Brendan Higgins 2013 Northern Grade 10

Grade 10 History Study Doc

On the test
50 Multiple choice questions
40 other short questions
10 Response questions
Comparison question
State relation and significance: could be Emily murphy and persons case
5 topics in an essay question
The Great War
The cause of war
Short term cause
On June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Heir to the throne of Austria- Hungary was assassinated by
Gavrilo Principe, a member of the Black Hand, a Serbian nationalist group. This was the initial spark that
started the war, Austria-Hungary Gave Serbia an ultimatum. They demanded that Serbia do three things,
one of which was allow them to send officials to investigate the Black hand and the death of Archduke
Ferdinand. They refused to only this condition and outraged Austria- Hungary, with the support from
Germany, (the blank cheque). War was then declared on Serbia
M-A-I-N causes
Imperialism
o Taking over countries, making them colonies
o Germany and Italy were new and unindustrialized, wanted more colonies
o Countries wanted to build large empires by gaining many colonies
o Britain had the largest empire with many colonies such as Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, etc.
Militarism
o Belief that strong navies and armies would guarantee peace
o Arms race (countries stockpiled weapons and tried to have the most)
o Britain became nervous when Germany started stockpiling weapons
o Militaries building up armies and navies
Nationalism
o A sense of pride in ones home country
o Serbian nationalists against Hungary
The black hand
Gavrilo Principe
Alliances
o Alliances form of groups who come together for the same purpose or against a common
threat
o Triple alliance
Germany
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Austria Hungary- Bulgaria, Turkey
Italy (later switches sides)
o Triple entente
The United Kingdom of Great Britain- Belgium, Canada
France
Russia- Serbia
Refusal of the Ultimatum
o Austria-Hungary sent Serbia an ultimatum
put down all nationalist hatred against Austria-Hungary
Punish all those involved in the assassination plot
Allow Austro-Hungarian officials into Serbia to help crush the Black Hand
o Serbia refused the 3rd term
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia (July 26, 1914) so Russia and France
started mobilizing
Germany, threatened, declared war on Russia (August 1, 1914) and France a day
later
Germany planned to attack France through Belgium, a neutral country, so
Britain declared war on Germany (August 4, 1914)
The Schlieffen plan
The plan was designed for Germany to be able to fight a war on two fronts
Germany assumed that war with Russia was likely and if there was war with Russia there would be war
with Russias ally, France. To avoid war on two fronts they had to quickly strike France and then focus
their attack on Russia
France would be easy to take, a quick kill.
Belgium would be the best route into France
It would take Six weeks for France and Russia to mobilize
Britain would remain neutral
The plan
Schrieffer decided to destroy the stronger army first which would be ready to fight in 3 weeks
He chose to initially attack France, and focused 90% of his militants on the western front
o He would use a small army to create a diversion at the Alsace-Lorraine border
o The rest of the forces would march through Belgium, the easy route and then swing
around and take Paris
The Failure of the plan
Belgium slowed Germany down, hindering their plan by resisting.
Britain Involved itself in the war by sending troops into Belgium to stop Germany
The German military had trouble with supplies and communication
The French launched counter attacks and were able to get troops to the battles quickly
The battle of Marne, September 9-12 1914
The French launched a counterattack within 30 miles of Paris
Reserves were ferried in taxis
German armies retreated and dug in
o Resulted in a line of trenches from the English channel to the Swiss alps
Battles
Ypres
April 1915
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Innovations: Chlorine gas/ Chemical warfare, first use of liquid flamethrower
Allies defending last allied soil from Germany
Canadians stood their ground, preventing the Germans from advancing and holding their posts
until replacements arrived
Led to the issue of gas masks, Canadian tough reputation
Somme
July 1916
Innovations: Machine Gun and Artillery, tanks, proper armour, steel helmets
NFLD regiment
No creeping bombardment (idiotic attack)
Canadian storm trooper reputation
Vimy Ridge
April 1917
Innovations: Creeping Barrage, Machine Gun and Artillery
First attack led by Canadian general, Arthur Currie
First planned and rehearsed attack, tunnels dug, transportation rails made
Currie Knighted on the battlefield by king George
Passchendaele
Nov 1917- Belgium in town of Ypres.
No new innovation, most had been used by this point
No strategic reasons to take this land
Arthur Currie had reservations about Passchendaele
Germans had advantage
15,654 killed or wounded
Nothing really achieved.

Treaty of Versailles
War officially ends November 11th, 1918 at 11:00 a.m.
Armistice agreement reached, both sides agreed to stop hostilities
Allied and Central powers meet in Paris to discuss peace
Allied countries present are: Britain, America, Canada and France. Prime Minister Borden was
offered a seat to represent the British empire at the Paris conference, but he demanded that
Canada come as its own independent nation.
Central powers present were: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
Autonomy- Self Government
League of Nations- An association of countries established to promote international peace and
security (established by US President Woodrow Wilson).
Treaty broke up Austria Hungary into: Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, and Yugoslavia.
Treaty blamed Germany mainly for war (President Wilson feared this would lead to more
conflict....Not WWII specifically)
Treaty stated that German army was to be downsized to 100,000 soldiers and 1000 officers (big
deal due to army being main source of German pride) and was to have no Navy or Airforce.
Treaty called for the creation of Poland
Germany also had to surrender their Kaiser as a war criminal.
Germany was split into two sections: East Prussia and Germany, they were divided by Poland.
Right bank of Rhine will be a demilitarized zone, thirty miles deep.

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Technological and Social Change
Military Technology
Trench Warfare
Sandbags were built up the parapet
Trenches were about 2 meters deep to protect against snipers
Built in a zigzag manner, so the enemy couldnt shoot down the whole trench in a straight line
A channel at the bottom under the duckboards collected water
Wooden or iron supports lined the trench
A fire step raised the height of the soldier during firing
Dugouts in the sides gave resting and storing areas
No Mans Land was the area between the trenches
Disease, infections and rats were prominent in the trenches
o The rats were attracted to the corpses (free food)
o Many infections such as trench foot, trench mouth, cholera, typhus. caused by
unsanitary conditions
o Lice were also very common
Food
o Food was scarce, stale and cold in the trenches, men would often find means to fry or
warm their food in the reserve trenches. When food was unable to quickly make its way
to the soldiers they had their backup iron rations, tea, biscuits, canned meat, salt, jam
and as an added bonus, or a bartering tool, Cigarettes!
Punishment
o During the war, many soldiers disobeyed orders and were mainly subjected to two kinds
of punishment, firing squads and field punishment, soldiers would be tied to a pole far
behind the trenches to think about what they did
Death and suffering were always present in the trenches
Troops usually spent about 8 days in the front line, followed by 8 in the support line then 8 in
the reserve. This varied and there were instances when soldiers were forced to spend over 60
days in the line without a break.





Machine Guns
Machine guns were first used in World War
one.
The machine gun was very effective, because when enemies would cross no mans land, they all
could be easily gunned down by machine guns
Chemical Warfare
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First used in the battle of Ypres
Used by the Triple alliance against the Triple Entante
French, Algerian troops departed the trench
Canadians stayed, and held the front for days until backup arrived
o Gas masks and urinating on a cloth could stop the toxic effects of the mask
o Earned Canadians nickname stormtroopers
Blitzkrieg
Blitzkrieg is a German word meaning Lightning warfare.
The main components of The Blitzkrieg were:
The Luftwaffe
o The German Air Force
o Used Stukas, planes capable of dive bombing
Panzer tanks
o Used to crash through enemy lines
Shock troops
o Their purpose was to lead foot attacks
o They were also known as assault troops who would push through the enemys
barricades
Main troops
o The main troops invaded quickly in motorized vehicles
o Moved in as soon as the other units had blazed through.
How The Blitzkrieg worked
The Stukas dropped bombs on enemy units and populated areas
The panzer tanks crashed through the lines and pushed forward as fast as possible
Then shock troops would drop behind enemy lines to destroy communication and
transportation sites.
The main troops would then invade in motorized transport.
The effects of the blitzkrieg
In 1939, Poland was stunned by the speed of the German attack
Polish troops fought back with cavalry units (soldiers on horseback)
The polish also had outdated equipment
They were defeated in less than a month
The Blitzkrieg provoked panic in millions of Europeans and led to the capture of Poland,
Denmark, Belgium, Norway and Holland, as well as France

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The Second World War
The Cause of War
The treaty of Versailles
As you may recall, the treaty of Versailles was created in 1919 by the League of Nations and, was an act
that stated Germany's responsibility for the war.
The main terms of the treaty were:
The War Guilt Clause: A clause that stated that Germany would accept full blame for World War one
The war reparations act: An act that stated that Germany must pay back the losses of the nations that
won against her. Germany had to pay a total of 6.6billion.
Territorial clauses: All of Germanys conquests were removed from their control, and Anschluss, a state
in which Austria combines with Germany was forbidden.
Disarmament: Germany was forced to keep only a small professional army, with few ships and no air
force

The rise of Hitler
The German peoples felt that the terms of the treaty of Versailles were unfair and the reparations were
making Germany very poor. Things became even worse in 1929 when the depression hit, and the Dawes
plan was pulled out from under the feet of the Germanic peoples.
Adolf Hitler was an appealing politician to the situation in Germany. He promised to rip up the war
Treaty of Versailles and stop paying war reparations. In 1923, he attempted to overthrow the Bavarian
government with the bier hall putsch.
Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, and when the German President died, he took over,
amalgamating the role of president with that of Chancellor.

The failure of appeasement
Appeasement is doing something that may not necessarily be in the interest of a nation to please
another nation.
During the 1930s some British and French politicians agreed with Germany that some of the terms of
The Treaty of Versailles were unreasonable.
Adolf Hitler, when he became President of Germany began rearming. He installed mandatory military
service, increased the navy and created the Luftwaffe, a large German air force. Other countries, not
wanting war, accepted this, claiming that Germany had the right to re-arm for protection. Germany then
began to take back some of her previous conquests.
In 1937, the Munich agreement was signed by Hitler and Chamberlain, giving Germany Sudetenland in
exchange for promising peace, and not taking the rest of Czechoslovakia.

German nationalism
Adolf Hitler promised that if elected he would rip up the treaty of Versailles. As Chancellor and
president, he did so, and also he brought back the nations pride and started taking back territory that
was taken away by the treaty of Versailles.
Hitler, after building up his military, ordered his troops into Rhineland in 1936, and although they could
easily be defeated, GB and France decided not to fight Germany over their action, for lack of a desire of
war
In March of 1938 Hitler entered Austria, and a vote was forced for Anschluss, a state in which Germany
and Austria combine was installed because 99% of Austrian peoples voted for it.
Rise of fascism in Italy
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Benito Mussolini, the fascist dictator of Italy till 1943, who was good friends with Hitler and Hirohito,
and would eventually sign the Rome-Berlin axis, a pact that would divide Austria when conquered.
Japanese expansionism
During the 1930s, under the rule of emperor Hirohito Japan increased the size of its empire by Invading
Manchuria, in the northern area of China.
Militarism
During the 1930s, Adolf Hitler built up the German military; he introduced mandatory military service,
created a massive air force and a large navy. The Treaty of Versailles was violated, however, the powers
felt that it was somewhat acceptable, and was only Germany defending herself.
Economic Depression
The 1929 stock crash led to the Dawes plan being pulled out from under the feet of the Germans, the
country plunged back into a more impoverished state, and the people sought to Adolf Hitler as their
new leader, a man who promised to rip up the treaty of Versailles and stop paying the war reparations.
Anti-communism
The British and French saw the way Adolf Hitler was handling germany as a benefit to them because
their large military and fascist style of government would stop the spread of communism to the west.


Second World War
The Battle of the Atlantic- September 3rd 1939 to May 8th 1945
The Atlantic Ocean, The Arctic Ocean and the English Channel
The battle of the Atlantic was the longest Military campaign of the Second World War, and ultimately
led to the Allied victory of the war. The Battle of the Atlantic was waged between Convoys of Merchant
ships and their allied escorts and the German Air and sea forces. The Canadians were Major suppliers to
England, supplying food and arms. The allies won the Battle of The Atlantic, destroying the German
blockade. However, three-thousand, five hundred merchant ships were sunk along with one hundred
and seventy five warships. Cargo vessels were being sunk at the rate of 20 each week.
The Battle of Dunkirk- May 26th 1940 to June 4th 1940
Dunkirk, France
For the second time in 25 years, German troops went over the French border to invade. The miracle of
Dunkirk was not only the survival of three hundred-thousand isolated British soldiers, but was also a
devastating loss of heavy machinery and supplies. Prior to the German arrival at Dunkirk, these isolated
British soldiers were evacuated and taken back to Britain in whatever naval vessels were available. They
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were forced to leave all that could not be held in hands on the beach, and often destroyed them so they
could not be salvaged. The significance of this event was that it eventually leads to the fall of France.
Luckily, the Canadian soldiers did not land in Dunkirk; instead, they waited in Great Britain, as protection
against an expected German attack, which never came, which was beneficial as their supplies remained.
The Battle of Britain- July 10th 1940 to October 31st 1940
London, England
An air battle to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force, the battle of Britain was the first major
campaign to be fought solely by air. Hitler saw an opportunity, and wanted to destroy the Royal Air
Force. For many days, the Luftwaffe bombed and attacked southern England and London, each night.
One hundred-twelve Canadian pilots fought in the battle of Britain, under the command of General
McNaughton. Alongside them, the Royal Air Force battled against the vastly larger Luftwaffe. During the
battle, the Axis outnumbered the Allies, 3:1, but the Allies fought and were successful in having
operation sea-lion (an attack on Britain from air and sea) indefinitely postponed, and 3000 Nazi planes
were shot down in 2 months. This convinced Germans to give up taking Britain out of the war.
The Battle of Hong Kong - December 8th, 1941 to December 25th, 1941
Hong Kong, China
The battle of Hong Kong began on the 8th of December 1941 and ended on the 25th of December 1941.
Hong Kong was surrounded by the Japanese, as the Japanese had previously occupied Canton. The
Canadian Government had previously accepted an offer by the British Government to send two
battalions, the Royal Rifles of Canada from Quebec, and the Winnipeg Grenadiers from Winnipeg.
However, most of these soldiers were inexperienced, and had only participated in 1 or 2 wars before
coming to defend Hong Kong. It was a massacre. Two demands for surrender from the Allied Forces
occurred on the 13th and 17th of December, however, they were declined and the Japanese proceeded
to execute POWs, medical staff and few men survived to tell the story about what happened. There was
torture at field hospitals of both patients and medical staff. Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Mark Aitchison
Young, had to surrender in person to stop the battle. This day is known to the Japanese as Black
Christmas.
The Dieppe Raid- August 19th 1942
Dieppe, France
Also known as Operation Jubilee, The Battle of Dieppe was an Allied attack on the port of Dieppe, a
German-held area of North France. The allied Commanders called a retreat of over five thousand
infantry soldiers, mostly Canadians. The commanders had planned to take the town of Dieppe, and
would give the allies a place to test their new equipment and strategies. However, as the Canadians
began to land on the beach, the German forces had figured out their plan at were waiting for them as
they arrived. German artillery and guns mowed down the soldiers as they tried to run for cover. During
the battle, approximately one thousand Canadian soldiers died, and two thousand captured, and it was
a large loss of life. However, this taught a large lesson to the Allied forces, that they had to attack with
large support from the air and sea, while doing so without the Germans knowing beforehand.
The Battle of Stalingrad - August 23rd 1942 - February 2nd, 1943
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Volgograd, Russia
The battle of Stalingrad occurred from August 23, 1942 to February 2, 1943. It was a long, decisive battle
in which Hitler wanted to take Stalingrad for the same reason he had wanted to take Paris There
would be a very strong psychological impact. Many casualties occurred on both sides, totaling nearly 2
million. German forces, for the most part had invaded much of Russia, and were almost at Stalingrad.
The Luftwaffe was bombing the city, and much of it was reduced to rubble. However, Russias Red Army
launched Operation Uranus, which attacked one of Germanys weaker armies at the back of the German
lines, and effectively had a very large portion of the German army surrounded. Re-supplyment for the
German army had failed, and the loss of men was a large blow to Hitlers army. Germany was unable to
capture Stalingrad not only due to the heavy military resistance, but the harsh, cold Russian winters, of
which they were not prepared for, as they were still dressed in their fall uniforms from August.
The Invasion of Italy - September 3rd, 1943
Italy
The invasion of Italy occurred on 3 September 1943. After the defeat of the Axis Powers in North Africa,
Winston Churchill wanted to attack Italy, which he referred to as the soft underbelly of the axis. The
support of war in Italy was decreasing, and civilians feared an attack would completely destroy it. The
planning for it began in 1942, and the Operation Overlord was created. Following the success of
successful invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky), Allied forces wanted to remove Italy as an opposing
force. British and Canadian forces invaded and Italian forces surrendered almost immediately.
The Invasion of Normandy and D-Day- June 6th to June 30th 1944
Normandy, France
The invasion of Normandy marked the change in power, establishing Allied forces in Normandy, and
giving them a stronghold in France. The battle began with Parachute and Glider landings, and then
followed air raids, and naval bombardments. Then came the amphibious landings on Juno, Omaha,
Utah, Sword and Gold, with the Canadians landing and taking Juno. The Invasion of Normandy was an
Allied victory. During the invasion of Normandy, the war was ultimately won, but Canada lost a total of
five thousand, four hundred men.
VE Day May 8th, 1945
VE Day or Victory in Europe day occurred on May 8, 1945. It is the day that the Allies accepted the
surrender by the armed forces of Germany, and the day World War II ended. On April 30, Hitler had
committed suicide, and the surrender was signed by the succeeding President Karl Donitz on May 7,
1945.
The Liberation of Norway - May 8th, 1945
Norway
The liberation of Norway occurred on May 8, 1945, after V-E Day, or Victory in Europe Day. Norway and
Denmark were the last two countries Germany controlled. However, this was a surprise, as there were
still 360,000 German men in Norway after the Third Reich (Hitler) died, which was a very large
concentration of soldiers, and a possibility of a last-ditch battle. Luckily, however, there was peace, and
no fighting ensued.
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Truman and the atomic bomb
By 1944, The United States had retaken the Solomon islands and the Philippines
In March of 1945, Okinawa was captured, and there was a total of 100,000 Japanese casualties,
along with 80,000 US casualties.
The Japanese were resilient and brave fighters
o Kamikaze planes, filled with dynamite were flown into US ships
o The Japanese soldiers were trained to have very little value of their own lives, and
believed that they would never surrender
o Also, if battle raged on, there would be mass casualties on both ends
When President Harry Truman was elected in 1945, the Manhattan project, a collaboration of
Allied scientists, led by Robert Oppenheimer, who were designing a weapon of mass destruction
had nearly completed their super weapon.
o The Manhattan project was originally designed to be dropped on Berlin, when VE day
occurred, the attention of the project turned to dropping the bomb on Japan.
o The project was a race against time, because it had to be built before the Axis powers
could develop the same weapon.
o The bomb was tested on July 16, in the deserts of New Mexico.
o Truman had to make the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan
o He knew that a full scale invasion of japan would result in mass casualties, both
Japanese and American
o He also knew that dropping an atomic bomb would cause mass Japanese casualties, but
very few American. Also, the majority of these casualties would be civilian
o At this time, the USAF was firebombing Tokyo, with a hail of petrol bombs made from
jellied petroleum and magnesium.
o Truman sent a conditional surrender agreement to Hirohito, claiming that the US would
release mass devastation on Japan if they did not surrender, when he refused, Truman
made the Decision to authorize the dropping of the bombs.
o The little boy was dropped at 8:15am on Hiroshima by the Enola Gay, a B-29 bomber.
The blast killed 70,000 people, and after the effects had set in, the results from the first
nuclear weapon ever used in combat were staggering, over 150,000 casualties, including
20,000 children
Many people were vaporized, many died from radiation burns and sickness.
some people were also killed by falling debris.
o The US offered the surrender one more time, and when refused, dropped the Fat man
on Nagasaki, on August 9
th
resulting in 80,000 casualties.
o On August 10
th
an unconditional surrender was signed on the USS Missouri, ending the
war in the pacific theatre

Holocaust
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The Five Stages of Isolation
1. Definition
In 1935, The Nuremburg Laws were passed, and they stated that Jews would be
o Stripped of their citizen ship
o Fired from jobs, and businesses would be boycotted by Aryans
o Banned from German schools
o Forbidden to marry Aryans
o Forced to wear the star of David and to carry Id cards at all times.
o Synagogues were destroyed
o Forced to pay extremely high taxes
Jews were said to be impure, and there was no seen place for them in Hitlers plan for
the Master Race
2. Stripping of Rights
In 1938, Jews in Germany were evicted from Germanys economic life, they were:
o Jewish people were denied the right to own property
o Jewish doctors were barred from treating Aryan patients
o Jewish lawyers could not practice law
o Jewish businessmen had to register with the Government
o Jewish people were stripped of their citizenship and the right to vote along with
o Jewish people were made to carry identification papers with them at all times
3. Segregation
Rural Jews were forced into ghettos in the larger cities.
The purpose of these ghettos was to confine Jews for their eventual extermination
The ghetto in Lodz (Poland) held 20,000 jews and 5,000 gypsies and
By the end of 1941, people often died of diseases and starvation within ghettos, plus
about 15 people lived in each apartment, with up to 8 people living in one room.
Warsaw saw the largest Ghetto, housing 500,000 people in 3.5Km^2
356 ghettos were established
Many of the ghettos were located by railroad tracks.
4. Concentration Camps
In 1933, the first concentration camp was established at Dachau to house opponents of
the Nazi Regime
The Numbers of Jewish prisoners dramatically increased after Kristallnacht
Millions of people who did not fit the master race went throughout the camps,
approximately 11 million were killed, including 6 million Jews.
Many camps were built by Railways for efficient transportation
5. Extermination
Throughought the 1930s, mobile killing units had began operation
Gas chambers, disgused as showers were the main method of extermination
By 1945, 6 million Jews had been the victims of genocide, they died through
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o Gas, starvation, disease, beatings and slave labour
Death marches were the final effort to kill all Prisoners, achieved 375,000 deaths from
starving, being shot or being burned alive.
6. Aftermath
The camps were liberated, freeing 250,000 people but the sick, weak and dying
remained
After the Liberation, there was nothing left for the newly freed people, who were left
poor and homeless, because when they were forced into ghettos, their homes were
taken by inhabitants of the properties turned into ghettos
The Holocaust
11 million people murdered
6 million Jews murdered
5 million non-Jews murdered
o Included: homosexuals, political opponents (communists, ect.), gypsies, handicapped
people, Jehovahs witnesses, people of obscure religions, people seen to be a threat to
his regime, or people who were not seen to symbolize Hitlers Master Race
91% of Polish Jews killed, in 1933, European Jew population was 9,508,340
63% of European Jews Killed, survivors total 3,546,211
When Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviets on January 27
th
, 1945:
836,255 womens dressed were found
348,000 mens suits were found
38,000 pairs of mens shoes were found
14,000 pounds of human hair was found
o Approximately 8000 peoples hair (Bearing in mind most of the hair cut would have been
destroyed)
7,650 live prisoners only
What allowed for the Holocaust to happen?
The power of words
Jewish people were alienated from society, and the citizens of Germany and their conquests
were told that Jews were evil, also, the most commonly read childrens story was about how
Jewish people eat non-Jewish babies.
The stages of isolation (Refer to above)
1. Definition
2. Stripping of rights
3. Segregation
4. Concentration Camps
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5. Extermination
Anti-Semitism
Life in the camps
All prisoner possessions were confiscated
The head of every prisoner was shaved
The arms of every prisoner were tattooed
Prison uniforms were made mandatory at all times
Men, women and Children were kept separate
Survival skills were basically physical strength, metabolism, ability to conserve energy
(efficiency), knowledge of physical skills / trades.
Unsanitary conditions were common in the camps, including bacteria, disease and lice in
barracks
Inhumane medical experiments were performed on inmates
The gas chambers and cremation
Prisoners were sent into gas chambers disguised as showers
Zyklon B gas was ejected through the showerheads
Most people died within 15 minutes
Gold fillings from the teeth of victims were taken and melted down
Other prisoners moved the bodies to crematoriums
The final solution
The Wannsee conference was established in berlin, 1942 as the complete solution to the Jewish
question
The solution called for complete and mass annihilation and extermination of the non-master
races
Zyklon B gas was seen as the agent for the final solution
The swastika
The swastika is based on the Sanskrit, an ancient symbol that is very important to Buddhist and
Hindu cultures.
It symbolises and wishes well-being, life and good luck, and prosperity.
Hitler took the Sanskrit, altered it, and turned it 45 degrees to create the swastika, which
became the insignia for the German Nazi party, and was also said to represent the mission and
struggle for victory of Aryan men.
The Sanskrit can be found all over the world, and all throughout history. It can be found in
Mesopotamia, India, Japan, China, and the Americas
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The Swastika is now viewed as a symbol of hate, anti-Semitism, death Violence and murder. The
Sanskrit has been somewhat tarnished by this, but still remains a prominent symbol in most
cultures
Sanskrit Swastika


Canada and International Organizations
League of Nations
An association of countries established to promote international peace and security (established by US
President Woodrow Wilson).
United Nations
Creation of the UN (United Nations): The Big Five nations: United States, Great Britain, China, France
and The Soviet Republic formed the UN in 1945; the group was conceived during the end of the Second
World War. The objective of the UN was to promote and shape a peaceful world with the ideals to
present peace, advance law and justice, defend human rights and to encourage peaceful and friendly
relations between countries.
NATO
Formed in 1949, The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, best known as NATO was an organization of
anti- Warsaw Pact countries who came together to combat communism, and protect its members from
potential soviet and communist threats.
NORAD
The North American Air Defense, also known as NORAD was a way for North America to prevent and
defend from Soviet attack. This organization consisted of the Distant Early Warning system, which could
detect incoming soviet Missiles and Aircraft. It was built at stations on all sides of the Canadain and US
border, it could detect craft from 4800km away.
NAFTA
The North American Free Trade Agreement united Canada, America and Mexico in trade. It allowed
major companies to move to mexico for cheaper labour, this moved jobs, and only benefited
corporations. Free Trade also threatened social programs such as Medicare. It also threatened Canadian
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culture, political sovereignty, and it would allow American corporations to end production in Canada,
and export their products to Canada. However, it increased Canadian trade, strengthened the Canadian
economy, it created more jobs, and improved our relationship with the other North American states, it
also gave Canadians a larger job market.
Canada and Peacekeeping
Suez Canal
In 1956, Egyptian president Mr. Nasser decided he wanted to control the Suez Canal, which was under
British and French Control, because of the fact that the Suez Canal was a critical link (shortcut) between
Europe and Asia, The British and France fought Egypt. The Soviets, looking for trouble threatened to
take the side of Egypt, an action that could prompt WW3. Lester B. Pearson took on a roll of a mediator,
and on Canadas boldest and most famous peacekeeping mission, he stopped the parties from going to
war, while preserving the Suez Canal to its NATO control.
This resulted in Canada building bomb shelters, practicing defense measures and the Distant Early
Warning line to be built in the arctic.
Korean War
After World War Two, in 1945, Korea was divided into the Democratic south, supported by the
Americans and the Communist north, supported by the Soviets. The division of the two powers resulted
in the demilitarized zone, a no mans land at the 38
th
parallel. In June 1950, 100,000 soviet troops
invaded South Korea. Because of the Truman doctrine, the war came to the US attention, and then to
the UN, who, without any contest from the soviets, who at the time were boycotting the UN because of
its refusal to admit China. Because of this, a UN coalition of US and Canadian troops entered South
Korea and pushed the soviets back to the 38
th
parallel, creating a stalemate.
This demonstrated Canadas abilities and desire to act as a Peacekeeping party. It also underlined our
military power, and support for the UN. This war was a clash between the ideologies searching for
control, and was one of the many battles fought between the powers on soil that did not belong to
either of them.
Canada is one of the most active peacekeeping states
Leading of peacekeeping roles in Rwanda, Kosovo, Somalia
Peacekeeping is an important way for Canada to participate in the international community
Canadians led UN missions in Haiti
Canadian peacekeeping policy: Build infrastructure, Maintain Peace, Train Forces
However
o Canadian Airborne regiment dismantled because of racism
o Members tried for death of a Somali citizen

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Canadian Military
Avro Arrow
The Avro Arrow was an all Canadian air superiority interceptor, made by the A.V. Roe Company in
Toronto, Ontario. 6 of the aircraft were produced before the plan was scrapped by Diefenbaker in 1957.
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan project, a collaboration of Allied scientists, led by Robert Oppenheimer, who were
designing a weapon of mass destruction had nearly completed their super weapon. The bomb was
completed in 1945, after VE day, which was its intended use, to wipe out Berlin.
Conscription
WWI
Conscription: is when it is compulsory for individuals in a country to join the military force or
play some role in the war effort.
Sir Robert Borden (prime minister of Canada)
He swore that there would be no conscription in Canada while he was in office, but he was
in favor of conscription.
After witnessing how many wounded soldiers were returning from the front, he broke his
promise and announced the Military Service Bill, which was introduced in 1917
The Military Service Bill was passed on August 28th, 1917 by the Canadian government. It
called for the conscription of men between 20 and 45.
Men who had essential jobs (e.g farmers), who were against war due to religious/other
beliefs (Mennonites), or who were sick were exempt from conscription.
Before the act, there was already pressure on men to sign up or war or else they were
perceived as cowards.
Sir Wilfred Laurier (leader on liberal party/opposition)
He was not in favor of conscription, he saw Canada and Britain as two separate entities and
saw no obligation of loyalty to Britain or France.
Sir Borden was supported in his movement by English Canadians and Sir Laurier was
supported by the French Canadians; the two groups were in violent opposition to each
other.
Reasons for French opposition:
o There were fewer French soldiers than English.
o Training routines and instruction manuals were in English only.
o French Canadians at war did not have any regiments or power because English
Canadians controlled the command staff, as well as war strategies and measures.
o Most French Canadian were also farmers and they felt they were already
contributing to war by growing food.
o Sam Hughes hired a Protestant to command French Canadian training, and most
French Canadians were Catholics

Brendan Higgins 2013 Northern Grade 10
WWII
Conscription was a big issue faced by Prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. He had promised
that there would be no conscription as part of his campaign. Instead of instating military conscription,
the government adopted the National Resource Mobilization Act. The NRMA was not sufficient and King
approached the public with a plebiscite. The English speaking citizens voted yes, while the French
speaking citizens voted no. This caused a greater divide between the two groups.
Prohibition
Prohibition was the act of banning alcohol
Prohibition was the attempt to make the sale and consumption of alcohol illegal
It included
o Closing bars
o Closing Liquor stores
In 1916, the Ontario Temperance Act was put into place to prohibit the sale and consumption of
alcohol in Ontario, and was the spark of prohibition in canada
Most provinces repealed the prohibition laws. On October 23rd, 1924
The Ontario Prohibition Referendum was an attempt to repeal the Ontario Temperance Act.
o The referendum used a clause in the act to argue. This clause stated that prohibition
could be repealed if there was a majority vote against it.
Between the years of 1920-1925, five provinces voted to repeal prohibition.
Gordon: But werent there benefits to prohibition?
Johnny: Of course, during the time of prohibition, there was a massive difference in society. Due
to the lack of alcohol-related offences, the jails were becoming empty. The grain used to make
alcohol was used to feed people. The money spent on buying and creating alcohol was given to
less fortunate families. Industrial efficiency improved as well.
Gordon: Then why would people want prohibition to be repealed?
Johnny: Because although it was against the law, there were always speakeasies. I guess that the
government and provinces realized that there is no way to permanently stop the selling of
alcohol.
Gordon: There were also some exceptions in prohibition from the start. For example, Wine
distilleries with proper documentation. Alcohol would also still be sold through the government
for many different uses.
Johnny: And then people were also claiming that they were ill just to get medical alcohol from
their doctors. During the Christmas season there would be long lineups at drugstores with
people faking illness.
In 1930, every province voted against prohibition except for P.E.I.
The Great Depression
The six causes of the great depression
1 Easy credit: Loans were given out to everyone and anyone
2 Trade protection and tariffs: Taxes imposed on foreign products
3 shrinking demand for products: Goods piled up, unsold
4 Export emphasis: Heavy reliance on United States companies and economy
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5 Lack of official regulation: Government did not control trade or have many rules regarding it.
6 Weak economy: Depended on branch-plant system/foreign business

On to Ottawa trek
Young single men left their homes during the depression and rode the rails looking for food, shelter
and work in other communities. They usually did not find anything and sometimes were arrested for
vagrancy, not being employed.
The government feared that
These men could turn violent
With help of communists, these men could organize and have a revolution
To prevent these from happening
The government set up work camps (which were mostly in remote areas, to keep the
unemployed from causing trouble in cities.)
They believed that here, the groups couldnt organize, or do anything wrong
The camps were run by The Department of National Defense (The Military)
The workers were expected to work 8 hours a day, 6 days a week, and built roads, ditches and
planted trees. (Paid 20 cents per day)
The workers lived in uncomfortable cabins, (24x7 meters) that slept 88 men, 2 per bunk
Relief camp workers protest
In April 1935, 1,500 men from British Colombia camps went on strike, demonstrations in
Vancouver
By May, 1935, 20,000 men were now striking, (the strike lasted for 2 months)
Men were housed and fed by supporters of the strike
The Vancouver mayor at the time told strikers that there was little he could do and suggested
that they take their messages to Ottawa
On June 3, 1935 1000 workers climbed aboard trains bound for the east and the on to Ottawa
trek was born. The rail workers were sympathetic and allowed strikers to ride on top of the
trains as well as in empty cars
Government reactions and response
Prime Minister Bennett was terrified and felt that the trek had to be stopped
When the trains stopped in Regina, those aboard were corralled into the exhibition grounds.
Bennett decreed that only the strike leaders may continue their journey towards Ottawa
The trekkers met with Bennett in Ottawa, however, their meeting was unsuccessful
Bennett was poorly regarded for his actions
1935 Regina riot
Trek leaders arrived in Regina disappointed and enraged
On July 1 Strikers met in the Regina market square
Bennett sent RCMP officers to break up the crowd and disband the meeting, when strikers
resisted, the riot began
Aftermath
The trek ended
130 arrests made
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Strikers disbanded
Relief camps closed
Workers went back to being unemployed
Strikes and Protests
Flappers
Womens fashion during the 1920s reflected changes in society regarding women. Women began to
dress more loosely, creating the flappers style. This reflected the loose attitude that many began to
have about women in society. (Votes and becoming diplomatically recognised)
Counterculture
Overview
Counterculture means a culture that opposes the norms of established soviet, EX: A gang,
because they live by their own rules and rebel against the rules of society that everyone follows
Counterculture took place in the 1960s- 1970s
It involved the youth of post WW2 (Boomers kids)
Counterculture happened because when baby boomers entered adolescence or young
adulthood
Counterculture changed the way people thought, transforming values

What was life like in the 1960s? (Lifestyle, attitudes, values)
Flower power counter culture
o Preached international peace and love
o Rebelled against society by going back to the land and living in communities, rising
organic food (hard-core hippies)
o Symbolic of the counterculture
Experimental drug use
o Hippies experimented with LSD, Heroin, Coke, Marijuana, opiates, basically every sort of
drug)
o People thought that they were exploring their consciousness
o Many people died from drug experimentation
o Many people experienced long term side effects
o The American Military began experimenting with the psychedelic drugs
Constant soviet threats
Unkempt rock and roll lifestyle
Rigid expectations
Surge of music and television programs, new forms of media
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Less conservative values expressed by teenagers
Going against the norm and authority
Music
o Brought a generation together and was able to effectively capture and express the
ideals of the counterculture
o Music of counterculture has never gone old, protest songs were a popular way to
voicing differences of opinion
o Woodstock
o Protest songs
Wrote songs that challenged war and injustice
His words became the anthems of a generation and rebelled through protest
against the establishment
Arguably the most influential musician of all time
He wrote many protest songs
His idea was to communicate through music
o Beatle-mania
Ideals of the counterculture: Values and beliefs
Promotion of social change in society
Civil rights movement
Questioning society
Segregation
Revelling against the norm
Individualism
Peace and love (Everyone can get along)
Thought of Cold War as ridiculous
Attempted to change social values
Challenged social injustices anti-establishment
Independent from parents/society
October Crisis
A series of terrorist activities by the FLQ in October- December 1970
Government officials kidnapped, used as hostages
Only non-wartime use of the War Measures Act
Timeline of events
o October 5, 1970: James Cross is Kidnapped by the FLQ
o October 10, 1970: Pierre Laporte is kidnapped by the FLQ
o October 16, 1970: Trudeau introduces the war measures act
o December 28, 1970: Pierre Laportes kidnappers are caught
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o December 3, 1970: The Kidnappers of James Cross , Marc Carbonneau, Yves Langlois,
Jacques Lanctt and Jacques Cossette-Trudel are exiled to Cuba after they release of
James cross
War measures act enabled
o The only non-wartime use of the War Measures Act
o On October 16
th
, 1970, Prime Minister Trudeau used the Act
o Sent large numbers of military to Montreal
FLQ demanded that their Manifesto be broadcasted on every radio station in the country
Given $500,000 in Gold bars
Given a one way flight to either Cuba or Algeria
Megaprojects
Megaprojects were very large scale projects, they often brought many jobs to Canada, and strengthened
our economy, and helped build infrastructure.
Women in Society
Suffragists
Suffrage = the right to vote in any election on any level of government.
Suffrage movement = the first wave of the feminist movement. It allowed women over the
age of 21 the right to vote in elections (but at first it was only women who had family
serving in the war).
Enfranchise = to have the privilege to vote, being allowed to vote, and using your right to
vote.
Women wanted the right to vote.
Women were stepping up into the public sphere, they were getting involved in political
matters and protests. For the first time the felt less oppressed.
Since the men were overseas fighting the war, the women were required to work in
factories and on farms.
Feminism
Feminism was one of the largest movements of the 1960s to present.
It was a pride, rights and equality movement, and its general belief was that women were equal to their
male counterparts. At the time, many women were paid less than men, in the same jobs, and women in
society were also often oppressed. It was very hard for women to find their way into positions in the
government, and the preconceived idea of women in society was that they did not belong in the
workforce, despite the fact that they had served in the workforce during the world wars.
Birth Control
Legalized by the Criminal Law Amendment Act
Legal only if 3 doctors agreed that pregnancy would be detrimental
Enacted with the goal of responsible parenthood
Reduced the number of deaths that resulted from improper abortions
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Immigration
Multiculturalism act
Adopted policy in 1971
Said that Canadian citizens have equal value, regardless of their background
Made Canada more diverse
NEP
The National Energy Program was created in 1980 under PM Trudeau
It made Canada more self-reliant for energy
It consisted of
o Oil production
o Alternative energy research
o Specialized taxes that promoted Canadian oil
Chinese Head Tax
The Chinese head tax was put in place to stop the flow of Chinese immigrants, after they were no longer
needed to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. The tax was the equivalent to two years salary for a
Chinese worker.
The tax was very exclusionary, it shut out all but about 30-50 workers from entering Canada (compared
to thousands before the tax)
Mackenzie King & the Jews
Mackenzie King, appeared not to have much support for the Jews, his government did substantially less
to take refugees from Germany. He even turned back the SS St. Louis, a ship full of desperate Jewish
refugees, who were forced back to Germany to their death.
War Brides
48,000 Canadian men married abroad, at the end of the war in Europe, they brought their wives home
to Canada, where they adjusted to Canadian life. It was difficult for many to adjust, especially to rural
life. The Canadian government even set up a War Brides Bureau in London, the bureau even published
guides to adjusting to Canadian life.
Trudeau and Multiculturalism
Adopted policy in 1971
Said that Canadian citizens have equal value, regardless of their background
Made Canada more diverse
Basis for our current immigration policy
o Immigration and refugee protection act
Non-discriminatory immigration policy
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Points system
Trudeau believed that Canada was a highly multicultural society, and that there were many unique
groups within Canada, he was very insistent that the policy of multiculturalism was necessary, because
of this.
The status of Aboriginals
The Reserve system
Reserves are land designated to a certain aboriginal band, generally, most Canadian laws are not
strongly enforced in these communities, and the communities are very rudimentary and poor. The
reserves receive money from the Canadian government, and assimilation, and Trudeaus white paper
act were often seen as ways to get around this, and stop paying this money.
Residential Schools
Aboriginal children were taken from their families and sent to schools where only English was
spoken
They were forced to wear clothes that white people were wearing at the time
Attempted to assimilate the children
Residential Schools were terrible places
Children were often beaten and abused
Phased out in the early 1960s
Harper Government apologised for the residential schools and attempted to compensate for
them
White Paper
1969
Proposed by Trudeau administration, and chief of Indian Affairs (Jean Chretien)
Was created to promote equality
If passed, the act would
o Eliminate Indian Status
o Dissolve the Department of Indian Affairs
o Abolish the Indian Act
o Convert Reserve Land to Private Property
o Transfer Indian Affairs from Federal to Provincial Government
o Provide Funding for Economic Development
o Appoint a Commissioner to Deal with Additional Issues
Aboriginals did not favor act
o Ignored many concerns
o Seen as another attempt of assimilation
o 140 bands attended in response to white paper
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o Rejected in 1970
Meech Lake Accord
A package of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada
Negotiated by Brian Mulroney and the ten provincial premiers in 1987
The intention was to get the Quebec government to endorse the 1982 Constitutional
Amendment and to try to keep Quebec a part of Canada
It was rejected
This rejection really amped up the support for Quebec Sovereignty
The Meech Lake Accord was designed to get Quebecs approval for the Constitutional
Amendment

Charlottetown Accord
Consisted of Constitutional amendments proposed in 1992
Amendments
o For Quebec to be recognised as a distinct society within Canada
o Greater protection for aboriginal rights
o Aboriginal self-government
Failed, rejected for differing reasons
o BC felt that too much power would be given to Quebec
Many other provinces agreed
o The act of aboriginal self-government made governments fearful
Thought that it would be giving an excuse for aboriginals to go wild and disrupt
the country.
o None of the provinces or parties could agree

OKA Standoff
Oka Crisis 1990
Conflict between Mohawk and Oka Police
o Later with the Army
Because town wanted to expand golf course and bulid condominiums
Mohawk claimed that it was sacred land
Made a claim 4 years earlier
Claim denied
Armed resistance
Mohawk claimed that they were prepared to fight and die for their land
Gunshots exchanged between two groups, one police officer was left dead
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Prime Ministers
Sir Robert Borden
Achievements
Prime minister during WW1, led Canada to success
Established the Canadian National Research Council
Controversies
Conscription was a highly controversial topic during Bordens administration
o The English speaking population supported it, while the Quebecois did not.
RB Bennett
Achievements
Helped Canadians on an individual basis during the depression
Wealthy Canadian businessman
Controversies
Treated On to Ottawa trekkers poorly, called them vagrants and sent them back
o Criticized as not acting diplomatic
Didnt do much for Canada, to take it out of the depression
William Lyon Mackenzie King
Achievements
Elected, re-elected later
Instated many social programs
Canadian prime minister throughout all of WW2
Controversies
Five cent speech (wouldnt give 5 cents to provinces that didnt vote for his party.
John Diefenbaker
Achievements
Canadian bill of rights
Royal commission of health services
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Controversies
Cancellation of the Avro Arrow
Lester B Pearson
Achievements
Stopped an alleged WW3
o Acted as a mediator to stop the Suez Crisis from escalating
o Nobel peace prize
Universal Healthcare
Royal commission on bilingualism
Canadian flag
Controversies
Pearson pennant defeated
Pierre Elliot Trudeau
Achievements
Canadian immigration act
Multiculturalism
Controversies
October Crisis
o War measures act
Brian Mulroney
Achievements
NAFTA
Nunavut settlement agreement
Canadian multiculturalism act
Controversies
NAFTA
Gulf War
Life at Home
Teenagers in the 50s
Brendan Higgins 2013 Northern Grade 10
Throughout the 1950s, many Canadian teenagers began to go against preconceived notions of
their ideal social roles.
They began to explore more fun and expressive fashion, music and dance
School life for teenagers was very strict however
Suburbia
Starting in the 1950s, many suburban communities were born in Canada.
Because of the baby boom and the urbanization of society, there was a great need for
affordable housing in areas on the outskirts of cities and towns.
Welfare
The welfare state is a system set up by the Canadian government to combat unemployment,
and keep the Canadian economy healthy
Medicare
A way for the Canadian government to support health in Canada
Very expensive system
The Charter of Rights and Freedoms

The Baby Boom
A period after the second world war, in which prosperity and security lead to greater trust
As a result many people settled down and started families
Minorities
Internment camps
German Canadian
During the First World War
German Canadians were put into internment camps
The town of Berlin was changed to Kitchener
Japanese Canadians
During the Second World War
Put into internment camps
Property confiscated and sold
o Reparations were later made
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Africville
A community comprised of African Canadians near Halifax
The community was dispersed and relocated to make room for a city dump
Construction Battalion #2
The only Negro Canadian battalion in WWI
Served to build infrastructure in the trenches
Commendable work in Passchendaele
The Bill of Rights

Constitution and charter of rights and freedoms
In 1968, Trudeau began to renew the Canadian constitution; the Canadian constitution was patriated by
the queen of England in 1982, after the Night of long knives (see below).
It included 52 sections, including:
The Canadian Charter of Rights and freedoms
The Aboriginal Rights clause
Equalization and equal opportunity
Procedure for amending the constitution
The supremacy Clause
Legalization of Homosexuality
Homosexuality was decriminalized by Trudeau; he claimed that the state has no place in the bedrooms
of the nation
Canadian Culture
American cultural influences
Throughout our history, Canada has always been influenced by American culture, fashion and music.
Canadian Identity
In the 1950s, politicians began to see the importance of, and urge a unique, non-American, non-English
culture and image. They began to fund cultural programs, such as music, and television.
Many aboriginal and Francophone groups were also supported.
French Canada
Expo 67
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Expo 67 was an event held in Montreal. It was an exposition of Canadian culture, and is regarded as one
of the most important events in the history of Quebec. It celebrated Canadas centenary. 50 million
visitors attended the Expo.
Charles De Gaulle
Supported and urged Quebec separation, at Expo 67, he made a famous speech that told Quebec to
separate, and that he would support them if he did. This made politicians of the time very cross, and De
Gaulle quickly made his way back to France after his speech. Vive le Quebec libre
Lesage and the Quiet Revolution
Lesage
After the death of Duplessis, Jean Lesage became premier of Quebec
Lesage promised to improve social and economic standards, as well as have Francophones gain
recognition in society
The quiet revolution
The quiet revolution was based off of five aspects of society
Education
o Public school systems were pushed as an alternative to the controlled Catholic Schools
o Curriculum focused on important subjects to be a member in modern society
Social Programs
o The state took over and introduced many important social programs
Economic Standards
o Many privatized companies were bought by the state
Language
o French replaced English as the working language in Quebec
Culture
o Francophone medias and political themes emerged
Outcome
o French Canadians gained more power and control in their society
o A new middle class emerged
o Relations between French and English speakers in Canada became tense
o Many separatist groups like the FLQ emerged
Duplessis
Duplessis was the Qubec Premier, he was in office from 36-39 and again from 44-49
Wanted traditional lives and values for Quebec
o Kept federal interference to a minimum, refusing money and grants
o Delayed much needed reform in society and industry
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Controlled unions, and kept the working class poor
Encouraged Anglophone investments in Quebecois industries
Duplesis stayed in power because:
o He had weak opposition
o He had Religious support
o He was a good speaker
o He rewarded ridings that voted for him
o He was supported by businesses
Squashed unions
As a result of this, French Canadians received improper education
Anglophones were in control of the economy
French Canadian Morale was lowered
o French Canadians resented Anglophones
French in Canada
Official language act
The Trudeau administration passed the official languages act in 1969
Gave all Canadians the ability to deal with the federal government in both English and French
Allowed governments to offer English and French Schooling
Required bilingual signage and packaging
Night of long knives
On November 2
nd
, 1981, the eight premiers met, and attempted to finalize a constitution.
Trudeau made a deal with Qubec to hold nationwide elections whenever a constitutional amendment
was proposed. This upset the other provinces leaders, and they met with Trudeau and signed a deal in
the kitchen of their hotel in the middle of the night. The signed deal was presented to the Quebec
premier the next morning, who was outraged.
Referendums
From the 60s to modern days, many Quebecois have been interested in Separation from Canada.
They have twice attempted a referendum, once in 1980, and again in 1995
1980
In 1980, the Quebec Government proposed the first referendum, the question on the ballot was
highly confusing however, and 60% of Quebec voted to not separate.
The question was:
o "The Government of Quebec has made public its proposal to negotiate a new agreement
with the rest of Canada, based on the equality of nations; this agreement would enable
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Quebec to acquire the exclusive power to make its laws, levy its taxes and establish
relations abroad in other words, sovereignty and at the same time to maintain
with Canada an economic association including a common currency; any change in
political status resulting from these negotiations will only be implemented with popular
approval through another referendum; on these terms, do you give the Government of
Quebec the mandate to negotiate the proposed agreement between Quebec and
Canada?"
1995
In 1995, another referendum was proposed, but this time, the question on the ballot was more
simple and the 50.5% of the Quebec population voted to not separate
The question
o "Do you agree that Quebec should become sovereign after having made a formal offer
to Canada for a new economic and political partnership within the scope of the bill
respecting the future of Quebec and of the agreement signed on June 12, 1995?"
Bilingualism
Royal commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
Examined the state of French-English relations in Canada
Made recommendations for how the relationship could be improved
Found that
o There was a strong regional self-interest everywhere in Canada by all walks of life
o There was rise of radical separatist groups
o There was a very tense relationship in Canada between the two language groups
Recommended that
o Canada should be a bilingual country
o English and French were made the official languages of the courts, and both were
offered in government services everywhere in Canada
The official languages act carried out all three recommendations in 1969 by the Trudeau government