Chapter 1.

ANCHORING
1. Read the following text and try to guess the meaning of the new words and phrases from the
context
Ships may anchor either in the open roadstead or in the inner harbour. To bring the ship to anchor, it
is necessary to slacken speed and stop the engine at the proper time. Both anchors must be ready to let go.
The ship may ride to one or two anchors. If there is a strong wind, it is necessary to bring her head up into
the wind. In case there is a strong tidal stream or current the ship should be stem on to the current. When the
ship is near her intended place, she is given a little sternway with the engine (if there is no wind or current
and one anchor is dropped, then the anchor chain is paid out, and, if necessary, the other anchor is let go.
When the chain is !brought up", that is when the vessel has come to rest in water, the brake is set as tight as
possible.
The scope of chain to be paid out depends on many factors, such as the si#e of the ship, the weather
and tide conditions, the $uality of the holding ground. It is the captain or the officer of the watch (%%W
who must determine how much of chain is to be paid out in each case. &sually, a length of chain e$ual to
about five times the depth of water is sufficient.
When the ship has been anchored, the watch officer takes the anchorage bearings. 'e also sees that
the soundings are taken at the anchorage and enters into the log book both the bearings and soundings. Then
he marks the ship(s position on the chart.
When the vessel is at anchor at night one or more men are posted on anchor watch. It is their duty
under the officer of the watch to see to the security of the ship, to see that there is sufficient room for the
vessel to swing with the tide without striking another vessel.
. Role!play the following dialogues and then wor" out and perform dialogues of your own.
.1. #ialogue 1
$ % $ilot& C % Captain
)* In an hour(s time we will approach the port. +s it(s ebb time now we shall have to wait for the tide in the
outer roadstead. The depths in the entrance to port are not sufficient for our draft.
,* 'ow long shall we wait for the tide-
)* We will have to wait until sunset.
,* Shall we have to anchor or may we make fast to the mooring buoys there-
)* There are no mooring buoys there. we(ll have to anchor half a mile off/shore.
,* What landmarks will we have there for the anchorage-
)* There is a conspicuous water tower on the coast, which should be kept on bearing 012 and the lighthouse
at the port entrance, which should bear 342.
,. What are the depths at the anchorage-
)* The bottom is $uite even. there are no rocks or shoals.
,* What is the nature of the ground there-
)* There is good holding ground. soft mud with few patches of sand.
,* Is there enough room at the anchorage for swinging-
)* %h, there is plenty of room for several ships.
..#ialogue .
)* In half an hour we shall be at the anchorage, It(s time to notify the engine room and to get the anchors
ready.
,* That(s right. Which anchor are we going to use-
)* We(ll use the starboard anchor.
,* 'ow much chain shall we need-
)* I think four shackles will do.
,* +ll right. I(ve ordered a deck/hand to start taking soundings.
)* That(s very good. 5ou see that red tower over there- We must steer for that tower till the port lighthouse
opens to southward.
,* Well, what then-
)* Then we must alter the course 672 to starboard and steer for the lighthouse till we are a mile off/shore.
That is our berth.
,* %h. I see. The depths are beginning to decrease.
.'.#ialogue '.
)* Soon we(ll be underway and proceed into port.
,* 8ine9 I have already given orders to stand by to weigh anchor. We have :ust got a radiogram from our
agent. 'e has arranged to berth the ship at Berth ;o.3.
)* <ery good, Sir. This is a very convenient berth.
,* 'ow shall we proceed from here-
)* We shall steer for the port lighthouse, keeping in the green sector of the light till we come to the entrance.
Then we shall keep two red leading lights in line till we pass through the entrance. +fter that we shall keep
the bright light ashore in line with the molehead light. This will bring us straight to the wharf.
,* +ll right, that(s clear. Shall we heave the anchor up-
'. (OCA)*+AR,
-ords and expressions
=oad>roadstead ? rad@
Berth ? dan@
To pay out ? a fila (parAm@, lanB
Tidal stream ? curent de maree
,urrent ? curent
To let go>cast>drop anchor ? a mola, a fundarisi
+nchor is clear of the bottom ? ancora s/a smuls de fund
8oul anchor ? ancor@ anga:at@>ag@Bat@
Cragging anchor ? ancor@ care derapea#@
Credging anchor ? ancor@ care grapea#@
Dbb ? refluE
To approach ? a se apropia
%ff/shore ? la larg de coast@
Fandmark ? reper costier
+nchorage ? ancora:
Bearing ? relevment
Dntrance ? intrare
To shelter ? a ad@posti
'igh land ? mal, coast@ Analt@
Bottom ? fund
Ground ? fund
Good/holding ground? care Bine bine
(&ntenable ground ? care Bine>nu Bine
Ceck/hand ? marinar de punte
To steer for ? a guverna pe
To heave up ? a vira, a recupera
To bring the ship to anchor ? a aduce nava la ancora:
To slacken speed ? a reduce vite#a
To ride>lie>be at anchor ? a sta la ancor@
The ship rides to one anchor ? nava are o singur@ ancor@ fundarisit@
To bring the ship(s head up into the wind ? a aduce prova in vAnt
To bring up ? a ancora
To drop anchor ? a fundarisi ancora
To be stem on to the current ? a sta cu prova An vAnt
To give a ship the sternway with the engine ? a deplasa nava Anapoi folosind maHina
To swing at anchor ? a gira la ancor@
To weigh anchor ? a vira, a ridica ancora
To keep in line ? a menBine un aliniament
To alter the course ? a schimba de drum
To take bearings on ? a lua relevmente la
To make fast ? a volta, a se lega la
Iooring buoy ? bali#@ de amarare
Fandmark ? reper costier
,onspicuous J vi#ibil
Dven bottom ? fund nivelat, f@r@ asperit@Bi
Shoals ? banc de nisip
Soft mud ? mAl moale
)atches of sand ? Antinsur@, porBiuni de nisip
,lay ? argil@, argilos (despre natura fundului
Shell? scoic@, fund de scoici
,halk ? calcar, fund calcaros
To avoid a sweptKm wreck ? a evita o epav@ la o adAncime deKm
.. Reading comprehension.
..1. Read the text again and answer the following /uestions0
L. Where may ships anchor-
M. Should only one anchor be ready when anchoring-
0. Iay the ships ride to one anchor only-
6. 'ow is the ship(s head brought up in a strong wind-
N. 'ow is the ship brought up if there is a strong current-
1. +re both anchors let go at the same time-
3. Who is to determine how much of chain should be paid out-
4. What length of chain is usually sufficient-
O. What bearings should the watch officer take after anchoring-
L7. What information should he enter into the log book-
LL. Where should the ship(s position be marked-
LM. Why should a ship have sufficient room at the anchorage-
... Read the dialogues again and answer the following /uestions.
...1. #ialogue 1.
L. When should they approach the port according to the pilot-
M. Why did they have to wait for the tide-
0. Till what time did they have to wait-
6. What did the pilot say about the mooring buoys-
N. What did the pilot say about the landmarks-
1. %n what bearing should they keep the water tower-
3. What did the pilot say about the nature of the ground-
4. Was there enough room for swinging-
.... #ialogue .
L.Which anchor were they going to use-
M.'ow many shackles of chain were needed-
0.Who did the captain tell to take soundings-
6.8or what landmark was the captain to steer-
N.Till what moment was he to steer for the water tower-
1.'ow many degrees was he to alter the course when the lighthouse opened-
3.'ow far off/shore was that anchorage-
...'.#ialogue '.
L. When were they going to get underway>
M. What orders had the captain given-
0. What did he say about a radiogramme-
6. +t which berth did the agent arrange for the ship to berth-
N. Was that berth convenient-
1.2tandard 3arine Communication $hrases 423C$5
1.1. Going to anchor
Is>are the anchor(s ready for dropping- ? Dste>sunt ancorele gata pentru fundarisire-
We are going to an anchorage ? ;e Andrept@m spre un loc de ancora:
'ave (port>starboard>both anchor(s ready. ? )reg@tiBi ancora>ancorele din babord>tribord>ambele.
We will drop ( port>starboard>both anchor(s ? <om l@sa (fundarisi ancora>ancorele din
babord>tribord>ambele
)utKshackles in the water ? F@saBi ..chei de lanB An ap@
)ut Kshackles in the pipe. ? F@saBi Kchei de lanB in nar@
)ut Kshackles on deck ? F@saBiKchei de lanB pe punte.
Walk back (port>starboard>both anchor(s one>one and a half shackle(s ? 8ilaBi ancora>ancorele din
babord>tribord>ambele o cheie> o cheie de lanB Hi :um@tate.
We will let go ( port>starboard>both anchor(sKshackle(s and dredge it>them ? <om mola (fundarisi
ancora>ancorele din babord>tribord>ambele>cu..chei(e de lanB Hi o>le vom grapa.
Crop port>starboard>both anchor(s ? 8unda ancora>ancorele> din babord>tribord ambele.
)ay out the cable(s ? 8ila lanBul>lanBurile de ancor@
,heck the cable (s ? ,ontrolea#a lanBul>lanBurile de ancor@
'old on (port>starboard>both cable(s ? Pine lanBul>lanBurile de ancor@>din babord>tribord>ambele.
'ow is the cable leading- ? ,um Antinde lanBul o nava-
The cable (s is>are leading (ahead>astern>to port>to starboard>round the bow up and down ? FanBul>lanBurile
de ancora Antind(e>Anainte>Anapoi>spre stAnga>dreapta> dublAnd prova> la pic.
Is>are the anchor(s holding- ? Pin(e ancora>ancorele-
+re you brought up- ? DHti ancorat>oprit prin ancorare-
Switch on anchor light(s ? +prindeBi lumina>luminile de ancora:
Switch off anchor light(s ? StingeBi lumina>luminile de ancora:
'oist anchor ball ? +rboraBi bula neagr@
Fower anchor ball ? ,oborABi bula neagra
,heck the anchor position by bearings ? <erificaBi po#itia de ancora: cu relevmente
1.. +ea6ing the anchorage
'ow much cable is out- ? ,At lanB de ancor@ este deasupra ancorei-
Stand by to heave up ? )reg@tiBi/v@ pentru virat
)ut the windlass in gear ? ,uplati vinciul de ancor@.
'eave up the ( port>starboard>both cable(s ? <iraBi lanBul>lanBurile din babord>tribord>ambele
'ow much weight is on the cable- ? ,At este de solicitat>virat lanBul de ancor@-
Iuch weight is on the cable? FanBul de ancor@ este solicitat (virat mult
Too much weight is on the cable ? FanBul de ancor@ este solicitat (virat prea mult.
;o weight is on the cable ? FanBul de ancor@ nu este solicitat (virat.
Stop heaving ? %priBi virarea
'ow many shackles are left to come in - ? ,Ate chei de lanB mai sunt de adus la post-
There is a turn in the cable(s ? FanBul>lanBurile pre#int@ o r@sucire
+nchor(s aweigh>clear of the bottom ? +ncora>ancorele s/a>s/au desprins de fund
+nchor(s is>are clear of the water ? +ncora>ancorele este>sunt liber@>libere>a>au ieHit din ap@
+nchor(s is>are home ? +ncora>ancorele este>sunt la post
+nchor(s is>are foul ? +ncora>ancorele este>sunt>ag@Bate>prins@>prinse
+nchor(s secured ? S/a>s/au asigurat ancora>ancorele la post
7. 23C$ in context.
Role !play the following anchoring scenario8 then imagine and role!play an anchoring scenario of
your own.
The !)astoria" is approaching the anchorage. The ,hief %fficer is making preparations for a standing moor.
'e is on the forecastle head with the carpenter, Grey and other hands.
,hief %fficer* Take the covers off the spurling gates and unplug them, ,hippy.
,arpenter* 5es, Sir.
,hief officer* Grey, take the lashings from the cables and ease back the compressors.
Grey* Fashings off. ,ompressors eased back, Sir.
,hief %fficer* ,hippy9 )ut the gipsy of the port anchor in gear and lower the anchor out of the hawse/pipe.
,arpenter* 5es, SirK+nchor clear of the hawse/pipe, Sir.
,hief %fficer* Good. Same for the starboard anchor now.
,arpenter* 5es, Sir. Starboard anchor clear of the hawse/pipe, Sir.
We are all ready now to make a standing moor. The ship is travelling against the tide towards her intended
anchorage. %n the bridge the ,aptain is watching the situation closely. 'e says to the helmsman*
,aptain* 5ou see that white tower one point to starboard, Qenkins-
Qenkins* 5es, Sir.
,aptain* Steer for it.
Qenkins* 5es, Sir
,aptain* <ery well. Stop her.
0
rd
.%fficer* Stop her, SirKDngine stopped, Sir.
;ow that the way is off the ship, she is taken away by the tide and begins to come astern. +s she does so, the
,hief %fficer on the forecastle head waits for the ,aptain(s signal before giving orders.
,hief %fficer* Fet go port anchor.
,arpenter* Fet go port, Sir.
,hief %fficer* %ne shackleKtwoKthree. ,heck her. 8ourKfiveKsiE shackles, Sir.
SiE shackles of cable have been veered. This now lies in a straight line on the sea bed. The !)astoria" has
been brought up and the starboard anchor is now let go underfoot.
,hief %fficer* Fet go starboard anchor.
,arpenter. Fet go starboard, Sir.
%n the bridge, the ,aptain will ease the strain on the port anchor by going ahead.
,aptain* Cead slow ahead.
0
rd
%fficer* Cead slow ahead , Sir.
,aptain* Reep the white tower ahead, Qenkins.
Qenkins* +y, ay, Sir.
+s the ship begins to move forward, the ,hief %fficer says*
,hief %fficer* 'eave in the port cable, ,hippy. Grey, slack out the starboard cable, easy.
,arpenter* 'eave in port cable.
Grey* Slack out starboard cable.
,hief %fficer* TwoKthree shackles. +vast heaving. That(s enough. Iake all fast.
Grey and ,arpenter* +y ,ay, Sir. Iake all fast.
7.1. 2tandard $hrases used in the text a9o6e0
+ standing moor ? +ncorare cu dou@ ancore cu maHina oprit@.
Spurling gates ? n@ri de ancor@
To unplug ? + dega:a (n@rile de ancor@
To take the lashings from ? + de#arma (lanBurile
To ease back the compressors ? + sl@bi stopele
To put the gipsy>windlass in gear ? + cupla vinciul de ancor@
'awse/pipe ? IanHon al n@rii de ancor@
%ne point to starboard ? &n cart la dreapta
;ow that the way is off the ship ? +cum, pentru c@ nava a fost stopat@
SiE shackles have been veered ? S/au filat Hase chei de lanB
To ease the strain on the port>starboard anchor ? + reduce solicitarea ancorei babord>tribord
+vast heaving ? Stop virarea
Iake all fast ? <olta peste tot
:. Read and study the following excerpts from the $ilot )oo" related to anchoring. Notice how the
6oca9ulary is used and then discuss what information you can deri6e from these excerpts. Ha6e in
mind the /uality and the nature of the holding ground8 location of anchorages8 recommendations and
warnings.
'.1
There is anchorage about M miles S of the harbour entrance in depths from N.N m to 3.0m, stiff blue
clay. This anchorage is considerably sheltered and the sea is kept down by The %wers (N767;, 767W,
which acts as a natural breakwater during W and WSW winds.
Small craft awaiting the tide to enter the harbour can anchor nearer the entrance D or W of the
leading line according to the wind.
0.64
There is anchorage off Shoreham harbour in any convenient depth from 6m, sand over clay and
chalk, about 0 cables off the entrance to Om, sand and shingle with patches of chalk, M miles offshore.
The pilots consider the best holding ground, sand and gravel over chalk and clay, is L S miles off
the entrance, in a depth of 3m, with 'igh Fighthouse bearing 777.
0.46
Good anchorage, in offshore or D winds, can be found in a depth of 3.Nm in Seaford =oad, L S
miles DSD of the breakwater head, with Beachy 'ead %ld Fighthouse in line with the foot of Seaford ,liff,
bearing L7O, and Seaford church, bearing 7NN.
This anchorage is clear of the track of cross/channel ferries to and from ;ewhaven, and provides
good shelter with winds from D by S, through ;, to W;W.
6.L3
+nchorage off 8olkstone harbour is much eEposed and is only used by vessels waiting for the tide
to enter harbour. The best holding ground is in depth from LMm to L4m, clay and sand.
+ good berth is with ,opt )oint in line with 8olkstone Breakwater Fight, bearing 7MN, the latter
distant M cables.
<essels anchored 3 cables S of the breakwater have reported dragging their anchors over
apparently rocky bottom.
6.67
<essels whose draft permits, proposing to anchor in %uter harbour, must do so within the
anchorage area indicated on the chart, which lies parallel with, and between M and 0 T cables ;W of
Southern Breakwater. The area has been dredged to a depth of 1.Nm.
The W and ; corners of the anchorage area are marked by , and C Fight/buoys (special and
buoys (special mark the ;W limit.
The area of %uter 'arbour ;W of the dredged anchorage area is reserved for yachts and pleasure
craft. The D limit of this anchorage is marked by three buoys (special7.
The holding ground in the anchorage area is fairly good, but caution is advisable during strong
winds. Strong gales between SW and W raise considerable scend at about 'W, which renders berths
alongside )rince of Wales )ier and Daster +rm untenable.In east gales smooth water may be found under the
lee of eastern +rm.
8oul area. It is dangerous to navigate or anchor within the foul area in the ;D corner of %uter
'arbour, indicated on the chart, between )ier !B" and ,astle Qetty.
6.N4
;o vessel shall anchor in the approach to the D or W entrance to the harbour in such a position as
to obstruct the free passage of any other vessel through either of these entrances.
;o vessels without the permission of the 'arbour Iaster are allowed to anchor in the fairway.
<essels shall moor or anchor in accordance with the direction of the 'arbour Iaster, and when
any such vessels have been moored or anchored, they shall not be moved therefrom without the permission
of the 'arbour Iaster eEcept in case of emergency.
6.46
'olding ground is not good in parts of The Cowns, particularly S of Goodwin 8ork Fight/buoy
(NLL0,M;, LM3.MD. The best anchor berth on the W side of the charted anchorage for large vessels is in a
depth of LM.Nm, with South 8oreland lighthouse in line with the beacon on the 'W line in %ldstairs Bay,
bearing M74, and Ceal ,astle bearing MO7.
There is good anchorage farther S, in a depth of LM.Nm, with Walmer ,astle (NLLM;, LM6D
bearing about MON, distant LL cables.
With ;D winds it is better to anchor in Trinity Bay, in a depth of MLm, with Ceal ,astle bearing
M47, distant 0 S miles.
<essels drawing up to Nm can anchor in The Small Cowns, as indicated on the chart, L L>6miles
;D of Ceal )ier. This anchorage is better for small vessels than that in The Cowns, as it is more sheltered
and the holding ground is better.
,are must be taken to avoid a swept 6.6m wreck, in the SD part of the anchorage area and a M.1m
shoal, 6 cables ; of the wreck. This shoal forms part of a small sandwave area eEtending S from the S end of
Brake.
N.M0
The recommended outer anchorage is within a circle radius N cables, centered LM cables W of Qetee
;ord Fight, in depths from L7m to L1m (00 to N0ft, sand and shell, bad holding ground. The anchorage is
eEposed to winds from SW, through ;, to ;D. the sea rises very rapidly and vessels should only anchor here
in fine weather.
The best anchorage is reported to be on the edge of the above area in a depth of L7m (0.0ft, with
Qetee Sud light/tower bearing 74N, distant 3 cables.
The mooring of fishing gear within L777m of Qetee Sud Fight/tower is prohibited and anchoring in
this area is not advised.
N.67
There is anchorage for vessels awaiting the tide to enter harbour in depth from 3m to Om (M0ft to
07ft, mud, off the entrance. This anchorage is only tenable in calm weather, or during winds from between
SD and S.
0.ML
There is anchorage about M miles S of the harbour entrance in depths from N.N m to 3.0m, stiff blue
clay. This anchorage is considerably sheltered and the sea is kept down by The %wers (N767;, 767W,
which acts as a natural breakwater during W and WSW winds.
Small craft awaiting the tide to enter the harbour can anchor nearer the entrance D or W of the
leading line according to the wind.
0.64
There is anchorage off Shoreham harbour in any convenient depth from 6m, sand over clay and
chalk, about 0 cables off the entrance to Om, sand and shingle with patches of chalk, M miles offshore.
The pilots consider the best holding ground, sand and gravel over chalk and clay, is L S miles off
the entrance, in a depth of 3m, with 'igh Fighthouse bearing 777.
0.46
Good anchorage, in offshore or D winds, can be found in a depth of 3.Nm in Seaford =oad, L S
miles DSD of the breakwater head, with Beachy 'ead %ld Fighthouse in line with the foot of Seaford ,liff,
bearing L7O, and Seaford ,hurch, bearing 7NN.
This anchorage is clear of the track of cross/channel ferries to and from ;ewhaven, and provides
good shelter with winds from D by S, through ;, to W;W.
6.L3
+nchorage off 8olkstone harbour is much eEposed and is only used by vessels waiting for the tide
to enter harbour. The best holding ground is in depth from LMm to L4m, clay and sand.
+ good berth is with ,opt )oint in line with 8olkstone Breakwater Fight, bearing 7MN, the latter
distant M cables.
<essels anchored 3 cables S of the breakwater have reported dragging their anchors over
apparently rocky bottom.
6.67
<essels whose draft permits, proposing to anchor in %uter harbour, must do so within the
anchorage area indicated on the chart, which lies parallel with, and between M and 0 T cables ;W of
Southern Breakwater. The area has been dredged to a depth of 1.Nm.
The W and ; corners of the anchorage area are marked by , and C Fight/buoys (special and
buoys (special mark the ;W limit.
The area of %uter 'arbour ;W of the dredged anchorage area is reserved for yachts and pleasure
craft. The D limit of this anchorage is marked by three buoys (special7.
The holding ground in the anchorage area is fairly good, but caution is advisable during strong
winds. Strong gales between SW and W raise considerable scend at about 'W, which renders berths
alongside )rince of Wales )ier and Daster +rm untenable .In east gales smooth water may be found under
the lee of eastern +rm.
8oul area. It is dangerous to navigate or anchor within the foul area in the ;D corner of %uter
'arbour, indicated on the chart, between )ier !B" and ,astle Qetty.
6.N4
;o vessel shall anchor in the approach to the D or W entrance to the harbour in such a position as
to obstruct the free passage of any other vessel through either of these entrances.
;o vessels without the permission of the 'arbour Iaster are allowed to anchor in the fairway.
<essels shall moor or anchor in accordance with the direction of the 'arbour Iaster, and when
any such vessels have been moored or anchored, they shall not be moved there from without the permission
of the 'arbour Iaster eEcept in case of emergency.
6.46
'olding ground is not good in parts of The Cowns, particularly S of Goodwin 8ork Fight/buoy
(NLL0,M;, LM3.MD. The best anchor berth on the W side of the charted anchorage for large vessels is in a
depth of LM.Nm, with south foreland lighthouse in line with the beacon on the 'W line in %ldstairs Bay,
bearing M74, and Ceal ,astle bearing MO7.
There is good anchorage farther S, in a depth of LM.Nm, with Walmer ,astle (NLLM;, LM6D
bearing about MON, distant LL cables.
With ;D winds it is better to anchor in Trinity Bay, in a depth of MLm, with Ceal ,astle bearing
M47, distant 0 S miles.
<essels drawing up to Nm can anchor in The small Cowns, as indicated on the chart, L L>6miles
;D of Ceal )ier. This anchorage is better for small vessels than that in The Cowns, as it is more sheltered
and the holding ground is better.
,are must be taken to avoid a swept 6.6m wreck, in the SD part of the anchorage area and a M.1m
shoal, 6 cables ; of the wreck. This shoal forms part of a small sandwave area eEtending S from the S end of
Brake.
N.67
There is anchorage for vessels awaiting the tide to enter harbour in depths from 3m to Om (M0ft to
07ft, mud, off the entrance. This anchorage is only tenable in calm weather, or during winds from between
SD and S.
N.31
This area lies within a radius of about L S miles of CL light/buoy, with depths from 1m to LMm.
The bottom is sand and shingle or sand and shells. the holding ground is good.
The anchorage is eEposed to winds from W, through ; to ;D. In bad weather from the W, the
swell runs round )oint d(+illy and breaks on the beach. In bad weather from between ;W and ;D, the sea is
very high at the entrance to the harbour during the out/going tidal stream, and the swell is felt in avant/port.
)rohibited area. +nchoring and fishing are prohibited in the triangular area, indicated on the chart,
eEtending N cables from the harbour entrance.
;. GRA33AR 0 <*=*R>
;.1. -ill
;.1.1. <orm
will U infinitive without to
contractions * Vll? will . won(t ? will not
We use will with all persons. We can also use shall instead of will with I and We eg. I/We shall work ( but in
every day speech, we normally use contractions Ill and Well.)
;.1.. *se
;.1..1. We can use will to predict the future
e.g.. Tomorrow will 9e another cold day in all parts of the country.
In the future, machines will do many of the :obs that people do today.
Who do you think will win the football match on Sunday-
We won?t arri6e home before midnight tonight.
When we predict the future, we often use will with the following verbs and eEpressions*
Think eEpect believe be sure be afraid hope
e.g. I expect they(ll 9e here at around L7 o(clock tomorrow morning.
I(m sure you(ll en@oy the film if you go and see it.
We also se will in this way with adverbs of probability, e.g. probably, perhaps, certainly
e.g. Iartin will pro9a9ly phone us this evening.
$erhaps I(ll see you tomorrow.
;.1... We also use will when we decide to do something at the moment of speaking.
e.g. !Would you like something to drink-" ! %h., thank you. I(ll ha6e some orange :uice."
!There(s someone at the door." ! Is there- %h, I(ll see who it is."
!I(m going out shopping." !%h, are you- I(ll come with you, then. I need to get some things myself.
"
;.. Going to
;..1. <orm
beUgoing toUinfinitive
e.g. I am going to work
+re you going to work-
I am not going to work.
;... *se
Sentences with going to connect the future and the present
;...1. We use going to to talk about something in the future which we can see as a result of something in the
present.
e.g. Fook at those black clouds in the sky. It(s going to rain. Those people are going to get wet.
'urry up9 It(s getting late. 5ou(re going to miss your train.
Fook out9 That ladder is going to fallA
8or this reason, sentences with going to are often about the near future.
;.... We also use going to to talk about what we intend to do in the future. We use going to when we have
already decided to do something.
e.g. !Why have you moved all the furniture out of this room-" !I(m going to clean the carpet"
!Fynne has :ust sold her car." ! Is she going to 9uy a new one-
;.'. -ill and Going to
;.'.1.We use both will and going to in predictions about the future, but there is a difference*
We use will to talk about what we think or believe will happen in the future.
e.g. That boat doesn(t look very safe. It(ll sin" in that heavy sea.
Con(t climb that tree. 5ou?ll fall and hurt yourself.
We use going to to talk about something in the future which we can see as a result of something in the
present.
e.g. Fook at that boat9 It(s going to sink.
Fook out9 5ou(re going to fallA
;.'.. We use both will and going to to talk about what we intend to do, but there is a difference here*
We use will when we decide to do something at the moment of speaking.
e.g. V%h dear9 I(ve spilt some wine on my :acket". !Con(t worry. I?ll clean it for you.(
What shall I do tomorrow- I know9 I?ll paint the kitchen.
We use going to when we have already decided to do something.
e.g. VWhy have you moved all the furniture out of this room-( I?m going to clean the carpet.(
VWhy are you putting on those old clothes-( VI(m going to paint the kitchen.
;... $resent continuous for the future
We use the present continuous to talk about something that we have already arranged or planned to do
in the future.
e.g. VWhat are you doing on Saturday evening-( VI?m meeting Sarah(
VSarah is ta"ing an eEam on Ionday.(
VWe(re 6isiting some friends in Scotland neEt weekend.(
When we use the present continuous in this way, we often give the future time (e.g. on Saturday evening,
on Ionday, this afternoon, neEt weekend
;...1. $resent continuous and going to
;...1.1. When we talk about things we have already arranged to do or planned to do in the future, we can use
the present continuous or going to.
e.g. I?m ha6ing lunch with Fynne tomorrow.
I?m going to ha6e lunch with Fynne tomorrow.
;...1.. When we make predictions about the future, we can use going to (or will, but not the present
continuous.
e.g. It(s going to rain tomorrow. (It(s raining tomorrow is not possible
;.1. $resent simple for the future
We use the present simple to talk about future events which are part of a fiEed timetable or fiEed programme.
e.g. VWhat time does the tennis start tomorrow- V+t 1.LN(.
;eEt summer the school holidays 9egin on Quly MN
th
and end on September L7
th
.
The film starts at 3.L7 and finishes at O.77.
What time does your plane lea6e tomorrow-
We use the present simple in this way when we think of something in the future as a fact, or as an arrangement
or plan which cannot change.
;.1.1. $resent simple for the future after when8 if8 etc.
We use the present simple to refer to the future in clauses of time and condition after when while, as soon as,
after, before, until, if, unless, as/so long as and provided/providing (that).
Will>won(t present simple
I(ll buy a newspaper when I go out.
We won(t go out until it stops raining.
We(ll go to the beach if the weather is nice.
I(ll go to the party pro6ided you go too.
;.7. <uture continuous0 will 9eBC!ing
;.7.1. <orm
will 9eBCing
IDyouDheDsheDitDweDyouDthey will 9e wor"ing 4affirmati6e5
IDyouDheDsheDitDweDyouDthey will not 9e wor"ing4negati6e5
-ill IDyouDheDsheDitDweDyouDthey 9e wor"ing E4interrogati6e5
This form is sometimes called the Vfuture progressive(
,%;T=+,TI%;S* Vll ?will . won(t ? will not
We can use shall instead of will with I and We e.g. I>We shall be working(but , in every day speech , we
normally use the contractions I(ll and We(ll. The negative of shall is shall not (contraction* shant.
;.7.. *se
;.7..1. We use will 9eBC!ing to talk about something which will be in progress at a time in the future.
e.g. I(ll 9e ha6ing dinner at 3.77.
Con(t phone me at 4.77. I(ll 9e doing my homework then.
What will you 9e doing this time neEt week-
;.7... We also use will 9eBC!ing to talk about things in the future which are already planned, or which are
part of a regular routine.
e.g. I(ll 9e dri6ing into town later on. Co you want a lift-
VWould you like me to give peter a message for you-( V%h, I don(t want to trouble you.(
Vit(s no trouble, really. I(ll 9e seeing )eter tomorrow anyway.(
We often use will 9eBC!ing as a polite way of asking about someone(s plans, especially when we want
someone to do something for us.
e.g. V-ill you 9e going out this morning-( V5es, why-( V%h, could you get me a newspaper-(
-ill you 9e using your camera at the weekend- I wondered if I could borrow it.
When we use will 9eBC!ing form in this way, it often suggests that we do not want to change the other
person(s plans.
;.:. <uture perfect0 will ha6eBpast participle
;.:.1. <orm
will ha6e B past participle
IDyouDheDsheDitDweDyouDthey will ha6e finishedDgone 4affirmati6e5
IDyouDheDsheDitDweDyouDthey will not ha6e finishedDgone 4negati6e5
-ill IDyouDheDsheDitDweDyouDthey ha6e finishedDgoneE 4interrogati6e5
CON=RAC=ION20 Fll % will & won?t % will not
We can use shall instead of will with I and We e.g. I>we shall have finished ( but, in everyday speech, we
normally use the contractions I(ll and we(ll. The negative of shall is shall not ( contraction* shant,
;.:.. *se
We can use will ha6e B past participle to talk about something that will be completed by (not later than a
certain time in the future. When we use this structure, we think of a future time and look back from that future
time to say that something will be completed.
e.g. I(ll ha6e finished dinner by 4.77.
I(ll ha6e wor"ed here for a year neEt September.
;.;. <uture in the past0 wasDwere going to
We can use was/were going to + infinitive to say that something was planned for the future at a past time.
e.g. They were going to get married, but in the end they changed their minds
;ote that when we use this structure, it often means that the planned future action did not happen.
e.g. I was going to stay at home last night, but I decided to go out instead.
We were going to eat at the Italian restaurant, but it was full, so we ate somewhere else.
Chapter .
3ooring
%b:ectives* +fter studying the topic in the course book and seminar the students should be able to* recognise
and use correctly the words and eEpressions related to mooring. translate a teEt on mooring giving the correct
=omanian e$uivalents to the words and eEpressions related to the topic in $uestion. construct a dialogue
between the master of the ship and the pilot about the conditions of mooring.
1. Read the following text and try to ma"e out the new words and expressions from the context
Ships make fast to a wharf either alongside or stern to. When approaching a berth ships must
proceed at slow speed. %n deck, heaving lines and mooring ropes, as well we fenders, should be ready for
use. The anchors must be ready to let go.
+t an appropriate distance from the berth the engine is stopped and the ship(s headway is used to
bring her alongside the wharf. This headway should be :ust enough to keep the ship moving ahead without
losing steerage way.
If a ship has too much headway, it should be stopped by backing the ship with the engine or by
letting the anchor go. +s a matter of fact, only the off/shore anchor is dropped and then a heaving line is
passed ashore. + head/rope, a bow spring and two breast lines are run out from the ship and secured to
bollards ashore.
Working on these lines, as well as on the stern rope and stern spring which are also run out in due time,
the ship is hove into her berth and made fast.
+fter the ship is secured in her berth, rat/guards should be placed on all the lines. 8or permanent
moorings wire ropes are preferred to ordinary fiber ropes.
+ll the mooring lines should be constantly watched, as the change of weather or rise and fall of tide
can make the lines either too taut or too slack and this will necessitate from time to time veering them in or
out. In stormy weather the ships secured in their berths usually have to double up fore and aft.
. !ole"play the following dialogues and then work out and perfor# dialogues of your own.
.1.#ialogue 1
,* Is taking a tug compulsory here-
)* ;o, it is not compulsory, but it is advisable, and I shall tell you why. There are several strong currents in
the harbour and as there is a lot of traffic now, it is pretty difficult to manoeuvre in congested waters.
,* Will the tug take us only into the port or will she bring the ship alongside the wharf-
)* 5es, the tug will work the ship into her berth.
,* +t what berth shall we moor-
)* We shall moor at berth ;o. L3
,* We will need a LN ton crane to discharge heavy/lifts.
)* 5our agent must have been informed about it as there is a LNton crane at the berth.
,* That(s good. Which side shall we make a landing-
)* We will make a starboard side landing.
..#ialogue
,* So, where are we going to berth-
)* Co you see. Sir, a vacant place between the two big tankers tied up stern to-
,* Co you mean those two big tankers over there with streamlined funnels-
)* 5es, that(s what I mean, and that(s where we should now steer for.
,* There isn(t too much space there anyhow, but still enough to get the ship moored alongside. What is the
depth alongside the berth-
)* The depth is five fathoms, Sir.
,* Is the bottom even there-
)* ;o, there must be a little hump some 07 yards from the wharf, as the bottom was recently dredged.
,* Which side shall we go alongside-
)* We will go along starboard side.
,* Shall we drop an anchor-
)* 5es, Sir. We shall drop the port anchor.
.'.#ialogue '
)* The ship has too much headway. Sir, I think it(s time to back her.
,* Slow astern9 'elm a/port9 5ou Rnow, she swings her bow to starboard on backing.
)* I see, ;ow, Sir, give her a little swing to port. Steady so9 Is your port anchor ready-
,* The port anchor is ready. Stand by the port anchor.
)* Fet go the port anchor, Sir.
,* Fet go the port anchor9 <eer out the cable handsomly9 Send on shore the bow spring
)* That(s right, Sir. We must get the bow in first.
,* 5es, now we can heave the ship alongside.
)* I think, Sir, you must now steer the stern a little off the pier.
,* Good. I think I(ll start heaving the bow alongside with the bow lines.
'. (oca9ulary
-ords and phrases
To make fast ? + se lega la cheu
To moor ? + se lega, a acosta, a amara, a afurca
Wharf ? ,heu, debarcader
8ender ? +p@r@toare, tranchet
To let go ? + mola, a fundarisi (ancora
Steerage way ? <ite#@ de guvernare, capacitate de a mai mentine drumul
'ead rope>line ? )arAm@ de legare prova
Bow spring>backspring forward ? Spring prova
Breast line ? Travers@
To heave, hove, hove ? + aduce nava Antr/o po#itie, a trage
Taut ? Wntins
Slack ? Sl@bit
To veer in>out ? + vira
To make fast alongside ? + acosta>lega cu bordul
To make fast stern to ? + acosta>lega cu pupa
To get moored ? + acosta, a se lega
To get berthed>tied up ? + aduce nava la cheu
To bring the ship alongside the $uay>to work the ship into her berth ? + aduce nava la cheu
To make a starboard>port landing>to get alongside starboard>port side to ? + acosta (a se lega cu
tribordul>babordul
To run out a line ? + da o leg@tur@
It is advisable ? Dste recomandabil
To swing the bow to starboard>port ? + gira, a aduce prova la dreapta>stinga
To sheer the stern from the $uay ? + abate pupa de la cheu
To double up fore and aft ? + da dublin la prova si pupa.
$.!eading %o#prehension
$.&. !ead the te't again and answer the following (uestions)
1.How do ships make fast to a wharf?
2.At what speed should a ship approach the berth?
3.What should be made ready for use on deck?
4.What is the ships headway used for in this case?
.What should be done if the ship has too much headway?
!.When the ship has approached the berth what line is passed ashore first?
".What other ropes are run put from the ship and secured to the bollards ashore?
#.How is the ship ho$e into her berth?
%.Where are rat&'uards placed?
1(.Why should the moorin' lines be constantly watched?
11.Why should we $eer in the ropes from time to time?
12.When should we $eer them out?
13.)n what weather should we double up the lines?
14.How should the lines be watched if the weather is chan'eable?
$..!ead the dialogues again and answer the following (uestions)
$..&. *ialogue &
1.What did the pilot say about the takin' a tu'?
2.Why was takin' a tu' ad$isable?
3.Was there a hea$y traffic in the port?
4.What did the pilot say about manoeu$erin' in con'ested waters?
.How far was the tu' to take that ship?
!.What did the captain need a crane for?
".Was there any crane at the berth?
#.Was the ship to be berthed port side to?
$... *ialogue
1.Where did the pilot show a $acant place for the ship?
2.What did the captain say about it?
3.Why did he ask the pilot about the depths?
4.Was the bottom e$en alon'side that berth?
.Which side was the ship 'oin' to berth?
$..+. *ialogue +
1. What did the pilot say about the ships headway?
2. How did the captain stop her headway?
3. Why did he command *Helm&a&port+ when 'oin' astern?
4. Which anchor did the captain order to let 'o?
. Which rope did he order to be sent ashore first?
1. 2tandard 3arine Communication $hrases
1.1. )erthing
We will berth port>starboard side alongside ? <om acosta cu bordul babord>tribord
We will moor to (a buoy(s ahead and astern ? ;e vom lega la (o geamandur@>geamanduri An prova si in
pupa.
We will moor alongside ? <om acosta cu bordul
We will moor to dolphins ? ;e vom lega la piloBi
Send outK(head>stern>breast lines ? CaBi parAmeKprova>pupa>traversa
Send outKspring(s forward>aft ? CaBiKspring(uri prova>pupa
We will useKshore (head>stern>breast lines>wires ? <om folosiK parAme>sArme>prova>pupa>traverse de la
mol (cheu
Co you have tension winches- ? +vetB vinciuri de Bntindere-
'ave heaving lines ready forward and aft ? )reg@tiBi bandule la prova Hi pupa
Send a (heaving>head>stern>breast line ashore ? CaBi o parAm@>bandul@>prova>pupa>traversa la cheu
'ave a messenger line ready ? )reg@tAti o par@m@ intermediar@
&se the centre>panama lead forward>aft ? 8olosiBi nara central@>panama din prova>pupa
&se the bow lead ? 8olosiBi nara din centru
&se the port>starboard $uarter lead ? 8olosiBi nara din pupa babord.>tribord.
'eave onKline(s>spring(s ? <iraBi parAma>parAmele>springul>springurile
)ick up the slack on theKline(s>spring(s ? FuaBi din banda parimei>parimelor>springului>springurilor
'eave away ? <iraBi
Stop heaving ? Stop virarea
Slack awayKline(s>spring(s ? 8ilaBi parAma>parAmele>springul>springurile
Stop slackingKline(s>spring(s ? Stop filarea parAmei>parAmelor>springului>springurilor
'old onK line(s>spring(s? Pine parAma>parAmele>springul>springurile
'eave in easy ? <ira uHor
'eave alongside ? TragetA pe parAme de/a lungul cheiului
Reep lines tight ? Pine parAmele Antinse
Co not break the lines ? ;u rupe parAmele
=eport the forward>aft distance toK ? =aportea#a distanBa prova>pupa laK
We have to moveKmetres ahead>astern ? Trebuie sa ne deplas@mKmetri in prova>pupa
We are in position ? Suntem in po#itie
1.. *n9erthing
IsDare the engine4s5 readyE % >steDsunt motorulDmotoarele gataE
'ow long does it take to have the engine(s ready- ? ,iA durea#@ preg@tirea motorului>motoarelor-
It takesKminutes (to have the engines ready ? Curea#@Kminute pentru preg@tirea motorului>motoarelor
+re you ready to get underway- ? SunteBi gata de marH-
)repare to let go ? )reg@tiBi de molat
Single upKline(s andKsprings forward and aft ? =educeBi parAme>parAmeleKHi springul>springurileK
prova si pupa.
Slack away (head>stern>breast line ? 8ilaBi parAma>prova>pupa>traversa
Slack away (forward>aft spring ? 8ila springul prova>pupa
'eave on (head>stern line ? <ira parAma prova>pupa
'eave on (head>stern spring ? <ira springul prova>pupa
Fet go everything forward>aft ? Iola toate parAmele la prova>pupa
Fet go (head>stern line ? Iola parAma.prova>pupa
Fet go towing line ? Iola parAma de remorca:
Fet go spring ? Iola springul
Reep someone forward to stand by the anchor ? TineBi pe cineva An prova s@ preg@teasc@ ancora
1.'.(oca9ulary in context
CO % Chief Officer& ) % )oatswain& C % Captain& H % Helmsman& '
rd
O% =hird Officer
=he G$astoriaH is coming up the ri6er on the flood tide. Her 9erth is on her star9oard side8 and six
ca9les ahead. =he Chief Officer is on the forecastle and is gi6ing the 9oatswain orders.
,%* +nchors are clear. Got the heaving lines, fenders and mooring ropes ready, boatswain-
B * 5es, Sir.
,%* The ,aptain is going to take her round, now.
The neEt thing, after seeing that the e$uipment is ready, is to turn the ship round and stem the tide. We are
now a little way past our berth and ,aptain Qones is doing this.
,* 'ard/a/starboard.Stop her. 8ull ahead.
'* 'ard/a/starboard ,Sir.
0
rd
%* 8ull ahead, Sir.
,* Iidship. Stop her.8ull astern.
'* Iidship
0
rd
%* 8ull astern, Sir.
,* Stop her. )ort a bit.
0
rd
%* Stop her, Sir.
'* )ort a bit.
The !)astoria" was turned around by this manoeuvre. ;ow she is stemming the tide.
,* Slow ahead. Steady as you go.
0
rd
%* Slow ahead, Sir.
'* Steady as you go, Sir.
The ship is now approaching the berth against the tide, and ,aptain Qones has given us a slight cant towards
it. %n the forecastle, the chief officer says*
,%* 'eaving line ready- Bend on the head rope. ;ow pay her out.
The shore party makes her head rope fast.
,* Stop her.
0
rd
%* Stop her, Sir.
;ow the weight comes on the head rope and the ship is dropping alongside. %n the stern of the !)astoria" the
Second %fficer is in charge. 'e says*
,* Iake fast your stern rope.
Stern rope, breast ropes and spring are now led ashore and made fast. %n the bridge, the captain says*
,* =ing !8inished with the engine", Third.
0
rd
%* 8inished with the engines, Sir.
,* <ery good. 'elmsman, finished with the wheel.
'* 8inished with the wheel, Sir.
1.'.1.(oca9ulary and expressions
To come up the river ? + naviga An amonte
8lood tide ? )erioad@ de fluE
Berth ? Can@
To stem the tide ? + naviga contra mareei
To give a slight cant ? + aduce uHor
'eaving line ? Bandul@
To bend on ? + lega
To pay out ? + fila
Shore party ? Dchipa de la cheu
;ow the weight comes on the head rope ? +cum parAma prova fiind solicitat@K
The ship is dropping alongside ? ;ava vine prea repede la cheu
Iake fast your stern rope ? <oltaBi parAma pupa
Fet ashore ? CaBi (parAmele la cheu
7. Grammar 0 3odal 6er9s!General
The Vmodal auEiliary verbs( or Vmodal verbs( are can, could, #ay, #ight, will, would, shall, should, ought to,
#ust, need and dare.
7.1.*se
-e use modal 6er9s to tal" a9out8 for example8 possi9ility8 willingness8 a9ility8 o9ligation8 certainty
and permission.
e.g. It might rain. (possibility
-ill you help me- (willingness
Can she swim- (ability
5ou must be home by LL o(clock. (obligation
5ou haven(t eaten all day. 5ou must be hungry. (certainty
3ay I borrow your car- (permission
7.1..<orm
7.1..1.We form the affirmative by putting the modal verb between the sub:ect and the full verb.
I can swim
We should go now.
Iodal verbs take the same form in all persons. There is no/s ending in the third person singular.
She can swim.
'e should go now.
+fter all modal verbs (eEcept ought we use the infinitive without to e.g. swim, go etc.
+fter ought we use to U infinitive e.g. to swim, to go etc.
7.1...We form the negative by putting nt/not after the modal verb.
e.g. She can?t swim
We should?t go.
It might not rain.
We form $uestions by inverting the sub:ect and the modal verb. ,ompare*
e.g. She can swim./ Can she swim-
We should go J 2hould we go-
;ote that we do not use do in $uestions and negatives.
7.1..'.We can use the structure modal verbUbeUK/ing
e.g. It(s getting late. We really must 9e going now.
7.1....We sometimes use eEpressions such as be able to, be allowed to and have to instead of modal verbs.
These eEpressions give us certain meanings and forms which are not possible with modal verbs.
e.g. I(d like to 9e a9le to play the piano.(,an has no infinitive
She had to go to the doctor(s yesterday. (3ust is not used to talk about the past
7.1..1.When we talk about the past, we can use modal verb U have ? past participle. We use this structure to
talk about things that possibly happened or things that did not happen.
e.g. V)eter is late.( V'e may ha6e missed his train(( )erhaps he missed>has missed his train
VI feel really tired today. I should ha6e gone to bed earlier last night.( But I did not go to bed very
early last night.
7.. A9ility0can. Could8 9e a9le to
7..1. Can
We use can to talk about ability. The negative of can is cannot(cant
e.g. Can you swim-
'e can play the guitar
I can?t open this bottle.
Can you meet me tomorrow evening-
We can use be able to instead of can e.g. Are you a9le to swim- (but can is more common
7... Could and wasDwere a9le to
7...1.We can use could to say that someone had the general ability to do something in the past.
e.g. I could swim when I was 6 years old.
Iy sister could talk when she was LN months old.
We also use was/were able to with this meaning.
e.g. I was a9le to swim when I was 6 years old.
7....But when we want to say that someone had the ability to do something, and that they did it in a
particular situation, we must use was/were able to (could is not possible
e.g. Dven though I(d hurt my led, I was a9le to swim back to the boat.
The manager wasn(t in the office for very long, but we were a9le to speak to him for a few minutes.
We can use #anaged to (+ infinitive or succeeded in (U /ing form instead of was/were able to in this
meaning.
e.g. Dven though I(d hurt my leg, I managed to swim back to the boat> I succeeded in swimming back
to the boat.
We normally use #anaged to or succeeded in when the action was difficult to do.
7...'.There is an eEception with the verbs of perception see, hear, s#ell, taste, feel, and some verbs of
thinking e.g. understand, re#e#ber. We use could with these verbs when we actually did these things in
particular situations.
e.g. We could see a man in the garden.
I could hear a noise outside my bedroom door
7.....We use could not (couldnt) for both general ability and particular situations.
e.g. Iy grandmother couldn?t dance.
'e tried very hard, but he couldn?t swim back to the boat.
7..'. Could ha6eC
We use could have + past participle to say that someone had the ability or the opportunity to do
something in the past but did not do it.
e.g.5ou could ha6e helped me. Why didn(t you-
I could ha6e gone to ,hina on holiday last year, but I decided not to.
7.... DEpressing ability in other forms*be able to
%an has no infinitive, /ing form or participles. So, when necessary. we make these forms with be able to.
e.g. I(d like to be able to play the piano.
In the future, people will be able to live on other planets.
She en:oys being able to speak foreign languages.
Ive been able to drive since I was L4.
7.'. $ermission0 can8 could8 may8 might8 9e allowed to
7.'.1. As"ing for permission
e.g. Can I borrow your dictionary-
Could I ask you a personal $uestion-
3ay I make a suggestion-
%ould is less direct and more polite than can hare. ,ay is more formal than can and could, but can and could
are more common.
We can also use #ight to ask for permission in a less direct, more formal style.
3ight I make a suggestion-
7.'.. Gi6ing permission
When we give permission, we use can or #ay Obut not could or #ight
e.g. FCan I use your pen for a moment-( V5es, of course you can.(
5ou can borrow my camera if you want to.
VCould I make a suggestion-( V%f course you may.?
7.'..'. =al"ing a9out permission
When we talk about things that are already permitted or not permitted (e.g. when there is a law or a rule, we
use can(-t) or be (not) allowed.
e.g.5ou can?t smoke>aren?t allowed to smoke in this room.
5ou canDare allowed to get married in Britain when you are L1.(That(s the law
The children normally go to bed at O o(clock, but they can stay up>are allowed to stay up
later on Saturdays. (Their parents have decided this.
7.'... Could and wasDwere allowed to
7.'...1.We use could to say that we had general permission to do something in the past.
e.g. When I was L4, I could borrow my parents( car whenever I wanted to.
When I was L4, I was allowed to borrow my parents( car whenever I wanted to.
7.'....But when we want to say that someone had permission to do something and they did it in a particular
past situation, we must use wasDwere allowed to (could is not possible
e.g. I was allowed to borrow my parents( car last night.( ;ot* I could borrowK
7... O9ligation and necessity 415& must8 ha6e to8 ha6e got to
7...1. 3ust and ha6e to
7...1.1.We use both #ust and have to to eEpress obligation or necessity, but there is sometimes a difference
between them*
We normally use #ust when the authority comes from the speaker. 5ou must be home by L7 o(clock. (I
insist. I(ve got a terrible pain in my back. I must go and see the doctor. (I think it is necessary. 5ou must
drive carefully. (I insist.
We normally use have to when the authority comes from outside the speaker. I have to be home by L7
o(clock.(Iy parents insist I ha6e to go and see the doctor at O.77 tomorrow morning. (I have got an
appointment. you ha6e to drive on the left in Britain.(That is the law
7...1..We only use #ust (+infinitive to talk about the present and the future. When we talk about past
obligation or necessity, we use had to.
e.g. I had to work late yesterday.
7...1.'.,ust has no infinitive, /ing form or participles. So, when necessary, we make these forms with have
to.
e.g. I(ll ha6e to work late tomorrow.
'e hates ha6ing to get up early.
She?s had to work hard all her life.
;ote that in $uestions and negatives with have to we use do/does in the present simple and did in the
past simple.
e.g. What time do you ha6e to start work-
We don?t ha6e to hurry. We(ve got plenty of time.
#id you ha6e to walk home last night-
7....Ha6e got to
We often use have got to instead of have to to talk about obligation and necessity. .ave got to is more
informal.
e.g. I ha6e to hurry. I(6e got to hurry.
#o you ha6e to go- Ha6e you got to go-
We normally use have to, not have got to, for things that happen repeatedly, especially when we use one/
word adverbs of fre$uency e.g. always, often. ,ompare*
e.g. I always ha6e to work late on Wednesday evenings I(6e got to work late this evening.
#o you often ha6e to get up early- Ha6e you got to get up early tomorrow-
We use got mostly in the present. To talk about the past, we normally use had to, not had got to.
e.g. I had to work late last night.
1.N. %bligation and necessity (M* mustn(t, don(t have to, don(t need to, haven(t got to, needn(t
7.1.1.,ompare #ustnt and dont have to
+nnie has got a bad cold." 5ou mustn?t get up today."
Sally is on holiday. !I don?t ha6e to get up today."
We use #ustnt when there is an obligation not to do something.
e.g. 5ou mustn?t get up today.(?Co not get up.
5ou mustn?t wash that sweater. It has to be dry/cleaned(?Co not wash it.
We use dont have to when it is not necessary to do something.
e.g. I don?t ha6e to get up today. (?It is not necessary to get up
5ou don?t ha6e to wash that shirt. It isn(t dirty.(?It is not necessary to wash it.
7.1..We can also use dont need to, havent got to or neednt to to say that it is not necessary to do
something.
e.g. I don?t need to get up today.
I ha6en?t got to get up today.
I needn?t get up today
;ote that we often use neednt when the speaker gives someone permission not to do something.
e.g. 5ou needn?t pay me back the money until neEt week. (? I give you permission not to pay me back
the money until then.
7.7. Needn?t ha6e and didn?t need to
7.7.1./eednt have + past participle says that someone did something, but it was not necessary/ it was a
waste of time.
e.g. I needn?t ha6e made so much food for the party. ;obody was very hungry. (? it was not necessary
to make so much food, but I did,
I needn?t ha6e told Rate what happened. She already knew. (?It was not necessary to tell Rate, but I
did
7.7..*idnt need to U infinitive says that something was not necessary (but it does not say if someone did it
or not.
e.g. She needn?t ha6e waited. (?It was not necessary to wait, but she did.
She didn?t need to wait.(?It was not necessary to wait* we don(t know if she did or not.
They needn?t ha6e worried. (?It was not necessary to worry, but they did.
They didn?t need to worry.(?It was not necessary to worry. we don(t know if they did or not
7.7.'.When we use didnt need to, it often means that someone did not do something (because it was not
necessary.
e.g. I didn?t need to unloc" the door because it was already unlocked.
I didn?t need to write to you so I phoned you instead.
But we can also use didnt need to (with stress on need when something was not necessary, but
someone did it.
e.g. I didn?t need to write to you8 but I wrote to you anyway.
7.:. O9ligation and ad6ice0 should8 ought to8 had 9etter8 9e supposed to8 shall
7.:.1.0hould and ought to
7.:.1.1.We can use both 0hould and ought to talk about obligation and duty, to ask for and give advice,
and , in general, to say what is right or good.
e.g. 5ou should learn to swim>5ou ought to learn to swim.
5ou shouldn?t tell lies.>5ou oughtn?t to tell lies.
What do you think I should do->What do you think I ought to do-
0hould and ought to are very similar in meaning, but we often prefer ought to to talk about authority
which comes from outside the speaker e.g. from laws or rules
;ote that after should, we use the infinitive without to e.g. learn, tell, but after ought we use
toUinfinitive e.g. to learn, to tell.
7.:.1..We use should have/ought to have U past participle to say that someone did the wrong thing in the
past.
e.g. I should ha6e posted this letter yesterday, but I forgot. (I did not post it
I am really tired this morning. I should?t ha6e stayed up so late last night.(I stayed up late
'aven(t you finished your homework yet- 5ou ought to ha6e done it last night. (5ou did not do it
7.:.Had 9etter
.ad betterU infinitive without to eEpresses a strong recommendation in a particular situation.
e.g. I(m going to an interview tomorrow. I(d 9etter iron my shirt.
It(s going to be cold tonight. We(d 9etter turn on the heating.
We always use had not have with better in this structure, but the meaning is present or future, not past
We form the negative with had better not.
e.g. Wed 9etter not 9e late.
.ad better often suggests a kind of threat or warning, and is stronger than should or ought to.
7.:.'.)e B supposed to
We can use supposed to to talk about what people are eEpected to do because of an arrangement, a rule,
or a duty.
e.g. 5ou(re supposed to start work at 4.77 every morning.
I(m supposed to see Iaria this afternoon.
We use not supposed to to eEpress prohibitions.
e.g. 5ou know you(re not supposed to eat in the classroom.
There is often a difference between what is supposed to happen and what really happens.
e.g. I(m supposed to see Iaria this afternoon, but I(m not going to have enough time.
)ut those sweets away9 5ou know you(re not supposed to eat in the classroom.
'e was supposed to phone me yesterday, but he didn(t.
7.:...2hall
We can use shall I1 When we want to know someone(s opinion, or when we want advice or
instructions.
e.g. I(ve missed my last bus. What shall I do -
I(m not sure what to do. 2hall I apply for the :ob or not-
'ow long shall I cook this spaghetti-
7.;.. $ossi9ility0 may8 might8 could
7.;.1. $resent and future possi9ility
7.;.1.1.We use #ay, #ight and could to talk about present or future possibility.
e.g. !There(s someone at the door." VIt may be Sarah." (?perhaps it is Sarah
We aren(t sure what we are going to do tomorrow. We might go to the beach.(?)erhaps we
will go to the beach.
!Where(s Simon-" !'e could be in the living room." (?)erhaps he is in the living room.
,ight is normally a little less sure than #ay. %ould is normally less sure than #ay or #ight.
U U U #ay U U #ight U could
7.;.1..We use the negatives #ay not and #ight not (mightn(t with this meaning, but not could not.
e.g. Simon may not be in the living room(?)erhaps he is not in the living room.
We might not go to the beach. (?)erhaps we will not go to the beach.
7.;.1.'.;ote the form* #ay/#ight/could U be U K/ing
D.g. They may 9e ha6ing dinner at the moment. ()erhaps they are having dinner.
7.;.. $ossi9ility in the past
7.;..1.We can use #ay/#ight/could U have+past participle to talk about possibility in the past
e.g. !Where was sally last night-" !I think she may ha6e 9een at the cinema."(?I think perhaps she
was at the cinema.
!)eter is late." !'e might ha6e missed his train."(?)erhaps he missed>has missed his train.
!I can(t find my wallet anywhere." !5ou could ha6e left it at home." ()erhaps you left>have
left it at home.
!She walked straight past me without saying hello." !She might not ha6e seen
you.H4%perhaps she didn(t see you.
7.;...-e also use could and #ight (but not may with have U past participle to say that something was
possible in the past but did not happen
e.g. !I forgot to lock my car last night." ! 5ou were very lucky. Someone could ha6e stolen it"
!5ou were stupid to try to climb that tree. 5ou might ha6e "illed yourself."
7.I.#eduction0 must8 can?t
7.I.1.3ust8 can?t
7.I.1.1.We use #ust in deductions to say that we are sure about something.
D.g. It(s not very warm and you(re not wearing a coat. 5ou must be cold. (? I am sure that you are
cold.
Irs Woods must know Fondon very well. She has lived there all her life. (?I am sure that she
knows Fondon very well.
7.I.1..We use cant (not #ustnt as the negative of #ust in this meaning. We use cant in deductions to say
that something is impossible.
e.g. )eter was here a moment ago, so he can?t be far away. (?It is impossible that he is far away.
+nnie can?t be asleep. There(s a light on in her bedroom. (?It is impossible that she is
asleep
7.I.1.'.;ote the form* #ust/cant + be U K/ing
e.g. 5ou(ve been working hard all day. 5ou must 9e feeling tired. ( I am sure that you are feeling
tired.
Simon has bought two tickets for the concert, so he can?t 9e going on his own. (?It is impossible
that he is going on his own.
7.I.1...We also use can in $uestions about possibility.
e.g. The telephone is ringing. Who can that be-
Sally is late. Where can she be-
7.I.. 3ust ha6eCand can?t ha6eC
7.I..1.We use #ust/cant U haveU past participle for deductions about the past.
e.g. Those shoes you bought are very nice. They must ha6e 9een eEpensive. (?I am sure that they
were eEpensive.
5ou can?t Dcouldn?t ha6e 9een at the swimming pool yesterday9 The swimming pool was
closed all day yesterday9 (?It is impossible that you were at the swimming pool9
7.I...We use can have2 and could have2in $uestions about past possibility.
e.g. Where can they ha6e gone -
Sally is very late. What could ha6e happened to her-
7.1J. Re/uests0 can8 could8 may8 will8 would
7.1J1.As"ing for something
We can ask for things with can, could and #ay.
e.g. Can I have a glass of water, please-
Could I have the bill please-
3ay I have some more coffee-
%ould is less direct and more polite than can here* #ay is more formal than can/could.
7.1J..As"ing for permission
We also use can, could and #ay to ask for permission.
e.g. Can I borrow your dictionary-
Could I ask you a personal $uestion-
3ay I have a look at your newspaper-
7.1J.'.As"ing someone to do something
7.1J.'.1. We often use can you- (?are you able to- to ask someone to do something for us.
e.g. Can you post this letter for me-
Can you switch on the light, please-
We use could as a less definite, more polite form of can in this meaning.
e.g. Could you pass me the newspaper please-
Could you give me some advice-
7.1J.'..We also use will you1 (3are you willing to1)to ask someone to do something.
e.g. -ill you switch on the light, please-
We use would as a less definite, more polite form of will in this meaning.
e.g. -ould you pass this letter for me-
VThe phone is ringing.( V-ould you answer it-(
7.1J.'.'. We also use would with the verb #ind O?(ob:ect to( or Vdislike( to make polite re$uests.
e.g. -ould you mind switching on the light-
7.1J..'... We sometimes make re$uests by using would like as a polite way of saying what we
want.
e.g. I?d li"e a glass of water, please.
I?d li"e to ask you a personal $uestion.
7.11. Offers0 will8 shall8 can8 could8 would
7.11..1. We use will to say that we are willing to do something or to offer to do something.
e.g. I(ll help you with your suitcase.
I?ll lend you my bicycle if you want.
+re you hungry- I(ll make you something to eat.
We also use will you1 In offers and invitations.
e.g. What will you have to drink-
-ill you have dinner with us-
7.11.. We use shall I1 (?do you want me to- to offer to do something for someone.
e.g. 2hall I help you-
2hall I open the door for you-
2hall I post this letter for you-
7.11.'. We also use can/could(?(ability( to offer to do something for someone.
e.g. I can post this letter for you.
I could lend you some money if you want.
Sometimes when we use can or could to Vask for permission(, we are really offering to do
Something.
e.g. Can I make you something to eat-
Could I carry that bag for you-
In these uses, could is less direct and more polite than can.
7.11...We also use would with verbs such as like, prefer and rather to make polite offers and
invitations.
e.g. -ould you li"e to go to a party on Saturday-
-ould you li"e me to help you-
-ould you prefer to stay in or go out this evening-
7.1. 2uggestions0 shall8 let?s8 why don?t we8 howDwhat a9out8 can8 could
7.1.1.We use shall we1 To ask for and make suggestions.
e.g. Where shall we go-
What time shall we leave-
2hall we stay at home-
2hall we play tennis tomorrow-
7.1.. We can also make suggestions in these ways*
7.1..1.
e.g. +et?s watch T<.
+et?s go for a swim.
7.1...Why dont we(Uinfinitive without to-
e.g. -hy don?t we go for a swim-
-hy don?t we play tennis-
7.1..'. .ow/What about (U/ing form>noun-
e.g. How a9out playing tennis>a game of tennis-
7.1.'. -e use can and could to suggest possible actions.
e.g. We can watch T< if you like.
We could go to the cinema tomorrow.
In this use, could is less direct and more polite than can.
7.1'. Ha9its0 used to8 will8 would
7.1'.1. *sed to
7.1'.1.1. *se.
We use used to U infinitive to talk about past habits which are now finished.
e.g. =obert used to play football when he was younger, but he stopped playing M7 years ago.(?=obert played
football regularly in the past, but he does not play now.
Rate used to go swimming a lot, but she never goes swimming now.
When I was a child, I used to suc" my thumb.
We also use used to for past states and situations which are no longer true.
e.g. =obert used to 9e very slim when he was younger.
I used to li6e in Fondon, but I moved in LO47.
We only use used to to talk about the past. When we talk about present habits or present states, we use the
present simple.
e.g. =obert never plays football now.
Rate goes sailing $uite often nowadays.
I li6e in Ianchester.
=obert is $uite fat.
We do not use used to to say how long something happened.
e.g. I wor"ed in =ome for siE months.
7.1'.1.. <orm
4sed to + infinitive takes the same form in all persons.
I>5ou>'e>She>It>We>5ou>They used to play football.
li6e in Fondon.
9e very slim.
The negative of used to is normally didnt use to (?did not use to
I didn?t use to li6e in Fondon.
5ou didn?t use to li"e classical music.
We also use never used to e.g. 5ou ne6er used to li"e classical music.
We normally form $uestions with did2use to2-
e.g. Where did you use to li6e-
#id you use to li"e classical music-
7.1'.. -ill and -ould
7.1'..1. we can use will to talk about someone(s typical behaviour or characteristic habits.
e.g. Simon loves music. 'e(ll sit for hours listening to his stereo.
Rate is very kind. She(ll always help people if she can.
We use would with the same meaning to talk about the past.
e.g. When I was a child my father would sometimes take me fishing.
Iy grandmother was very absent/minded. She would often buy something and then leave the shop
without it.
Will and Would are not stressed in this use.
7.1'.... If will or would are stressed (V, it suggests criticism.
e.g. 'e Xwill slam the door when he comes in. It really makes me angry.
VShe borrowed my camera without asking.( VShe Xwould do a thing like that. She(s always borrowing
things without asking.(
7.1'..'. *sed to and would
When we talk about past habits, we can use used to or would.
e.g. When we were children, we used toDwould play ,owboys and Indians together.
When I was a child, my elder brother used toDwould take me to the cinema every Saturday morning.
When we talk about past states, we can use used to, but not would.
e.g. Iy grandfather used to be a policeman.
I used to have a moustache, but I shaved it off.
:. Grammar $ractice
1. Complete the sentences using can or could where possi9le. If can or could is not possi9le8 use a
form of be able to.
>xamples0
He has 9een li6ing in <rance for 7 months. He can spea" <rench 6ery well now.
I?ll be able to go shopping later today.
1. When =obert was younger he///run $uite fast.
. Fook9 5ou///see the mountains from this window.
'. Rate///dance really well when she was a young girl.
.. 'ow long have you///play the guitar-
1. Fook9 I///lift this chair with one hand9
7. I(m sorry, but I won(t///come to the party on Saturday.
. Complete the sentences using could or was,were able to .2ometimes either form is possi9le.
>xample0
2imon could,was able to read music when he was :.
1. We///put out the fire before much damage was done.
. Iy daughter///walk when she was only LL months old.
'. I///finish all the work you wanted me to do yesterday.
.. V///(you speak 8rench before you went to live in )aris-( (I///(not speak it very well.(
1. They were talking $uite loudly. I///hear everything they said.
'. Ro9ert -ells is 1 years old. 2ometimes he feels that he has wasted his life.
Read a9out Ro9ert. Replace the words in italics with could ha$e-as in the example.
>xample0
-hen Ro9ert was 7 he had the chance to 'et married. 9ut he decided not to.
-hen Ro9ert was 7 he could ha$e 'ot married. 9ut he decided not to.
1. !obert had the ability to go to university, but he didn(t want to go.
. .e had the intelligence to pass his final eEams at school, but he didn(t take them.
'. + lot of people thought he had the ability to be a professional footballer when he was younger, but he
didn(t try.
.. .e had the opportunity to start his own business once, but he didn(t want to
1. .e had the chance to e#igrate to +ustralia a few years ago, but he decided not to.
.. Complete the sentences using could or was,were allowed to
>xample0 I was allowed to see him for a few moments yesterday.
1. +ndrew///leave school early yesterday because he wasn(t feeling well.
. &ntil the LO
th
century, people///travel freely between most countries without a passport.
'. Sue(s children///watch the film on T< last night.
.. 'er son has to wear a uniform in his new school, but in his old school he///wear whatever he liked.
1. 4 I 5 3rs -oods isn?t 6ery well. =he doctor is spea"ing to her8 Complete what the doctor says using
must and the 6er9s drink. take. stay and continue. *se each 6er9 only once.
#octor0 Well, Irs Woods, your temperature is a little high, so you////in bed for the neEt few days. 5ou can
eat whatever you like, but you///plenty of li$uids. +nd I(ll give you some medicine. 5ou///it three times a
day after meals. +nd you ///to take it for the neEt ten days.
4ii5 Now 3rs -oods is wxplaining the doctor?s instructions to 3r -oods. Complete what 3rs
-oods says using ha$e to and the 6er9s drink. take. stay and continue.*se each 6er9 only once.
3rs -oods0 The doctor gave me some medicine. I///it three times a day after meals. +nd I///to take it for
the neEt ten days. I(m not allowed to get up at the moment. I///in bed for the neEt few days. %h, and I(m
allowed to eat whatever I like, but I///plenty of li$uids.
7. Complete the sentences using must or a form of ha$e to. 2ometimes two answers are possi9le.
>xample0 I couldn?t go to the party last night 9ecause I had to 9a9ysit for my sister.
I ha$e to,must get up early tomorrow morning.
1. 5ou///get a visa to visit the &nited states.
. +nnie will///do her homework tomorrow.
'. It(s getting very late. We///go now.
.. I///stay in bed yesterday because I wasn.t very well,
1. Ir Iason///wear glasses since he was a child.
7. I don(t like///work at weekends.
:.Choose the correct form.
>xample0 ,ou?6e 9een late for wor" twice this wee". ,ou mustnt,neednt 9e late again.
(The right choice here is #ustnt)
1. 5ou #ustnt/ dont have to open the door before the train stops. 5ou could fall out.
. We #ustnt/ dont have to hurry. We(ve got plenty of time.
'. We #ustnt/ havent got to make any noise going into the house. It(s very late and everybody is
asleep.
.. 5ou #ustnt/neednt tell ;icki about the party. I(ve already told her.
1. 5ou #ustnt/dont need to phone the station about the time of the trains. I(ve got a timetable.
7. I #ustnt/havent got to go now. I can stay a bit longer if you want me to.
4.,omplete these sentences using the modal verbs in the boE. Sometimes two answers are possible.
Iust mustn(t can can(t needn(t
DEamples* 5ou needn(t go any longer. 5ou can go now.
We mustn(t make a noise. We #ust be $uiet.
5ou must move your car. 5ou cant/#ustnt park here.
1. ,ou mustn?t lea6e the door unloc"ed. ,ouKloc" it.
. ,ou can only smo"e in the canteen. ,ou!!!smo"e in this room.
'. -e needn?t do the washing up now. -e!!!do it tomorrow.
.. -e can stay a 9it longer. -e!!!go now.
1. ,ou can?t "eep on using my tennis shoes. ,ou!!!9uy your own.
7. ,ou can "eep those magaLines. ,ou!!!gi6e them 9ac" to me.
O. ,omplete the sentences using neednt have where possible. If neednt have is not possible, use didnt need
to.
DEamples* VCid you water the garden-( V5es, but I neednt have done (do it. Qust after I(d finished it started to
rain9
I didnt need to wake (wake her up because she was awake before me.
1. 2he !!!4get up5 early last 2aturday8 so she stayed in 9ed until 1J o?cloc".
. I didn?t wear my coat when I went out. I!!!4wear5 it. It wasn?t cold.
'. He was 6ery anxious 9efore the exam8 9ut he!!!4worry5. It wasn?t as difficult as he?d expected.
.. 2he!!!4pay5 the man8 9ut she ga6e him some money anyway.
1. 2he!!!4pay5 the man8 so she didn?t gi6e him any money.
7. =han" you 6ery much for the flowers8 9ut you really!!!49uy5 them for me.
L7. ,omplete the advice using should or ought to5 find the advice for the problems
DEample* L. VI(ve lost my credit card.(
V5ou should report it to the credit card company immediately.(
V5ou ought to report it to the credit card company immediately.(
)=%BFDIS +C<I,D
L. FI?6e lost my credit card.? FI thin" youDsell it?
M. VI can?t wa"e up in the mornings.? F $erhaps youDloo" for another @o9.?
0.?I8m 9ored with my @o9.? F #on?t you thin" youDapologiLe to themE?
6. FI?6e got a terri9le headache.? F$erhaps youD9uy a new alarm cloc"A?
N. FI was 6ery rude to my parents.? F ,ouDreport it to the credit card company
immediately.(
7. VIy car keeps on breaking down.( V )erhaps you>take some aspirin.(
11. 3a"e sentences using shoul/dnt0-should/nt0 ha$e-or ought/nt0 to ha$e-and the words in
9rac"ets.
DEample* Iy car is always dirty. (I>clean>it more often.
I should clean it more often.DI ought to clean it more often.
1. 5ou think your friend works too hard. 5ou tell him>her*
(5ou>not work>so hard (5ou>relaE>more
. 5our friend overslept this morning and was late for work. 'is boss said to him.
(5ou>buy>an alarm clock9
'. Rate didn(t feel well yesterday, but she went to work and now she feels really terrible.
( She>not go>to work yesterday. (She>stay>in bed.
.. Ir Woods walked straight out into the road without looking. 'e was nearly killed by a bus.
( 'e>not walk>into the road without looking. ('e>look>first.
1. Complete the sentences using had better and the 6er9s in the 9ox.
>xample0 =he phone is ringing. ,ou?d better answer it.
$ar" stay hurry answer put out 9e not lea6e
1. This knife is very sharp. 5ou ///careful when you use it.
. %h no9 Fook9 There(s a V;o )arking(Sign here. We///somewhere else.
'. 5ou(re not very well. I think you///in bed today.
.. We(re late.We///
1. There(s a lot of crime in this area. We///any doors or windows unlocked.
7. The plane is :ust going to take off. 5ou///that cigarette.
1'. Complete the sentences using the correct form of be 1 supposed to and the 6er9s in the 9ox.
>xample0 I?m on diet8 so I?m not supposed to eat cream ca"es.
Arri6e not eat go not open not par" ha6e
1. What are you doing with your birthday presents- 5ou///them until your birthday9
. I///to work yesterday, but I couldn(t because I was ill in bed.
'. 5ou///your car here at any time.
.. We///in Ianchester at 1 o(clock this morning, but our plane was delayed.
1. )eter///a one/hour lunch break, but he sometimes takes a bit longer.
1.. Complete each /uestion using shall ) and the most suita9le 6er9 in the 9ox.
>xample0 How much money shall ) 'et from the 9an"E
$aint in6ite get tell put
1. Who///to my prty, do you think-
. Where///all these dirty plates and glasses-
'. What do you think-///my parents what has happened-
.. What colour///my bedroom- 'ave you got any ideas-
LN. =ephrase these sentences using the modal verbs in brackets.
>xamples0 $erhaps she is ill 4may5. 2he may be ill.
$erhaps they went out. 4might53hey mi'ht ha$e 'one out.
1. )erhaps you(re right. (could
. )erhaps she(ll win the race. (might
'. )erhaps she forgot about the meeting. (may
.. )erhaps they were asleep. (might
1. )erhaps he doesn(t know the address.(may
7. )erhaps they left early. (could
:. )erhaps he isn(t coming now.(might
;. )erhaps I(ll see you tomorrow. (may
I. )erhaps they(re going on holiday. (could
1J. )erhaps she didn(t catch the bus.(may
17. Complete the sentences using can or could and the 6er9s in the 9ox. *se each 6er9 only once.
Grow 9e ma"e reach li6e sur6i6e cross
>xample0 =igers can 9e dangerous.
1. Dlephants///for up to 37 years.
. Temperatures near the South )ole///minus 60 degrees centigrade.
'. + hundred years ago ships///the +tlantic in L7 days.
.. ,amels///for up to L3 weeks in the desert without water.
1. Cinosaurs///up to N metres long.
7. +nyone///mistakes.
1:.Complete the sentences using should or ou'ht to and the correct form of the 6er9s in the 9ox.
*se each 6er9 only once.
pass 9e win not ta"e sell arri6e recei6e
>xample0 I?6e only got M118 9ut that should,ou'ht to 9e enough. -e won?t need to 9uy 6ery much.
1. 5ou///my letter first thing in the morning. I posted it earlier today.
. I was surprised Fiverpool lost the football match. They ///easily.
'. I///my car easily. I only want Y ON7 for it and it(s in very good condition.
.. +ndrew///the eEams last week. 'e worked very hard for them.
1. V'ow long will it take to drive to the park-( VWell, it///long. It isn(t very far.(
7. I(m still waiting for the 3 o(clock bus. It///half an hour ago.
1;. Answer the /uestions in A using must or cant. 'i$e a reason from 4
>xample0 1. =hey cant be Gree". =hey?re spea"ing Italian.
A )
1. +re they Greek- It(s very cold in here.
. Is he ill- 'e(s too young.
'. Is the heating on- She(s :ust passed her driving test.
.. +re they asleep- They(re speaking Italian.
1. Is she happy- Their bedroom lights are off.
7. Is he a doctor- 'e(s got a high temperature.
LO. =ephrase the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets.
>xamples0 I?m sure she is in 9ed. 4must5 2he must be in bed.
-e?ll pro9a9ly arri6e 9efore 11 o?cloc". 4should5 We should arri$e before 11 oclock.
$erhaps he was ill.4may5 He may ha$e been ill.
It?s impossi9le that they missed the plane. 4can?t5 3hey cant ha$e missed the plane.
1. )erhaps she(ll phone later, (might
. I(ll probably be at home. (could
'. )erhaps they went home.(could
.. It(s impossible that he(s telling the truth. (can(t
1. I(m sure you(ve heard the news. (must
7. )erhaps I won(t go out this evening. (may
:. It(s impossible that she saw us. (can(t
;. I(m sure the bus has left. (must
I. )erhaps he didn(t apply for the :ob. (might
1J. She(ll probably be here soon. (ought to
M7. )eter and Sally are trying to decide what to do this evening.
Complete the con6ersation using the words in the 9ox. *se some words more than once.
-hy don?t we +et?s shall we How a9out could

$>=>R0 So, what shall we do this evening-
2A++,0 Well, we haven(t got much money.///staying in and watching T<-
$>=>R0 %h, no9 I(m fed up with watching T<.
2A++,0 ///go out for a drink, then. We can afford one drink each.
$>=>R0 +ll right.Where///go-
2A++,0 ///go to The Tropical Bar- They have really good music there.
$>=>R0 5es, but the drinks are very eEpensive.
2A++,0 That(s true. Well, we///go to the pub on the coner.
$>=>R0 5es. They have very good videos.///go there.
2A++,0 I thought you said you were fed up with watching T<9
1. $ut one 6er9 in each sentence into the used to form and the other 6er9 into the present simple.
>xamples0 -hen 3argot first 9ecame a doctor8 she used to work /wor"5 in a small hospital in
)righton8 9ut now she works 4wor"5 in a large hospital in +ondon.
1. =obert///(be interested in football, but he (not>be very interested in it any more.
. ;owadays Rate///(never>go dancing, but she///(go a lot before she was married.
'. That shop///(be a grocer(s when I was a child. ;ow it///(be a supermarket.
.. Britain///(have military service, but it///(not>haveit any more.
1. 8rance///(be a republic now, but it///(be a monarchy.
7. V///(you>like history when you were at school-( V ;o, I didn(t, but now I///(find it $uite interesting.
. Complete the sentences using will or would and one of the 6er9s in the 9ox.
>xample0 Ro9ert has got a 6ery 9ad memory. Hell often for'et 4often5 where he?s par"ed his car.
Carry on spend lend go throw forget
1. Rate is very generous. She///(always you money if you need it.
. Ren(s grandfather was very mean. 'e///(never anything away if he could use it again.
'. Ir Woods is a real chatterboE9 'e///talking fir hours and hours if you give him a chance.
.. When Simon was a child, he///(often hours :ust looking out of the window.
1. VI(m always tired these days.( VWell. 5ou///to bed so late every night, it isn(t surprising9(
'. -hich of these sentences can 9e completed with either used to or would? -hich of them can
only 9e completed with used to?
>xamples0 -hen Ro9ert was younger8 he used to,would 'o running e6ery morning.
1. When +ndrew was a small baby he///cry a lot.
. When I was little, I///be afraid of the dark.
'. When we were children, we///visit my grandmother every Sunday afternoon.
.. When Irs Woods was younger, she///play tennis every weekend.
1. 5ears ago I///have a motorbike.
7. There///be $uite a lot of cinemas in the town, but now there aren(t any.
;.Grammar $ractice Answer "ey
1.
L. could. M. ,an. 0. ,ould. 6. Been able to. N. ,an. 1. Be able to.
2.
1. were a9le to& .couldDwas a9le to& '. -as a9le to& .. CouldD-ere you a9le to8 couldn?tDwasn?t
a9le to& 1. CouldDwas a9le to
3.
1. Ro9ert could ha6e gone& .He could ha6e passed& '. He could ha6e 9een& ..He could ha6e
started& 1. He could ha6e emigrated.
4.
1. was allowed to& . CouldDwere allowed to& '. -ere allowed to& .. CouldDwas allowed to
.
4i5 1. 3ust stay& . 3ust drin"& '.must ta"e& .. 3ust continue
4ii5 1. Ha6e to ta"e& . Ha6e to continue& '. Ha6e to stay& .. Ha6e to drin"
!.
1. mustDha6e to& . Ha6e to& '. 3ustDha6e to& .. Had to& 1. Has had to& 7. Ha6ing to
".
1. mustn?t& . #on?t ha6e to& '. 3ustn?t& .. Needn?t& 1. #on?t need to& 7. Ha6en?t got to
#.
1.must& .can?tDmustn?t&'. Can& ..needn?t& 1.must& 7. Needn?t
%.
1. didn?t need to get up& . #idn?t need to wear& '. Needn?t ha6e worried& .. Needn?t ha6e paid& 1
didn?t need to pay& 7. I thin" you shouldDought to sell it.
1(.
1.,ou shouldDought to report it to the credit card company&.$erhaps you shouldDought to 9uy a
new alarm cloc"A& '.$erhaps you shouldDought to loo" for another @o9& .. #on?t you thin" you
shouldDought apologiLe to themE& 7. I thin" you shouldDought to sell it
11.
L.5ou shouldn(t >oughtn(t to work so hard. M. 5ou should>ought to have bought>buy an alarm clock. 0. She
shouldn(t>oughtn(t to have gone to work yesterday. She should>ought to have stayed in bed..6.'e
shouldn(t>oughtn(t to have walked into the road without looking. 'e should>ought have looked first.
12.
L.had better be.M. 'ad better park. 0. 'ad better stay. 6. 'ad better hurry. N. 'ad better not leave.1. 'ad better
put out.
13.
1.are not supposed to open& .was supposed to go& '. Are not supposed to par"& .. -ere supposed
to arri6e& 1. Is supposed to ha6e.
14.
1.shall I in6iteE& . 2hall I putE& '. 2hall I tellE& .. 2hall I paintE
1.
L.5ou could be right. M.she might win the race. 0.she may have forgotten about the meeting.6. They might
have been asleep. N. 'e may not know the address.1. They could have left early.3. 'e might not be coming. 4.
I may see you tomorrow. O.They could be going on holiday. L7.She may not have caught the bus.
1!.
L. can live. M.can reach.0. ,ould cross. 6. ,an survive. N. ,ould grow. 1. ,an make.
1".
1.should recei6e& .should ha6e won& '8should sell& .. 2hould ha6e passed& 1.shouldn?t ta"e& 7.
2hould ha6e arri6ed.
Note0 In all sentences should can 9e replaced 9y ou'ht to
1#.
1.=hey can?t 9e Gree". =hey spea" Italian& . He must 9e ill. He?s got a high temperature& '. =he
heating can?t 9e on. It?s 6ery cold in here& .. =hey must 9e asleep. =heir 9edroom lights are off. 1.
2he must 9e happy. 2he?s @ust pass her dri6ing test. 7. He can?t 9e a doctor. He?s too young.
1%.
L.She might phone later. M.I should be at home by 1 o(clock. 0. They could have gone home. 6. 'e can(t be
telling the truth. N. 5ou must have heard the news. 1. I may not go out this evening. 3. She can(t have seen us.
4. The bus must have left. O.'e might not have applied for the :ob. L7. She ought to be here soon
2(.
1.How a9out& . +et?s& '. 2hall we& ..-hy don?t we& 1. Could& 7. +et?s
21.
L.used to be, is not. M.never goes, used to go. 0. &sed to be, is. 6. &sed to have, doesn(t have. N. Is, used to be.
1. Cid you use to like, find.
22.
L.will always lend. M.would never throw. 0. Will carry on. 6.would often spend. N.will go
23.
1.used toDwould& .used to& '. *sed toDwould. .. *sed toDwould& 1. *sed to& 7. *sed to
I. $rogress =est!3odal 6er9s
1. Re6iew of permission and o9ligation
Choose the most suita9le answer!A8 ) or C
1. It isn(t cold outside. 5ouKwear a coat.
+ mustn(t B can , needn(t
. 5ou Kkeep out of that room. It(s private.
+ don(t have to B mustn(t , must
'. 5ouK fall asleep when you drive a car.
+ mustn(t B needn(t , must
..I(m going to retire soon. Then I won(tKwork any more.
+. must B have to , can
1.5ou Kvote in Britain until you are L4.
+ have to B can , aren(t allowed to
7. 5ouKwear a uniform in the army.
+ can B have to , mustn(t
:.Tomorrow is a holiday. WeKgo to work.
+ don(t have to B aren(t allowed to , have to
:. 5ou Kride a bicycle on a motorway in Britain.
+ must B don(t have to , can(t
.Re6iew of possi9ility8 pro9a9ility and deduction
Choose the correct answer!A8 ) or C.
1. ItKa lovely day tomorrow.
+ can be B could be , must be
. I(m getting fat, I think IKeating the wrong kind of food.
+ must be B can(t be , can be
'. I(m not sure, but IKSue in town last night.
+ can see B must have seen , may have seen
.. IikeKdriving to Fondon tomorrow. 'e can(t drive9
+ might be B can(t be , must be
1. Iy letterKyesterday, but it didn(t.
+ must have arrived B may arrive , should have arrived
7. I can hear footsteps in the flat upstairs, so there Ksomeone there.
+ must be B might be , can(t be
:. We(re very busy tomorrow so weKtime to visit you. We aren(t sure.
+ could not have B might not have , ought to have
;. That girlKM7 years old. She looks about LM9
+ may be B must be , can(t be
;.$rogress =est!answer "ey
1. 1.C .C '.A ..) 1.C 7.) :.A ;.C
. 1.) A 'C .) 1C 7 A : ) ; C
Chapter '.
=O-ING
L. =ead the teEt and try to guess the meaning of the new words and eEpressions from the conteEt.
Ships may need towing in a number of cases. When in port, tugs may be re$uired to take ships to or
from their berths. Sometimes it may be necessary to shift the ship from one berth to another and the port tug
is usually ordered to do this :ob.
It may also happen that the ship will need dry docking for cleaning the bottom and repairs to the
hull. + tug/boat will then be re$uired to manoeuvre the ship into the dock.
+ ship may become disabled at sea and in this case she will need some other vessel or a tug to tow
her to the nearest port.
Big ships re$uire big tow/lines. Iost modern vessels are provided with steel wire tow/lines of
sufficient length. It is advisable to use wire hawsers connected with a good length of manila rope, as this will
afford the necessary elasticity to tow/line.
The towing and towed vessels communicate with each other to coordinate their actions. &sually they
signal with the International ,ode, using single letter signals.
It should be added here that ships communicate with each other and with shore in a number of ways*
by radio, by flags, by light and sound signals and by semaphore. The International ,onvention adopted a
uniform system of International ,ode Signals, which is widely used by all the countries. In this system a
single letter or combination of letters signifies a whole sentence.
When the ship receives these signals the watch officer translates them into letters (or their
combination and find their meaning in the code book, where they are grouped in a certain order.
Single/letter signals are used to denote urgent or very common messages. 8or instance, signal !G"
means* !I re$uire a pilot". +s it was mentioned above, they also have a special meaning when used between
towing and towed vessels. 8or eEample, the same signal !G" in this case means* ! ,ast off the towing
hawser". the signal !+" signifies* !The towing hawser is fast," etc.
. Role!play the following dialogues and then wor" out and perform dialogues of your own.
.1. #ialogue 1
C % Captain & A % Agent
,* I shall re$uire a tug tomorrow to take my ship to another berth.
+* +t what time are you going to shift-
,* We(ll be ready to start at about N p.m.
+* Shall I order the tug for N p.m.-
,* 5es, that(s what I was going to ask of you. So, please order the tug to be here by N p.m. tomorrow.
+* Well, the time is set then. Shall I also order the tug beforehand to take you out of port-
,* 5es, kindly make preliminary arrangements with the tug company for 8riday this week. I am leaving your
port on this day.
+* What time shall I order the tug for you-
,* I cannot tell you the eEact time as yet, I think I(ll let you know the eEact time on Wednesday.
+* Good, that(s settled then. I would advise you to take two tugs, because there is a strong current in the
entrance and the port tugs are not very powerful.
,* 'ow much do they charge for towage-
+* They charge LN pounds for each tug to take the ship out of port.
,* +ll right. I(ll take your advice. Thank you. So, please order two tugs for 8riday.
..#ialogue .
C % Captain & $ % $ilot
,* Fook over there. WhatZs the matter with that ship- They have hoisted the ,ode 8lag. %bviously they are
going to signal something to us. 'oist the answering pendant.
)* %h, itZs rather far away. I canZt see so far as that. Fet me take my binoculars. Well, now I see the ship $uite
clearly. 5es, you are right, they have hoisted the International ,ode flag. If i am not mistaken, thatZs a
;orwegian ship, and the ship is obviously aground.
,* 'ow do you know that the ship is aground-
)* There is a small shoal in that vicinity and they must have run aground. 5es, thatZs it. Co you see three
black balls one over the other-
,* %h, yes, now I see the balls too. 5ou are right. But how on earth could they have run against that shoal9
So far as I remember the chart, thereZs but one shoal in that area, and it is well off the usual track.
)* I think weZll soon learn about it. See, they hoisted two other flags below the ,ode 8lag.
,* I can see the flags but I canZt distinguish them, I am afraid. I must take my binoculars too.
)* To my mind, thatZs a two letter signal [,BM[
,* 5es, there is no doubt about that any moor. I can clearly see the flags now. These are the flags [,B[ and
pennant M. Fet me see the cod book. This group means [I am aground. I re$uire immediate assistance.[
)* So they ask you to help them. What are you going to do about that-
,* WeZll hoist now the group [C;[ meaning [I am coming to your assistance.[
)* Shall we alter the course right away-
,* 5es, certainly. (To the helmsman. )ort N9 Steer for that ship on our port bow.
.'.#ialogue '
%) 4nfortunately, I cannot understand the#. 6vidently they are speaking /orwegian. 7ou told #e you know
the /orwegian language, didnt you1 /ow, can you act as an interpreter1
)* I(ll try to.
,* Take this megaphone. +sk them what(s the matter with their ship-
)* The captain says that their engine was disabled and they were drifted to that shoal.
,* I see. +sk them please, what they want us to do.
)* They ask you to tow them off the ground and then to tow them to =otterdam. They say they are not very
deep in the ground and the hull is not damaged.
,* +ll right, tell them we(ll manoeuvre our ship now so as to come as close as possible with our stern to their
ship. It will take us about an hour or so before rigging the bridle from our ship(s $uarter.
)* Well, I(ve told them as you said. The captain says that meanwhile they are preparing the towing hawser at
their stern. The captain wonders how you are going to pick the towing line up.
,* Tell him that we(ll try to pass a heaving line from our stern. In case the distance won(t allow us to do so,
they will have to lower the boat to run the hawser to our stern.
)* The ;orwegian captain thanks you for your arrangements. 'e wants to know also in what manner you
will signal him while towing off.
,* We(ll use single/letter signals in the usual way, that is either by flags or by sounding on the ship(s whistle.
)* The captain says it(s all right and wants me to tell you that they will give us a tow/line from the port
$uarter.
,* Well, everything is fiEed the, and I begin to manoeuvre.
... #ialogue .
%) /ow that the ship is refloated well have to #ake arrange#ents for towing her. Ill signal the# that I a#
casting off the tow"line. %an you get into touch with the# through your radio telephone1
)* 5es, certainly I can. What should I tell them-
,* Tell them we are manoeuvering now to come up to her bow. They will have to pass a towing hawser from
their starboard bow. Fet them to stand by to pick up our heaving line.
)* I(ve told them everything you said. They are ready to pick up your heaving line.
,* (in a while. So we got them in tow at last. +sk them if everything is ready for towing.
)* They say all is ready for toeing and the towing hawser is fast.
,* That(s all right. ;ow tell them I commence towing and from now we shall communicate by flag signals.
.1. #ialogue 1.
%) *o you see those little tug"boats stea#ing over there at full speed ahead1 8o #y #ind, these are the two
tugs which #ust take us into the port to our berthing place, arent they/
)* 5es, Sir, you are right. These are the tugs we are waiting for. The tugs are fitted with radio/telephone and
I am trying now to get into touch with them. +h, here they are at last. 'ello9 Ir Thomson- 'ello9 Glad to
hear you Ir Thomson. It(s Worthington speaking. I am speaking from aboard the =omania ship !%vidius."
'ow will you take her along- I see. Wait a moment. (Turning to the captain. The tug(s captain says, Sir, he
would like to make some arrangements with you as to towing.
,* Well, I am at his disposal. +sk him please, in what manner are they going to take the ship along. I mean
whether they will tow alongside my vessel or pull with a towing hawser.
)* I think, Sir, they will do both. But let me ask the tug(s captain, anyhow. %h, yes, the tug(s captain says
that one of the tugs will tow with a hawser, whilst the other one will tow alongside your vessel.
,* =ight on9 So what arrangements do they want me to make-
)* They say that both tugs will come to us from leeward. The first tug will come along our bow as close as
possible. The tug captain asks you to get the towing hawser ready on the forecastle on the starboard bow.
,* 'ow are they going to pick up the towing hawser-
)* They want you to send them a heaving line as soon as the tug is within reach. Then they will haul the
hawser in.
,* Good. Tell them I(ll have the hawser and a heaving line ready on our starboard bow. What about the other
tug-
)* The second tug will come from leeward too. She will come on our starboard $uarter. She will make fast
alongside with her own hawsers, but they want a heaving line to be passed on to them when they come
within reach.
,* +ll right. Tell them I(ll arrange everything as they want. +sk them how they want me to signal. I propose
to signal with the ship(s whistle. Will it suit them-
)* 5es, Sir. They say it will suit them all right.
,* <ery well then. Co they want me to do anything else-
)* Well, they say all the rest will be settled in the course of towing. There(s one more thing which they
would like to advise you.
,* What(s that-
)* There(s a pretty heavy swell now and the wind blows in gusts. So they recommend you to use the best
ropes and watch them properly because of possible :erks.
,* %h, many thanks. We always do that in weather like this.
'. (oca9ulary and expressions
to re$uire ? a necesita, a avea nevoie
to tow ? a remorca
to shift ? a schimba dana
bottom ? fund, opera vie
tow/line ? parAm@ de remorca:, remorc@
beforehand ? din timp
to settle ? a stabili, a aran:a, a re#olva
to charge ? a percepe o taE@
to shorten ? a scurta
spare ? de schimb, de re#erva
port $uarter ? pupa babord
the ship is disabled ? nava este avariat@
to take in tow ? a lua la remorca
to rig the bridle ? a preg@ti un dispo#itiv de remorca:
to haul ? a trage, a vira o parAm@
hawser ? garlin de lagare, remorca:
swell ? hul@
gusts ? rafale de vAnt
.. 2tandard 3arine Communication $hrases Related to =owing
We will useKtug(s ? noi vom folosiKremorcher(e
Stand by to make fast tug(s ? preg@tiBi/v@ s@ voltaBi remorca>remorcile
IakeKtug(s fast ? voltaBi ..remorca>remorcile
IakeKtug(s fast forward ? voltaBiK remorca>remorcile An prova
IakeKtug(s fast on the port bow ? voltaBiKremorca>remorcile An prova/bobord
Iake tug(s fast on the starboard bow ? voltaBiKremorca>remorcile An prova/tribord
IakeKtug(s fast aft ? voltatiKremorca>remorcile An pupa.
IakeKtug(s fast on the port $uarter ? voltaBiKremorca>remorcile An pupa babord.
IakeKtug(s fast on the starboard $uarter ? voltaBi Kremorca>remorcile An pupa tribord.
The forward tug will make fast alongside on the port side ? remorcherul prova se va lega An bordul babord.
The forward tug will make fast alongside on the starboard side ? remorcherul din prova se va laga in bordul
tribord.
The aft tug(s will make fast alongside on the port side ? remorcherul>remorcherele pupa se va>vor lega An
bordul babord.
The aft tug(s will make fast alongside on the starboard side ? remorcherul>remorcherele se va>vor lega An
bordul tribord.
IakeKtug(s fast on each $uarter ? voltaBiK remorca An fiecare prova
IakeKtug(s fast on each $uarter ? voltaBiK remorca>remorcile An fiecare pupa.
The tug(s will pull ? remorcherul>remorcherele va>vor trage
The tug(s will push ? remorcherul>remorcherele va>vor Ampinge
&se the towing lines of the vessel ? folosiBi parAmele de remorca: ale navei.
&se the towing lines of the tug(s ? folosiBi parAmele de remorca: ale remorcherului>remorcherelor
&se the centre>panama lead ? folosiBi nara centrala panama.
&se the fairlead on the port side ? folosiBi turnichetul din babord.
&se the fairlead on the starboard side ? folosiBi turnichetul din tribord.
&se the fairlead amidships ? folosiBi turnichetul de la cuplul maistru.
&se the fairlead on the port bow ? folosiBi turnichetul din prova babord.
&se the fairlead on the starboard bow ? folosiBi turnichetul din prova tribord.
&se the fairlead on the port $uarter ? folosiBi turnichetul din pupa babord.
&se the fairlead on the starboard $uarter ? folosiBi turnichetul din pupa tribord.
Send two towing lines to the tug ? daBi parAme de remorca: la remorcher.
Send a heaving line to the tug ? daBi o bandul@ la remorcher.
Fower the towing line to the tug ? coborABi parAma de remorca: la remorcher
Fower the towing lineKmetre(s from the water ? coborABi parAma de remorca:Kdeasupra apei
Slack away the towing line ? filaBi remorca
Iake fast the towing line ? voltaBi remorca
)ut>do not put the eye of the towing line on the bitts ? puneBi>nu puneBi gaHa parAmei de remorca: pe binte
Reep well clear of the towing line(s ? p@straBi distanB@ mare de parAma>parAmele de remorca:
Stand by to let go the tug(s ? fiBi preg@tiBi s@ molaBi remorca>remorcile
Fet go the tug(s ? molaBi remorca>remorcile
The towing line has broken ? remorca s/a rupt
1. Reading comprehension
1.1. Read the text again and answer the following /uestions0
L. What may a tug be re$uired for when in port-
M. Whose assistance is re$uired to take a ship into the dock-
0. What may a ship need if she becomes disabled at sea-
6. What do we call the ropes with which a vessel is towed-
N. What tow/lines are most modern ships provided with-
1. What combination of hawsers is recommended for towing and why>
3. Why should the towing and towed vessels communicate with each other-
4. What code system do they usually use-
O. In what ways do ships communicate with each other and with shore stations>
L7. What does a single letter or combination of letters signify in the International ,ode-
LL. What two meanings does the signal !G" have-
1.. Read the dialogues again and answer the following /uestions0
1..1. #ialogue 1
L. Why did the captain re$uire a tug-
M. Who was to order that tug/boat-
0. What arrangements was the agent to make with the tug company-
6. When was the captain going to leave port-
N. ,ould he give the agent the eEact hour of departure-
1. 'ow many tugs did the agent advise the captain to order and why-
3. Cid the captain take his advice-
1... #ialogue
L. What did the captain notice on the other ship-
M. What did he order the signalman to do-
0. What did the pilot think about that ship-
6. Was he right in thinking that she was aground-
N. What do the two black balls one over the other mean-
1. Were there many shoals in that area-
3. Was that shoal near the usual track-
4. What two/letter signal did the ship hoist-
O. What was the meaning of that signal-
L7. Was the captain going to help that ship-
LL. What signal did he order to hoist-
LM. 'ow many degrees did the ship alter her course-
1..'. #ialogue '
L. What language was spoken on board the ship in distress-
4. Who did the captain ask to act as an interpreter-
O. What was the matter with the ;orwegian ship-
L7. What did the ;orwegians ask the captain to do for them-
LL. 'ow far did they ask him to tow their vessel-
LM. 'ow was the captain going to approach that ship-
L0. 'ow long would it take the ship to rig the bridle-
L6. Where were the ;orwegians preparing the towing hawser-
LN. Whose boat was to run the hawser to the ship(s stern-
L1. Was the ;orwegian captain satisfied with the arrangements-
1....#ialogue .
L.What did the captain say about the ;orwegian ship-
M.What arrangements was he going to make about that ship-
0.Where was the ;orwegian ship to make fast the towing hawser-
1..1. #ialogue 1
L. 'ow did the pilot communicate with the tugs-
M. In what manner were the two tugs to tow the ship-
0. Which side were they coming from-
6. What did the tug(s master advise the captain to do-
7. Read the text 9elow on towing preparations and state the main stages in ta"ing a disa9led 6essel in
tow.
7.1.$reparations for towing
Once the master has decided that he re/uires the assistance of a towing ship8 he should
immediately 9egin to plan the possi9le methods of ma"ing the towing connection. =he nature and
the extent of the damage to the distressed ship will 9e rele6ant in deciding whether she should 9e
towed from the 9ow or the stern to minimise further damage while under tow.
Darly communications should be established with the towing ship to eEchange information and to decide
what preparations should be made on the ship to be towed. This may include preparing the insurance>towing
wire for use or breaking the anchor cable on deck or having proper shackles and chain available for use with
a towing bracket.
When deciding upon the towing arrangement, it should be noted that the greatest stresses occur when the
inertia of the disabled ship is being overcome and, later, during her tendency to yaw. It is at these times that
the tow line is most likely to part. I order to minimise the risk of parting the tow line, the highest possible
resilience should be incorporated. %ne possible means of achieving this may be by lowering the ship(s
anchor and cable a little way and connecting the tow line directly to the cable with the anchor still attached.
If the towing/ship is an ocean/going tug, the tugmaster is most likely to prefer to have his own towing
pendant attached to the distressed vessel. If time allows, the tugmaster will incorporate into his towline a
length of chain where the connection leads through the fairlead of the ship to be towed.
,onsideration should be given to the means for transferring the towing hawsers between the two ships.
%n ships with steam winches, but where steam pressure cannot be raised, it may be possible to use
compressed air. 'elicopters with a lift capacity of M/0 tonnes have on occasions been used to facilitate the
connecting of tow lines.In appropriate circumstances use can be made of rocket lines>line throwing guns to
pass an initial light line, to be followed by successive lines increasing si#e. +nother method is for the tug to
tow a lifebuoy with a messenger across the bows of the disabled ship which can then be grappled by the
disabled ship.
The fairlead or chock to be used should be chosen carefully as not only does it have to be of strong
construction to take the load imposed upon it, but it should also provide a smooth guide for the tow line in
various directions. =oller fairleads are usually unsatisfactory because of their unsatisfactory radius. 8iEed
fairleads>chocks with the largest possible radius of curvature are preferable.
7..Connecting the =ow.
Radio communication should 9e maintained during the connecting up operation8 prefera9ly
9etween the 9ow and the towing ship and ample manpower should 9e standing 9y forward.
Initial connection between the ships will normally be made by passing a light line such as a heaving line,
and using this to take on board a messenger, which in turn will be used to pass a wire between the ships.
Should it prove impossible to lift the tug(s towing gear on board due to lack of steam or high freeboard, or
for other reasons, it may be practical to lower the anchor and several shackles of cable so that the towing line
may be connected directly to the cable.
It should be borne in mind that, especially in difficult conditions, the towing ship may be in a ha#ardeous
position , and also that it will take some time to make a connection. 8urthermore, a wire of 37mm diameter
would need a lift of about L7 tones to raise it on board.
The tow line may be secured on board the disabled ship in one of several ways, for eEample by either
turning up on two or more sets of bitts or securing in a towing bracket or a chain stopper.
When the anchor cable is used, precautions should be taken to prevent the cable from running out.
,laws, pawls or other mechanical means may be employed.
If the assisting ship is positioned astern, the after mooring winches and mooring wires can be set up to
form a bridle using a suitable shackle. The render load of the winch brakes can vary considerably depending
on the type and condition of the brake linings fitted. If possible, therefore, the winches should be left in gear
with steam and brakes on during the tow. It should be remembered that the rendered load of powered winch
reel brakes is normally 17\ of the minimum breaking load (IBF of the wire designed to be fitted to the
particular winch, rather than a specific tonnage figure, when the pull comes from the first layer on the drum.
If two small tugs are available, it is most important that they are connected to the same end of a large
disabled ship either forward or aft. )utting one tug at each end will only swing the disabled ship and will not
decrease the drift speed/it may in some circumstances increase it.
7.'.Commencing =owing
)efore commencing the tow continuous radio communication should 9e esta9lished 9etween
the ships. No action should 9e ta"en in regard to na6igation or engine manoeu6res 9y either
master without first informing the other.
*sually a tug may more easily turn a disa9led ship head to weather 9y initially towing ahead in
order to gain way on the ship. Howe6er8 this headway should not exceed a9out 1 "not for maximum
effect. Indeed8 speeds in excess of this may hinder the tug. Alternati6ely8 a tug may attempt to turn a
disa9led ship into the weather 9y towing directly into the weather. A tug of lesser power may manage to
turn a ship 9y ma"ing use of the Fweather 6ane? effect8 i.e. 9y holding the 9ow and letting the stern drift
downwind. -hen a master is not certain which method will 9e most effecti6e it may 9e wise to tow
directly into the wind at first. If this is not successful8 the turn into the weather can 9e attempted 9y
first gaining headway.
It may well 9e easier to turn a ship stern to wind rather than head to wind. Howe6er8 once turned stern
to wind8 towing may 9e difficult due to the tendency of the ship to sheer& ne6ertheless the direction of
drift can 9e significantly influenced.
If it is ad6isa9le8 the ship?s steering gear8 properly used in con@unction with the tug8 will also
help the manoeu6re and assist the tow to steady on the re/uired course.
If the disa9led ship?s steering gear cannot 9e used8 the rudder should8 where possi9le8 9e secured
amidships. 2ecuring the rudder8 as well as assisting towing8 will minimise any damage that could 9e
caused 9y the rudder slamming in hea6y seas. -hen a disa9led ship is towed ahead with an unsecured
rudder may well slipstream amidships and 9e no pro9lem8 9ut if engines are 9eing used8 the propeller
race can cause the rudder to assume a hard o6er position with conse/uent steering difficulties. If the
ship is to 9e towed astern8 a secure rudder in the amidships position may well 9e necessary to the
success of the 6enture. A rudder which is not secured will pro9a9ly mo6e to a hard o6er position as the
ship gathers sternway and thus ma"e it extremely difficult to control the ship.
-here it is ad6isa9le to secure the propeller to a6oid engine damage8 this can usually 9e done
9y engaging the turning gear8 although this may 9e more successful on a motor ship than a tur9ine ship.
If the ship has suffered loss of steering8 use of the ship?s engines may assist the tug in getting
the tow under way 9y altering the ship?s heading with respect to the weather. In order to achie6e an
optimum towing speed when the disa9led ship cannot steer8 it should 9e noted that most ships ha6e the
least tendency to yaw when heading directly into the wind8 although some (+CCs and *+CCs may
settle 9est on a heading JN or 'JNoff the wind.
2hip?s engines should not 9e used except as ad6ised 9y the tug.
1.6.Terms used in the teEt above
9rac"et % 9rachet8 guOeu
yaw % am9ardee8 a da am9ardee
resilience % reLilienPQ8 elasticitate
towing pendant % parRmQ de remorcare
towing hawser % garlin de remorcare
roc"et line % 9andulQ de rachetQ
line throwing gun % aruncQtor de 9andulQ 4pistol8 puOcQ8 tun5
to grapple % a arunca ghearaDcarligul de a9orda@
roller fairlead % ureche de ghidare cu turnichet
claw % ghearQ8 clinchet
pawl % castaneta8 clinchet
9ridle % la9Q de gRscQ FlegQturQ?
drum % tam9ur de 6inci
slam % lo6iturQ de 6al GciocanH
hea6y sea % mare foarte agitatQ
:.Grammar0 (er9 B ing form or infiniti6e0introduction
:.1. We often use one verb after another verb.
e.g. I en@oy running.
I hope to run in the marathon neEt month.
+fter some verbs e.g. en9oy, the second verb is the Jing form e.g. running. +fter other verbs e.g. hope, the
second verb is to infinitive e.g. to run.
:.1.. +fter some verbs e.g. start we can use the Jing form or the to infinitive, without much difference of
meaning.
e.g. Fook. It(s started rainingDto rain again.
But after some other verbs e.g. stop, we can use the Jing form or the to infinitive with a big difference of
meaning.
e.g. I(m a vegetarian. I stopped eating meat N years ago.(?I ate meat up to N years ago, then I stopped.
+fter I(d been working for 0 hours, I stopped to eat lunch.
:.1.'. +fter modal verbs such as can, #ust, should and some other verbs, we use the infinitive without to e.g.
play, eat.
e.g. I can play the guitar.
5ou must eat something.
:.. (er9 B ing form
:..1. If these verbs are followed by another verb, the second verb is normally the Jing form.
admit en:oy imagine practise
avoid fancy involve put off
consider 8eel like(?want keep on(?continue risk
delay finish mind stand(?bear
deny give up(?stop miss suggest
dislike can(t help (?can(t
avoid
postpone
e.g. 'e admitted 9rea"ing the window.
I en@oy getting up early in the summer.
'ave you finished doing your homework-
They suggested meeting at two o(clock.
;ote the negative* not U ing form
e.g. 'e admitted not paying for the ticket.
+fter #ind we can also use an if"clause e,g, Would you mind if I closed the window-
+fter some of the above verbs, we can also use a that/clause.
e.g. 'e admitted 4that5 he(d broken the window.
They suggested 4that5 we met at two o(clock.
:... We use do U the>some>etc U ing form to talk , for eEample, about :obs.
e.g. 5ou do the coo"ing. I(ll do the washing up.
We(re going to do some shopping this afternoon.
(;ote that the Jing form here is used as a noun, and like any other noun can have the, so#e, etc. in front of
it.
:..'. We can use go and co#e with the Jing form, especially to talk about sports and free time activities.
e.g. I(d like to go swimming tomorrow.
:.'. (er9 B to infiniti6e
If these verbs are followed by another verb, the second verb is normally the to infinitive.
afford fail pretend
agree help promise
appear hope refuse
arrange Fearn(how seem
ask manage threaten
attempt Iean (?intend want
decide offer wish
eEpect prepare
e.g. I can(t afford to go on holiday this summer.
The policeman as"ed to see my driving licence.
She decided to stay at home last night.
Iy brother expects to find a :ob soon.
'e(s going to learn to dri6e.
;ote the negative* not to U infinitive.
e.g. 5ou promised not to tell anyone.
She seemed not to notice me.
+fter help we can use the infinitive with or without to.
e.g. I(ll help4to5 carry your bags.
;ote also that after can(t help (?(can(t avoid( we use an/ing form e.g. I can?t help thin"ing we(ve made a
mistake.
+fter some of the above verbs, we can also use a that"clause.
e.g. She decided 4that5 she would stay at home last night.
Iy brother expects 4that5 he(ll find a :ob soon.
+fter some of the above verbs we can use an ob:ectUto infinitive, e.g. 'e as"ed me to help him.
:... (er9 B /uestion word B to infiniti6e
:...1. +fter some verbs we can use a $uestion word eg. What, how, where (but not why U to infinitive
e.g. I don(t "now what to say.
Co you "now how to play chess-
We can(t decide what to 9uy Sue for her birthday.
I(ll explain what to do later on.
:.... We often use this structure with an ob:ect U $uestion word U to infinitive.
e.g. I(ll show you how to play chess.
Somebody told me where to 9uy a ticket.
:.1. (er9 B o9@ect B to infiniti6e
:.1.1. +fter the verbs below, we normally use an ob:ect (e.g. 0ue, #e, you before the to infinitive.
<orce get4%persuade5 in6ite order persuade remind teach 4how5 tell warn
e.g. We in6ited 2ue to ha6e dinner with us.
She persuaded me to go to the party.
'e warned you not to 9e late again.
;ote that after these verbs in the passive, we can use the to infinitive without an ob:ect e.g. Sue was in6ited
to ha6e dinner with us.
:.1.. We can also use an ob:ect U to infinitive after these verbs*
As" expect help mean4intend5 want
e.g. 'e as"ed me to help him.
I didn(t expect 3aria to write to me.
I don(t want you to go.
+fter help we can use an ob:ect U the infinitive with or without to.
e.g. I(ll help you 4to5 carry your bags.
+fter these verbs, we can also use the to infinitive without an ob:ect e.g. I expect to see Simon tomorrow.
;ote that after want, we cannot use a that"clause. 8or eEample, we cannot say I don?t want that you go.
:.1.'. +fter the verbs advise, allow, encourage, per#it and reco##end, we can use an/ing form, or an ob:ect
U to infinitive. ,ompare*
6er9 B !ing form 6er9 B o9@ect B to infiniti6e
I wouldn(t ad6ise going there. I wouldn(t ad6ise you to go there.
They don(t allow fishing here. They don(t allow people to fish here.
:.7. (er9 B ing form or to infiniti6e 415
:.7.1. +fter the verbs below, we can use the Jing form or the to infinitive normally without much difference
of meaning.
9egin continue can?t 9ear hate li"e lo6e prefer start
e.g. 'e 9egan loo"ingDto loo" for a :ob 1 months ago.
I li"e swimmingDto swim in the sea.
She prefers wor"ingDto wor" at night.
:.7.. +i"e
:.7..1. In British Dnglish, we often use like +"ing form to say that we Ven:oy( something.
e.g. I li"e going to the cinema. (? I en:oy it.
We use like + to infinitive to say that we choose to do something because we think it is a good idea.
e.g. I li"e to go to the dentist(s for a check/up every 1 months. (?I think it is a good thing to do, although I
may not en:oy it.
:.7... +fter would like, would love, would hate and would prefer, we use the to infinitive.
F-ould you li"e to go out this evening-( VI(d prefer to stay at home.(
VWe(d lo6e to see you at the weekend.
:.7..'. ,ompare li"e and would li"e0
e.g. #o you li"e coo"ingE (? Co you en:oy cooking, generally-
-ould you li"e to coo" the dinner this evening- (? Co you want to cook the dinner this evening-
:.7..'. $refer
;ote these structures*
$refer B %ing form B to B !ing form
e.g. I prefer playing football to watching it.
would prefer B to infiniti6e B rather than B infiniti6e without to
e.g. I would prefer to dri6e home tonight rather than wait until tomorrow.
:.:. (er9 B ing form or to infiniti6e 45
+fter the verbs below we can use the Jing form or the to infinitive with a different meaning.
Remem9er forget try stop go on regret
:.:.1. Remem9erDforget doing and remem9erDforget to do
We use remem9erDforget B ing form when we remember or forget something after we do it.
e.g. I remem9er going to the LO3M %lympics. ( I went there and now I remember this
We use remem9erDforget B to infiniti6e when we remember or forget something before we have to do it.
e.g. I remem9ered to go to the chemist(s for you. 'ere(s your medicine.
( I remembered, then I went there.
Con(t forget to gi6e me the money.
:.:.. =ry doing and try to do
We use try B !ing form to mean Vmake an eEperiment(/ do something and see what happens.
e.g. VThe car won(t start.( VWhy don(t we try pushing it-
We use try B to infiniti6e to mean Vmake an effort(/see if you can do something.
I tried to push the car up the hill, but I couldn(t move it.
:.:.'. 2top doing and stop to do.
We use stop B ing form to say what we do before we stop.
I(m a vegetarian. I stopped eating meat N years ago. (? I ate meat up to N years ago, then I stopped.
We use stop B to infiniti6e to say why we stop.
e.g. +fter I(d been working for three hours, I stopped to eat lunch. (?I stopped in order to eat lunch.
:.:... Go on doing and go on to do
We use go on Bing form to talk about something that continues.
e.g. She went on tal"ing about her holiday all evening.(? She continued talkingK
We use go on B to infiniti6e to talk about a change to something different.
e.g. She spoke about her son, then she went on to tal" about her daughter.
:.:.1. Regret doing and regret to do
We use regret B ! ing form to say we regret something that we have already done.
e.g. I regret saying that he was an idiot. (I said that he was an idiot
We use regret B to infiniti6e to say we regret something that we have to do now.
e.g. I regret to say that I won(t be able to come to the meeting on Ionday.
;ote that regret B to infiniti6e is rather formal.
Chapter .
=ASING A $I+O= A)OAR#
&. !ead the te't and try to guess the new words and e'pressions fro# the conte't.
=o call for a pilot8 the ship either sends a radiogram 9eforehand or hoists the signal when she
approaches the pilot!station. A pilot may 9oard the ship either near the pilot station or in the offing.
When the pilot launch is nearing the ship the pilot is asked which side he wants the ladder to be
rigged. If the wind is fresh or strong, the pilot is usually taken aboard from the lee side.
To hold the launch against the sea, a boat rope is put over and fenders are shipped on the side where
the launch makes fast.
The %%W meets the pilot and shows him to the bridge. Then the pilot manoeuvres the ship into the
harbour to her berthing place. Sometimes the pilot takes the ship only into the harbour and the port pilot
boards the ship to manoeuvre her to the berth. 'e also sees to the mooring of the vessel.
+lthough the pilot is consulted as to what course should be steered and practically it is he who conns
the ship to her place, yet the responsibility for the safety of the vessel lies with the captain.
. Role!play the following dialogues and then wor" out and perform dialogues of your own.
2.1. 5ialo'ue 1
W% ? Watch %fficer. ) ? )ilot. , ? ,aptain
-O0 3otor!9oat8 ahoyA Come alongside from star9oard.
)* )ut over the boat rope9 =ig the pilot ladder9
W%* The ladder is fast. 5ou may climb up. Shall we take your launch in tow-
)* ;o, you needn(t. )lease hoist aboard the searchlight e$uipment.
W%* +ll right, Sir. Will you kindly come along to the bridge-
,* 'ow far will you pilot the ship-
)* I will take her only up to the port entrance.
,* Who will take the ship further on-
)* +t the entrance to the port, another pilot will board the ship. 'e will relieve me and manoeuvre her into
the port. 'e will take the ship to her berth.
,* Shall we take a tug to enter the port and to make a landing-
)* 5es, taking a tug is compulsory for such big ships as yours.
,* Thank you. +re you ready to take her up-
)* 5es, I am ready.
.. #ialogue
W%* )lease meet the ,aptain, Ir Brown.
,* 'ow do you do, Sir.
)* 'ow do you do9 )leased to meet you, Sir.
,* 'ow far will you pilot the ship-
)* I shall take her only up to the ort entrance.
,* Who will take the ship further on-
)* +t the entrance to the port, another pilot will board the ship. 'e will relieve me and manoeuvre her into
the port. 'e will take the ship to her berth.
,* Shall we take a tug to enter the port and to make a landing-
)* 5es, taking a tug is compulsory for such large ship as yours.
,* Thank you. +re you ready to take her up-
)* 5es, I am ready.
2.3.5ialo'ue 3
)* 'ow many propellers has your ship-
,I* She is a single/screw ship.
)* What is her maEimum speed-
,I* 'er maEimum speed is M7 knots.
)* 'ow many knots are we running now-
,I* We are running about L3 knots.
)* What is the draft of your ship-
,I* 'er draft is N.ON metres fore and 1.77 metres aft.
)* 'ow is her head now-
,I* 'er head is LN42now.
)* 'ow does she answer the helm-
,I* She answers the helm all right.
)* Coes the ship sheer too much-
,I* ;o, she sheers a little when there is a heavy swell or a strong wind.
)* What propulsion machinery have you got on your ship-
W%* We have a M777 h.p. Ciesel.
)* 'ow many revolutions does she do-
W%* She does LL4 r.p.m.
)* 'ow long will it take to get the engine ready-
W%* It will take one and a half hours to get the engine ready.
)* That(s good. We must get underway in two hours.
... #ialogue ..
)* We are approaching the entrance point. Will you give me the chart for this channel-
W%* 5es, sir. 'ere you are.
)* Thank you. I wanted to show you how we can get into port. Co you see that sunken rock the one nearer to
the coast-
W%* But the rock is hardly a cable from the sea buoy you were searching for-
)* That(s right. 5ou see the depths are very irregular around that rock. So, we must keep at least half a cable
southward of that buoy. Co you follow me-
W%* 5es, I do.
)* ;ow, do you see those two lights on the chart- Well, as soon as we are past that buoy, we must keep these
lights in line till we cross the other leading line. do you follow me-
W%* 5es, certainly, I do. The first leading line will take us through this passage and the depths here are
pretty irregular.
)* That(s what I was going to tell you. So switch on the echo sounder and keep it working continuously till
we are out of this passage.
W%* <ery well, I(ll switch it on as soon as we approach the passage. We have still about half an hour before
we reach there. ,an you show me our berthing place on the plan-
)* Get the port plan ready. We must enter the port through this channel, leaving this molehead to starboard.
Then we must proceed to the right/hand corner of the inner harbour. %ur berthing place will be eEactly
abreast of that point.
W%* Thank you very much. ;ow we are :ust nearing that passage.
'. (OCA)*+AR,
-ords and $hrases
to call for ? a cere, a necesita, a reclama
to board ? a urca la bord, a (se ambarca
in the offing ? la, An larg, la dap@rtare de coast@
launch ? Halup@, barc@ cu motor
pilot ladder ? scara pilotului
lee side ? bordul de sub vAnt
to manoeuvre ? a manevr@
berthing place ? loc de acostare
mooring ? legare la cheu, acostare
to conn ? a diri:a, a pilota
boat rope ? barbet@
%%W (%ficer of the watch ? ofiBer de cart
to hoist ? a ridica
tug (boat ? remorcher
compulsory ? obligatoriu
single/screw ship ? nava cu o singura elice
twin/screw ship ? nava cu doua elice
draft (draught ? pesca:
fore ? An faB@, la prova
aft ? in spate, la pupa
to sheer ? a devia de la drum, a ambarda
searchlight ? proiector
compulsory ? obligatoriu
sunken rock ? stAnc@ scufundat@
leading lights ? lumini de aliniament
echo sounder ? sond@ ultrason
abreast of ? la travers de
to take aboard ? a lua la bord, a ambarca
the responsibility lies with ? responsabilitatea ramAne asupra
to make fast ? a se lega, a lua volta
to get underway ? a porni in marH
to put over the rope ? a da barbet@
to steer the course ? a guverna pe un drum
to make a landing ? a veni pe, a ateri#a
we are now running LN knots ? facem LN noduri
to hold launch against the sea ? a menBine Halupa acostat@ contracarAnd efectul valurilor
$. !eading %o#prehension.
..1. Read the text again and answer the following /uestions.
L. What should a ship do to call for a pilot-
M. What signal flag does a ship hoist to call for a pilot-
0. Where may a pilot board the ship-
6. Which side does the pilot launch usually come along in fair weather-
N. 8rom which side is the pilot usually taken aboard in bad weather-
1. %n which side is the pilot/boat sheltered from the wind, on the lee side or on the weather side-
3. What rope does the pilot launch use to make fast to the ship-
4. What kind of ladder does the pilot use to make fast to the ship-
O. Who usually meets the pilot aboard a ship-
L7. Who conns the ship with the pilot aboard-
LL. Who is responsible for the ship(s safety in this case-
$.. !ead the dialogues again and answer the (uestions.
$..&.. *ialogues &, .
1. Which side did the watch officer order the launch to come alon'?
2. What e6uipment did the pilot ask to take aboard?
$..+.$. *ialogues +,$.
1. What speed was the ship runnin'?
2. Was she a sin'le&screw ship,
3. What was her draft?
4. How was her head at the time?
. What did the pilot want to know about her propulsion machinery?
!. When was the ship to 'et underway?
$..:. *ialogue :.
1.What was the pilot searchin' for with the binoculars?
2.Why didnt the first chart suit him?
3.What kind of chart did he want?
4.What did he want to find on that chart?
.At what distance was the sunken rock from the sea buoy?
!.What did the watch officer say about the depths in the passa'e?
".How lon' was the ship to keep the echo sounder workin'?
;.When did the watch officer pro#ise to switch on the echo sounder1
1. 2tandard 3arine Communication $hrases related to $ilotage
1.1. $ropulsion system
Is the engine a diesel or a turbine- ? Dste motorul diesel sau cu aburi
The engine is a diesel>a turbine ? Iotorul este diesel>cu aburi
Is the engine/room manned or is the engine on bridge control- ? Dste sala maHinilor deservit@ de personal
sau se controlea#a maHina din comanda de navigatie-
The engine/room is manned>is on bridge control ? Sala maHinilor este deservit@ de personal>este controlat@
din comanda de navigaBie
'ow long does it take to change the engine from ahead to astern- ? ,At durea#@ manevra de punere de
punere a maHinii de la Anainte la Anapoi-
It takes...minutes to change the engine (from ahead to astern ? Ianevra de punere a maHinii de la Anainte la
Anapoi durea#@Kminute.
'ow long does it take to start the engine from stopped- ? ,At durea#@ pornirea maHinii din po#itia stopat-
It takesKminutes to start the engine from stopped ? )ornirea maHinii din po#iBia stopat durea#aKsecunde
Is eEtra power available in emergency- ? In ca# de urgenB@, eEist@ mi:loace suplimentare de alimentare cu
energie electric@-
5es>;o, eEtra power is>is not available ? Ca>nu eEist@ mi:loace suplimentare de alimentare cu energie
electrica.
Co you have a controllable or fiEed pitch propeller- ? +veti elice normala sau cu pas variabil-
We have a controllable>fiEed pitch propeller ? +vem elice cu pas variabil>elice normala
Co you have a right/hand or left/hand propeller- ? +veBi elice cu rotire spre dreapta sau spre stAnga-
We have a right/hand>left hand propeller ? +vem elice cu rotire spre dreapta>stAnga
Co you have a single propeller or twin propellers- ?+veBi o singur@ elice sau dou@-
We have a single propeller>twin propellers ? +vem o elice>doua elice
Co you have a bow thruster or stern thruster- ? +veBi propulsor prova sau pupa-
We have a bow>stern thruster>;o, we have no thrusters ? +vem un propulsor prova>pupa>nu, noi nu avem
propulsoare.
What is the maEimum manoeuvring power ahead>astern- ? )uterea maEim@ de manevr@ Anainte>Anapoi esteK
kilowati.
What are the maEimum revolutions ahead>astern- ? ,are este num@rul maEim de rotaBii Anainte>Anapoi-
The maEimum revolutions ahead>astern are ? ;um@rul maEim de rotaBii Anainte>Anapoi esteK
Co the twin propellers turn inward or outward when going ahead- ? ,um se rotesc cele doua elice la
manevra Anainte, spre interior sau spre eEterior-
The twin peopellers turn inward>outward when going ahead ? ,ele dou@ elice se rotesc spre interior>spre
eEterior la manevra Anainte
.
1.. >m9ar"ingDdisem9ar"ing pilot
Stand by pilot ladder ? )reg@tiBi scara pilotului
=ig the pilot ladder on port side>starboard sideKmetres above water ? ,oborABi scara pilotului An
babord>tribordKmetri deasupra apei.
5ou must rig another pilot ladder ? Trebuie s@ coborABi alt@ scar@ a pilotului.
The pilot ladder is unsafe ? Scara pilotului nu este sigur@
What is wrong with the pilot ladder- ? ,e nu este in regul@ cu scara pilotului-
The pilot ladder has broken>loose spreaders ? Scara pilotului are distanBierele rupte>desprinse
=ig the accommodation ladder in combination with the pilot ladder ? ,oborABi schela An combinaBie cu scara
pilotului
)ut lights on at the pilot ladder ? +prindeBi lumina la scara pilotului
Ian ropes are re$uired.not re$uired ? Se solicit@> nu se solicit@ parAme !Bin/te bine(
'ave a heaving line ready at the pilot ladder ? )reg@tiBi o bandula la scara pilotului
,orrect the list of the vessel ? ,orectaBi Anclinarea navei
Iake a lee on your port side>starboard side ? 8aceBi ad@post An babaord>tribord
Iake a boarding speed ofKknots ? <ite#a de abordare (a pilotului de..noduri
Stop engine(s until pilot boat is clear ? %priBi motoarele pAn@ se Andep@rtea#@ pilotina.
)ut helm hard to port>starboard ? )uneBi cArma banda stAnga>dreapta
+lter course toK(cardinal point/the pilot boat cannot clear the vessel ? SchimbaBi de drum (punct cardinal
indicat/ pilotina nu se poate Andep@rta de nav@
Dmbarkation is not possible ? +mbarcarea pilotului nu este posibil@
Boarding arrangements do not comply with S%F+S/=egulation ? +ran:amentele de urcare la bord a
pilotului nu sunt An conformitate cu prevederile S%F+S
<essel is not suited for the pilot ladder ? ;ava nu este potrivit@ pentru scara pilotului
7. Read the following excerpts from the $ilot )oo" related to pilotage and discuss the information you
can deri6e from these excerpts i.e. pilot stations8 pilotage re/uirements8 pilot re/uest!notification
period 8 9oarding arrangements etc.
.7'
-andelaar $ilot 2tation which provides pilots for 8lushing (<lissingen is established off the S
side of +kkaert Bank, near the D end of the D/going traffic lane. pilots for ;ieuwpoort, %ostende and
]eebrugge may also be obtained there.
The pilot vessel cruises in the vicinity of +L Fight/buoy (NLMM;, M60D
'..
$ilotage is compulsory for merchant 6essels. =he estimated time of arri6al should 9e passed
through any coast radio station8 1 hours in ad6ance.
Curing SW winds vessels should stand boldly in to embark the pilot, as the sea rapidly subsides as
the harbour is approached.
The usual signals should be made. VThe pilot vessel <u#na is fitted with <'8.(
'.1J
Trinity 'ouse pilots are stationed at Shoreham.
)ilotage is compulsory for all foreign/going merchant vessels, for coastal trading vessels of over
LN77grt and for passenger vessels.
The pilot station is situated 6 cables D;D of the head of Dast Breakwater.
)ilots board up to M miles off the harbour entrance from up to 6 hours before 'W until tidal
conditions after 'W make entry unsafe.
DT+ should be signalled LM hours in advance to Shoreham )ilots* the signal should state the vessel(s
maEimum draft.
The pilot boat is painted black with white upperworks. It is fitted with <'8
'.;7
)ilotage is compulsory for merchant vessels, with certain eEceptions.
)ilots do not cruise off the port, but ships re$uiring a pilot should call ;ewhaven =adio or make the
usual signals, when a pilot will come off in a motor boat.
)ilots normally board S to SW of the breakwater. In severe weather the pilot/boat keeps station
L77m from the breakwater and guides vessels in with <'8 or lamp.
..1J
=he em9ar"ation and landing of pilots for vessels bound to or from all ports in the Fondon )ilotage
Cistrict is normally carried out by launches from a position about L T miles SW of 8olkstone Breakwater
Fight (NL7N;, LLMD but farther off in bad weather.
<ol"stone $ilot 2tation is situated close W of the root of the breakwater.
The station is e$uipped with radar.
The pilot launches have black hulls and white wheel/houses, and display the pilot flag by day and
eEhibit pilot lights at night.
When embarking or disembarking a pilot from these launches, headway should be maintained.
The pilot station and launches are e$uipped with <'8.
.7'
-andelaar $ilot 2tation which provides pilots for 8lushing (<lissingen is established off the S
side of +kkaert Bank, near the D end of the D/going traffic lane. pilots for ;ieuwpoort, %ostende and
]eebrugge may also be obtained there.
The pilot vessel cruises in the vicinity of +L Fight/buoy (NLMM;, M60D
'..
$ilotage is compulsory for merchant 6essels. =he estimated time of arri6al should 9e passed
through any coast radio station8 1 hours in ad6ance.
Curing SW winds vessels should stand boldly in to embark the pilot, as the sea rapidly subsides as
the harbour is approached.
The usual signals should be made. VThe pilot vessel <u#na is fitted with <'8.(
'.1J
Trinity 'ouse pilots are stationed at Shoreham.
)ilotage is compulsory for all foreign/going merchant vessels, for coastal trading vessels of over
LN77grt and for passenger vessels.
The pilot station is situated 6 cables D;D of the head of Dast Breakwater.
)ilots board up to M miles off the harbour entrance from up to 6 hours before 'W until tidal
conditions after 'W make entry unsafe.
DT+ should be signalled LM hours in advance to Shoreham )ilots* the signal should state the vessel(s
maEimum draft.
The pilot boat is painted black with white upperworks. It is fitted with <'8
'.;7
)ilotage is compulsory for merchant vessels, with certain eEceptions.
)ilots do not cruise off the port, but ships re$uiring a pilot should call ;ewhaven =adio or make the
usual signals, when a pilot will come off in a motor boat.
)ilots normally board S to SW of the breakwater. In severe weather the pilot/boat keeps station
L77m from the breakwater and guides vessels in with <'8 or lamp.
..1J
=he em9ar"ation and landing of pilots for vessels bound to or from all ports in the Fondon )ilotage
Cistrict is normally carried out by launches from a position about L T miles SW of 8olkstone Breakwater
Fight (NL7N;, LLMD but farther off in bad weather.
<ol"stone $ilot 2tation is situated close W of the root of the breakwater.
The station is e$uipped with radar.
The pilot launches have black hulls and white wheel/houses, and display the pilot flag by day and
eEhibit pilot lights at night.
When embarking or disembarking a pilot from these launches, headway should be maintained.
The pilot station and launches are e$uipped with <'8.
:. Grammar.Infiniti6e and Gerund 4II5
:.1.)e used to B !ing form and used to B infiniti6e
:.1.1.Compare0
We use be used to + ing form to mean Vbe accustomed to(.
I(m used to dri6ing my new car now, but I found it very strange at first.(? I(m accustomed to driving the car
now, it is no longer strange to me.
We use used to + infinitive to talk about past habits which are now finished.
I used to dri6e a Iercedes, but now I drive a ,itroen. (?I drove a Iercedes regularly in the past, but I do
not drive a Iercedes now.
:.1.. We can use get (? become used to + 3 ing form, e.g. I(ve got used to driving my new car.
:.1.'.+fter be/get used to we can also use a noun phrase e.g . 6nglish food, #y new co#puter
'e isn?t used to Dnglish food.
I haven(t got used to my new computer yet.
:.. Need B ing form or to infiniti6e
:..1. +fter the full verb need we can use the to infinitive.
I(m tired. I need to get some sleep.
We(ve got plenty of time. We don?t need to hurry.
:... +fter the full verb need, we can also use the Jing form in a passive meaning.
Iy car needs ser6icing.
These trousers need cleaning.
+fter need, we can also use to beUpast participle in the same passive meaning.
Iy car needs to 9e ser6iced.
These trousers need to 9e cleaned.
:.'. Infiniti6e without to
:.'.1. We use the infinitive without to after modal verbs e.g. can, #ust, should
I can spea" Italian.
We must go now.
DEception* after the modal verb ought, we use the to infinitive, e.g. 5ou ought to be careful.
:.'.. We use the infinitive without to after lets (3let us) and why dont we/youK- to make suggestions.
VWhat shall we do this afternoon-( V+et?s go to the cinema.(
-hy don?t we ha6e a party neEt Saturday-
-hy don?t we apply for the :ob-
We also use the infinitive without to after would rather and had better.
VWould you like to go out this evening-( VI(d rather stay at home.(
I think it(s going to rain. 5ou(d 9etter ta"e an umbrella with you when you go out.
:'.'. +fter the verbs let (3allow) and #ake (3force or cause, we use an ob:ect e.g. their children, me, us U
infinitive without to
They let their children stay up late at weekends. (?allow their children to stay up
Will you let me use your camera- (?allow me to use
5ou can(t ma"e us go if we don(t want to. (?force us to go7
The film made me cry.(?caused me to cry
:... $reposition B ing form
:...1. When there is a verb after a preposition (e.g. in, of, about, before, after), it is always in the Jing form.
+re you interested in playing tennis tomorrow-
I(m thinking of changing my :ob.
'ow a9out going to the cinema this evening-
:.... =o
Sometimes to is part of the infinitive verb form.
We(ve decided to go on holiday neEt month.
Would you like to eat now or later-
Sometimes to is a preposition.
She(s traveling to Greece tomorrow.
We(re looking forward to the party.
,arlos isn(t used to Dnglish food.
If you can put a noun after to, it is a preposition. If to is a preposition, we use the Jing form of verbs after it.
I(m looking forward to going to the party.
,arlos isn(t used to eating Dnglish food.
:.1. $erson B !ing form
:.1.1. In informal Dnglish, we normally use an ob:ect form e.g. me, you, Simon U /ing form.
Co you mind me as"ing you a $uestion-
They were angry about 2imon arri6ing late.
In formal Dnglish, we can use a possessive e.g. my, your, Simon(sU/ing form instead.
Co you mind my as"ing you a $uestion-
They were angry about 2imon?s arri6ing late.
:.1.. +fter verbs such as see, hear and feel, we normally use the ob:ect form (not the possessive U /ing.
5ou saw me arri6ing.
:.7. Ting form and to infiniti6e as su9@ects
:.7.1. We can use the Jing form as a sub:ect
2mo"ing is a terrible habit.
Snowing how to drive is useful.
$laying tennis in Dngland isn(t eEpensive.
:.7.. We can also use the to infinitive as sub:ect (e.g =o "now how to drive is useful but this is unusual.
When we use the to infinitive as a sub:ect, it is more usual to begin the sentence with it (as a Vpreparatory
sub:ect(
It is useful to "now how to drive.
It isn(t eEpensive to play tennis in Dngland.
:.:. =o infiniti6e of purpose
:.:.1. We can use a to infinitive to talk about a person(s purpose/why someone does something
I(m going out to do some shopping.
She(s saving up to 9uy a motor bike.
I went to a restaurant to ha6e some lunch.
In a more formal style, we use in order to or so as to.
I went to )aris in order to learn 8rench.
We left early so as to ha6e plenty of time.
:.:.. In negative sentences, we normally use in order not to or so as not to .
We left early so as not to 9e late>We left early in order not to 9e late.
:.;.NounDpronounDad@ecti6eBto infiniti6e
:.;.1.NounDpronounBto infiniti6e
We can use the to infinitive after some nouns and pronouns (often to say what is to be done with them
I(ve got some letters to write.
We need some scissors to cut the paper.
Would you like something to readE
We can also use this structure with ad:ective U noun Uto infinitive.
That(s an impossi9le /uestion to answer.
:.;.. Ad@ecti6e B to infiniti6e
:.;..1. We can use the to infinitive after a number of ad:ectives.
I(m very pleased to see you.
I was disappointed to hear that you didn(t pass the eEam.
'e(ll be surprised to get your letter.
It isn(t easy to learn a foreign language.
:.;...We can use the structure of (someone U to infinitive after ad:ectives such as these*
;ice
silly
Rind
careless
Generous
clever
)olite
Wrong
Good
stupid
mean
It(s "ind of you to help me.
It was stupid of me to say that.
:.;..'. We can use the structure for + ob9ect + to infinitive after ad:ectives such as these*
Dasy
common
Important
normal
Dssential
=are
(unusual
(un necessary
It won(t be easy for us to get tickets for the concert now.
It(s important for e6eryone to 9e here on time.
We can also use this structure after some nouns and verbs.
It was a mista"e for me to come here.
We can also use this structure after some nouns and verbs.
It was a mista"e for me to come here.
I(m waiting for my sister to phone me.
:.I. 2ee someone doing and see someone do
+fter the verbs see, hear, feel, watch, listen and notice we can use an ob:ect U K/ing or the infinitive without
to.
We saw $eter lea6ing. We saw $eter lea6e.
I heard them going out. I heard them go out.
There is always a difference in meaning.
We use the../ing form when we se, hear, etc only part of an action in progress.
+s I drove past the park, I saw some people playing football.(?They were in the middle of playing
We use the infinitive without to when we see, hear etc. the whole action from beginning to end.
Fast week, I went to Fondon and saw >ngland play Bra#il in the big football match. (?I saw the whole
game