Gregor Mendel and Genetics

Gregor Mendel was a Swiss Monk

who studied genetic traits in Pea
Plants
Inheritance
We each inherit 2 forms of each gene
1 from each parent in the sex cells or
gametes (sperm and egg)
The genes code for the same traits (eyes,
ears, fingers) but variations of those traits
Blue or Brown eyes, hairy knuckles, non-hairy
knuckles, sickle cell /non-sickle cell
These variants are called alleles
Types of Inheritance
Complete dominance:
One allele is dominant over the other
inheriting only one dominant allele will show
this trait
The other allele is considered recessive
one needs to inherit this variant from both
parents
Eye color
Eye color is a complete dominance
inheritance pattern:
Brown is represented by B
Blue is represented by b
The genotype of a person with brown
eyes could be: BB or Bb
One B from each parent and
a second B or b from each parent
The phenotype of BB or Bb is brown eyes

Heterozygous and Homozygous
If both copies of the allele are the same,
one is considered to be homozygous for
that trait (BB OR bb)
If one has two different alleles for a gene
one is considered to be heterozygous for
that trait (Bb)
Mendels Laws
Law of Independent Assortment
Genes are usually inherited independent of
each other (so you can be tall and blond, etc)
Mendel used Pea plants he saw that each
trait (flower color, height, seed color, seed
shape) were all inherited separately from
each other
Law of Segregation The genes are
separated into gametes (sex cells) and
reunited during fertilization
Seed Shape

Pod Shape

Other Inheritance patterns
Co-Dominance neither gene is completely
dominant blood typing type A, B, AB or i or
type O

X- linked traits carried on the X chromosome
Womens genotype is XX ( and X from each
parent)
Men are XY X from the mother, Y from father
tend to be more likely in men because they
have only 1 X-chromosome.
X- linked traits

Women can be carriers
because they can have an
X chromosome that
doesnt have the trait

The trait wont show but
they can pass it on
Diagramming X-Linkage
XX
XX
XX
XY
YX
XY
Female
Male
Will show Trait
X-Chromosome/ Y Chromosome

Punnett Squares

A heterozygous
parent has
genotype:
Bb
A parent
homozygous for
blue eyes has
genotype:
bb
\

\

\

\

Genetics is about Probabilities
Bb x bb
Look at the boxes that
show all of the
possible results:
BB =
Bb/bB =
Bb =
Genotype what their
allele distribution is:


Phenotype
probabilities- what
they will look like:
Heterozygous black guinea pigs are mated to
homozygous white guinea pigs. Do the
punnett square for this cross. (Use B for
black and b for white)





Genotype Ratios
% BB
%Bb
%bb
Phenotype Ratios
% Black
% White

Genetics Is Probabilities
Each mating is a new
throw of the dice
Every time it is the
same
Women are XX
Men are XY
XY x XX
What are the chances
of having a boy?



Monohybrid Crosses
When we look at the inheritance patterns
of a single gene we call this a monohybrid
cross
When we look at the inheritance patterns
of two genes at the same time we call this
a dihybrid cross
How we indicate a X-linked trait
We use a regular X with a subscript
Indicator letter:
Hemophilia is indicated
As
X
h
- it is recessive
X
h
Y This male will have hemophilia
X
h
X This female will not have hemophilia
Hemophilia X-linked trait
Hemophilia is a disease of bleeding.
Why is it called an X-linked trait?


X
h
to show that the gene for hemophilia
is on the chromosome.
Other Inheritance Patterns:

Co Dominance Neither trait is fully
dominant over the other (usually found in
Blood Types)
Incomplete dominance There is some
blending in the resulting traits found in
fur and feather color in some animals:
There is a breed of chickens called blues
crossing a black
Carriers
Hemophilia is a recessive gene it
needs to be on both X chromosomes for
a female to have the disorder. If only 1
chromosome has it she is a Carrier
We indicate a carrier this way:
XX
h
Notice only 1 of the X
chromosomes carries the disorder
X
h
X
h -
Female who HAS the disorder
Females are Carriers
Why cant males be carriers?


We indicate a male with hemophilia this
way:
X
h
Y


Dihybrid Crossing
What happens when you look at 2 different
traits?
When Mendel looked at the inheritance
of two separate traits, he discovered that
the outcome for each trait was unchanged
from his examination of individual traits.
He determined that most traits are
inherited independently of others. This
became his Principle of Independent
Assortment
There are 4 different
ways that the alleles
for the seed color and
seed shape can be
combined.
RY rY Ry ry
These 4 possible
combinations can
result in 16 different
genotypes



R = Round r = wrinkled
Y = Yellow y = green
Of the sixteen possible outcomes:

How many are round and yellow?


How many are wrinkled and yellow?

How many are round and green?


How many are wrinkled and green?

Which color is dominant? __________

Which shape is dominant?

________________________



Punnett squares
A female carrier and
a normal male:
Female carrier
______

Normal Male

_________














Phenotype Ratios:

Affected Males:
Female carriers
Affected Females
Genotype Ratios:
XY _____
Xhx _____
XX_____
XhXh___


Probability of having a child with hemophilia
Pedigrees
Which are the males?

Which are the females?

Which is the unaffected
family member?

What kind of inheritance
is this?



= affected
female
= unaffected
female
= affected
male
= unaffected
male
Solving a Pedigree Problem
A)What are the likely
genotypes of III1 and III2?


B) What are the likely
genotypes of offspring of III1
and III2?
The black hair of guinea pigs is produced by a dominant gene B
and white by its recessive allele b.
Assume that II1 and II4 do not carry the recessive allele.
Using this hint Use text boxes to write the
genotypes that you can determine