOfeHeufwjudrf| naewjudrf vrf;av#mufyg?
we~FaEGwygwfv#if 6-em7Dvrf;av#muf_yD;_zpf7ygrnf? udk<ftxufydkif;
r[maqG
75
juG u f o m;rsm;pk a qmif ; rd 7 ef v nf ; <k w f p G t qH k ; a7'D < d k u oif c ^f ; pm

avmufudk aehpOfrSefrSef<lyg?
aea7mif_cnfvSHK_cif;| wwfEldifoavmuf t0wftxnfudk<fESifh
uif ; uG m _cif ; | avt_rJ _ zwf o ef ; oG m ;vmaomae7mrsm;wG i f o m tdyf_cif;|
ud k < f h 7 yf @ G m | ywf 0 ef ; usif t a_ctaejunf h 7 ygrnf ? wH c g;zG i f h I ol c d k ; |
'g;_rab;awGhwwfygonf? bwfwif;pwufESifh t_cm;q7m0efrsm;tvdkt7
avaumif;avoefhudk t_rJr_ywf@SL@SdKufEdlifbdkh !$ef_yju_cif;_zpfygonf?
pdwf"gwfjunfvif_cif;vnf; a@Shydkif;wGif tawmfpHkyg_yD? udk<fwdkif
wu<fvdkufemavhusifhbdkhom vdkygawmhonf?
umrquf q H r S K acgif ; yg;_cif ; | umrqEN E S i f h r uif ; Ed l i f a om
yk x k Z Of r sm;_zpf a omf v nf ; owd E S i f h a pmif h x d e f ; u 7ygonf ? rd r d >
ok w f a oG ; onf wjud r f x G u f w d k i f ; cE m ud k < f > touf a oG ; tm;avsmh y g;
cJhonfudk abmf_ycJhyg_yD? avsmhEdlifoa@Ghavsmh7ef judK;pm;junfhyg?
touf 20-ausmfum; rdef;r| a<mufsm;ESpfOD;pvHk; oefwkef;
_ref w k e f ; _zpf I @S d a pOD ; ? touf 30-ausmf v #if yd k I csd K ;_cH E d l i f y gonf ?
a<mufsm;rsm;tbdkh @Sif;@Sif;a7;7v#if
b<fawmhrS
umrrpyf<SufygESifh? 0dZm| r[m0dZ m ponfhvdifynmq7mausmfwdkif;
!$ef_yjuygonf?
r[maqG
76
Tabmf _ ycJ h a om tcsuf 4-csuf E S i f h n D ! G w f E d l i f a v @k y f y sd K I

touf @ S n f a vqd k o nf u d k <H k j unf y g? bwf w if ; pwuf > pmtk y f w G i f
touf 1000-txd a eEl d i f o nf q d k a omf v nf ; touf 802-@S n f o l
wa<muf E S i f h touf 500-ausmf w a<muf o m abmf _ yEd l i f o nf ?
w7mausmaf e7olum; ta_rmuft_rm;yifabmf_yygonf?
rnf o l h ud k b J
ar;ar;| touf@n
S cf sio
f nf[k a_zjurnfyif? @Snaf tmif wu<favhusihyf gqu
kd
avhusihfo@l mS ;rnf?
uEkfyfa7;cJhbl;or#pmtkyfonf tyifyef;qHk;_zpfI rsufpduef;vk

rwwf y if _zpf c J h y gonf ? rnf o d k h y if yif y ef ; apumrl | pmbwf o l w d k h
tusKd ;@Sv
d #if tyifyef;cH7usKd ;eyf_yD[k ar#mv
f ifhygonf?
trSefuawmh avmuDpnf;pdrfpGefhv$wfap_yD; urRXmef;txdkifcdkif;
ae_cif ; r[k w f y g? rd r d w d k h u d k < f w d k i f @k y f y sd K Itouf @ S n f 7 ef t wG u f
avh u sif h 7 ef ! $ e f _ y_cif ; _zpf y gonf ? tavh t usif h q d k o nf r S m vnf ; prdu
qufumavhusifhvdkpdwf ay:vmp_rJ_zpfonf? uEkfyfum; ta_ymorm;|
ta7;orm;ouf o uf r [k w f y g? Tusrf ; a7;csd e f Y 7if b wf t us<f
vufr 40-@SdI !Spfxkwfv#if 42-vufrtxd_zpfEdlifaom juGufom;
pkaqmif;vmol| wwfEdlifor# wu<fvdkufemavhusifhvmol_zpfygonf?
ud k < f c H p m;7aomtusd K ;ud k rd w f a qG r sm;cH p m;apcsif v G e f ; aomapwem_zif h

97566915 မ ဟာ ေဆြ လူႀကီးခ်ဳိခ်ဳိစုိ ့ နည္း

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

97566915 မ ဟာ ေဆြ လူႀကီးခ်ဳိခ်ဳိစုိ ့ နည္း

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

97566915 မ ဟာ ေဆြ လူႀကီးခ်ဳိခ်ဳိစုိ ့ နည္း

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

r[maqG

vGefcJhonfh(13)ESpfcefhu 7efukefyef;qdk;wef; trSwf(92)ay:xyfonf

trnf E S i f h pmtk y f y gtajumif ; t7mrsm;ud k a_ym_yygonf ? xd k p Of u yif

... aoG;csi;f zvS<af om

vHk;aphywfaphr[kwfbJ vdk7if;oabmavmufom<l_yD;v#if pmbwfy7dowf

Tpmtk y f u d k a 7;om;7mY tawmf j uD ; yif y ef ; ajumif ; abmf _ ycJ h

ajumf_im7ygrvm;? xdkemrnfajumifhyif tcsdKhpmtkyfudk rudkif7Jrbwf7J

csrf ; om_cif ; ? touf @ S n _cif ; wd k h o nf aiG a ju;ES i f h w ef b d k ; _zwf I 7aom

yXrem;vnfbdkh7mrSm Tusrf;_yKq7m bwfwif;pwufonf

vd a rR m f o D ; | a@S m uf c sd K oD ; | uJ a umoD ; uJ h o d k h t7nf @ $ r f ; aom

bmbl u k v m;rS m ppf r _zpf r D u yif opf o D ; waeh ( 8d - 10d ) bd k ; pm;onf ?

opf o D ; pm;avh onf tvG e f a umif ; rG e f o nf h e nf ; _zpf a omf v nf ;

Tae7mY bwf w if ; pwuf o nf yg@S i f ; avmu"gwf q 7mjuD ;

vlwdkh>ysrf;r#oufwrf;onf 51-ESpfr#om@SdI qif orif '7<f

>touf 3-ESpf| 4if;> 3-q

acG;>touf| acG;> 3-q _rif;>touf| _rif;> 3-q vl>touf|

><l q csuf t m;_zif h vl w d k i f ; vl w d k i f ;

usef ; rmenf ; | avmu"gwf e nf ; ES i f h waoG r wd r f ; vd k u f e mpm;aomuf

obm0tav#muf t pm;xd k ; Ed l i f o nf [ k ~^ef ; ud k e rl e m_yavonf ?

<aeh t a_ctaeY obm0tav#muf u d k < f t ~F g vS K yf @ S m ;a_ymif ; vJ

odkh7mwGif vlawGrdkufIom toufwkd7onf[lI_zpfonf?

tpm;rS m vnf ; opf o D ; pm;avh _zif h p m;I ud k < f t ~F g vnf ;

vdkufonfhtwGuf wyef;@SHK;@kHomr[kwf| pdwfnpf_cif;ajumifh tjuHOm^f

pd w f " gwf E S i f h y wf o uf I uEk f y f i <f p Of u jum;bl ; aomrwW 7 m

q7mawmfonf t_rJqGrf;cHavh@Sd7m waehwGif ausmif;avSum;

wcgu oydwfusuGJwkef;uvnf; aumif;ygav7Jhvdkhrdefhw<f? EGm;uav;

raumuf 7 bJ vuf c k y f E S i f h j uH K ;_yD ; ausmif ; eH 7 H o d k h w zG m ;zG m ;usatmif

'k u Q w G i f pd w f q if ; 7J a om'k u Q | ud k < f c E m emusif c H p m;7aom'k u Q

tcsnf;ESD;_zpf@kHomru usef;rma7;udkygxdcdkufwwfo_zifh twif;azsmuf

usef;rm@kyfysdKtouf@Snfvdk7mY tpmt[m7| udk<fcEmvSKyf@Sm;

ajumif ; ud k bwf w if ; pwuf u !$ e f _ y7mY wES p f w jud r f v d k u f a om

rdef;r a<mufsm;| rnfolhtm;rqdk @kyfysdKcsifovm;| touf@Snf

uEk f y f w d k h o nf v#mud k t vd k v d k u f c J h j u>? t[m7"gwf y grygpD p pf _ cif ;

Edlifor#a@SmifjuOfcJh7m wwfEdlifaomwaehwGif opfoD;pm;avh twdkif;

vif;onftxd tjudrfaygif;rsm;pGmupm;cJh>? xdktrSm;ukdodI ppfbk7if

trsm;juD;rSm;<Gif;aeju>? rdrd>wOD;wnf;aomr<m;ESifhyif aEG| rdkCf;

vufa7;rlwck u[laomacgif;pOfupI abmf_yaombmom_yefrsm;rSm

xd k t ajumif ; ES i f h y wf o uf I a7;ol t rnf r ygaomvuf a 7;rl

ol > bcif t 7if ; u ol h t m;t@l ; axmif o d k h y d k h v d k u f o nf q d k a jumif ; ?

_yEd l i f _ yD q d k o _zif h xd k u d k ; um;csuf u d k bwf @ S K 7ef a wmif ; qd k 7 m

<ck a omf uEk f y f w a<muf w nf ; pl ; prf ; @S m azG a wmh r nf ?

rd e f ; rEd k h 7 nf E S i f h y wf o uf I um; umvtawmf j umanmif ; pG m uyif

touf 82-ESpft@G<f@Sdtbdk;juD;rSm tdyf7may:vJavsmif;v#uf

t@G < f a 7muf a omvk v if w a<muf o nf i<f @ G < f a omEd k h x d e f ; >

~syefvlrsdK;rsm;um; wd7dmefEdkhrsm;onf wd7dmefi<frsm;twGufom

a<muf s m;>tbd k ; wef o k w f a 7onf 4if ; >aoG ; rS x k w f < l 7 _cif ;

Edlifavonf? a<mufsm;>okwfaoG;| rdef;r>Edkh7nf wOD;ESifhwOD;zvS<f

y7d ~ f _ rd K h u uk e f o nf j uD ; wa<muf > tajumif ; owif ; pmwG i f

6-ESpft@G<fuav;wa<muf@SdI uav; 3-a<muftzwfrwif

omoem_yKq7mwa<muf r S m aovk a rsmyg;a7m~g_zpf a e7m

3-7ufrS 31-7uftwGif; Edkh7nfxGufvmvdrfhrnf? Edkh7nfxGuf

uEkfyfa7;onfh tdrfaxmifht7om udk pm7dwWysuf_ym;apaom

a@ShaewOD;iSm;um xkacs@Sif;vif;o_zifh 1903-ck Edk0ifbmv 6-7ufaehwGif

waeh v H k ; aps;xG u f a e7aomyef ; onf w OD ; u pma7;vd k u f o nf r S m

EdkhxGufI nmbufu vHk;rrxGufawmhyg?

a@S ; OD ; pG m uef a wmf h Z eD ; tm; ol h c sd K csd K pd k h b d k h cJ c J < Of ; <Of ; a_ym7

<rf ; acs;yef ; ovd k yG p d p d t zk u av;awG _ zpf a eygonf ? <ck a wmh

odvdkolwa<mufxHrS atmufyg_zpfajumif;ukefpifudk uEkfyf>