Site Location

Flo Cafe is placed on the site of approximately 245m2 in the very centre of the
city of Misurata ( 3222'22.74"N - 15 5'24.98"E ). The site is opened from the
south-east side to the street and it is widely opened to the public park area
across the street, about 4000 m away from the Mediterranean Sea.

Climatic data
Data is obtained from synoptic weather station at the Tripoli International
Airport over the course of an average year. It is based on the historical records
from 1974 to 2012. Earlier records are either unavailable or unreliable.

Temperature
Misurata has a hot subtropical semi-arid climate with long, hot and dry
summers with relatively wet and mild winters with a Mediterranean (dry-
summer) rainfall pattern. Summers are hot with temperatures that often
exceed 38 C. Average temperatures in July are between 22 and 33 . The
record high temperature is recorded as 48C in August. In December,
temperatures have reached as low as 0 , but the average remains between 9
and 18 C.
In conclusion, the temperature range from 0 to +48C is assumed for design.

Rainfall
The average annual rainfall is less than 400 millimetres, and can be very erratic.

Wind Speed and Direction
Wind is the dominant lateral load for this type of structures.
According to the work Wind Load Characteristics in Libya (2010) by Prof.
Milad M. Alshebani (the Department of Civil Engineering Alfateh University,
Tripoli) and Mohammed B. Abohedma (postgraduate of Civil Engineering
Department, Alfateh University, Tripoli), Libya is affected by atmospheric
depressions during the winter time and north-eastern trade winds in the
summer. Libya is also exposed to Ghibli " winds, a dry and hot wind that blows
from the south several times per year, usually from late spring throughout
summer season.
Over the course of the year, typical wind speed varies from 0 m/s to 8
m/s (calm to fresh breeze), rarely exceeding 12 m/s (strong breeze).
The highest average wind speed of 5m/s (gentle breeze) occurs around May
30. At that time, the average daily maximum wind speed is 8 m/s (fresh
breeze). The lowest average wind speed of 3 m/s (light breeze) occurs
around first week of December. At that time the average daily maximum wind
speed is 6 m/s (moderate breeze).
In Libya, measurement of the wind speed is based on 10-sec gusts wind speed.
The most frequent wind speed is 15 m/s. After examining wind speeds and its
frequent durations, it has been envisioned that Libya can be classified into four

wind speed zones in ascending order of its annual maxima wind speed.
According to this classification, Misurata is placed at Zone 4, with the design
wind speed of 121 km/h (33.6 m/s), a return period of 50 years.
In conclusion, a basic wind speed of 33.6 m/s is assumed for the design.

Geological constraints
According to the article Settlement of a Building Founded on Difficult Soil
written by Iqbal H. Khan, Associate Professor and Fathi M. Layas, Lecturer,
Department of CMI Engineering, University of Garyounis, Benghazi, Libya, and
Road Construction on Sabkha Soils, written by Mohamed Mehemmed
Shahin Department of Civil Engineering, 7th October University, Misurata, Libya,
the large areas in Libya have Sabkha soils, which is an Arabic expression for
describing recent coastal sediments with a high salt content are characterized
by very low bearing capacities and a relatively hard crusty surface which is
strong when it is dry and loses its strength upon wetting. It forms heterogeneous
and complex soil profiles with poor mechanical properties and appreciable
organic. Sabkha is composed of sand deposits mixed with silt and clay. Two
types of Sabkha are present in Libya, the first one is the coastal or muddy
Sabkhas, which is found along the Mediterranean Sea, and the second type is
inland or Sandy Sabkhas, which is located in the southern part of the country.
Clearly, the muddy Sabkhas, which is potentially the soil under the actual
structure, are the worst to construct structure on it. The main geotechnical
hazards include settlement, corrosive action, heave due to salt crystallization /
recrystallization and flooding due to the low infiltration rates. A site
geotechnical investigation has not been undertaken yet. In order to design
stabile and proper foundations for the building, it is highly recommended that
such investigation should be carried out by the Client.

Seismic constraints
Seismic History
From work undertaken by A. Suleiman et al, of Al Fatah University, it is known
that the Hun Graben area (western part of the Gulf of Sirt), with the prominent
rift valley between Han and the city of Al Qaddahiya, has been identified as
the location of many historic earthquakes. This includes the major quake, near
Al Qaddahiya, in 1935 which was registered as a magnitude of 7.1 on the
Richter scale, with two aftershocks of 6.4 and 6.0. A further quake hit the same
area measuring 5.6, in 1941. Also, in Tripoli a major earthquake occurred in
1183 AD, destroying the city. Likewise, mild tremors were felt here in 1803, 1811
and 1903.
Therefore, it can be assumed that the site lies in an area that is historically at
risk from severe seismic effects. The buildings and structures should be classified
with regard to their importance and designed and detailed to resist the
effects of earthquakes.
Determination of design parameters
According to EN 1998: Euro code 8, the following parameters should
determinate detail calculation of structure forces: 1) Identification of ground

type, which is the result of geotechnical investigation, 2) the value of the
reference peak ground acceleration on type A ground, agR, chosen by the
National Authorities for each seismic zone, corresponds to the reference return
period TNCR of the seismic action for the no-collapse requirement (or
equivalently the reference probability of geology in 50 years, PNCR) chosen by
the National Authorities. 3) Determination of the Design spectrum for elastic
analysis. To avoid explicit inelastic structural analysis in design, the capacity of
the structure to dissipate energy, through mainly ductile behaviour of its
elements and/or other mechanisms is taken into account by performing an
elastic analysis based on a response spectrum reduced with respect to the
elastic one, henceforth called a "design spectrum". The seismic motion may
also be represented in terms of ground acceleration time-histories and related
quantities (velocity and displacement). Depending on the nature of the
application and on the available information, the description of the seismic
motion may be made by artificial accelerograms and recorded or simulated
accelerograms. The method which will be chosen depends on availability of
data provided by the site investigation.
Conclusion
The seismic hazard of the site depend both on intensity of the ground motion
and also, the frequency of occurrence of the earthquakes represented by
seismic parameters which should be the result of the site geotechnical and
investigation and national recommendations and regulations.

Sub Structure
According to Geological constrains, the bearing capacity of the soil can vary
a lot, so after the Geotechnical investigation is carried out, it will be chosen
the appropriate type of sub structure. In this stage of design a strip foundations
under the walls of the concrete blocks are considered as adequate way to
transfer loads safely to the ground. But if geotechnical investigation results
show that the soil is too weak, an appropriate measures for strengthen the sub
soil will be carried out.

Super Structure
Structural system is concrete hollow blocks walls based on strip foundations
straighten with reinforced columns and ring beams in the first floor level. First
floor is two-way reinforced concrete slab supported by reinforced concrete
beams.
The roof is self-bearing vaulted steel panel.
The main faade wall is about 10 m high and 14 m wide in base. Structural
system of the wall is grid of the steel columns and beams welded together in
shop and site. The faade wall has to carry weight of the glass faade and
lateral wind force. Due to high speed of the wind, the intensity of the wind
load is significant which results with strong columns.

Structural Materials

Structural material is concrete hollow blocks walls, reinforced in-situ cast
concrete and steel. Concrete quality should have fc=30 MPa (C 25/30
according to EN 206) or better. Reinforcement steel should have yield strength
fyk=360 MPa or better. Steel quality is S235 with minimum yield strength 235
MPa.

Structural Design
Calculation of structure forces was carried out on 3D model in order to
determine real behaviour of structure under the all possible combinations of
applied loads, vertical and lateral as well. Deflections of the structure were
calculated taking in the consideration creep and shrinkage of concrete
during the time of structure exploitation.
Structure resistance to lateral loads is achieved by stiffness of the reinforced
frames in two orthogonal directions.

Vertical Loads on Structure
Vertical loads are Self-weight of structure, Dead and Live (Implied) load. Self-
weight is calculated by Program, Dead load are weight of the walls and floor
layers. Live load is variable load which intensity depends of use of areas. For
design is used vertical, uniformly distributed load of 3.0 KN/m
2
- restaurant area
(EN 1990-2001).


Durability
To achieve durability the following inter-related factors were considered in the
design:
the intended or foreseeable use of the structure
the required design criteria
the expected environmental conditions
the composition, properties and performance of the materials and
products
the properties of the soil
the choice of the structural system
the shape of members and the structural detailing
the quality of workmanship, and the level of control



Detail Structure Analyse