Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Stabilization of Dune Sand Using Foamed Asphalt
Stabilization of Dune Sand Using Foamed Asphalt
Stabilization of Dune Sand Using Foamed Asphalt
i
mean value of the index (ITS or stability) using treatment
type i
i
mean value of the index (ITS or stability) using asphalt
content i
174 GEOTECHNICAL TESTING JOURNAL
The results of the analysis of variance disclosed the fact that, in
the case of FA mixes for both soaked and unsoaked ITS results, the
variation in treatment type, as well as the asphalt content, has sig-
nificant impacts on ITS of FA mixes (F-value, which is used for
testing the hypothesis, is considerably greater than F-critical,
which is the limit for accepting the null hypothesis). Moreover, the
significant impacts are further evidenced by the low P-values
(probability of accepting the null hypothesis), which are lower than
0.8%. The effect of variation in the asphalt content is more signif-
icant (F-values of effect of asphalt content are greater than those of
the effect of treatment type, i.e., 39 and 80 versus 16 and 30, re-
spectively). This means that the quantity of asphalt cement plays a
very important role in the performance (both soaked and unsoaked
ITS) of treated mixes. On the other hand, the addition of OPC has
significantly decreased the water sensitivity of mixes as the F-value
of soaked ITS, 80.11, was greater, nearly double that of unsoaked
ITS, 39.24.
In the case of EA mixes, the behavior was observed to be differ-
ent. As can be seen from Table 2, the effect of asphalt content on
the soaked stability was insignificant (i.e., the F-value, 1.47, was
less than F-critical, 9.28), whereas the treatment type (addition of
OPC) showed significant effect on the soaked stability. This means
that the addition of OPC to EA mixes has also decreased the water
sensitivity. In the case of unsoaked stability, although the treatment
type has significant effect (F-value, 10.99, is slightly lower than F-
critical, 10.13), the effect of asphalt content was much higher. Ac-
cording to the Illinois design method, soaked stability should be
used for design considerations. Since the addition of OPC always
increases the soaked stability, OPC should be considered as part of
all the optimum treatment types for both FAC and EAC mixes.
When comparing the soaked stability of both FA and EA mixes, the
effect of treatment type was more significant than that of the as-
phalt content. Hence, it is preferable to change the treatment type
than merely to change the asphalt content in order to improve the
performance of treated mixes. The analysis of variance indicates
that FAC mixes have better ITS and stability characteristics than
the other treatment types (i.e., FA, EA, and EAC mixes). There-
fore, FAC mixes can reliably stabilize dune sands to be used in the
layers of the pavement structures, particularly for the low volume
roads in hot countries.
Summary and Conclusions
This research was conducted to evaluate the performance of
foamed and emulsified asphalt mixes for stabilizing local dune
sands with and without 2% ordinary Portland cement. Based on the
findings of this investigation, the following conclusions can be
drawn:
1. Foamed asphalt (FA) treatment significantly improved the
overall performance of treated mixes and can be effectively
used for the stabilization of dune sands.
2. Emulsified asphalt (EA) treatment gave satisfactory results.
However, according to the results of soaked stability and re-
silient modulus tests, which are normally used for design pur-
poses, EA mixes exhibited inferior performance as compared
to FA mixes.
3. In all the cases, the addition of ordinary Portland cement
greatly reduced the water sensitivity and enhanced the
strength characteristics of the treated materials.
4. The effect of asphalt content, regardless of the treatment type,
on the performance of treated mixes was significant in most
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Dec 13 09:16:02 EST 2011
Downloaded/printed by
Dimitris Solomos (THEMELI+S.A.) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
ASI ET AL. ON FOAMED ASPHALT 175
of the cases. However, the statistical analysis revealed that
the change of treatment type, from EAC to FAC, showed
higher effect on ITS and stability values.
5. The best performance was attained by foamed asphalt, with
7% asphalt content, plus 2% Ordinary Portland cement.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the support provided by King
Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals during this research.
Thanks are extended to Mohammad Saud Al-Subai Est., Wirtgen
Gmbh Co., and Abdullah Abdul-Mohsen Al-Khodary Sons Co., for
presenting the laboratory-scale foam asphalt producing plant.
References
A. A. Loudon & Partners, 1996a, In Place Recycling with Foamed
Bitumen, Series of Technical Bulletins, South Africa.
A. A. Loudon & Partners, 1996b, Foamed Bitumen Mix Design
Procedures, Series of Technical Bulletins, South Africa.
Abel, F. and Hines, C. R., 1979, Base Stabilization with Foamed
Asphalt, Report CDOH-SMB-R-79, Colorado Division of High-
ways, Denver.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Dec 13 09:16:02 EST 2011
Downloaded/printed by
Dimitris Solomos (THEMELI+S.A.) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
176 GEOTECHNICAL TESTING JOURNAL
Aiban, S. A., Al-Amoudi, O. S. B., Ahmad, H. R., and Al-Abdul
Wahhab, H. I., 1997, Characterization and Stabilization of
Eastern Saudi Calcareous Soils, Proceedings, 14
th
(XIV) Inter-
national Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engi-
neering, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Vol. 1, September,
pp. 1316.
Al-Amoudi, O. S. B., Asi, I. M., and El-Naggar, Z. R., 1995, Sta-
bilization of an Arid, Saline Soil Using Additives, Quarterly
Journal of Engineering Geology, Vol. 28, No. 4, November, pp.
369379.
Al-Hilal, I. H., 1997, Potential Paving Options, Shaybah Access
Road, Proceedings, Saudi ARAMCO Technical Ex-
change Meeting, Saudi ARAMCO, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia,
November.
Anderson, V. L. and Mclean, R. A., 1974, Design of Experiments:
A Realistic Approach, Marcel Deckker, New York.
Asi, I. M., 2001, Stabilization of Sabkha Soil Using Foamed As-
phalt, ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol.
13, No. 5, September/October, pp. 325331.
Bowering, R. H. and Martin, C. L., 1976, Foamed Bitumen Pro-
duction and Application of Mixtures Evaluation and Perfor-
mance of Pavements, Proceedings, Association of Asphalt
Paving Technologists, Vol. 45, p. 453.
Csanyi, L. H., 1957, Foamed Asphalt in Bituminous Paving Mix-
tures, Highway Research Board Bulletin, No. 160, p. 108.
Csanyi, L. H., 1959, Foamed Asphalt, Technical Bulletin, No. 204,
American Road Builders Association, Washington, D.C.
Csanyi, L. H., 1960, Bituminous Mixes Prepared with Foamed
Asphalt, Iowa Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No.
189, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
Csanyi, L. H., 1962, Foamed Asphalt for Economical Road Con-
struction, Civil Engineering, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 6269.
Darter, M. I., Truebe, M. A., and Abdulla, E. S., 1978, Develop-
ment of Emulsified Asphalt-Aggregate Cold Mixture Design
Procedure, Research Report IHR-505-3, Illinois Cooperative
Highway Research Program, University of Illinois.
Hines, W. W. and Montgomery, D. C., 1990, Probability and
Statistics in Engineering and Management Science, Third Edi-
tion, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Lee, D. Y., 1981, Treating Marginal Aggregates and Soils with
Foamed Asphalt, Proceedings, Association of Asphalt Paving
Technologists, Vol. 50, p. 211.
Ministry of Communications, 1978, Highway Design Manual, Vol.
2, Book 2 of 2, Design of Roadways, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Mobil Oil Australia Ltd., 1973, Foamed Bitumen-Cold Dustless
Mixtures, Technical Bulletin Bitumen, No. 5.
Montgomery, D. C., 1991, Design and Analysis of Experiments,
Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Root, R. E., 1979, A Basic Asphalt Emulsion Manual, The Asphalt
Institute, College Park, Maryland.
Soter International: Road Maintenance Techniques Society, 1994,
Foam Asphalt Technology Transfer to the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia, Preliminary Proposal, Canada.
Soter International: Road Maintenance Techniques Society, 1995,
Six Years of Recycling with Foam Bitumen, Proceedings,
AEMA/ARRA Annual Meeting, San Diego.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Dec 13 09:16:02 EST 2011
Downloaded/printed by
Dimitris Solomos (THEMELI+S.A.) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.