Chapter 11 Modal Analysis 1

Chapter 11
Modal Analysis
11.1 Step-by-Step: Gearbox
11.2 Step-by-Step: Two-Story Building
11.3 More Exercise: Compact Disk
11.4 More Exercise: Guitar String
11.5 Review
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.1 Gearbox 2
Section 11.1
Gearbox
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.1 Gearbox 3
Techniques/Concepts

Unprestressed Modal
Analysis

Prestressed Modal
Analysis

Create Mode Shape

Results
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.2 Two-Story Building 4
Section 11.2
Two-Story Building
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.2 Two-Story Building 5
Original Structure...
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.2 Two-Story Building 6
After Bracing...
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.3 Compact Disk 7
Problem Description

The MythBusters succeeded in shattering CDs at speeds of 23,000 rpm. We want to

nd out the maximum stress in the CD due to the centrifugal force to justify if the
shattering is indeed due to the high stress.

We also want to investigate the possibility of resonant vibrations. We will conclude

that the CD shattering may be due to vibrations rather than centrifugal stress.
Section 11.3
Compact Disk
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.3 Compact Disk 8
Stresses Due to Centrifugal Force
The maximum tensile
stress is 20.8 MPa, far
less than the material's
tensile strength (65
MPa).
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.3 Compact Disk 9
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 6000 12000 18000 24000 30000
N
a
t
u
r
a
l

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
i
e
s

(
H
z
)
Rotational Speed (rpm)
Natural Frequencies
[1] The lowest
natural
frequency.
[2] The second
lowest natural
frequency.
[3] This is the "line of
resonance," which has a
slope of unity (note that
30,000 rpm = 500 Hz). If
any frequencies fall on this
line, they will be excited
and resonance will occur.
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.4 Guitar String 10
Section 11.4
Guitar String

Harmonic Series

Just Tuning System

Twelve-Tone Equally Tempered Tuning System

Beat Frequency
Terminologies
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.4 Guitar String 11
Harmonic Series

A harmonic mode has a

frequency that is an integral
multiplication of the
fundamental frequency.

If you pluck a string, you will

produce a tone made up of
all harmonic modes, the
harmonic mixes determine
the quality of the note.
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.4 Guitar String 12
Just Tuning System

C

D

E

F

G

A

B

C

do

re

mi

fa

sol

la

ti

do

C
#

D
#

F
#

G
#

A
#

C
#

D
b

E
b

G
b

A
b

B
b

D
b

1

9
8

5
4

4
3

3
2

5
3

15
8

2

In the early 20th century, the "just

tuning" systems prevail in the music
world.

If we play the notes do and sol together,

the sound is pleasing to our ears, since
they have the simplest frequency ratio.

The major cord C consists of the notes

do, me, sol, do, the simplest frequency
ratios.

The problem of this system is that it is almost

impossible to play in another key.
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.4 Guitar String 13
Twelve-Tone Equally Tempered Tuning System

The idea is to compromise on the

frequency ratios between the
notes, so that they can be played in
different keys.

In this system, an octave is equally

divided into 12 tones (including
semitones) in logarithmic scale.

In other words, the adjacent tones

have a frequency ratio of

2
112
.
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
H
z
)
Note
[1] The frequencies in
the just tuning system
are marked by small
circles.
[2] The frequencies of the
notes in the equal
temperament system are
plotted as a solid curve.

C

D

E

F
#

G
#

A
#

C

C

D

E

F

G

A

B

C
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.4 Guitar String 14
Beat Frequency

When two waves of different frequencies are combined, they interfere with each other.
The uctuation in amplitude of the combined wave is called beats, and the frequency is
called the beat frequency.

The beat frequency is equal to the frequency difference of the two waves.

When we play C and D together, the beat frequency is 32.03 Hz (293.66 - 261.63), which is
a harsh buzz and unpleasant for our ears.

When we play C and G together, the beat frequency is 130.37 Hz (392.00 - 261.63), which is
close to a harmonic frequency of the middle C (261.63 Hz).