Solutions All MOCK Tests - EE

Chapter 1
EE_Practic Paper A
SOL 1.1 Option (C) is correct.
[ ] y n [ ] [ ] h n x n =
*
[ ] y n [ ] [ ] h m x n m
m
=
3
3
=
/
k " any integer
[ ] y n kN + [ ] [ ] h m x n kN m
m
= +
3
3
=
/
a [ ] x n kN m + [ ] [ ] [ ] h m x n m y n
m
= =
3
3
=
/
So [ ] y n is also periodic with period ' N N =
SOL 1.2 Option ( ) is correct.
SOL 1.5 Option (D) is correct.
100010011001
4 2 3 1
SSSS
The average value for the set of measurements is given by
Xn
X
10
n
=
/
.
10
1005
100 5 = =
Precision
X
X X
1
n
n
n
=

For the 6th reading
Precision
.
.
.
.
.
. 1
100 5
100 100 5
1
100 5
0 5
100 5
100
0 995 =

= = =
Diode will be off if 2 0 v >
i
+ . Thus 0 v
o
=
For 2 0 v <
i
+ V, 2, 2 3 v v v <
i o i
= + = V
For a three phase bridge inverter, rms value of output line voltage
V
( ) line rms
V
3
2
dc
= 500 V V
dc
=
Page 2 EE_Practic Paper A Chapter 1
0.816 500 408 V
#
= =
The pumped storage scheme has the advantage that synchronous machine can be
used as synchronous condenser for VAR compensation. During light load period the
generator works as synchronous motor.
( ) f t 1 2 2 cos sin a nt b nt
n n
n 1
= + +
3
=
/

0

2
2
T
0
= =
k 1 ( ) f dt 1
0
1
= # tdt
2
1
t
0
= =
#
a
n
2 ( ) 2 cos f t ntdt
0
1
= # 1 n $ (integer)
2 2 0 cos t ntdt
0
1
= = #
b
n
2 2 sin t ntdt
n
1
0
1
= =

#
SOL 1.14 Option (A) is correct.
Deflecting torque
T
D
NIlBD =
0.2 1.5 10 1 1 T mA 00 1 10
2 2
# # # # # #
=

3 10 Nm
6
#
=

SOL 1.15 Option (B) is correct.
Closed loop transfer function is
( ) T s
( )
( )
G s
G s
1
=
+

( ) ( )
( )
K s s K
K s
1 3 2
1
2
2
=
+ + + +
+

K
K
K
K
1 0
2 0
1
2
>
>
>
>
&
&
+
+
4 1 K > &
Positive sequence component of fault current at Bus-2 is
I
1 2 f BUS

.
1.35 . p u
Z
j
j
1 0
0 738
1 0
22
1
c c
= = =
T I
a
\
Since is constant so
T I
a
\
When torque is doubled, armature current drawn by the motor will also be doubled.
I
a1
50 A = and 2 50 100 A I
a2 #
= =
Now
E
E
a
a
1
2

N
N
1
2
= ` is constant
N
2

E
E
N
a
a
1
2
1 #
=

.
.
500
V I R
V I R
N
220 50 0 2
220 100 0 2
a a
a a
1
2
1
#
#
# #
=
b l
500 476 rpm
210
200
#
= =
Circuit breakers are the final link in fault removal process of a power system. The
decision made by relays that a fault has been occurred on the line causes tripping
of circuit breakers.
R
s

I
V
dc
m
=
I
V
R
2
rms
dc
m
#
=

.
500 449.5
A 100
0 45 100
k
#
= =
Per-phase sending and receiving end voltage
V
S
19 kV V
3
33
R
= = =
We know that for a loss-less line(R 0 = ), real power is
P
S
sin P
X
V V
R
S R
= =
33. sin
19 19
20 10
6
1
#
#
c = =
b l
( ) y t ( ) ( ) x t h t =
*
( ) x t ( ) ( 1) t t = +
( ) h t ( ) u t =
so ( ) y t ( ) [ ( ) ( 1)] u t t t = +
*
( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1) u t t u t t = +
* *
( ) ( 1) u t u t = +
Each wattmeter read 60 kW, so total input power
P 60 W W kW
1 2
= + = ...(1)
For leading power factor, we have
tan
( )
( )
W W
W W 3
1 2
1 2
=
+
It is given that power factor has to be changed to 0.866, so

cos . 0 866 =
` . cos 0 866 30
1
c = =
and, tan tan30

3
1
c = =
`
3
1

( ) W W
120
3
1 2
=

120 kW W W
1 2
a + =
W W
1 2

3
120
40 = =
But W W
1 2
+ 120 = ...(2)
By solving eq (1) and (2)
W
1
40 , 80 kW kW W
2
= =
From the combinational logic
Let D is input, Q
n
is present state, Q
n 1 +
is next state, then
R , D Q S D Q 5 5 = =
Characteristic equation of R-S flip-flop is given by
Q
n 1 +
S RQ
n
= +
So, Q
n 1 +
( ) ( ) D Q D Q Q
n n n
5 = + +
( ) ( ) D Q D Q Q
n n n
5 5 = +
( )(1 ) ( ) D Q Q D Q
n n n
5 5 5 = = DQ DQ
n n
= +
For 0 D = , Q Q
n n 1
=
+
1 D = , Q Q
n n 1
=
+
So, the circuit function as a T-flip flop.
The thyristor acts as a diode when it is turned-on. By applying KVL in the circuit.
L
dt
di
C
idt
1
+ # V
S
=
( ) i t sin V
L
C
t
S 0
=
Here resonant frequency
LC
1
0
= =
Let the conduction time of thyristor is t
0
,
at t t
0
= ,
( ) i t 0 sin V
L
C
t
S 0 0
= =
or, t
0

0
=
or, t
0
LC =
Let the positive sequence and negative sequence reactances are X
1
and X
2

respectively.
For a three-phase fault
I
, a 3

X
V
t
1
= 1 V pu
t
` =
2000 &
/
X
11000 3
1
=
X
1
.
3 2000
11000
3 175
#
= =
For a line-to-line fault
I
, a LL

X X
V 3
t
1 2
=
+
2600 &
( / )
X X
3 11000 3
1 2
=
+
X X
1 2
+ .
2600
11000
4 231 = =
X
2
. . . 4 231 3 175 1 056 = =
Base impedance
Z
Base

( )
( ) ( )
2.42
MVA 50
11 kV
Base
Base
2 2
= = =
X
pu 2

.
.
0.436 pu
Z
X
2 42
1 056
Base
2
= = =

First we balance phase angles. We know that to balance the bridge, the sum of
phase angles of opposite arms must be equal. From the figure
Phase angle of arm AB
AB
90c = (pure capacitance)
Phase angle of BC & AD
BC
0
AD
c = = (pure resistance)
Phase angle of CD
CD
90 < c + (inductive impedance)
The first option is to modify impedance of branch AB(Z
AB
) so that its phase angle
is decreased to less than 90c (equal to
CD
) by placing a resistor in parallel with the
capacitor as shown in the figure
Condition for balance
Z Z
AB CD
Z Z
BC AD
=
Y
AB

Z Z Z
Z 1
AB
CD
2 3
= =
where
Y
AB

R
j
1
1000
1
= + , j Z 100 500
CD
= + , Z 500
BC
= , Z 1000
AD
=
Substituting above values, we get

R
j
1
1000
1
+
j
500 1000
100 500
#
=
+
and R
1
5000 =
The second option is to modify the phase angle of arm AD by adding a series
capacitor, as shown in the figure
Balancing condition
Z
AD

Z
Z Z
BC
AB CD
=
Substituting the values in above equation, we have
jX 1000
C

( ) j j
500
1000 100 500
=
+
or X
C
200 =
When the machine is running as a generator
Field current I
sh
1 A
250
250
= =
Load current I
L
40 A
250
10 10
3
#
= =
Armature current I
a
40 1 41 A I I
L sh
= + = + =
Induced Emf E
g
250 4 ( .1) 254.1 V 1 0 = + =
Now the machine runs as a motor
Load current I
L
l 40 A
250
10 10
3
#
= =
Field current
sh
Il 1 A
250
250
= =
Armature current I
a
l 40 1 39 A = =
Generated emf E
m
250 39( . ) 246.1 V 0 1 = =
Speed as a motor N
m

.
.
(800) 775 rpm
E
E
N
254 4
246 1
g
m
g
. = =
XRA A ; Clear A
MVI B ; 4A " B
SUI 4FH ; A - 4FH " A = B1H
ANA B ; A AND B " A = 00
HTL
00 A = , 4 B A =
RMS value of fundamental output voltage.
V
0(fund)

V
2
4
dc
= 300 V V
dc
` =
270.14 V
2
4 300
#
= =
Power delivered
P
out
cos V I
01 0
=
. cos 270 14
2
540
45
#
c = 72.94 kW =
The admittance diagram for the system is shown below:
Y
BUS

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
11
21
31
41
12
22
32
42
13
23
33
43
14
24
34
44
=
R
T
S
S
S
S
SS
V
X
W
W
W
W
WW
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
j
8 5
2 5
5 0
0
2 5
8 75
5 0
0
5 0
5 0
22 5
12 5
0
0
12 5
12 5
S =
R
T
S
S
S
S
SS
V
X
W
W
W
W
WW
Where Y
11
y y y
10 12 13
= + + ; Y y y y y
22 20 12 23 24
= + + +
Y
33
y y y y
30 13 23 34
= + + + ; Y y y y
44 40 24 34
= + +
Y
12
Y y
21 12
= = ; Y
13
Y y
31 13
= =
Y
23
Y y
32 23
= =
and Y
34
Y y
43 34
= = ; Y Y y
24 42 24
= =
Y
14
Y y
14 14
= =
I
D
0.8
R
V 5
D
D
=

= mA,
.
5 R
0 8
6 1
m
D
=

= k
I
D
( ) K V V
n GS TN
2
=
& 0.8 (0.4)( 1.7) 3.11 V V
GS GS
2
& = = V
V
GS
, 0, 3.11 V V V V
G S G S
= = = V
I
D
0.8 = mA
. ( )
2.36 k
R
R
3 11 5
S
S
& =

=
F
2

4
Q Q
R
R
0
1 2
12
3
12
=

4
( )( ) ( ) u u 4 10 5 10
5
3 4
x y
0
6 6
3
# #
#
=
+

(4.32 5.76 ) u u
x y
= + mN
The synchronous speed of the motor is
n
s
1000 r
P
f 120
6
120 50
pm
#
#
= = =
The shaft speed is
n
m
(1 ) s n
s
= 0.06 s ` =
(1 0.06)1000 940 rpm = =
The load torque is

L

P
m
out
=
508
kW
Nm
940
60
2
50
#
-
=
Power converted from electrical to mechanical form is
P
conv
50 300 600 kW W W = + +
50.9 kW =
Induced torque

ind

P
conv
m
=

6
.
517
kW
Nm
940
0
2
50 9
#

= =
From Y
1
to , , Y P G G G P G G
5 1 1 2 3 2 4 3
= =

1
3 1,
Y
Y G G G G G
2
1
5 1 2 3 4 3
3
3
= = =
+

Y
Y
2
5

Y
Y
Y
Y
1
2
1
5
=
G H
G G G G G
1
2 2
1 2 3 4 3
=
+
+
Consider block diagram as SFG
P
1
2 2 s
2
1
#
= = ,
P
2
2 2 4 s s
#
= =
L
1
( 5)
s 2
1 5
= =

,
L
2
2 ( 1) 2
s
s
1
# #
= =
L
3
2 2 ( 1) 4 s s
# #
= = ,
L
4
2 ( 5) 10
#
= =
There are no non-touching loop
3 1
s
s
5
4 2 10 =
b l
13 4s
s
5
= + + ,

1
3 1
2
3 = = ,
( ) T s
s
s
s
13 4
5
2 4
=
+ +
+

( )
s s
s s
4 13 5
2 2 1
2
=
+ +
+
Average value of output voltage
V
av 0
( ) D V V
dc T
= 250 2 V V V, V
dc T
` = =
( 2) D V
dc
= . D 0 4 ` =
. ( ) 0 4 250 2 = 0.4(248) 99.2 volts = =
RMS value of the output voltage is
V
0 rms
( ) D V V
dc T
=
. ( ) . 0 4 250 2 0 4 248
#
= = 156.84 volts =
Output power
P
0

R
V
rms 0
2
=
( . )
98 . watts
25
156 8
3 44
2
= =
Input power
P
i
V I
dc 0
= 250
V
25
av 0
#
= I
R
V
av
0
0
` =
250
.
992 watts
25
99 2
#
= =
Chopper efficiency
100
input power
output power
#
=
.
100 99. %
990
984 06
19
#
= =
P
L
0.001( 70) P
G2
2
=
We know that plant factor of plant n is given as
L
n

/ P P 1
1
L n
2 2
=
For Plant 1 :

P
P
G
L
1
2
2
0 =
So
L
1
1 =
For plant 2 :

P
P
G
L
2
2
2
0.002( 70) 0.002 0.14 P P
G G 2 2
= =
L
2

( . . )
P
P P
1
1
1 14 0 002
1
G
L G
2
2
2
2
=

Let is the total incremental cost of the system.
Now
L
dP
dC
G
1
1
1
0.35 41 P
G1
= + = ...(i)
and
L
dP
dC
G
2
2
2

( . . )
.
P
P
1 14 0 002
0 35 41
G
G
2
2
=
+
= ...(ii)
From equation (i)
P
G1

. 0 35
41
=

...(iii)
From equation (ii)
P
G2

. .
.
0 35 0 002
1 14 41
=
+
...(iv)
Given that 117.6 / Rs MWhr =
Thus,
P
G1
218.857 , 159.029 MW MW P
G2
= =
Power loss
P
L
0.001( 70) MW P
G
2
2
=
P
L
0.001(159.029 70) 7.926 MW MW
2
= =
Chapter 1
EE_Practic Paper B
The resistances R
1
6 R
I
V
20
120
dc
2
= = = =
Now, we have the relation for C for successful commutation as
C 1.44 1.44 14.4 F
R
t
6
60 10
off
1
6
#
#
= = =

The sensitivity of 500 A meter movement is given by
S 1/ 1/500 2 / A k V I
m
= = =
The value of the multiplier resistance can be calculated by
R
s
range S R
m #
= 1 R k
m
` =
R
s
2 / 50 1 k V V k
#
= 100 1 99 k = =
2
5
T
1
= &
2
T
5
1
= and
2
7
T
2
= &
2
T
7
2
=
LCM
2
,
2
2
5 7

=
b l
The gate turn-off thyristor(GTO) has the capability of being turned- off by a
negative gate-current pulse. Also GTO has a faster switching speed than thyristor
and it can withstand larger voltage and current than power transistor or MOSFET.
Page 2 EE_Practic Paper B Chapter 1
( ) C s
( ) s s 10
10
=
+

s s
1
10
1
=
+
& ( ) c t 1 e
t 10
=

10 a = , Rise time
. .
0.22 s T
a
2 2
10
2 2
r
= = =
Setting time T
s
0.4 s
a
4
= =
Pattern observed on the screen is an ellipse. So, phase angle
36.9 sin
5
3 1
c = =
b l
or . 143 1c
We can see from the figure that ellipse is in second and fourth quadrants so the
valid value of phase angle is . 143 1c.
If a line is terminated in its characteristic impedance, the refilled voltage will be
zero. All the energy sent will be absorbed by the load. It is also called an infinite
line.
Output of the system is
( ) y t ( ) ( ) h t x t =
*
( ) [ ( 1) ( 3)] h t t t = +
*
( ) ( 1) ( ) ( 3) h t t h t t = +
* *
( 1) ( 3) h t h t = +
Consider the block diagram as a SFG. Two forward path G G
1 2
and G
3
and three
loops , , G G H G H G H
1 2 2 2 1 3 2
.
There are no non-touching loop.
Nominal ratio K
nom
200
5
1000
= =
Secondary burden R
e
1 =
Since the burden of secondary winding is purely resistive therefore, secondary
winding power factor is unity or 0 = . The power factor of exciting current is 0.4,
so we can write
( ) cos 90c 0.4 =
or 90 0.4 2 . cos 3 57
1
c c = =
Since there is no turn compensation, the turns ratio is equal to nominal ratio or
K
t
200 K
nom
= =
When the primary winding carries rated current of 1000 A, the secondary winding
carries a current of 5 A.
Rated secondary winding current,
I
s
5 A =
and K I
t s
200 5 1000 A
#
= =
Phase angle,

( ) cos
K I
I
180
t s
0

=
+
; E

.
0.0525
cos 180
1000
23 57c
c
= =
: D
By putting ( ) 0 R s =
P
1
H G
2 1
= ,
L
1
G H H
1 2 1
= ,

1
3 1 = ,
( ) T s
n

G H H
H G
1
1 2 1
2 1
=
+
If 1 G H H >>
1 2 1
, ( ) T s
n

G H H
H G
H
1
1 2 1
2 1
1
=

=

[ ] y n [ 1] 3 [ ] 2 [ 1] x n x n x n = + +
Linearity :
For two input [ ] x n
1
and [ ] x n
2
[ ] [ ] x b y n
1 1
" and [ ] [ ] x n y n
2 2
" here
[ ] [ ] Ax n Bx n
1 2
+ [ ] [ ] Ay n By n
1 2
" +
So, the system is linear.
Casualty :
By taking z transform on both sides
[ ] Y z ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) zX z X z z X z
1
= +

System response is
[ ] H z
[ ]
[ ]
3 2
X z
Y z
z z
1
= = +

[ ] h n [ 1] 3 [ ] 2 [ 1] n n n = + +
[ 1] h [ ] y n n
0
=
So the system is time invariant.
For a balanced maxwells bridge, following conditions are true.
L
s
C R R
3 1 4
= 0.1 1.26 500 F k
# #
= 63 mH =
R
s

R
R R
3
1 4
=
.
1.34
k
k
470
1 26 500
#

= =
Q
R
L
s
s
=
.
0.03
k
Hz mH
1 34
2 100 63
# #
= =
V
S
132.79 Volt V
3
230
k
R
= = =
Maximum power transferred
P
max

( . )
X
V V
X
V
14
132 79
S R R
2
2
= = =
1259.5 / MW phase =
For all three phases
P
max
3 1259.5 MW
#
=
3778.5 MW =
For a three phase bridge inverter operating in 120c conduction mode, the n
th

harmonic component is given by following expression
V
( ) line n
/ cos
n
V n
2
1 3
dc
= +
^ h 8 B
Fundamental component
V
( ) line 1
(1.5) V
2
dc
=
E
dc

( . )
614.60 V
2 1 5
415
= =
Load Current
I
L
2 A
100
400
. 0 5
= =
b l
In a three-phase fully controlled bridge converter input rms current I
s
or the current
in each supply phase exists for 120c in every 180c.
Therefore rms value of input current
I
s
1.15 A
180
2 120
. 0 5
#
= =
b l
Input apparent power 400 1.15 796.72 VA 3
# #
= =
. cos 796 72 400 =
Power factor
cos 0.5 lagging =
A is singular if 0 A =
&
0
1
2
1
0
2
2
3
R
T
S
S
S
S
V
X
W
W
W
W
0 =
& ( 1) 2 0
1
2
2 1
0
2
3
0
2
3

+

+
0 =
& ( 4) 2(3) + 0 =
& 4 6 + 0 = 2 & =
Let 0.4 p
1
= , 0.3 p
2
= , 0.2 p
3
= and 0.1 p
4
= P(the gun hits the plane)
P = (the plane is hit at least once)
1 P = (the plane is hit in none of the shots)
1 (1 )(1 )(1 )(1 ) p p p p
1 2 3 4
=
1 (0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9) (1 0.3024) 0.6976
# # #
= = =
The equations of the given curves are
y
2
9x = ...(i)
2 x y + 0 = (ii)
The curves (i) and (ii) intersect at
A(1, 3) and B(4, 6)
If a figure is drawn the from fig. the required area is
A [ ] dydx y dx
x
x
x
x
2
3
1
4
2
3
1
4
= =
+
+
# # #
[ ( )] x x dx x x x 3 2 2
2
1
2
2
3
2
1
4
1
4
= + =
: D
#
(16 8 8) 2
2
1
2
2
1
= =
b l
For CE configuration given in figure, input impedances calculated in previous
question as
r
2.5 R
1
= = k
R
2
[ (1 ) ] r R r R
E E
= + + = +

( 1) >> a
2.5 100 25 5
#
= + = k
As calculated in previous question
A
v1
g R
m C
= (without emitter resistance)
A
v2

[ ] g R
g R
1
r m E
m C
1
=
+ +
^ h
(with emitter resistance)

A
A
v
v
2
1
1
r
g R
1
m E
= + +
b l
1
g
g R
m
m E
= + +
b l
( ) g r
m
` =

1 g R
1
1
m E
= + +
c m
( 1) >> a
So, 1
A
A
g R
v
v
m E
2
1
. + 1
r
R
E
:
= +
1
.
2
2 5 10
100 25
3
#
#
= + =
Z ABC ACB AC B = = = +
If AC D =
Then Z D B = +
Therefore one NAND and one NOR gate is required and cost will be 2 unit.
The circuit is as shown below
Thus 4 NAND is required to made a NOR
The conductors of both transmission lines are arranged in following diagram
Flux linkage of conductor t
1
due to flux between conductor a and b

t1
2 10 ln I
D
D 7
1
2
#
=

.
ln 2 10 150
22 5
20 7
# #
=

0.353 10 Wb
5
#
=

-T/m
Flux linkage of conductor t
2
due to flux between conductor a and b

t2
2 10 150
.
.
ln
23 1
20 6 7
# #
=

3.43 10 Wb
5
#
=

-T/m
Resultant flux linkage

t
0.01 10 Wb
t t 1 2
5

#
= =

-T/m
Mutual inductance
L (0.01 10 /150) 10 10 / mH km
5 3 3
# # #
=

0.00067 / mH km =
Induced voltage in telephone line
3 0.01 10 10 77
5 3
# # #
=

0.03 / V km 77 =
Chapter 1
EE_Practic Paper C
Power P vi = 2 2 i i i
x x x
2
#
= =
i
x
4 = A, 32 P = W (absorb)
Torque speed curve of a 3-phase induction motor is shown below
To achieve a slip greater than 1, the rotor must be coupled to a prime mover and
driven in a direction opposite to that of stator rotating field. Which is shown by
point W in the figure.
` Circuit turn off time for main thyristor
t
c
C
I
V
s
0
=
40 10 76.67 s
120
230 6
#
= =

Boolean expression for the given circuit
F [( ) ( ( ))] ( ( ) A B A A B A A B = + + + + + +
Let A B X + = and ( ( ) A A B Y + + =
Page 2 EE_Practic Paper C Chapter 1
Then ( ) F X Y Y XY Y Y = + = + =
F ( ( ) ( ) A A B A A B AB = + + = + =
So, 1 F = for 0 A = , 1 B =
Multiply G
2
and G
3
and apply feedback formula and then again multiply with
G
1
1
.
( ) T s
( ) G G G H
G G
1
1 2 3 1
2 3
=
+
The figure is as shown below
The following sketch are not root locus due to the given reason.
(B) On real axis root locus exist to the left of even number of finite poles and zero.
(C) Root locus does not start from poles and does not end on origin.
(D) On real axis root locus exist to the left of even number of finite pole and zero.
Bode plot for the frequency response of op-amp is given following
Here, f A
max
CL CL #
1 f
#
=

f
CL
" close loop Band-width
f "
unity gain bandwidth

A
max
CL
" maximum closed loop gain
(20 10 ) A
max
CL
3
#
1 10
6
#
=
A
max
CL
50 =
Resolution R
s
1/10
n
= 4 n ` =
1/10 0.001
4
= =
Resolution on 1 V range 1 0.0001 0.0001 V
#
= =
So, any reading up to the 4th decimal can be displayed. Thus 0.6973 will be
displayed as 0.6973.
Resolution on 10 V range 10 0.0001 0.001 V V
#
= =
So, decimals up to the 3rd decimal place can be displayed. Therefore on a 10 V
range, the reading will be 0.697 instead of 0.6973.
v 3 0.7 2.3 = = V
i
. ( )
2.65
2
2 3 3
=

= mA
Absolute error
expected value
expected value measured value
=

80 79
. %
80
100 1 25
#
=

=
Relative Accuracy 100
expected value
measured value
#
=
or Relative Accuracy % 100 absolute error =
100% 1.25% 98.75% = =
Mho relay is suitable for long EHV lines as its threshold characteristic is quite
compact enclosing fault area completely.
The reverse recovery characteristic of a power diode is shown below. In the figure
reverse recovery time t
rr
composed of t
a
and t
b
. t
a
is the time between zero crossing
and peak reverse current I
RR
and t
b
is measured from reverse peak I
RR
value to
. I 0 25
RR
.
If the characteristics are assumed to be triangular(i.e. abrupt recovery) than from
the figure charge stored is
Q
R
area ABC T = I t
2
1
RR rr
= ...(1)
I
RR
t
dt
di
a
=
t t
a rr
c , than I
RR
t
dt
di
rr
= ...(2)
from eq(1) and (2) Q
R

dt
di
t
2
1
rr
2
=
b l
If k is a constant and A is a square matrix of order n n
#
then k k A A
n
.
A B A B B B 5 5 5 625
4
& = = = =
& 625 =
i
b
0.5 0.6
64 36
10
=
+
+ = A
( ) x t
1
6 (100 ) (200 ) sin cos c t t =
( ) X f
1
is convolution of two signals whose spectrum covers 50 f ! = Hz and 100 !
Hz. So convolution extends over 150 f = Hz and sampling rate 2 300 N f
1
= = Hz
( ) x t
2
10 (100 ) sinc t
2
=
Taking Fourier transform
( ) x f
2
0.1tri
f
100
=
b l
B 100 = Hz
Sampling rate 2 200 N B
2
= = Hz

N
N
2
1

200
300
2
3
= =
I
a
62.98 A
3 11 10 1
1200 10
3
3
# # #
#
= =
V
t
6350.8 V
3
11 10
3
#
= =
E
a
( ) ( ) cos sin V I R V I X
t a a t a s
2 2
= + + +
For unity pf, cos , sin 1 0 = =
So E
a
( . . . ) ( . . ) 6350 8 1 62 98 1 2 6350 8 0 62 98 24
2 2
# # # #
= + + +
6601.74 V =
Regulation 100
V
E V
t
a t
#
=

.
6601.74 6350.8
. %
6350 8
100 3 95
#
=

=
The admittance diagram for the system is shown below:
Y
BUS

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
11
21
31
41
12
22
32
42
13
23
33
43
14
24
34
44
=
R
T
S
S
S
S
SS
V
X
W
W
W
W
WW
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
j
8 5
2 5
5 0
0
2 5
8 75
5 0
0
5 0
5 0
22 5
12 5
0
0
12 5
12 5
S =
R
T
S
S
S
S
SS
V
X
W
W
W
W
WW
Where Y
11
y y y
10 12 13
= + + ; Y y y y y
22 20 12 23 24
= + + +
Y
33
y y y y
30 13 23 34
= + + + ; Y y y y
44 40 24 34
= + +
Y
12
Y y
21 12
= = ; Y
13
Y y
31 13
= =
Y
23
Y y
32 23
= =
and Y
34
Y y
43 34
= = ; Y Y y
24 42 24
= =
Y
14
Y y
14 14
= =
The transient reactance of the generators are
X
G1
0.08 0.24
20
60
pu
#
= =
X
G2
0. 0. 1
60
60
1 pu
#
= =
X
G3
0.0 0.2 9
20
60
7 pu
#
= =
There values are shown in the equivalent circuit in the figure below.
As the generator e.m.f.s are assumed to be equal, one source may be used which is
also shown in figure.
The equivalent reactance is
X
eq

/ . / . / .
0.056 pu
1 0 24 1 0 27 1 0 1
1
=
+ +
=
Therefore fault MVA

.
1071 MVA
0 056
60
= =
and fault current
52402 A
3 1180
1071 10
6
#
#
= =
The SFG of this system is shown below
L
1
G = , L G
2
= , L G
3
2
= , L L G
1 2
2
=
3 1 ( ) 1 2 G G G G G
2 2 2
= + + =
From R
1
to C
1
, at 0 R
2
= ,
P
1
G = ,

1
3 1 ( ) 1 G G = =

R
C
R
1
1
0 2 =

( )
G
G G
1 2
1
2
=

Bridge is balanced if
L
P
C R R
3 1 4
= 0.1 1.26 500 F k
# #
= 63 mH =
Similarly, at balance the unknown resistance
R
p

75
1.26 500 k
R
R R
3
1 4

#
= = 8.4 k =
The coil is represented by parallel equivalent, so quality factor is
Q
L
R
P
p
=
2 100 63
8.4
Hz mH
k
# #
= 212 =
Let Q
n
is the present state and Q
n 1 +
is next state of given X Y flip-flop.
X Y Q
n
Q
n 1 +
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0
Solving from K-map we get
Characteristic equation of X Y flip-flop is
Q
n 1 +
YQ XQ
n n
= +
Characteristic equation of a J K flip-flop is given by
Q
n 1 +
JQ KQ
n n
= +
By comparing
J Y = , K X =
Peak value of secondary voltage
V
m
400
2
800
V = =
and 30c =
Average dc voltage is given by
V
dc
(1 ) cos
V
2
m
= + (1 30 ) 118.8 cos V
2
400
c
= + =
RMS voltage
V
rms

sin
V
4 8
2
/
m
1 2
=

+
b l
400 197.1
sin
V
4
30
8
60
/ 1 2
c c
=

+ =
b l
P(none dies) (1 )(1 )... p p n = times (1 ) p
n
=
P(at least one dies) 1 (1 ) p
n
=
P(A
1
dies) {1 (1 ) }
n
p
1 n
=
Only statement (b) is false. For example
S
1
: [ ] [ ] y n x n b = + , and
S
2
: [ ] [ ] y n x n b = ,
where 0 b !
{ [ ]} S x n { { [ ]}} { [ ] } [ ] S S x n S x n b x n
2 1 2
= = + =
Hence S is linear.
For example, consider two LTI system given as
S
1
: [ ] [ ] y n nx n = and
S
2
: [ ] [ 1] y n nx n = +
If [ ] [ ] x n n = then { { [ ]}} [0] 0 S S n S
2 1 2
= = ,
{ { [ ]}} S S n
1 2
{ [ 1]} [ 1] 0 S n n
1
! = + = +
Chapter 1
EE_Practic Paper D
( ) f c l
( )
( ) ( )
1
f f
e e
1 0
1 0
c
& =
=
& c ( 1) log e =
x x
dx
I
1
= #
Put 2 sin sin cos x dx d
2
& = =
I
sin sin
sin cos
sin cos
sin cos
d d
1
2 2
2

= # #
I sin d c x c 2 2 2
1
= = + = +
#
I (2 1) sin x c
1
= +

The given equation is ( ) D D y e e
x x 3
= +

P.I. ( ) ( )
D D
e e x
D
e e
1
3 1
1 x x x x
3 2
: : =
+ =
+

( ) ( ) x e e
x
e e
3 1
1
2
x x x x
: =
+ = +

Let, I
2
cos
i
z
zdz
1
1
1
c
2
#

2.2
cos
i z z
zdz
1
1
1
1
1
c

+
b l
#
Or I
cos cos
i z
z
z
z
dz
4
1
1 1
0
c

+
=
a k
#
% Resolution 100
2 1
1
n
#
=
100 6.67%
2 1
1
4
#
=
=
The noninverting terminal is at ground level. Thus inverting terminal is also at
Page 2 EE_Practic Paper D Chapter 1
virtual ground. There will not be any current in 60 k.
A
v
10
40
400
= =
f ( ) ( ) A BC B A BC CD = + + +
AB BC ACD BCD = + + +
D
2
and D
3
are ON. If D
3
is ON, then D
1
is OFF.
v
o
5 0.6 4.4 = = V,
i
D2

.
. .
7.6
0 5
4 4 0 6
k
=

= mA
There is one forward path G G
1 2
and four loops , , G G G G G G G G G
1 4 1 2 3 1 2 5 7

and G G G G G
1 2 3 6 7
.
There is no non-touching loop.
In characteristic equation 2 s s K
3 2
+ + , the term s is missing.
Apply the feedback formula to both loop and then multiply.
( ) T s
G H
G
1
1 1
1
=
+
b l

G H
G
1
2 2
2
+
b l

G H G H G G H H
G G
1
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
=
+ + +
Number of turns
N
AB
V 2
peak
rms
=

. 2 50 20 10 1 8
2 120
4
# # # #
#
=

150 =
For a dc series motor T I
a
2
\

T
T
1
2

I
I
12
10
2
1
a
a
2 2
= =
b b l l
or T
2
. T 1 44
1
=
the percentage increment in torque is
T T 100 44%
T
T T
1
2 1
#
=

=
The following requirements have to be satisfied prior to connecting an alternator to
an already operating alternator
The line voltage of the (incoming) alternator must be equal to the constant
voltage of the already operating alternator.
The frequency of the incoming alternator must be exactly equal to that of the
already operating alternator
The phase sequence of the incoming alternator must be identical to the phase
sequence of the already operating alternator
The prime mover speed of the alternators should be different for operation.
A cage motor shows peculiar behavior at starting because the motor has a certain
relationship between the number of poles and the stator and rotor slots. For some
ratio of rotor-to-stator slots, the machine may run stably at a low speed(1/7 of the
rated speed). This phenomena is called crawling.
Detent torque/Restraining toque:
The residual magnetism in the permanent magnetic material produced.
The detent torque is defined as the maximum load torque that can be applied to
the shaft of an unexcited motor without causing continuous rotation. In case the
motor is unexcited.
The input e
/2 j n
must produce the output is the form Ae
/2 j m
. The output in this
case is e
3 /2 j n
. This violates the Eigen function property of LTI system. Therefore,
S is definitely not LTI system.
[ ] X k ( ) ,
T
A t e dt
T
A 1
/
/
jk
T
T
2
2
= =

#
10 A = , 5 T = , [ ] 2 X k =
If we go from +side of 1 k through 7 V, 6 V and 5 V, we get
v
1
7 6 5 8 = + = V
R
TH
7 9 6.52 5 6 = + =
For maximum power transfer
R
L
6.52 R
TH
= =
L
eq
L
L
M
1
2
2
=
4 2
2
4
= = H
For a star connection
V
p

V
3
L
= V Phase voltage
p
"
V line voltage
L
"
So V
p
240
3
240 3
V = =
I
p
6
R
V
40
240
A
p
p
= = =
1. BUS admittance matrix is a sparse matrix.
2. GS method is easier but it is less accurate and has a slow convergence rate
compare to NR method .So, GS method is not preferred over NR method.
3. One of the buses is taken as slack bus in power flow studies.
Deflection sensitivity 0.05 / mm V =
Spot deflection 5 mm =
Applied voltage
.
100 V
0 05
5
= =
Output of the inverters
` V
01
2 400
#
= and V 2 400
02 #
=
From the phaser diagram the output voltage is given as
V
0
[ ] cos V V V V 2
01
2
01
2
01 02
2
1
= + +
( ) (( ) ) cos 800 800 2 800 800 30
2 2
2
1
# #
c = + +
6 @
1.54 kV =
so

.
( )
0 5
500 1500
60
2
#

=

; E
. 418 67 = rad/sec
2
and T 40 Nm =
T I =
I
.
0.096
T
418 67
40
kgm
2
#
= =
Firing angle 25c =
Overlap angle 10c =
so, I
0
[ ( )] cos cos
Ls
V
m
= +
` 20 [ ( )] cos cos
Ls 2 50
230 2
25 25 10
#
c c c
= +
` Ls 0.0045 H =
V
0

cos V LsI 2
m 0
=

. .
. . cos
3 14
2 230 2 25
3 14
2 3 14 50 4 5 10 20
3
# # # # # #
c
=

. 187 73 9 = . 178 74c =
Displacement factor
V I
V I
s s
0 0
=
.
230 20
178 25 20
#
#
= . 0 78 =
Impedance Z . . j 5 10 11 2 63 4c = + =
Line current I
.
.
440 0 8
12000
36 86
#
c =
34.1 . A 36 86c =
Transmission line loss P
L
(34.1) 5 5814.05 W I R
2 2
#
= = =
Power at the sending end
P
S
12000 5814.05 17814.05 W = + =
Transmission efficiency

P
P
100
S
R
#
=

.
. %
17814 05
12000
100 67 36
#
= =
Let Base MVA is 40 MVA and Base Voltage is 11 kV, reactances on this base will
be
Generator G
1
X
G1
0.15 pu j =
Generator G
2
X
G2
0.10 0.20 pu j j
20
40
#
= =
Generator G
3
X
G3
0.10 0.20 pu j j
20
40
#
= =
Transformer T
1
X
T1
0.15 pu j =
Transformer T
2
X
T2
0.15 pu j =
Transformer T
3
X
T3
0.08 0.64 pu j j
5
40
#
= =
Line
X
Line
40
( )
0.367 pu j j
66
40
2
#
= =
Equivalent circuit diagram is shown below
Fault current
I
f

.
1.37 pu
j
j
0 729
1 0c
= =
Base current I
B
2099.45 Amp
3 11
40 1000
#
#
= =
Fault current in amperes
I
f
. . 1 37 2099 45
#
=
2.876 kA =
Positive sequence network
Equivalent positive-sequence impedance,
Z
eq 1
(0.5 0.05) | | (0.5 0.05) j = + +
6 @
0.275 pu j =
Negative sequence network
Equivalent negative-sequence impedance
Z
eq 2
0.275 pu Z j
1
= =
Zero sequence network
Equivalent zero-sequence impedance,
Z
eq 0
. . . j j j 3 0 05 0 5 0 65
#
= + =
Fault current I
f

Z Z Z
V 3
eq eq eq
f
1 2 0
=
+ +

( . . . )
( )
j
j
0 275 0 275 0 65
3 1 0
#
=
+ +
+
2.5 pu j =
The configuration is shown below
Current in voltmeter is given by
I
V
.
E
2000 2000
180
09 = = = A
I I
V
+ 2 = amp
So I . . 2 09 1 91 = = V
R
.
.
I
E
1 91
180
94 24 = = =
Ideally R
0

2
180
90 = =
% error 100
R
R R
0
0
#
=

.
90
94 24 90 100
#
=

. 4 71 = %
The meter current indicated by the instrument in the figure
I
m

R R R
E
x m
b
1
=
+ +
To obtain full-scale deflection current put R 0
x
= in above equation
I
fsd

.
k
V
0 15
1 5
=
+
100 A =
At 50% of full scale deflection
I
m

100
2
A
50 A
= =
R R R
x m 1
+ +
I
E
m
b
=
R
x
( )
I
E
R R
m
b
m 1
= +
50
1.5
15
A
V
k
=
15 k =
At 25% of full-scale deflection
I
m

100
25
A
A
4
= =
R
x

25
1.5
15
A
V
k
= 45 k =
At 75% of full scale-deflection
I
m
0.75 100 75 A A
#
= =
R
x

75
1.5
15
A
V
k
= 5 k 1 =
Duration of one cycle of input
T 0.25 sec
4
1
m = =
When the sweep frequency is 8 kHz, duration of one cycle of sweep
T
s

8
1
0.125 msec = =
no of cycles appeared on the screen
.
.
.
0 25
0 125
0 5 = =
When the sweep frequency is 8 kHz, duration of one cycle of sweep
T
s2

2
1
0.50 msec = =
no of cycles appeared on the screen
.
.
0 25
0 50
2 = =
Secondary circuit phase angle

.
.
. tan
1 3
0 8
31 6
1
c = =
b l
Turn ratio K
t

N
N
1
300
300
p
s
= = =
Magnetizing current
I
m

sin Magneti g
N
mmf
p
= N 1
p
` =
90 A
1
90
= =
Loss component
I
w

equivalent to iron loss
N
mmf
p
= 45 A
1
45
= =
Actual ratio
K
act

sin cos
K
I
I I
t
s
m w

= +
+
Put, 31.6 0.8517 31.6 0.524 cos cos sin sin and c c = = = =
K
act
300
. .
5
90 0 524 45 0 8517
# #
= +
+
317.1 =
Assume the transistor is biased in the saturation region
I
D
I
V
V
1
DSS
P
GS
2
=
b l
8m 18
.
1.17 m
V
V 1
3 5
GS
GS
2
& =
=
b l
V
V
D
15 m 8 =
^ h
0.8 8.6 k V =
^ h
V
DS
8.6 1.17 7.43 = = V
V V
GS P
1.17 ( 3.5) 2.33 = = V
V V V >
DS GS p
, Assumption is correct.
For 4.5 V
CE
= V,
.
0.5
k
I
1
5 4 5
C
=

= mA
I
B

.
0.02
25
0 5
= = mA
R
1
15 k = , 100 k R
2
=
I
R2

. ( )
0.057
k 100
0 7 5
=

= mA
I
R1
I I
R B 1
= + 0.057 0.02 0.077 = + = mA
V
1
I R V
R BE 1 1
= + (0.077)15 0.7 1.855 = + = V
For 1.0 V
CE
= V
I
C
4
k 1
5 1
=

= mA,
I
B
0.16
25
4
= = mA
I
R2
0.057 = mA
I
R1
0.057 0.16 0.217 = + = mA
V
1
(0.217)(15) 0.7 3.96 = + = V
So 1.86 3.96 V
1
# # V
Output of gate 1 is X X
o 1
Output of gate 2 is X X X
0 1 2
+
Output of gate 3 is
( ) X X X X
0 1 2 3
+ X X X X X
0 1 3 2 3
= +
Output of gate 4 would be X X X X X X
0 1 3 2 3 4
+ +
Output of gate 5 would be
X X X X X X X X X
0 1 3 5 2 3 5 4 5
+ +
So output of gate n would be
... ... ... X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
o n n n n n 1 3 5 2 3 5 4 5 7 1
+ + +

24 m
2
+ = and 128 m
2
=
On solving we get : 16 m = or 8
16 8 m
2
& = = 8 56 m
2
& = =
Case I : 16 np = and 8 npq =
& p
2
1
= and q
2
1
= and 32 n =
Case II : 8 np = and 56 npq =
& 7 q = , which is not possible.
The distribution is ( ) q p
2
1
2
1 n
32
+ = +
b l
: x 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Eulers method gives
y
n 1 +
( , ) y h x y
n n n
= + ...(i)
n 0 = in (1) gives
y
1
( , ) y hf x y
0 0 0
= +
Here x 0
0
= , y
0
1 = , . h 0 1 =
y
1
1 0.1 (0, 1) 1 0 1 f = + = + =
0 n = in (1) gives ( , ) y y hf x y
2 1 1 1
= +
1 0.1 (0.1, 1) 1 0.1(0.1) 1 0.01 f = + = + = +
Thus 1.01 y y
( . ) 2 0 2
= =
2 n = in (1) gives
y
3
( , ) 1.01 0.1 (0.2, 1.01) y hf x y f
2 2 2
= + = +
y
3
1.01 0.0202 1.0302 y
( . ) 0 3
= = + =
3 n = in (1) gives
y
3
( , ) 1.01 0.1 (0.2, 1.01) y hf x y f
2 2 2
= + = +
y
3
1.01 0.0202 1.0302 y
( . ) 0 3
= = + =
3 n = in (1) gives
y
4
( , ) 1.0302 0.1 (0.3, 1.0302) y hf x y f
3 3 3
= + = +
1.0302 0.03090 = +
y
4
1.0611 y
( . ) 0 4
= =
Hence y
( . ) 0 4
1.0611 =
Response of the overall system is given as
( ) h t ( ) ( ) h t h t
1 2
=
*
( ) h t [ ( ) ( 4)] u t u t
t
4
2
rect =

* b l

t
4
2
rect a

b l
( ) ( 4) u t u t = so
( ) h t [ ( ) ( 4)] ( ) ( 4) u t u t u t u t =
*
[ ( ) ( ) ( ) 4( 4) ( 4) ( ) u t u t u t t u t u t =
* * *
( 4) ( 4)] u t u t +
*
( ) ( ) u t u t a
*
( ) t ramp =
so, ( ) h t [ ( ) ( 4) ( 4) ( 8)] t t t t ramp ramp ramp ramp = +
( ) G t ramp(t) 2ramp(t 4) ramp(t 8) = +
Here [ : ] A B
:
:
:
1
3
7
4
8
8
7
2
26
14
13
5
=
R
T
S
S
S
S
V
X
W
W
W
W

:
:
:
1
0
7
4
20
20
7
23
23
14
29
93
=
R
T
S
S
S
S
V
X
W
W
W
W

R R
R R
R
R 3
2 1
3 1
2
3
&
&
f p

:
:
:
1
0
7
4
20
0
7
23
0
14
29
64
=
R
T
S
S
S
S
V
X
W
W
W
W
R R R
3 2 3
&
^ h
( : ) A B 3 & ( ) 2 A = = ,
( ) A ( : ) A B !
Thus system is inconsistent i.e. has no solution.
Since ( ) x t is real and odd, [ ] X k is purely imaginary and odd. Therefore [ ] [ ] X k X k =
and [0] 0 X = . Since { ] 0 X k = for 1 k > , they only unknown coefficient are [1] X
and [ 1] X
( )
T
x t dt
1
T
2
# [ ] X k
k
2
=
3
3
=
/
For ( ), ( ) x t x t dt
2
1 2
0
2
# [ ] X k
k
2
1
1
=
=
/
& [ ] [ ] X X 1 1
2 2
+ 1 = ,
2 [ ] X 1
2
1 =
[1] X [ 1] X
j
2
= = or [1] [ 1] X X
j
2
= =

Thus there are two solutions
( ) x t
1
sin
j
e
j
e t
2 2
2
2 2
j t j t
2 2
= =

b b l l
( ) x t
2
sin
j
e
j
e t
2 2
2
j t j t
2
2
2
2
= + =

b b l l
For a separately excited dc generator, terminal voltage is
V
t
E I R
a a a
=
So the external characteristic is
For a shunt generator
For a series excited generator
For over-compound generator
For speed of 00 r 3 pm frequency is
f
1
15 Hz
n P
120 120
300 6
m #
= = =
For the speed of 1000 rpm frequency is
f
2
50 Hz
n P
120 120
1000 6
m #
= = =
The armature current at rated conditions is
I
a
.
kW
A
3 480 1
100
120 3
# #
= =
The phase voltage is
V
t
480/ 277 V 3 = =
The internal generated voltage is
E
a
( ) ( ) cos sin V I R V I X
t a a t a s
2 2
= +
E
a
( ) ( . . ) 277 1 0 277 0 120 3 1 5
2 2
# # #
= +
. V 330 6 =
E
a
decreases linearly with frequency, so at the speed of 00 r 3 pm(i.e 15 Hz)
E
, a 300
( . ) 9.
Hz
Hz
V
50
15
330 6 9 18 = =
For s
1
,

1 2 3 4
+ 90 tan tan tan
2
3
1
3
180
1
3 1 1 1
c = +

b l
70.65 , c =+ So s
1
is not on root locus.
For , s
2

1 2 3 4
+ 90 tan
2 2
1 1
c =
tan 180
2 2
1 1

c m
180c = , So s
2
in on root locus.
(0 ) i
L
+
0 = ,
(0 ) v
L
+
4 12 8 = =

( )
dt
dv
25
1
0
L
+
(0 ) 0 i
L
= =
+
3,
2
6
= =

0

/ 1 1 25
1
5
#
= =
3 3 4 j 9 25 ! ! = =
( ) v t 12 ( 4 4 ) cos sin A t B t e
t 3
= + +

(0) v
L
8 12 A = = + ,
& 4 A =

( )
dt
dv 0
L
0 3 4 A B = = + ,
& 3 B =
( ) e
step
3 1 , CA B
1
= +

A
1

2
1
3
1
0
=

> H
( ) e
step
3 1 1 1
2
1
3
1
0
0
1
+

8 > >
B H H 1
3
1
3
2
= =
( ) e
ramp
3 ( ) ( ) lim CA B t C A B 1
t
1 1 2
= + +
"3

6 @
1 CA B
1
+

3
2
= ,
( ) e
ramp
3 ( ) lim t C A B
3
2
t
1 2
3 = + =
"3
: D
The phase voltage of the alternator
5773 volts
3
10000
= =
Let % x be the percent winding which remains unprotected. The voltage of the
unprotected portion of the winding
V
unprotected
5773
100
x
=
a k
Since the resistance in the neutral is 10 ohms the fault current will be
I
f
5773
100 10
1
amp
x
=
a b k l
.
The current in the pilot wires will be with a CT of 1000/5 amps ratio
I
pilot
5773
100 10
1
1000
5
amps
x
=
a b b k l l
and this current should be equal to 1.8 amps for the operation of the relay.
5773
100 10
1
1000
5 x
a b b k l l
. 1 8 =
or x 5773 . 3 6 10
5
#
=
x
.
. %
5 773 10
36 10
62 36
3
4
#
#
= =
To protect 80% of the winding, the unprotected portion is 20%. The voltage of the
unprotected portion
V
unprotected
5773 0.2 1154.6 volts
#
= =
Let R be the minimum value of the earthing resistance; the fault current will be
I
f

.
amp
R
1154 6
=
The fault current through the pilot wire will be
I
f

.
1000
5
amp
R
1154 6
=
b l
This should equal the operating current of 1.8 amp
or
.
1000
5
R
1154 6
b l
. 1 8 =
or R
1800
5 1154.6
. 3 20
#
= =
The field current I
f
120/160 0.75 A = =
At no-load condition :
Armature current I
, a nL
2 0.75 1.25 A = =
Induced Emf E
, a nL
120 1.25 0.4 119.5 V
#
= =
The power developed at no load accounts for the rotational loss in the motor.
From full-load data :
Armature current I
, a fL
14.75 0.75 14 A = =
Induced Emf E
, a fL
120 14 0.4 114.4 V
#
= =
Speed N
fL
2400 rpm =
Hence, the no-load speed:
N
nL
N
E
E
,
,
fL
a fL
a nL
#
=
2400
.
.
2507 rpm
114 4
119 5
.
#
=
With external resistance in the armature circuit and no change in the torque
developed
Armature current I
a
14 A I
, a fL
= =
Induced Emf E
a
120 14 (0.4 3.6) 64 V
#
= + =
Power developed P
d
64 14 896 W
#
= =
Speed in this condition
N
m
N
E
E
fL
a fL
an
#
=

.
2400 1343 rpm
114 4
64
.
#
=
Developed Power at no-load
P
, d nL
119.5 1.25 149.38 W
#
= =
Rotational loss after adding the external resistance
P
r

N
N
P
,
nL
m
d nL #
=
149.38 80 W
2507
1343
#
= =
The power output and the efficiency are
P
out
896 80 816 W = =
Input power P
in
14.75 120 1770 W
#
= =

P
P
100
in
out
#
=
. %
1770
816
100 46 1
#
= =
5 0c + i j
j
i
j
4 1 1
4
1
4
1 2
= + +
b b l l
& (8 15) (4 ) j i j i
1 2
+ 20 0 + = ...(i)
10 30c + i j
j
i
j
1 4 1
4
1
4
2 1
= + +
b b l l
& (4 ) (8 15) j i j i
1 2
+ 40 30c + = ...(ii)
[(8 15) (4 ) ] i j j
1
2 2
+ (20 0)(8 15) (40 30 )(4 ) j j c + + = +
( 176 248) i j
1
+ 41.43 414.64 j = +
& i
1
1.03 0.9 1.37 41.07 j + = =
i
2

( )( . . )
j
j j
4
8 15 1 03 0 9 20 0c +
=
+
0.076 2.04 j = +
& i
2
2.04 92.13c + =
Chapter 1
EE_Practic Paper E
Observations in ascending order are 3 , 3, 1 , 0, 2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6.
Number of observations is 14, which is even.
Median
2
1
= [7 then term 8 + the term] (2 5) 3.5
2
1
= + =

x
v
2
2
2 ( , ), 2 ( , ) y h x y
y
v
x g x y
2
2
= = = =
by Milnes Method ( ) f z l ( , 0) ( , 0) 2 0 2 g z ih z z i z = + = + =
On integrating ( ) f z z c
2
= +
Let I
e
dx
e
e dx
1 1
x x
x
=
# #

t
dt
= # Putting 1 e t e dx dt
x x
& = =

(1 ) log log t e
x
= =

( ) f x l 3 12 c x k
2
= +
( ) f c l 0 = 3 12 0 c c k
2
& + =
& c
k k
6
12 144 12
36
144 12
3
1
&
!
=

=
& 144 12k 12 11 k & = = .
It is positive feedback system. So on real axis root locus will exist to the left of even
number of pole and zeroes. Plot will start from pole and end on zeroes. Option (A)
satisfies this condition.
Closed loop transfer function
( ) T s
( ) ( )
( )
K s K
K s
1 3 4
4
2
2
=
+ +
The system can be only marginally stable.

Page 2 EE_Practic Paper E Chapter 1
P
1
5 3 2 30
# #
= = ,
3 1 (3 3) 10
#
= = ,
1
3 1, =

R
C
3
10
30
= =
During positive cycle when 8 v <
i
V, both diode are OFF v v
o i
= . For 8 v >
i
V,
8 v
o
= V, D
1
is ON. During negative cycle when 6 v <
i
V, both diode are OFF,
v v
o i
= . For 6 v >
i
V, D
2
is on 6 v
o
= V.
2 1 x x
2
+ + 64 5 8 2
#
= + +
& x 7 =
Here T is, T 1 Q Q T
n n
& = + = (always)
So, output will toggle at each clock pulse.
The output sequence is 010101010...
Frequency of output is
f
2
i
The conduction loss v/s MOSFET current characteristics of a power MOSFET is
best approximated by a parabola.
Output of this
Here the inductor makes T
1
and T
3
in ON because current passing through T
1
and
T
3
is more than the holding current.
Wagner earth connection eliminates the capacitance existing between the detector
terminal and ground.
a f 50 Hz =
So total time 20
f
1
50
1
msec = = =
Conduction time for each feedback diode in a cycle is being given by
t
conduction
2.5
8
20
msec = =
Frequency of vertical input
f
y

tan
tan
Vertical gencies
Horizontal gencies
f
x #
=
Where f
x
is the frequency of horizontal input
f
y
1, 000 2, 500 Hz
2
5
#
= =
Systematic errors may be instrumental error, environmental error or observational
errors.
After killing all source equivalent resistance is R
Open circuit voltage v
1
=
( ) v t
C
( ) [ (0) ( )] v v v e
C C C
RC
t
3 3 = +

0 (10 0)e
t
= +

V 10e
t
=

V
Z Z
1 4
Z Z
3 2
=
300Z
4
(300 600)(200 100) j j = +
& Z
4
400 300 j =
( ) X s ( ) ( ) x t e dt u t e dt 2
st st
0 0
= = +
3 3

# #
e dt
s
1 st
0
= =
3
#
( ) y t ( ) ( 2 ) x
t
Y j e X j
2
2 j2
& =

=

b l
& ( ) Y j
sin e
2
2 2
j2
=

sin e 2
j2
=

The function 1 does not describe the given pulse. It can be shown as follows :
Emf
E
1
4.44 volts B A f N
m c 1 # # #
=
or 400 . B 4 44 50 10 50 350
m
4
# # # # #
=

so B
m
1.0296 T =
ASCR implied Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced conductor which are mostly
used in overhead transmission lines.
The positive sequence impedance of a transformer is equal to its leakage reactance.
Transformer is a static device so the leakage impedance does not change with changes
in phase sequence of appliead voltages. Thus the negative sequence impedance is
also equal to its leakage reactance.
I
L

100
500
5 = = A,
V
L
100 5 = V
I
s
10
100
1000
= = A,
V
1
100 4 10 60
#
= = V
P
25
1000 500 10 4 100
2
#
= = W
I
2
2
25
100
= = A,
I
2
bI
1
=
I
2
2 b 5 = = ,
b 0.89
5
2
= =
In center mesh, 25 aV I
b
V
L
1 2
= +
60a 2 25
/
5
d
a
5
100 5
60
300
&
#
= + = =
[ ] x n
1
is right-sided signal
2, z z
2
1
> >
1 1
gives 2 z >
1
[ ] x n
2
is left-sided signal
2, z z
2
1
< <
2 2
gives z
2
1
<
2
[ ] x n
3
is double sided signal
z
2
1
>
3
and 2 z <
3
gives 2 z
2
1
< <
3
At no load
Load Current I
nL
5 A =
Field current I
, f nL
1.1 A
200
220
= =
Armature current I
, a nL
5 1.1 3.9 A I I
, nL f nL
= = =
Back emf E
, a nL
V I R
, t a nL a
=
220 3.9 0.3 218.83 V
#
= =
At load
Load current I
L
40 A =
When the load is connected field current would be reduced by 2.5%, so I
f
is taken
as 1.0725 (2.5% ) A less instead of 1.1 A.
Field current I
f
1. A 0725 =
Armature current I
a
38.9 A I I
L f
= =
Back emf E
a
V I R
t a a
=
. . 208.33 V 220 38 9 0 3
#
= =

E
E
, a nL
a

I n
I n
, f nL nL
f
#
#
=
or n n
I
I
E
E ,
, f
f nL
a nL
a
0 # #
=
1, 000
.
.
.
.
976 rpm
1 0725
1 1
218 33
208 33
# #
= =
For the plant

P
(0.6) 53.13 ( ) cos lag
1
c = =
Complex power
S
P
100 . 60 80 kVA j 53 13c = = +
For the synchronous motor

m
(0.5) 60 ( ) cos lead
1
c = =
S
m

.
20 kVA
0 5
10
= =
Thus, S
m
20 10 17.32 kVA j 60c = =
The overall power requirements are
S
total
S S
P m
= +
( . ) j 60 10 80 17 32 = + +
or S
total
93.96 . kVA 41 84c =
and the power factor is
pf (41.84 ) 0.74 cos lagging c = =
As shown on the figure
Phase voltage on primary side (Y )
V
PY

3
6600
= V
On the secondary side (T) line voltage and phase voltage will be same that is
V
P
V
3 12
6600
L
#
= =
V
Phase current on secondary side
I
P
10 12 120 A
#
= =
Line current on secondary side
I
L
120 3 = A
Output kVA 120 3
3 12
6600
3
#
# #
=
. 66 3 114 3 = = kVA
The current I
main
and I
aux
are shown in the following figure
The impedance angle of the main winding is

main

.
.
. tan
4 5
3 7
39 6
1
c = =
b l
To produce 90c phase difference between the currents in the main and auxiliary
winding, the impedance angle of the auxiliary winding circuit (including the starting
capacitor) must be
39.6 90.0 . 50 4 c c c = =
The combined impedance of the auxiliary winding and starting capacitor is equal
to
Z
total
9.5 (3.5 ) Z jX j X
aux C C
= + = + +
Where X
C
1
C
= is the reactance of the capacitor to be added.

.
.
tan
X
9 5
3 5
C 1 +
b l
. 50 4c =

.
. X
9 5
3 5
C
+
( . ) . tan 50 4 1 21 c = =
or X
C
1.21 9.5 3.5 15.0
#
= =
The capacitance C is then
C
( . )
177 F
X
1
377 15 0
1
C #

=

=
=
The power flow diagram is
Air-gap power P
ag
P P
in SCL
=
40 1.5 38.5 kW kW kW = =
Rotor copper loss P
RCL
sP
ag
=
0.04 38.5 1.54 kW
#
= =
Developed power P
d
P P
ag RCL
=
38.5 1.54 36.96 kW = =
P
out
P P
d r
=
36.96 0.8 36.16 kW = =
Efficiency
.
0.904
P
P
40
36 16
in
out
= = =
Given circuit
Convert delta-to-star(i.e in star each impedance is 15/3 5 /phase = )
Impedances in parallel per phase

( )
j
j
5 8 6
5 8 6
+ +
+

j
j
j
j j
13 6
40 30
13 6
13 6
205
700 50
#
=
+
+
=
+
. . . . j 3 41 0 732 3 49 12 1c = + =
Total impedance per phase
Z 2 5 3.41 0.73 j j = + + +
5.41 5.73 7.88 . j 46 65c = + =
Current drawn at supply
I
.
/
8.06 A
7 88
110 3
= =
Line-to-line voltage
V
2
. . 48.72 V 3 8 06 3 49
# #
= =
The admittance diagram is shown below:
Y
11
. . j j j j 0 5 5 5 10 5 = = ;
Y
22
0.5 2.5 5 8.0 j j j j = =
Y
33
. . . j j j j j 0 5 5 10 2 5 18 0 = = ;
Y
44
. j j j j 5 10 5 20 0 = =
Y
12
Y 0 21 = = ; 5.0 Y Y j
13 31
= = ; . Y Y j5 0 14 41 = =
Y
23
2.5 Y j
32
= = ; 5 Y Y j
24 42
= = ; 10.0 Y Y j
34 43
= =
Hence the bus admittance matrix is given by
Y
BUS

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
10 5
0
5 0
5 0
0
8 0
2 5
5 0
5 0
2 5
18 0
10 0
5 0
5 0
10 0
20 0
=
R
T
S
S
S
S
SS
V
X
W
W
W
W
WW
Let the base MVA is 6 MVA.
Per-unit impedance of transformer
X
T
. . j 0 01 0 08 = +
Per-unit impedance of each feeder
X
F

( )
( )
(0.04958 0.09916) pu
j
j
33
9 18 6
2
#
=
+
= +
Per-unit impedance of load
X
L

.
.
.
j
j
5 8
0 2 6
0 207
#
= =
Thus, equivalent impedance diagram of the system is shown below
Equivalent impedance upto fault point
Z
( ) eq pu
( . . ) ( . . ) (0.01 0.08) j j j 0 04958 0 09916 0 04958 0 09916 = + + + +
8 B
( . . ) ( . . ) j j 0 02479 0 04958 0 01 0 08 = + + +
Z
( ) eq pu
(0.03479 0.12958) 0.13417 . pu j 74 97c = + =
Short-circuit rating of circuit breaker

.
44.72
Base MVA
MVA
Z 0 13417
6
( ) eq pu
= = =
Given Synchronous generator of 500 MW, 21 kV, 50 Hz, 3-, 2-pole
0.9 pf = , Moment of inertia 27.5 10 M
3
#
= kg-m
2
Inertia constant H ? =
Generator rating in MVA
G
.
500
555.56
cos
P
0 9
MW
MVA
= = =
N 3000
2
120 50
pole
120 f
# #
= = = rpm
Stored K.E
2
2
1
2
1
60
M M
N 2
2

= =
b l
27.5 10
2
1
60
2 3000
MJ
3
# # #
#
=
b l
1357.07 MJ =
Inertia constant ( ) H
Rating of Generator (MVA)
Stored K.E
=
H
.
.
555 56
1357 07
=
2.44 sec =
( ) T s
( ) ( )
( )
s s s K s K
K s
3 3 3 2 4
2
4 3 2
=
+ + + +
+
Routh table is shown below
s
4
1 3 2 4 K
s
3
3 3 K+
s
2
( ) K
3
12
+ 2 4 K
s
1
( )
K
K K
12
33
+
+
s
0
2 4 K

( )
0
K
3
12
>
+
12 K < &
2 4 0 K > 2 K > & and 33 K > ,
These condition can not be met simultaneously. System is unstable for any value
of K.
1. Over damped response (a, b)
Poles : Two real and different on negative real axis.
2. Under damped response (c)
Poles : Two complex in left half plane
Poles : Two complex in left half plane
3. Undamped response (d)
Poles : Two imaginary
4. Critically damped (e)
Poles : Two real and same on negative real axis.
For full scale deflection current 100 mA
I
fsd1
100 mA =
V
m
100 1 100 A k mV I R
m m

#
= = =
I
1
I I
sh m 1
= +
I
sh1
I I
m 1
= 100 I I mA
fsd 1 1
` = =
100 100 99.9 mA A mA = =
R
s

.
1.001
mA
mV
I
V
99 9
100
sh
m
1
1
= = =
Now for full scale deflection current of 1 A
I
fsd2
1 A =
V
m
100 mV I R
m m
= =
I
sh2
I I
m 2
= 1 I I A
fsd 2 2
` = =
1 100 999.9 A A mA = =
R
s

.
0.10001
mA
mV
I
V
999 9
100
sh
m
2
= = =
Ratio
R
R
sh
sh
2
1

.
.
10
0 10001
1 001
= =
Secondary circuit phase angle

.
. tan
1 5
1
33 69
1
c = =
b l
cos 3 .6 0.8 cos 3 9 32 c = = , and
or, sin 3 .6 . sin 3 9 0 555 c = =
Turn ratio K
t

N
N
1
300
300
p
s
= = =
Magnetizing current
I
m
90
sin Magneti g
A
N
mmf
1
100
p
= = =
Secondary circuit burden impedance ( . ) ( . ) . 1 5 1 0 1 8
2 2
= + =
Secondary induced voltage
E
s
5 1.8 9 V
#
= =
Primary induced voltage
E
p

9 E
300 300
s
= =
Loss component I
w

iron loss
E
p
=
( / )
.
40
9 300
1 2
A = =
Phase angle
cos sin
K I
I I 180
t s
m w

=

b l

. . 180
300 5
100 0 832 40 0 555
#
# #
=

b l
2.34c =
Let 3 k R
1
= , 6 k R
2
= , 50 nF C =

R
sC
v
R
v v
1
i i o
1
2
+

b l
0 =
&
sR C
R
v
R
v
1
i i
1
1 2
+
+
b l
v
o
=
( ) v
R
R
sR C 1 1
i
1
2
1
+ +
: D
v
o
=

R
v
R R sR R C
i
1
2 1 1 2
+ +
6 @
v
o
=

v
v
i
o

R
R R
R R
sR R C
1
1
2 1
1 2
1 2
=
+
+
+
: D
&
v
v
i
o
(1 ( ) )
R
R
s R R C 1
1
2
1 2
= + +
b l
f
dB 3

( ) R R C 2
1
1 2
=

( )
(
1.59 kHz
2 50
1
2 2
1
3k 6k n
k)50n

= = =
Since the DC gate current is zero, v V
s GSQ
=
I
DQ
( ) I K V V
Q n GSQ TN
2
= =
& 0.5 1( 0.8) V
GSQ
2
=
V
GSQ
1.51 V v
s
= =
V
DSQ
5 (0.5 )(7 ) ( 1.51) 3.01 m k = = V
The transistor is therefore biased in the saturation region.
The small-signal equivalent circuit is shown below
v
o
(7 ) g v k
m gs
=
v
gs
, (7 ) v
v
v
A g k
i
i
o
v m
= = =
g
m
2 ( ) K V V
n GS TN
=
2(1 ) m = (1.51 0.8) 1.42 = mS
A
v
(1.42 )(7 ) m k = 9.9 =
Let Q
n
is the present state and Q
n 1 +
is next state of given X Y flip-flop.
X Y Q
n
Q
n 1 +
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0
Solving from K-map we get
Characteristic equation of X Y flip-flop is
Q
n 1 +
YQ XQ
n n
= +
Characteristic equation of a J K flip-flop is given by
Q
n 1 +
JQ KQ
n n
= +
By comparing
J Y = , K X =
Required error in MSB / 1 2 # LSB
Let % x ! is the tolerance in resistance

R
V
R
x
V
1
100
+
a k

R
V
2
1
2
n 1
#

x
x
1
100
1
100
1
+
+
a
a
k
k

2
1
n
#
2
x
100
n
#
1 , (2 1) 1
x x
100 100
n
# # +
x 100
2 1
1
n
#
#

MVI A, DATA1 ; DATA1 " A
ORA A ; Set flag
JM DSPLY ; If negative jump to DSPLY
OUT PORT1 ; A " PORT1
DSPLY : CMA ; Complament A
ADI 01H ; A + 1 " A
OUT PORT1 ; A " PORT1
HLT
This program displays the absolute value of DATA1. If DATA is negative, it
determine the 2s complements and display at PORT1.
Equation x A B = is consistent only if ( ) ( ) A A B : =
Otherwise system is said to be inconsistent i.e. possesses no solution. Now,
[ : ] A B
:
:
:
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
6
10
12
=
R
T
S
S
S
S
V
X
W
W
W
W

1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
6
4
2
=
R
T
S
S
S
S
V
X
W
W
W
W

R R
R R
R
R
2 1
3 1
2
3
&
&
f p

1
0
0
1
1
0
1
2
3
6
4
2
=
R
T
S
S
S
S
V
X
W
W
W
W
( ) R R R
3 2 3
&
& ( : ) A B 3 =
As one of the minor 0
1
0
0
1
1
0
6
4
2
!
Now, system is inconsistent if
( ) A ( : ) A B ! i.e. ( ) 3 A !
It is possible only when 3 0 = i.e. 3 =
: x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
On calculation we get
( ) f x x y
2
=
( ) f x
1
. 0 1996 =
( ) f x
2
. 0 3937 =
( ) f x
3
. 0 5689 =
Using predictor formula
y
( ) p
4
(2 2 ) y h f f f
3
4
0 1 2 3
= + +
Here 0.2 h =
y
( ) p
4

.
[ (. ) (. ) (. )] 0
3
0 8
2 1996 3937 2 5689 = + +
y
( ) c
4
( 4 ), y
h
f f f
3
*
2 2 3 3
= + +
f
*
4
( , ) (. , . ) . f x y f 8 0 3049 07070
( ) p
4 4
= = =
y
( ) c
4
. [. (. ) . ] . 0795
30
2
3937 4 5689 7070 3046 = + + + =
RMS value of fundamental component is
V
rms 1
10.8 V
V
2
2
dc
= = 24 V V
dc
=
RMS harmonic voltage V
, ,
/
n
n
2
3 5 7
1 2
rms
=
3
=
; E
/
[12 (10.8) ] V V
/
rms 0
2
1
2 2 2 1 2
= =
5.23 V =
Total harmonic distortion (THD)
THD
V
V
1
,
/
rms
n
n
1
2
2 3
1 2
rms
=
3
=
; E
/

V
V V
1
0
2
1
2
rms
rms
=
-
THD
.
.
. . %
10 8
5 23
0 484 48 4 = = =
We have, RMS value of fundamental component
V
rms 1
10.8 V
V
2
2
dc
= =
The lowest harmonic is third harmonic. Third harmonic voltage is
V
rms 3
3.6 V
V
3 2
2
dc
= = 24 V V
dc
=
HF for the third harmonic
HF
3

.
.
33.33%
V
V
10 8
3 6
rms
rms
1
3
= = =
DF of the third harmonic
DF
3

( / )
.
. /
0.037 3.7%
V
V 3
10 8
3 6 9
rms
rms
1
3
2
= = = =
The incremental fuel cost of G
1

dP
dC
1
1
2 0.01P
1
= +
2

dP
dC
1
2
2 0.02P
2
= +
For optimum load division the two incremental costs should be equal, that is

dP
dC
1
1

dP
dC
1
2
=
. P 2 0 01
1
+ . P 2 0 02
2
= +
P
1
P 2
2
= ...(i)
Total load by the two generators
P P
1 2
+ 450 = ...(ii)
From of equation (i) and (ii), we get
P
1
300 , 150 MW P MW
2
= =
1

dP
dC
1
1
2 0.01P
1
= +
2 0.01 300 5 / Rs MWh
#
= + =
2

dP
dC
1
2
2 0.02P
2
= +
2 0.02 150 5 / Rs MWh
#
= + =
Hence the incremental fuel cost of the plant for most economic operation is 5 Rs/
MWh.
x
2
o
5s x u
4
21
2 2
= + ,
x
1
o
x
2
= ,
y 5 4 x x
1 2
= +

x
x
1
2
o
o
> H
x
x
u
0
5
1
4
21
0
1
1
2
=

+
> > > H H H , y
x
x
5 4
1
2
=
8
>
B
H
O
M

C
CA
5
20
4
1
= =
> > H H
det 0 O
M
= . Thus system is not observable
C
M
B AB
0
1
1
4
21
= =

8 > B H
det 1 C
M
= . Thus system is controllable.
Generator G
1
:
Voltage drop per ampere 1 A
40
280 240
=

=
Let output current is I
G1
, then output voltage will be
V
G1
280 1 I
G1
#
=
Generator G
2
:
Voltage drop per ampere 1.2 A
50
300 240
=

=
Let output current is I
G2
, then output voltage will be
V
G2
1. I 300 2
G2
#
=
For parallel operation, output of each generator would be same i.e.
V
G1
V
G2
=
280 1 I
G1
#
1. I 300 2
G2
#
=
or . I I 1 2
G G 1 2
+ 20 = ...(i)
Total current delivered
I I
G G 1 2
+ 60 = ...(ii)
Solving equation (i) and (ii) we get
I
G1
23.6 A = and 36. A I 4
G2
=
So the output voltage
V
G1
256.4 V V
G2
= =
P
G1
256.4 23.6 6.05 V I kW
G G 1 1
#
= = =
P
G2
256.4 . . V I 36 4 9 3 kW
G G 2 2
#
= = =
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Chapter 1

It is given that power factor has to be changed to 0.866, so

and, tan tan30

SOL 1.34 Option ( ) is correct.

Page 11 EE_Practic Paper A Chapter 1

SOL 1.3 Option (C) is correct.

SOL 1.4 Option (C) is correct.

unity gain bandwidth

SOL 1.35 Option (D) is correct.

SOL 1.3 Option (B) is correct.

The system can be only marginally stable.

= is the reactance of the capacitor to be added.

SOL 1.45 Option (C) is correct.

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