Quantum Particle Creation Near Strong

Curvature Regions
1 Introduction
One of the most important issues in current relativity theory is the occurence
of singular regions in the space-times. Singular regions, if naked, have far
reaching implications. One of the very familiar example is the big bang
singularity in cosmological models. The study of gravitational collapse in
cases of imploding radiations, dust etc. have also pointed out the existance of
naked singularities. Theoretically singularities(naked or covered) are bound
to occur in relativity theory under certain general conditions imposed on the
stress energy tensor. However, these classically reasonable conditions may
not hold if the matter eld is quantized. In the late stages of gravitational
collapse when regions of strong gravitational elds develop and the matter is
compactied in region of spacetime of the order of planck length, it becomes
important to examine the quantum eects in the near singular regions of the
space-times. The Consideration and study of quantum eects, is therefore
important and it may lead to avoidance of singularities. An equally important
question is the nature of the spontaneous particle creation in the extreme
curvature regions of the space-times.
2 Particle Creation in the Marginally Bound,
Self Similar Collapse of Inhomogeneous Dust
Let us consider a collapsing dust cloud. The eld of a inhomogeneous dust
cloud is described by the Tolman-Bondi metric given by *Tolman and Bondi.
The metric is well known and given in comoving coordinates by
ds
2
= dt
2

R(t, r)
2
dr
2

R
2
(t, r)d
2
(1)
The dust cloud is made up of concentric shells each labelled by r.

R(t, r)is
the physical radius of such shells in the sense that the area of a shell labelled
by r is given by 4R
2
(t, r)).

R(t, r) denotes the derivative of

R(t, r)with
respect to r. The stress energy tensor describing the dust is
T

= (t, r)
0

. (2)
1
Where u
a
= delta
a
0
represent the four velocity of dust particles.
*We are interested only in the marginally bound self similar collapse
which is given by,

R(t, r) = r
_
1
3

2
t
r
_
2
3
(3)
The physical radius is seen to depend on one parameter, , (the mass pa-
rameter). This parameter determines the total mass,M(r),lying within the
shell labelled by ras 2GM(r) = r.The total mass of the dust is therefore
2GM = = r
0
where r
0
labels the outer boundary of the cloud. The ef-
fective two dimensional metric giving the eld of such a dust cloud is given
by
ds
2
= dt
2

R(t, r)
2
dr
2
(4)
where

R is the physical radius of the collapsing dust cloud. Using the vari-
ables (z, x) where z = lnr and x = t/r.
dr
2
= r
2
dz
2
. (5)
dt
2
= x
2
r
2
dz
2
+ 2xr
2
dxdz + r
2
dx
2
. (6)
Substituting equations (2)and (3) in equation (1), we get
ds
2
= r
2
_
dx
2
+ 2xdxdz + (x
2

R
2
(x))dz
2
_
. (7)
Now we will use the following,
= z +
1
2
(I

+ I
+
) =
1
2
(I

+ I
+
), (8)
I

=
_
dx
x

R
(9)
and equation (4) reads:
ds
2
= r
2
_
x
2

R
_
_
d
2
d
2
_
. (10)
The physical radius

R is given by,

R = r
_
1
3
2

t
r
_
2
3
(11)

R = e
z
_
1
3
2

t
r
_
2
3
(12)
2
and the transformed collapsing dust radius is,

R =
dR
dr
(13)

R =
(1
1
2

x)
(1
3
2

x)
1
3
(14)
We will evaluate the integrals of
I

=
_
dx
x

R
(15)
The new transformed parameters of and becomes,
= z +
_
_
_
xdx
x
2

R
2
_
_
d = dz +
xdx
x
2

R
2
and and hence,
dz
2
=
_

_d
xdx
(x
2

R
2
)
_

_
2
The value is dened as,
=
1
2
[I

I
+
] (16)
and, we have
=
_

Rdx
_
x
2

R
2
_ (17)
and therefore,
d =

Rdx
_
x
2

R
2
_ (18)
and
dx =
_
x
2

R
2
_
d

R
(19)
3
These values of dz
2
and dx
2
are substituted in equation (3)and it reads:
ds
2
= r
2
_

_
_
x
2

R
2
__

R
2
d
2
+

R
2
d
2
_

R
2
_

_
(20)
ds
2
= r
2
_

_
_
x
2

R
2
_
x
2
d
2

R
2
d
2
2x
2
d
2
+ x
2
d
2
+

R
2
d
2

R
2
_

_
(21)
ds
2
= r
2
_
x
2

R
2
_
(d
2
d
2
) (22)
For null coordinates such that in the limit as 0 these reduce to the
standard null coordinates in Minkowski space. Such coordinates are given
by u = +re
I

for x

R > 0region and u = re

I

for x

R < 0region.
v = +re
I
+
for x

R > 0region and v = re

I
+
for x

R < 0region.
To further analyze the causal structure, it is now convenient to go to the
variable y dened by y =
_

R
r
. In terms of y, the integralI

can be written.
For outgoing case, we have the following parameters,
I
+
(x) =
_
dx
x +

R
(23)

R = r
_
1
3
2

x
_
2
3
(24)
a =
3
2

(25)
y
2
=
_
1
3
2

x
_
2
3
(26)
y
3
= 1 ax (27)
x =
1 y
3
a
and
dx =
3y
3
a
dy
4
From above equation dx and xare substituted in I
+
.
Then
I
+
=
_

3y
2
a
dy
1
a
3
x
(1ax)
1
3
(28)
I
+
=

3y
2
a
dy
1y
3
a
+
2+y
3
3
y
(29)
I
+
=
_
9y
3
dy
3y 3y
4
+ 2a + ay
3
(30)
I
+
=
_
9y
3
dy
3y
4
ay
3
3y 2a
(31)
I
+
= 9
_
y
3
dy
3y
4
ay
3
3y 2a
(32)
Similarly, for incoming case,
I

=
_
dx
x

R
(33)
I

=
_ 3y
2
a
dy
1y
3
a

(1
a
3
x)
(1ax)
1
3
(34)
I

=
_ 3y
2
a
dy
_
1y
3
a
_

_
2+y
3
3
y
_ (35)
I

=
_
9y
3
dy
3y 3y
4
2a ay
3
(36)
I

= 9
_
y
3
dy
3y
4
ay
3
3y 2a
(37)
So the integral becomes
I

= 9
_
y
3
dy
3y
4
ay
3
3y 2a
(38)
and hence,
f

(y) = 3y
4
ay
3
3y 2a (39)
5
If we consider the coordinates with respect to f

(y).
For region x

R > 0
x

R > 0 (40)
(
1 y
3
a
)
(1
1
2

x)
(1
3
2

x)
1
3
> 0 (41)
(
1 y
3
a
)
(1
a
3
x)
(1 ax)
1
3
> 0 (42)
(
1 y
3
a
)
[1
a
3
(
1y
3
a
)]
[1 a(
1y
3
a
)
1
3
]
> 0 (43)
3y 3y
4
2a ay
3
3ay
> 0 (44)
3y
4
ay
3
+ 3y 2a > 0 (45)
3y
4
+ ay
3
3y + 2a < 0 (46)
f

(y) = 3y
4
+ ay
3
3y + 2a (47)
Therefore
f

(y) < 0 (48)

Similarly for region x

R < 0
(
1 y
3
a
)
(1
1
2

x)
(1
3
2

x)
1
3
< 0 (49)
(
1 y
3
a
)
(1
a
3
x)
(1 ax)
1
3
< 0 (50)
(
1 y
3
a
)
[1
a
3
(
1y
3
a
)]
[1 a(
1y
3
a
)
1
3
]
< 0 (51)
3y 3y
4
2a ay
3
3ay
< 0 (52)
3y
4
ay
3
+ 3y 2a < 0 (53)
3y
4
+ ay
3
3y + 2a > 0 (54)
f

(y) = 3y
4
+ ay
3
3y + 2a (55)
6
Therefore
f

(y) > 0 (56)

Similarly for region x +

R > 0
(
1 y
3
a
) +
(1
1
2

x)
(1
3
2

x)
1
3
> 0 (57)
(
1 y
3
a
) +
(1
a
3
x)
(1 ax)
1
3
> 0 (58)
(
1 y
3
a
) +
[1
a
3
(
1y
3
a
)]
[1 a(
1y
3
a
)
1
3
]
> 0 (59)
3y 3y
4
+ 2a + ay
3
3ay
> 0 (60)
3y
4
+ ay
3
+ 3y + 2a > 0 (61)
3y
4
ay
3
3y 2a < 0 (62)
f
+
(y) = 3y
4
ay
3
3y 2a (63)
Therefore
f
+
(y) < 0 (64)
Similarly for region x +

R < 0
(
1 y
3
a
) +
(1
1
2

x)
(1
3
2

x)
1
3
< 0 (65)
(
1 y
3
a
) +
(1
a
3
x)
(1 ax)
1
3
< 0 (66)
(
1 y
3
a
) +
[1
a
3
(
1y
3
a
)]
[1 a(
1y
3
a
)
1
3
]
< 0 (67)
3y 3y
4
+ 2a + ay
3
3ay
< 0 (68)
3y
4
+ ay
3
+ 3y + 2a < 0 (69)
7
3y
4
ay
3
3y 2a > 0 (70)
f
+
(y) = 3y
4
ay
3
3y 2a (71)
Therefore
f
+
(y) > 0 (72)
8