1.

Problems of the youth

Youth is the time when a person is trying to find hisplace in the
worldOn e o f t h e
p r o b l e ms i s a g e n e r a t i o n g a p . Ev e r y generat i on i s
uni que i n i t s experi ence. I t has i t s ownideals and a system of
values concerning every aspect of human l i f e. Adul t s al ways
compl ai n t hat t he young
aren o t wh a t t h e y we r e . Th e s e wo r d s a r e r e p e a t e d
f r o mgenerat i on t o generat i on. The young know
what t heywant . They pref er t o make t hei r own mi st akes
rat hert han t o l i st en t o t he warni ngs of t he adul t s. The
past exists to help the young to avoid unnecessary blurs. But
they do want to have them. The young want to live theirown l i f e.
They want t o overcome t hei r own di f f i cul t i eswithout turning
back. Unfortunately the life of the youngis frequently determined by
the adults. The adults startt he war but t he young di e i n i t . And
t he sol ut i on t o t hi sprobl em i s t hat bot h t he young
and adul t s shoul d betolerant and patient to each other.Anot her
probl em of t he yout h i s t he rel at i onshi p of the young people
with their friends and beloved. The problem of love is very important
for the young.I t i s regret t abl e, but t he young are not al ways
ready t ohave stable relations. For a happy family life two
peoplemust underst and and respect each ot her.
I t shoul d besai d t hat t he young have ot her probl ems as
wel l .
Theyare concerned wi t h educat i on, money, empl oyment , ho
bby, spending their free time, communication, and thel i ke. And of
course one of t he most urgent probl ems i sthe
accommodations problem. Few young people in ourcount ry have
t hei r own apart ment s. I n t he
mai n t heys h a r e t h e a p a r t me n t s wi t h t h e i r p a r e n t s e
v e n a f t e r getting married.In general all the problems of the youth
are linked withthe present rather then with the past or future
2 . C i t y l i f e -
a d v a n t a g e s a n d d i
s a d v a n t a g e s o f
l i v i n g i n cities
Every now and t hen we ask oursel ves whet her i t ' sbetter to
live in a city our in a countryside.City life has its advantages and
disadvantages. Firsto f a l l , i t i s e a s i e r t o f i n d wo r k i n
t h e c i t y t h a n i n t h e country, besides, salaries are much higher
and one has al arger vari et y of j obs t o pi ck f rom. Moreover,
ci t i es arethe centers of culture and social life. Living in a city onehas
al l sort s of museums, t heat res, exhi bi t i ons, movi etheatres,
pubs, restaurants at their command. Thereforet h e r e a r e a l o t
mo r e f r e e t i me f a c i l i t i e s t h a n i n r u r a l areas.Ci t i es are
al so cent ers of educat i on. Many
youngp e o p l e m o v e t o c i t i e s b e c a u s e t h e r
e a r e m o r e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r c o n t i n u i n g t h e i r e d
u c a t i o n t h e r e . Us u a l l y c o u n t r y ' s l a r g e s t a n d b e s t u
n i v e r s i t i e s a r e located in big cities.Another advantage it better
living conditions. In thecity people live in more modern houses which
need lesswork doing to them. That saves a great part of their timeand
ef f ort . Among t he di sadvant ages t here are
cri me, p o l l u t i o n , h i g h p r i c e s , e n o r m o u s t r a f f i c
j a m s a n d
o v e r c r o wd e d s t r e e t s a n d s u b wa y a n d o f c o u r s e t h
e threat of the present - terrorism. From the point of
viewo f e c o l o g y c i t i e s a r e n o t t h e b e s t p l a c e
t o l i v e i n . Garbage and sewage are two major problems of cities
aswell as air and water pollution.Besides it's not safe in terms of
crime. For example,it is dangerous in big cities to walk back home late
in thee v e n i n g . On e c a n
e i t h e r g e t r o b b e d o f t h e i r p u r s e , j e we l r y o r mo b i l
e p h o n e o r e v e n g e t a t t a c k e d , f o r example. One has to
watch out for pickpockets even inthe daylight. Of course city life has a
lot of advantagesand disadvantages, but if you get tired of social life, it
isal ways a great pl easure t o go t o a count ry si de wi t h
abeautiful and green view The atmosphere of rural life isalso great as
when you get there it seems that time goesby slowly and there is
no need to hurry.
3 . A q u e s t i o n o f t a s t e . F a s h i o n
Fashi on i s somet hi ng we deal wi t h everyday. Evenpeople,
who say they don't care what they wear, chooseclothes every morning
that say a lot about them and howthey feel that day.However, we
definitely get fashion ideas from musiccl i ps, vi deos, books and
t el evi si on. Movi es al so have abig impact on what people
wear. For example it is knownt hat more sungl asses were sol d
i n Ameri ca af t er t hemovie Man in Black.Dependi ng
on t hei r at t i t ude t owards cl ot hes andfashion, people can be
divided in three groups:
-
fashion slaves, spending all their money on the latestclothes even if
they don't look good in them;
ecessarily mean that love no longer unites people. It justmeans that
love has different dimensions, different sidesthat reflect our
understanding of life.But personally, I can't let myself be cynical about
love.Maybe I'm too young and inexperienced, but I believe it'sa great
feeling. Some say that love is the true meaning of our life, that love is
all it's cracked up to be. They also say that "love is the master key that
openst h e g a t e s o f h a p p i n e s s " . I c a n ' t b u t a g r
e e . L o v e i s somet hi ng t hat makes us t ender, and
af f ect i onat e, andcari ng. . . I t ' s when
anot her person' s needs become moreimportant than yours and
you don't see it as a burden.
It'sw h e n y o u d o y o u r b e s t t o m a k e e a c h o t h e
r ' s l i v e s somewhat easier in this troublesome world.
4. Love means different things todifferent people
The subj ect of l ove i s one t hat has i nspi red poet s, wri t ers,
t hose l ucky i n l ove and t hose who have beenpassed over
by Cupi d. . . Love has been def i ned as wi se, silly, profound,
bitter, funny...It seems as if each and oneof us has a di f f erent
underst andi ng of l ove, or at l east the attitude to love varies
greatly from person to person..It may be a surprising revelation to
some of us, becauselove has traditionally been considered to be
somethingt h a t u n i t e s p e o p l e ( a t l e a s t t h a t ' s w
h a t I ' v e b e e n taught).And yet, there's no use denying the fact
that lovehas as many def i ni t i ons as t here are human bei ngs
onthis planet. And it doesn't
Love is a feeling that makes you stronger and helpsyou get through a
crisis. It's something I can't imagine mylife without
5. Books in our lives
D e s p i t e t h e i n c r e a s e i n T V w a t c h i n g a n d t h
e d e v e l o p i n g o f Wo r l d Wi d e We b , r e a d i n g i s s t i l l v
e r y i mport ant . So I don' t t hi nk books need t o
be rescued. Reading both entertains and educates people.
Books helpus to discover new things and explore new ideas. The book
is the surest way to bring nations together.It gives us an insight not
only into the past, but also intothe future. The book is a faithful and
undemanding friend:i t can be put asi de and t aken up agai n at
any moment . Reading is the perfect way to relax and spend your
freet i me. Books port ray l i f e i n i t s ri chness, so t hey
devel opreader' s i magi nat i on and arouse curi osi t y, admi rat
i on.
Sometimes they even can help to solve difficult problemsof
life.I become very keen on l i t erat ure earl y i n l i f e.
Thi sp r o b a b l y h a p p e n e d b e c a u s e we h a d
a v e r y g o o d a n d widely read library in home. Books stirred
my imagination,expanded the boundaries of the familiar world and
filledmy life with great expectations of joy and happinessI ' m f o n d
o f r e a d i n g a n d I ' v e r e a d a l o t o f b o o k s o f different
genres. And certainly I have my favorite book. It is t h e
s t o r y b y Ag a t h a Ch r i s t i e - " T h e mu r d e r
o f Ro g e r Ackroyd". Some critics say that Agatha Christie
introduceda novelty in this work, because the murder is a storyteller.In
the "The murder of Roger Ackroyd" the main charactersand
envi ronment are t ypi cal f or 1920t h i n Engl and. Theaction
takes place in a country house. The author showsus its owner with his
habits, relatives and neighbors. Allt hi s i s present ed vi vi dl y and
bri ght l y. One of t he mai nh e r o e s o f t h e b o o k
He r c u l e s Po i r o t g e t s o v e r a l o t o f problems before
catching a
murder.E x c i t e m e n t , s u s p e n s e , h o r r o r , r e v
e n g e , a n d ext raordi nary t al ent , ast oundi ng cal mness o
f Hercul esPoi rot f i l l t hi s book. "The murder of Roger
Ackroyd" hasmade a great impression on me. And nowadays it
makesreally unforgettable impressive reading.
6. Things I dislike in my school
I like my school very much because I have spent theb e s t y e a r s
o f my s h o r t l i f e t h e r e . Bu t i n s p i t e o f i t
Idislike the whole system of education.
What concerns my school
t he pupi l s ar e not free in their choice of the
subjects.
And they areforced to study the subjects they are not interested in
andi t t a k e s t h e m t o o m u c h t i m e t o l e a r n t h e
s u b j e c t s unnecessary f or t hei r f ut ure l i f e. They coul d
spend t hi st i me worki ng on t he subj ect s whi ch wi l l be
needed f ortheir future profession.Besides, every day we have two
breaks of 10 minutesand t wo breaks of 15 mi nut es at school .
But 15 mi nut esi s not enough t o have a l unch f or t he
pupi l s. They areal ways i n a hurry eat i ng t hei r l unch. I t
causes di seasesconnect ed wi t h st omach. I t shoul d be
ment i on t hat ourl essons st art at 8 o' cl ock. But
the pupils have
toc o m e t o s c h o o l t e n m i n u t e s t o 8
t o d o morning exercises.
I t hi nk t here i s not necessary t odo t hem because on t he
one hand some pupi l s do such
exercises at home every morning and on the other handit is not
comfortable to do exercises in our school clothes.I t h i n k
t o o ma n y p u p i l s s t u d y i n e v e r y class.
Most of t hem si t f ar f rom t he bl ackboard. Andsometimes they
can'tKeep your wrists in a natural, unforced, straightposition
1 1 . A C h i l d
A child is the charming, creature. He is the sense, of
QUI

l i f e. We cannot i magi ne our bei ng wi t hout
hi m andt heref ore we guard hi m by day and by ni ght . But
whoknows what vices
can be grown up in this innocent soul.I t ' s p o s s i b l e h i m t o b e
a g r e a t mi s f o r t u n e o r e v e n a disaster. There a lot of such
experienceNo , I ' m n o t t a l k i n g a b o u t t h e c h i l d r e n b e c
o mi n g criminals but about the "normal" children making life withthem
completely intolerable. They bother, disturb, shout,cry, run around you
don't giving even a minute for
rest. T h e i r c u r i o s i t y a n d p l a y s c o u l d c a u s e t h
e t e r r i b l e consequences. The el ect ri ci t y of t en at t ract s
chi l dren. They l i ke t oshove f i ngers i nt o t he socket , t o cut
t he wi res, t o shaket he l ust res, t o t wi st t he el ect ri cal
l amps, etc. "Daddy, Show me how computer works", - said the son
shoving byscrewdriver into the system block. "What have you done?It
costs a small fortune", - cried poor daddy looking at theblack clouds of
smoke rising above the system block. "Heis just a child", -explains
mother her son's behavior.Everyt hi ng
st art i ng by deodorant s and f i ni shi ng bythe video's remote
control presents a danger in children'shands. It seems for them that
everything what they see isthe toys and of course want to play.Bu t
t h e " t o y s " s o me t i me s c o u l d b e b y n o me a n s harmless.
For example, mentioned above deodorant canexplode in the fire or just
in the strong sun and cause thesevere injures. By paper, by simple
paper a child can cuthis soft flesh and cause the hemorrhage.
Because of thatwe have to protect them from theirs own
curiosity.Prevent a misfortune! That should be our device.Af t er al l a
Woman and a Chi l d are onl y f or whi ch i sworthy to live
13. It is science that does us good or doesit bring
disaster?
To answer the question whether science does us goodor does i t
bri ng di sast er i sn' t a si mpl e t ask. We shoul dtake into
consideration many facts. On the one hand a
lotof out st andi ng di scoveri es made t he l i f e of t he
peopl emo r e c o mf o r t a b l e a n d p l e a s a n t . Wi t h o u t s c i e
n t i f i c discoveries and inventions no progress would be
possible. Thanks
toRe c e n t e v i d e n c e h a s s h o wn t h a t h e a v y a n d e v e n
moderat e
dri nki ng duri ng pregnancy can cause seri ousd a m a g e t
o t h e u n b o r n c h i l d : p h y s i c a l o r m e n t a l r
etardation, or both; a rare but severe expression of thisdamage is
known as fetal alcohol syndrome

12. Rol e of woman i n s oc i et y
The ongoing changes in social, political and
economics p h e r e s o f t h e c o u n t r y e n t a i l s n o t o n l y t h e
r a i s e o f women's role in society, in addition they
are accompaniedby breaking of stereotypes to treat human beings by
sex
hat had been
shaping through decades. Free economicrel ati ons and
temcsatvrato.of.aU.sj^xejcea. at Ivte,cw&te$ftbasis,
e v e n t u a l e q u a l s o c i a l r i g h t s f o r a n y h u ma n b e i n g r
e g a r d l e s s o f s i x - f o o t b o t h o f me n a n d women.'From a
tegar potnr
of view, a
man ancf a woman r'nour country are equal. However, in practice,
there are noreal mechanisms of women's rights fulfillment as well
asfor their active participation in social life.Housework, chores and
raising children are generallyconsi dered t o bel ong t o a
woman' s domai n. Despi t e
t hef a c t t h a t b i r t h r a t e s i n t h e c o u n t r y h a v e b e e n f a
l l i n g , c h i l d r e n a r e o b s t a c l e s i n t h e l a b o
r m a r k e t . I t i s u n d e r s t a n d a b l e t h a t wo me n d e c
i d e t o d e f e r h a v i n g chi l dren l at er or do not have
chi l dren at al l . Al ong
wi t ht h a t , t h e r e i s a l a c k o f k n o w l e d g e a
b o u t m o d e m cont racept i on
and a correspondi ngl y l arge number of abortions. However,
the number of women taking part inthe country's political, economic
and civic life shows thatwo me n a r e r e s t r i c t e d i n t h e
s p h e r e s o f p o l i t i c s a n d government. Women's salaries are on
average lower thanme n ' s , a n d wo me n a r e l i k e wi s e f a r
mo r e l i k e l y t o f a l l victim to violence and unemploymentSo,
t he mai n goal s are prot ect i on of women' s
ri ght sand el i mi nat i on of di scri mi nat i on
i n soci et y; wi deni ngwomen's participation in policy decision-
making processeson t he l ocal , regi onal and nat i onal
l evel s; support
f orc o o p e r a t i o n b e t we e n wo me n ' s o r g a n i z a t i o n s o n
t h e nat i onal and i nt ernat i onal arenas; wi deni ng access t o
i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e s o u r c e s a n d e x p e r i e n c e o f wo men '
s organizations on an international level
9. Homeiessness
Homelessness is a huge problem in the whole world.I n poor
count ri es, so cal l ed "t hi rd worl d count ri es" youcan meet
homel ess peopl e on every corner. That ' s whygovernment
of "t hi rd worl d count i es" t ri es t o sol ve t hi sproblem by building
more homes and shelters.Mi ni st ry of Heal t h encount ered wi t h
many st ranged i s e a s e s c a u s e d b y u n s a n i t a r y c o n d i t i
o n s o f l i v i n g . Homel ess peopl e eat f rom di rt y wast e,
dri nk f rom not cl ean creeks or even puddl es. Huge wave
of si cknessg r a b b e d s t r e e t s o f I n d i a , Ni g e r i a , Ne p a l
, So ma l i a n d many, many other "third world
countries"Un f o r t u n a t e l y d i s e a s e s a n d v i r u s e s i s n o t
o n l y probl em caused by homel essness.
St at i st i c shows t hat l evel of cri mes i s much hi gher i n t hose
count ri es
andc i t i e s w h e r e t h e m a j o r i s s u e i s h o m e l e s s
n e s s . S o homeless people don't have places to work,
governmentp a y s n o t e n o u g h m o n e y f o r l i v i n g . C
h a r i t i e s a n d donat i ons al so t o not enough t o l i ve a
good l i f e, t hat ' swh y h o me l e s s p e o p l e g o t h e
wr o n g wa y t o g e t s o me money f or l i vi ng. Peopl e st eel
money f rom t hose who' sri cher t han t hey are. Somet i mes
robberi es end up
wi t hs e r i o u s i n j u r i e s o r e v e n h o mi c i d e . Cr i me i s a n
o t h e r problem caused by homelessness and homeless
people.Government has al l power t o hel p homel ess
peopl eand solve the problem with homelessness.
Governmentdoesn't have to make more charities for homeless
people,b u t i t s h o u l d ma k e mo r e a c t i v i t i e s , wh i c h i n v
o l v e s homel ess peopl e t hemsel ves. Bui l d
more houses andshel t ers or even t emporary pl aces of
l i vi ng, i t ' l l hel p t osol ve t he i ssue wi t h l i vi ng pl ace. I t i s f or
sure t hat
ci vi l v o l u n t e e r s w i l l h e l p w i t h m o n e y a n d m a n
y o t h e r activities.I don' t know. But probl em
of homel essness must besolved! People must not loose their
conscience and helptheir brothers and sisters on the streets
10. Computers and Health
Within the past two years, substantial media attentionhas
been di rect ed at pot ent i al adverse heal t h ef f ect s of long-
term computer use. People that spend most of thet i me worki ng at
comput ers shoul d pay at t ent i on at t hefollowing factors:Light
and glare- Eyestrain, headaches, and
impairedv i s i o n a r e o f t e n a p r o d u c t o f i mp r o p e r i l l u mi
n a t i o n resulting in glare, which is light within the field of visionthat is
brighter than other objects to which the eyes areadapted
A NI OSH st udy recommends 200-500 l ux f or general of f i ce
work; ot her sources suggest 500-700 l ux f or l i ght characters
on dark monitors and somewhat more for dark-on-light. If documents
are not sufficiently illuminated, deskl i ght s are
recommended i n pref erence t o cei l i ng l i ght s, which increase
reflections from video screens
Breaks and exercises- Working in the same positionf o r
t o o l o n g c a u s e s t e n s i o n b u i l d u p a n d
i s t h o u g h t t o i ncrease t he ri sk
of repet i t i ve mot i on i nj uri es,
such asc a r p a l t u n n e l s y n d r o me . Re me d i e s i n c l u d e
c h a n g i n g postures frequently, performing other work
interspersedw i t h c o m p u t i n g ( s o m e s t u d i e s r e c o m
m e n d a 1 0 - 1 5 mi nut e break f rom t he keyboard every
hour), and doi ng
Keep your wrists in a natural, unforced, straightposition
1 3 . I t i s s c i e n c e t h a t d o e s u s g o o d o
r does it bring disaster?
T o a n s we r t h e q u e s t i o n wh e t h e r s c i e n c e d o e s u s g
ood or does i t bri ng di sast er i sn' t a si mpl e t ask. Weshoul d
t ake i nt o consi derat i on many f act s. On t he onehand a lot of
outstanding discoveries made the life of thepeople more comfortable
and pleasant. Without scientificdiscoveries and inventions no progress
would be possible. Thanks t o di scovery of el ect ri ci t y we
can l i st en t o t heradio, watch TV, see films, people learned how to
produces t e e l a n d m e t a l a l l o y s -
n o w w e u s e r a i l w a y s a n d airplanes.Development of
chemistry led to new synthetic fibersand people got more clothing and
food. People learned
touse sci ent i f i c achi evement s i n curi ng i ncurabl e
earl i erdiseases.But on the other hand such outstanding discoveriesof
the 20th century as atom fission led to creation of theweapons of mass
destruction. We should say that sciencehas a potential for both good
and evil.Alfred Nobel invented a new explosive (dynamite) toi mprove
t he peacet i me i ndust ri es of road bui l di ng, but saw it used as a
weapon of war to kill and injure his fellowmen.Hi s great est wi sh,
however, was t o see an end t owars, and thus between nations,
and he spent much timea n d mo n e y wo r k i n g f o r
t h i s c a u s e , u n t i l h i s d e a t h i n 1896. His famous will in which
he left money to provideprizes for outstanding discoveries in Physics,
Chemistry,Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace, is a memorialto
his interests and ideals.Me d i c a l me n
u s e l a s e r t o c u r e a n d
i n v e s t i g a t e d i s e a s e s a n d t h e s a m e t i m e l a s e r
c a n b e u s e d f o r destruction.Achievements of biology and
chemistry are also usedto cause damage to people.All this shows that
science can take good forms andevi l f orms. What f orm does i t
t ake depends on t he
wayp e o p l e w o r k w i t h s c i e n c e . I t i s i m p o s s i b l
e t o s t o p progress, t o st op peopl e t o i nvest i gat e and
expl ore t heworld. But people should care it wouldn't be led in
wrongdirection.

14. Global Warming
" G l o b a l w a r m i n g " h a s b e e n i n t r o d u c e d b y t
h e sci ent i f i c communi t y and t he medi a as t he t erm
t hat encompasses all potential changes in climate that resultfrom
higher average global temperatures. Hundreds of scientists from many
different countries are working
tou n d e r s t a n d g l o b a l w a r m i n g a n d h a v e c o m e
t o a consensus
on several i mport ant aspect s. I n general , Global warming will
produce far more profound climaticchanges than simply a rise in
global temperature.An anal ysi s of t emperat ure records shows
t hat t heEarth nas warmed an average of 0.5C over the past
100years.F o r t h e p a s t 1 5 0 y e a r s , t h o u g h ,
t h e a t mo s p h e r i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e s e g a s e s , p a
r t i c u l a r l y c a r b o n dioxide, nave been rising. As a result, more
heat is beingt rapped t han previ ousl y, whi ch i n t urn i s
causi ng t heglobal temperature to rise. Climate scientists have
linkedt h e n c r e a s e d l e v e l s o f h e a t -
t r a p p i n g g a s e s i n t h e atmosphere to luman activities, in
particular the burningof fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas for
heating
andel ect ri ci t y; gasol i ne f or t ransport at i on), def orest at i on, c
attle ranching, and
rice "'arming.As t h e Ea r t h ' s c l i ma t e i s t h e
r e s u l t o f e x t r e me l y compl ex nt eract i ons, sci ent i st s
st i l l cannot predi ct t heexact impact on the earth's climate of these
rising levelso f h e a t -
t r a p p i n g g a s e s o v e r t h e n e x t c e n t u r y . T h e c u r r e
n t b e s t e s t i m a t e i s t h a t f c a r b o n d i o x i
d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s d o u b l e o v e r p r e i n d u s t r i a l
l e v e l s , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s c i e n t i f i c p o s s i b l e
s c e n a r i o s , a n atmospheri c doubl i ng of carbon di oxi de
coul d occur asearly as 2050

15. Advantages and disadvantages of TVand
Advertisements
We t al k t o vari ous peopl e f rom di f f erent count ri esabout their
attitudes about TV and advertisement. Does TV educat e or
st i mul at e? Or i t i s a drug or t ranqui l i zerused t o cont rol t he
popul at i on. TV i s a very expensi vemedium and many countries
don't have the technologyand the money to make their own television
programs. The result is that most countries are dependent on TV
of Britain and America. How do people usually answer thequestion:
"What are you going to do tonight?" or "Whatare you going to do at the
weekend?" In other words howdo people spend their free time?
Some 20 or 30 years ago the usual answers used tobe "We are going
to the theatre" or "We are going to thepart y" or "We are havi ng
some f ri ends round". Now youare very often hearing "We are
going to stay at home andwatch the television"
Mo d e r n TV o f f e r s v i e we r s s e v e r a l p r o g r a ms o n diffe
rent channels. In addition to regular newscasts yousee pl ays
and f i l ms, operas and bal l et s and wat ch al l kinds of contests,
quizzes and sporting events. You canal so get a l ot of usef ul
i nf ormat i on of t he
educat i onal c h a n n e l s . I n t h e c o n c l u s i o n w e m a
y s a y , T V m o s t definitely plays a very important part in
people's life, buti s t hi s a good t hi ng or a bad one? Don' t we
go out l essoften, and then we used to? Don't we read less?What
are the functions of advertisements? The firstone to mention is to
inform. T h e s e c o n d f u n c t i o n i s t o s e l l . Th e
p r o d u c t s a r e s h o wn f r o m t h e b e s t p o i n t
o f v i e w a n d
t h e p o t e n t i a l b u y e r , o n h a v i n g e n t e r e d t h e s t o r e , u
n c o n s c i o u s l y chooses the advertised products. One buys this
washingpowder or t hi s chewi ng gum, because t he col orf ul
TVcommerci al s convi nce hi m of t he best qual i t i es
of t heproduct. T h u s d e s p i t e o u r d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n
w h e n b e i n g bombarded by all the advertisers' information we
mustadmi t t hat t hey do perf orm a usef ul servi ce t o
soci et y, and advertisements the same as TV are an essential partof
our everyday life

16. Books
E x c e p t f o r a l i v i n g m a n t h e r e i s n o t h i n g m o
r e wonderf ul t han books. They t each us and open
t hei rheart s f or us. We l earn many t hi ngs by readi ng
books. They make the world much larger for us. They tell us
howg r e a t a n d w o n d e r f u l m a n i s . B o o k s e
x p a n d t h e boundaries of the familiar world for us.Some books
arouse our interest, delight, feelings of curi osi t y and admi rat i on,
some make us t hi nk whi ch i svery important and demand great
erudition on the partof the readers, some entertain, amuse us giving
pleasureand delight. We can hardly read some books and storiesfor
laughing and some dramas and romances for
tears.B o o k s a r o u s e d i f f e r e n t e m o t i o n s i n u s ; t
h e y penet rat e deep i nt o our soul s and heart s. We l ove
ands u f f e r , f e e l s y mp a t h y o r i n d i g n a t i o n , c r y o r l a u
g h , struggle and reach success together with the
characterso f t h e b o o k s . B o o k s h a v e a g r e a t i m p
a c t o n o u r charact ers. We are i nf l uenced by good
exampl es, t heyadd to molding of our characters and forming our
moralvalues. Books give food for our mind and warmth for oursoul .
We shoul d l ove books as t hey are t he sources of knowledge
and can make us strong, intelligent, and welleducated. There are
di f f erent ki nds of books, whi ch appeal t odi f f erent ki nds of
readers. They are sci ence-f i ct i on andfantasy stories, detective
and spy stories, tales and fairy-tales, books about animals and nature,
adventure
booksand Dooks about t ravel s, humorous st ori es, hi st ori cal
dramas, Diographies and autobiographies, essays. It's soni ce t o
read ooems whi ch gradual l y are unf ol di ng andreveal i ng
t hei r ri ch i nner sel f , as one reads t hem agai nand over
again.Readers can be divided into some groups. The
mostp o p u l a r g r o u p i s p e o p l e wh o r e a d f a n t a s t i c s t o
r i e s Anot her not so popul ar, but a very i nt erest i ng group
i speopl e who pref er romant i c and det ect i ve st ori es.
Andt he l ast group i s peopl e who l i ke t o read non-
f i ct i onliterature. There are many other small groups, but thosethree is
bigger than others.
17. Smoking
Smo k i n g i s a b i g
s o c i a l i s s u e i n ma n y c o u n t r i e s nowadays widely discussed
in newspapers, radio and TV-
shows. T h e p r a c t i c e o f s mo k i n g t o b a c c o
originated
among
Nat i v e Amer i cans i n eas t er n
NorthAmeri ca, where t obacco i s nat i ve. I t was
adopt ed bymany
Europeans
f ol l owi ng t he
colonization of the Americas.
According to the
World Health Organization,it is most common in
East Asia, where as many as
two-thirds of all adult males
smoke t obacco. Be c a u s e o f c o n c e r n o v e r t h e
heal t h ef f ect s of tobacco smoking,
the practice has rapidly declinedin recent years in the
United States, Canada
and
western Europe.
However, statistics show that
atleast a quarter of people
even i n t hese regi onscont i nue t o smoke, and t here i s no
i ndi cat i on smoki ngwill go away completely. Tobacco may be
smoked i n
several forms,
themost common being
the
cigarette,
the
cigar,
and the
pipe. Cigarette smoking is the most common.



18. The younger generation knows best
Old people are always saying that the young are
notwh a t t h e y we r e .
T h e s a me c o mme n t i s ma d e f r o mgenerat i on t o
generat i on and i t i s al ways t rue. I t hasnever been t ruer
t hat i t i s t oday. The young are bet t ereducat ed. They have
more money t o spend and enj oytheir freedom. They grow up
more quickly. The old always assume that they know best from
thesimple reason that they have been around a bit
longer. T h e y d o n ' t l i k e t o f e e l t h a t t h e i r v a l u e
s a r e b e i n g questioned or threatened. And this is precisely that
theyoung are doing. They take leave to doubt that the
oldergenerat i on has creat ed t he best of al l possi bl e
worl ds. What they reject more than anything is conformity
Of f i ce hours, f or i nst ance, are not hi ng more t hanenf orced
sl avery. Woul d not peopl e work bet t er i f t heywere
gi ven compl et e f reedom and responsi bi l i t y? And
unf l at t eri ng concl usi ons about your charact er. Thi nk of t he
curf ews, t he mart i al l aw, t he t i mes you had t o goearl y t o
bed, do as you were t ol d, and eat di sgust i ngst uf f t hat was
supposed t o be good f or you. Rememberhow "gentle"
pressure was applied with remarks like "if you don't do as I say, I
will..." and a dire warning wouldfollow what about cl ot hi ng? Who
sai d t hat al l t he men i n t heworld should wear dull grey suits and
short haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, why have
theol der generat i on so of t en used vi ol ence t o
sol ve t hei rproblems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden
int hei r personal l i ves, so obsessed wi t h mean
ambi t i ousa n d t h e d e s i r e t o a m a s s m o r e a n d m
o r e m a t e r i a l possessi ons? Can anyt hi ng be ri ght wi t h
t he rat -race?Haven't the old lost touches with all that it is important
inlife? These are not quest i ons
t he ol der generat i on canshrug off lightly. Their record over the
past forty years orso hasn't been exactly spotless. Traditionally the
youngh a v e t u r n e d t o t h e i r e l d e r s f o r g u i d a n c e . To d
a y t h e situation might be reversed. The old- if they are
preparedt o a d m i t i t - c o u l d l e a r n a t h i n g o r
t w o f r o m t h e i r children.One of t he bi ggest l essons t hey
coul d l earn i s t hat enj oyment i s not "si nf ul ". Enj oyment i s a
pri nci pl e onecould apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong
toe n j o y y o u r w o r k a n d e n j o y y o u r l e i s u r e ; t o
s h e d restricting inhibitions. It is surely not wrong to life in
thepresent rather than in the past or future.
1 9 . C h i l d h o o d i s c e r t a i n l y n o t
t h e happiest time of your life
I t ' s about t i me somebody expl oded t hat hoary ol dmight
about childhood being the happiest period of yourl i f e. Chi l dhood
mi ght cert ai nl y be f ai rl y happy, but i t sgreat est moment s
can' t compare wi t h t he sheer j oy of bei ng an adul t . Who
ever asked a si x- year ol d f or
ano p i n i o n ? Ch i l d r e n d o n ' t h a v e o p i n i o n s , o r i f t h e
y d o nobody notice. Adults choose the clothes their childrenwill wear,
the books they will read and the friends theywill play with. Mother and
father are kindly but absolutedictators.For al l t he nost al gi c
remarks you hear, whi ch adul t would honestly change places
with a child? Think of they e a r s a t s c h o o l : t h e y e a r s
l i v i n g i n c o n s t a n t f e a r o f exami nat i ons and
school report . Every
movement youma k e , e v e r y t h o u g h t y o u t h i n k
i s o b s e r v e d b y s o me critical adult who may draw What a
rel i ef i t i s t o grow up. Suddenl y you regai nyour bal ance;
t he worl ds open up bef ore you. You aref ree t o choose;
you have your own pl ace t o l i ve i n andy o u r o wn
mo n e y t o s p e n d . Yo u d o n o t h a v e t o s e e k const ant
approval f or everyt hi ng you do. You are nolonger teased,
punished or ridiculed by heartless adultsbecause you failed to come to
some theoretical kind of standard
And if on occasion you are teased, you know how todeal with it. You
can simply tell other adults to go to hell:you are on yourself.

20. TV in my life
TV is very important thing in our life. We can say that TV is our eyes
because TV helps us to know more aboutt he worl d, about t he
ot hers count i es, about t he event sthat happened in the world.
TV even helps you to knowmore about yourself. I like to watch TV very
much. I cando that all day, that's why sometimes my mother makesme
t urn of f TV. We have a l ot of TV channel s, t hey are: NTV,
MTV, ORT, TVR1, TVM, PROTV and ot hers. I al sohave few
KOSMOS TV's channels, for example: Cartoonnetwork, Discovery
channel, TVE, and BBC. I like some of them and hate others. So here
are some words about thechannels that I like. So, my favorite channel
is MTV. MTVi s a musi c channel . 24 hours a day of musi c,
can
youb e l i e v e i t ? I l i k e t o l i s t e n m u s i c v e r y m u
c h , a n d somet i mes I even make mysel f t he musi c, t hat i s
why I enj oy wat chi ng MTV. I al so l i ke NTV. I al so l i ke
several foreigner channels, especially Euro sport. And you knowwhy!
Cart oon net work i s not bad, but I t hi nk t hat i t ' sbetter for
children - not for me.I think that all teenagers of my age like to watch
MTVor other entertainment channels. But I have to say that Il i ke al so
t he channel s t hat show news, I wat ch al so i norder t o get
i nf ormed wi t h al l t hat i s happeni ng i n mycountry but also
abroad. I think that adults usually like towatch more informational
channels rather than channelswith cartoons or music...Usually adults
like Euro news or BBC channels, whichi s one of t he best
i nf ormat i on' s channel s i n t he whol ewo r l d .
T h e Bu s h h o u s e i s a h e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e
BBCWorl d Servi ce. Form t hi s bui l di ng
t he BBC broadcast sradi o programmers t o t he whol e worl d.
Al l news i n t heBBC are checked at least twice before it is
broadcasting. That's why the World Service is not always popular
withgovernments.Cause of our different tastes, sometimes my
familyhas a problem with choosing channels. Somebody thinkst hat
TV i s bad, but I don' t t hi nk so. I bel i eve t hat i n t hefuture TV
will be better and everyone will like it.
21. Medicines and health.
You have a sound mi nd i n a sol i d body, as an Ol dLatin
saying goes. The English proverb "Sickness in thebody brings
sickness to the mind, expresses the similaridea, but from the different
point of view.Physical exercises are good pastime. That is
true thatgood heal t h i s bet t er t han t he best medi ci ne. I f
you do e a r l y e x e r c i s e s y o u f e e l r e f r e s h e d
y o u h a v e a g o o d post ure and t hat makes you f el l ed so
pay at t ent i ons t othe way you stand waken sit. Here some rules for
goodhealth.
1.
Take long walks in the open air as often as youcan.
2.
Keep your body clean.
3.
Keep your teeth clean.
4.
Wear clean clothes.
5.
Sleep with your window open. There is nothing more unpleasant than
being takingi l l . I f you are runni ng a t emperat ure, have a
spl i t t i ngheadache feel dizzy or cough you go and see a doctor
orsend for him at once. Certainly, he or she will prescribesome
medicine which you can get made up at chemists[ drug-st ore]
At chemi st ' s shop you can get di f f erent ki nds of medi ci nes:
pul l s, t abl et s, oi nt ment s and
manyo t h e r t h i n g s . I r e m e m b e r o n e o f m y m o s
t s e r i o u s illnesses. It was four years ago.
If
Illness started unexpectedly. Early in the morning I wokeup and felt
dizzy and feverish. I had a splitting headacheand terrible cough. My
nose was running. I was sneezinga l l
t h e t i me . I c o u l d h a r d l y r e c o g n i z e my o wn
v o i c e . Besi des I was runni ng a hi gh t emperat ure. The
doct orasked me to strip to the waist, then sounded my lungs,f el t
my pul se, exami ned t he t hroat . I had phenomenaand I was
to be taken to the hospital. I had to stay for
am o n t h t h e r e a n d o b l i g e d t o g e t a l o t o f p e
n i c i l l i n injections. In the long run I recovered of course. But mostof
all I'm afraid of visiting a dentist. Toothache can't
bec o mp a r e d wi t h a n y t h i n g e l s e . Ex t r a c t i n g a t o o t h
o r havi ng a t oot h f i el d i s qui t e common t hi ngs but
nowpainful.
22. Nature protection
Computers project that between now and the year of 2 0 3 0 we a r e
g o i n g t o h a v e i n c r e a s e o f t h e
a v e r a g e t emperat ure bet ween 1, 54, 5 Degrees C. Sea
l evel swould rise by several meters, flooding coastal areas
andrui ni ng vast t ract s of f arml and. Wat er cont ami nat i onco
ul d l ead t o short ages of saf e dri nki ng wat er. I t l ooks like the
end of civilization on the Earth. For hundreds of thousands of years
the human race has thriven in Earth'senvi ronment . But now, at
t he end of t he 20t h cent ury, we are at a crucial turning point. We
have upset nature'ssensitive equilibrium releasing harmful substances
intothe air, polluting rivers and oceans with industrial wasteand
t eari ng up t he count rysi de
t o accommodat e ourr u b b i s h . T h e s e a r e t h e
c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h e development of civilization.
United Nations
EnvironmentPr o g r a m ( UNEP) c o n c e n t r a t e s i t s a c t i v i t i
e s o n t h e s e i ssues. Aci d Measures are t o be t aken. We
have onl y af ew years t o at t empt t o t urn t hi ngs around.
We must revi ew our wast ef ul , carel ess ways, we
must consumel ess, recycl e more, conserve wi l dl i f e and
nat ure, act according to the dictum think locally, think globally,
actlocally. To my mind, we are obliged to remove factories
andpl ant s f rom
ci t i es, use modern t echnol ogi es, redesi gnand modify purifying
systems for cleaning and trappingharmful substances, protect and
increase the greeneryand broaden
107
e c o l o g i c a l e d u c a t i o n . T h e s e a r e t h e ma i n p r a c t i c a
l measures, which must he taken in order to improve theecol ogi cal
si t uat i on. Some progress has been al readymade i n t hi s
di rect i on. 159 count ri es-members of t heUNO have
set up envi ronment al prot ect i on agenci es. They hold
conferences discussing ecological problems,set up environmental
research centers and take practicalurgent measures to avoid
ecological catastrophe. There are numerous publ i c
organi zat i ons
such asG r e e n p e a c e t h a t a r e d o i n g m u
c h t o p r e s e r v e envi ronment . The 5t h of June i s
procl ai med t he Worl dEnvironmental Day by the UNO and is
celebrated everyyear
23. Traveling.
Modern life is impossible without
traveling.Mi l l i o n s o f p e o p l e a l l
o v e r t h e wo r l d s p e n d t h e i r holidays traveling. Such people
are very fond of travelingand have t he sense
of advent ure. They t ravel t o seeot her cont i nent s and
count ri es, modern ci t i es and t heruins of ancient towns. They
travel to enjoy
picturesquep l a c e s o r j u s t f o r a c h a n g e o f s c e n e
. I t ' s a l w a y s interesting to discover new things, different ways
of life,to meet different people, to try to different food, to listento
different musical rhythms.People travel by boat, by train, by plane or
on
foot.Al l me a n s o f t r a v e l h a v e t h e i r a d v a n t a g e s a n d
disadvantages. And people choose one according to theirplans and
destinations. If we are fond of traveling we seeand learn a lot of things
that we can never see at
home,t h o u g h w e m a y r e a d a b o u t t h e m i n
b o o k s a n d newspapers, or on TV. Traveling by air is more
popular inour days than other ways of traveling. You can see
manycont i nent s and oceans, count ri es and ri vers, ci t i es
andlakes. enjoy staying at a hotel. It is more comfortable
tos t a y t h e r e . Yo u c a n e n j o y b e i n g a l o n e ,
t o t a k e a h o t s h o w e r , t o s l e e p i n w a r m b e
d a n d m a n y o t h e r advant ages. Some peopl e
enj oy campi ng i n t ent s. Of c o u r s e , t h e we a t h e r
mu s t b e g o o d f o r t h a t . Th e r e i s nothing worse than
camping in rain. If you want to travel,first, you must look through some
advertisement. Somepeople like to go on one place and
s p e n d t h e i r h o l i d a y s t h e r e . T h e p l a c e m a y
b e a n i nt erest i ng ci t y, a pi ct uresque vi l l age or some
ot herat t ract i ve pl ace. Ot hers bel i eve i n seei ng as much
aspossible in the time they have.I think that our education becomes
richer when yout r a v e l , me e t n e w p e o p l e , b e c a u s e y o u
c a n s e e n e wt h i n g s wh i c h
y o u n e v e r s e e n i n y o u r l i f e b e f o r e a n d besides by
traveling and sightseeing we can get to knowthe world around us.

24. My favorite holiday
Every nat i on has i t s own cust oms and l ong-
l i vedt radi t i ons. There i s a great number of exci t i ng
event swhi ch are hel d i n every count ry t hroughout
t he year. Such events of national importance unite people, makethem
feel proud of their nation. Each family is like
a littlec o u n t r y wi t h i t s o wn
t r a d i t i o n s . So we c e l e b r a t e a l l hol i days i n a very
speci al way and i t keeps our f ami l ytogether in spirit. Our most
favorite holiday is Christmas.We celebrate it on the 25th of December.
Preparation
forChri st mas are al ways pl easant : buyi ng gi f t s, sendi ngChr
i stmas cards and decorat i ng Chri st mas
t ree wi t hs ma l l , b r i g h t -
c o l o r e d l i g h t s a n d s ma l l c o l o r e d g l a s s ornaments. The
cookies and cakes are very special notonly because of the cream but
also because of their formand col or. For exampl e, t hey l ook
l i ke Chri st mas-t rees, f unny smi l i ng f aces, or t eddy-bears.
When t he meal i sr e a d y t h e
r e a l Ch r i s t ma s c o me s wi t h t h e
b i g f a mi l y di nner, gi f t s, candl es, sweet s and
i l l umi nat i on. I n ourf ami l y t hi s di nner i s very i mport ant ,
al l t he membersshould be present. I believe that on this day if you
makea w i s h s t a y i n g n e x t t o t h e C h r i s t m a s t r e
e i t w i l l undoubt edl y come t rue, j ust because
i t i s Chri stmas. Usual l y we cel ebrat e t hi s hol i day i n a
f ami l y ci rcl e but somet i mes we i nvi t e our rel at i ves and
cl ose f ri ends t ot h e
p a r t y . Ne x t mo r n i n g a f t e r Ch r i s t ma s we a l l a r e l ook
i ng f or t he sweet s whi ch t he Sant a put s i nt o t heChri st mas
st oki ng. I don' t real l y bel i eve i n Sant a but I bel i eve t hat
Chri st mas i s a very unusual hol i day whenthe wonders happen
and all dreams may come true. My family strongly believe in rules and
traditions. All my lifeis filled with
t r a d i t i o n s wh i c h h a v e b e e n s e t b y my g r a n d -
g r a n d parents long ago. We have traditions in fashion, in food,in
behavior and in all other aspects of life
25. Ecol ogi cal pr obl ems
T h e Ea r t h i s t h e o n l y p l a n e t i n t h e
s o l a r s y s t e mwhere there is life. If you look down at the Earth from
aplane you will see how wonderful our planet is. You willsee
bl ue seas and oceans, ri vers and l akes, hi gh snow-capped
mountains, green forests and fields. But now thesituation
changed..One of the most important pollution problems is theoceans.
Many ships sail in the ocean water- fishing ships,some ships carrying
people, some carrying oil. If a shipl oses some of t he oi l i n t he
wat er, or wast e f rom t heshi ps i n put i nt o t he ocean, t he
wat er becomes di rt y. Many sea birds die because of the polluted
water.
Manyf i s h a r e d y i n g i n t h e s e a , o t h e r
s a r e g e t t i n g contaminated. Fishermen catch
contaminated fish which t he new mi l l enni um. I t ' s a symbol of
t he resurgence of hippie values in their culture.In the '60s, without
warning, hippies turned fashionupside down and inside out. They
brought a tsunami of new styles and colors into fashion like never
before. Fromthe Haight-Ashbury to London to Katmandu, the
hippiest ook f ashi on on an eye-
poppi ng psychedel i c j ourney. Many new f ashi ons
emanat ed f rom San Franci sco andLondon t o some
ext ent . The f ashi on l eaders were t heicons of our day. Rock 'n
roll stars like Jimmy Hendrix and The Beatles appeared in public and
on record albums inal l sort s of col orf ul cost umes.
The el ement s t hat went i n t o t h e h i p p y wa r d r o b e
we r e o n l y l i mi t e d b y t h e i r psychedel i c i magi nat i ons. Be
l l bot t oms rul ed t he day, from striped, to blue jeans to patchwork, to
hip huggers,even leather pants were popular. Women wore saris
fromI ndi a and sarongs f rom Bal i and
Java. Vel vet , l eat her, b a t i k , d e n i m, I n d i a n c o t t o n a n d
s i l k we r e a l l p o p u l a r f abri cs. Accessori es i ncl uded l ove
beads, bandannas, l eat her vest s, j acket s wi t h f ri l l s,
and granny gl asses. Jewelry, especially if made of silver from
Mexico, India orMorocco was essent i al . The t ypi cal hi ppy
vehi cl e was aVW bus or van or bug. Smal l campers and
even school .




2 6 . H i p p i e f a s h i o n
Today, the fashion world has once again discoveredthe wonderful
styles from the '60s. We've come full circlea n d c l o t h e s a r e n o t
t h e o n l y p a r t o f h i p p i e Do m t o resurface for
b u s e s we r e c o n v e r t e d i n t o l i v i n g s p a c e f o r o n e
t o a d o z e n p e o p l e . Th e s e we r e o f t e n p a i n t e d . Fo o
d i s a n important part of every culture. Hippies developed theirown
cui si ne, a mi shmash of I ndi an, Ameri can, Mi ddl eEastern,
Mexican, Italian and Asian with an emphasis
onveget ari an. Hi ppi es i nf l uenced not onl y cl ot hes but
awide range of ideas and attitudes thus changing societyin the
process
2 7 . T h e p h i l o s o p h y s h o u l d me e t t h e ch
allenge of the new millennium.
Everyone l i ves hi s own l i f e rel yi ng on some i deas, thoughts
and some beliefs. Some people call such ideas"philosophy" of life.
Even if a person says that he doesn'tlive according to some rules or
ideas, he defines himself as a follower of such "never-care"
philosophy. Th r o u g h o u t t h e h i s t o r y p e o p l e h a v e g o t t
o k n o wfamous people, called philosophers, who "taught"
peoplehow to
live. Th e ma i n t h i n g f o r p e o p l e b e c a me c h o o s i n g w
h i c h "philosophy" to follow. They missed one thing: the mainthing
was to choose which philosophy was RIGHT. T o d a y we s e e
ma n y d i f f e r e n t p e o p l e wh o
l i v e i n d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s , i n d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r e s , b e l o
n g i n g t o di f f erent groups f ol l owi ng di f f erent
t eachi ngs. Each of such people believes that he follows the right
philosophyand t hose who l i ve di f f erent l y are wrong.
Very f ew of them try to understand others' philosophy of life. Most
of t hem t ry t o cri t i ci ze ot hers' i deas, cl ai mi ng
t hat onl ytheirs are true. The philosophy should meet the challenge of
the newmillennium... The new millennium is not so much different from
theol d one. Peopl e are st i l l quarrel l i ng,
ki l l i ng, l yi ng anddying. People are still in need of the most
essential thingto rely on: they are in need of LOVE, the only thing
thatwill save the world. The philosophy must teach people tolove each
other. Not that love that Sigmund Freud told usabout, I'm talking about
REAL LOVE, when people
don'te v e n t h i n k a b o u t q u a r r e l l i n g , d e c e i v i n g , k i l l i n
g a n d envying just because they love each other. People todaya r e
n o t a wa r e o f t h a t e n o r mo u s l a c k o f l o v e i n
t h e i r heart s - t hey are t oo busy l i vi ng t hei r l i f e f ul l of
hat redand rudeness. The philosophy should meet the challengeof
the new millennium... There shoul d be at l east one person t o
st art l i vi ngaccording to "new" philosophy, one day he will be
noticedand taken for example. Who is that person?
28. Identity. I am who I am.
Pe r s o n a l i d e n t i t y -
i t d e a l s wi t h q u e s t i o n s a b o u t ourselves
qua
peopl e (or persons). The most commonquestion is what it
takes for us to persist from one timeto another. What is necessary,
and what is sufficient, forsome past or future being to be
you?
But there are otherquest i ons of equal i nt erest
and i mport ance. Many aref ami l i ar t hought s t hat occur t o
everyone at some t i me:What am I ? When di d I begi n?
What wi l l happen t o mewhen I die? Philosophical discussions of
personal identitygo right back to the origin
of 112___________________________________________________
____ t h e d i s c i p l i n e , a n d m o s t m a j o r f i g u r e s h
a v e h a d something to say about it. There i s no one probl em
of personal i dent i t y, but arange of loosely related problems.
Discussions that
go byt h e n a me o f p e r s o n a l i d e n t i t y a r e mo s t o f t e n
a b o u t questions like these: Who am I? - We often speak
of one's"personal identity" as what makes one the person one
is. Yo u r i d e n t i t y i n t h i s s e n s e c o n s i s t s r o u g h l y o f t
h o s e att ri but es t hat make you uni que as an i ndi vi dual
anddi f f erent f rom ot hers. Or i t i s t he way you see or
def i ney o u r s e l f . Yo u r i n d i v i d u a l p s y c h o l o g i c a l i d e n t
i t y i s a property that you might have for a while and then lose.




29. Tastes differ
The word "taste" has several meanings. One of themis a physical
sense of perception, as, for example, in "Ittastes so sweet, try
it!" Ta s t e ma y a l s o b e d e f i n e d a s a e s t h e t i c f e e l i n g t
owards something or understanding, for example "shedevel oped
a t ast e f or musi c" - whi ch means t hat shebecame fond of
music.We of t en hear peopl e say "t hi s t hi ng i s t ast ef ul
ortasteless" or "this person has good taste" or "his taste
isbad". ________________________________________________________ 111
T h i s me a n s t h a t a l l o f u s h a v e s o me k i n d
o f a t a s t e , which is determined by the way we were brought up,
bythe time when we were growing. It also depends on theculture we
are living in, on our age and on the people weare surrounded by.
Moreover, i t depends on t he soci al class we belong to and even
on our profession.People are so different and what we suppose is
goodfor us, what seems beautiful and tasteful to us, may be j ust t he
cont rary f or ot her peopl e. Theref ore i t i s sai d"Tastes
differ". Tast es di ff er even wi t hi n one count ry. Each
of usperhaps remembers quarrel i ng wi t h
one of our f ri endsover what tastes better: fried potatoes or
macaroni withmeat, chocolate or ice-cream, porridge or
omelet T a s t e s d i f f e r e v e n a mo n g p e o p l e b e l o n g i n g t
o d i f f e r e n t s e x . R e c e n t l y A m e r i c a n m e d i c a l j
o u r n a l Psychology and Behaviour published the results of a very
nt erest i ng research. They used t he Web t o survey
277mal e and f emal e part i ci pant s i n order t o f i nd out
what ki nd of f ood t hey pref er. They f ound t hat women
aremore prone t o eat comf ort f oods hi gh i n f at and
sugar, such as cakes and i ce-cream. Men, on t he ot her
hand, are more likely to turn to soups, pasta and steaks.I t i s
obvi ous t hat every count ry and nat i on has i t sown t ast e
and way of t hi nki ng but t o my opi ni on
t hatm a k e s e a c h n a t i o n s p e c i a l a n d i n t e r e s t i n
g i n t h e meantime
30. Learning foreign languages
It is necessary to learn foreign languages. That's whypupi l s
have got such subj ect as a f orei gn l anguage
at s c h o o l . Ev e r y b o d y k n o ws h i s o wn l a n g u a g e , b u t
i t i s u s e f u l t o k n o w f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e s s o me b o d y s
a i d : " En g l i s h i s a l a n g u a g e t h a t c a me f r o m n o wh e r
e t o conquer t he worl d. . . " These words are real l y
t rue! Themo s t i mp o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n wa s ma d e b y
Wi l l i a mSh a k e s p e a r e . Sh a k e s p e a r e ' s i n f l u e n c e o n
e v e r y d a y English speech is great, people all over the world
quoteShakespeare. The English language arrived in Britain onthe point
of a sword. That is why there are so many loansi n Engl i sh
l anguage. Now I woul d l i ke t o t el l you about Standard English
and Regional accents. Received pronunciation is the form of British
English pronunciationused by many educated people in every part of
Britain. Iti s t hought of a st andard f orm and i s of t en used by
t heBBC. It is also used in teaching English in many parts
of t h e w o r l d . A c c e n t i s t h e s o u n d o f
a p e r s o n ' s pronunciation of the language. It shows where a
personc o m e s f r o m a n d w h a t c l a s s h e o r s h e b
e l o n g s t o . Cockney i s t he way of speaki ng Engl i sh
and i t
i s knowna s t h e L o n d o n d i a l e c t . R h y m i n g s l a n
g i s a w a y o f speaking, ordinarily popular among cockneys in
which ar h y mi n g p h r a s e , o r a p a r t o f
i t , i s s u b s t i t u t e d f o r a standard word. There is a standard
form of the languageand some dialects in our country too. To my mind,
everycountry needs a standard form of the language becauseof the
contact between people of this country. But
therea r e a l o t o f l o a n wo r d s i n e v e r y l a n g u a g e n o wa
d a y s . Every day f or exampl e i n advert i sement s we can
hearand see new, i ncomprehensi bl e, bad words, and
t heybecome widespread among the population. In
conclusionI wo u l d l i k e t o s a y t h a t n o w t h e r e
a r e mo r e t h a n 6 0 countries that speak English as the dominant
or officiallanguage. My purpose is to show you why the English is
aworld language. The present day world status of Englishi s t h e
r e s u l t o f t wo f a c t o r s :
t h e e x p a n s i o n o f Br i t i s h col oni al power, whi ch peaked
t owards t he end of t he1 9 t h c e n t u r y , a n d
t h e e me r g e n c e o f t h e US a s t h e l eadi ng economi c
power of t he 20t h cent ury
31. Problems of unemployment
I think that the problem of youth employment is veryactual and must
be solved as quickly as possible. They allgo t o i nst i t ut es or
uni versi t i es and even academi es, i norder to get a degree and
serve to the society. The mostserious problem is that of finding
working places for sucha great number of speci al i st s. Every
year t housands of students graduate the high schools but
uncertain of theirfuture, as very few of theme do find a good paid job
withgood condi t i ons .When student s ent er t he hi gh
school sthey all want for sure to become good specialist and allwant
t o work and gi ve t he best f rom t heme i n order t ohelp the
society to become richer, better and that peoplebe grateful to theme.
But after graduating and finding a ob is very hard most of theme are
very disappointed andprefer to go abroad and work instead staying
here. TheFederal Government shoul d do somet hi ng
about t hi sproblem. Creating those places for young people is
theburning question now. There must be a lot of new plants,factories,
hospitals and other enterprises to give jobs toal l t he graduat es.
But t here i s one more probl em whenpeopl e who l eave
one or i nst i t ut i ons are not sat i sf i edwith the working conditions
and work as other specialists.As a result they have only their diplomas
but they do notwork accordi ng t o t hei r prof essi ons. And i t i s
al so verybad. But these students are glad to find a job and workeven
if it has nothing to do with the specialty they learnfive years for in our
country young people are still a littlesuppressed, they have complexes
but abroad the life isqui t e di f f erent . Young peopl e begi n t o
work very earl yf r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w
o f a g e , g e t m o r e a n d m o r e experience out of their work
and have more possibilitiesto realize themselves.I t hi nk t hat our
st at e has t o gi ve more at t ent i on t oeducat i onal syst em and
t he empl oyment syst em i f wewa n t t o a c h i e v e b e t t e r
r e s u l t s a n d g e t t o b e s e e n a t i nt ernat i onal l evel .
Al l t hi s can be achi eved onl y wi t hgood specialists and
professionals.
32. World of jobs
I t i s cert ai n t he f act t hat every person si nce
chi l dd r e a m t o c o n t i n u e t h e s t u d i e s a n d e n t e r
a g o o d Un i v e r s i t y , t o g r a d u a t e i t a n d a p p l y t h e k
n o wl e d g e accumul at ed. We spend great part of
our l i ves at our j o b s , s o c h o o s i n g a r i g h t c a r e e r i s
o n e o f t h e mo s t i mport ant deci si ons you wi l l make
i n your l i f e. Manystudents finish high school and begin college
without acl ear i dea of what t hey want t o do i n f ut ure. Part
of t heproblem is the size of the job market itself. With so manykinds
of jobs (2000) how can you tell which will interestyou? Some of
occupat i ons are al ready overcrowded. I nold industries there
may be little need for new workers,while new and growing industries
will offer jobs now andi n t he f ut ure. Theref ore, i t i s ext remel y
i mport ant t oexpl ore your choi ce of occupat i ons f rom
every angl e, collect as much information as you can. But above all
youmust eval uat e yoursel f . Fi nd out where your
i nt erest sand t al ent s l i e. Fi rst st art wi t h you, make a l i st of
yourinterests, talents and abilities. Most people have a lot of t hese,
but at t he begi nni ng t hey are undevel oped andmay not seem
outstanding. By concentrating on a few, or on one you may
surpri se yoursel f at how good you canget.


33. The importance of English language.English
is a
Wes t Ger mani c l anguage
originating in
England,
and the
first language
form o s t p e o p l e i n
Aus t r al i a, Canada,
the
Commonweal t h Car i bbean, I r el and, NewZe
aland,
the
United Kingdom
and t he
UnitedStates of America
(al so commonl y known as t he
Anglosphere.
Modern English is sometimes describedas t he gl obal
lingua franca.
Engl i sh i s t he
d o m i n a n t i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a n g u a g e
in
c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , s c i e n c e , b u s i
n e s s , a v i a t i o n , e n t e r t a i n m e n t , r a
d i o
and
diplomacy.
Engl i sh i s one of si x of f i ci al l anguages of t he
Nat i ons. Ov e r 3 0 9 mi l l i o n p e o p l e s p e a k En g l i s h a s t
h e i r f i r s t l anguage, as of
2005.
Engl i sh t oday i s probabl y t het hi rd l argest l anguage
by number of nat i ve speakers, after
Mandarin Chinese
and Spanish. The countrieswith the highest populations of native
English speakersare, in descending order: United States , United
Kingdom,Canada, Aust ral i a ,
Ireland,
So u t h Af r i c a , a n d Ne wZealand Countries such as
Jamaica
and
Nigeria
alsoh a v e m i l l i o n s o f n a t i v e s p e a k e r s
o f
dialectcontinuums
r a n g i n g f r o m a n
English-basedcreole
to a more standard version of English. Of thosenations where English
is spoken as a second language,India has the most such speaker's
.Following India is the
People's Republic of China.
Because English is so
w i d e l y s p o k e n , i t h a s o f t e n b e e n r e f e r r e d t
o a s a
"global language",
the
lingua franca
o f t h e modern era. While English is not an official language
inmost count ri es, i t i s current l y t he l anguage most
of t ent a u g h t a s a
second" language
around t he worl d. A m o n g n o n -
E n g l i s h s p e a k i n g c o u n t r i e s , a l a r g e p e r c e n t a
g e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n c l a i me d t o b e a b l e t o converse in
English in the
Netherlands , Sweden ,Denmark Luxembourg,
Finland , Slovenia ,Austria , Belgium
, and
Germany Norway
and
Iceland
a l s o h a v e a l a r g e ma j o r i t y o f c o mp e t e n t Engl i sh-
speakers. Books, magazi nes, and newspaperswritten in
English are available in many countries aroundthe world


34. Highway to happiness
Most of us want to be happy. But what
is
happiness?Is it something that you feel at a fleeting moment or doesi t
h a s t o l a s t a c e r t a i n a mo u n t o f t i me b e f o r e
i t c a n of f i ci al l y be cal l ed "happi ness"? Whi l e t he t hought
of blazing through the sky after jumping out of a plane mayspell utter
bliss for some, others may shiver at the meremention of it. What one
person defines as something thatkeeps t hem smi l i ng may be
j ust t he t hi ng t hat makesanother person miserable.Expert s say
t hat happi ness i s an emot i on, and j ust l i k e a n y e mo t i o n ,
i t c o me s a n d g o e s . Al s o l i k e a n y emotion, some people
simply seem to experience it moret han ot hers. I t i s even
bel i eved by some t hat everyonehas a "happiness baseline." If
this is true, then no matterwhat happens i n our l i f e, we wi l l
al ways ret urn t o our original level of happiness after a certain
amount of
time.Of c o u r s e , t h e r e a r e ma n y o t h e r t h i n g s t h a t c a
n c o n t r i b u t e t o o u r h a p p i n e s s o t h e r t h a n t h o s e l i s t
e d above. Al t hough t hi s may come as a surpri se t o
many, mo n e y d o e s n o t a c c o u n t f o r mu c h wh e n
i t c o me s t o happiness. Once people accumulate wealth, they are
notany more satisfied with their life than those who can onlyafford to
meet their most basic needs.In the search for happiness, we often
look to othersto make us happy. Then when we find ourselves
anythingl ess t han pl eased, we pl ay t he bl ame game and
hol dthem responsible for the cause of our feelings. However,only we
can be held accountable for our own happinessbecause only we have
the power to change the situationwe are in
35. Importance of money in modernsociety.
ONE: 'You shall have no other gods before Me.' Thisi s t he f i rst
commandment of God' s 10 Commandment s. In my opinion this
would be the hardest commandmentt o f ol l ow i n a modern
soci et y t hat i s so enamored wi t hmoney. The power of a
dol l ar i s a l eadi ng concept i n
amodern soci et y. Many organi zat i ons
and busi nesses i nmodern society revolve around money. It's
almost to thepoint where money can be seen as its own entity
whichwoul d pl ace i t sel f above God i n many cases. Money
i ssomething that everyone, atheists and religious leadersincluded, are
able to see eye to eye on. The importanceof money in today's society
is rather large. Money findsitself everyone across society. I've
personally seen manyrel at i onshi ps go sour
over di sput es i nvol vi ng money. Cash has the ability the
transform even the best peoplei nto greedy savages. Moderni t y
i s a soci et y t hat l ust s Women const i t ut e hal f of t he soci et y
and i n somesoci et i es t he proport i on exceeds t hat
percent age, as i sthe case in our Yemeni society. Nevertheless, it
is foundeven among the intellectuals that some of them do
notrecognize her importance other than a housewife
raisingc h i l d r e n a n d t a k i n g c a r e o f t h e m a n d t h
e e n t i r e household. The family as the most important
componentof the society, and the most significant establishment init,
the major role in running it is upon the shoulders of
thewo ma n . An d t h e ma n i s i n c a p a b l e t o h a v e t h e
s a me patience and endurance the woman entertains in runningt he
af f ai rs of t he f ami l y. I n addi t i on t o t hat sacred
rol et h e wo ma n a l s o p l a y s a r e c o g n i z e d r o l e o u t s i d
e t h e f ami l y sphere as she proved t o be successf ul
t eachers, d o c t o r s , e n g i n e e r s a n d i n o t h e r
a r e a s o f s o c i a l development activities. She is the mother
of the societyand does more than one role; her job as a housewife and
money. Money determines many things in society. Peoplegot through
many years of schooling with the hope thatthey will graduate making
six figures. Money determinesones social position in society. The
more money you havet he easi er l i f e i s f or you. Those born i n
money seem t ohave to work less than those bom without it. We
turn ont he t el evi si on and wonder what cel ebri t i es l i ke
Pari sHilton, and Nicole Ritchie do for a living. And the answeri s
not hi ng. They don' t have t o work because t hey werelucky
enough to be born with money. The thought of the"easy l i f e" t i es
hand i n hand wi t h t he power of a dol l arand people in a
modern society fight for that
life.S o i t i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o l i v e o u t
t h e f i r s t c o m m a n d m e n t i n a m o d e r n s o c i e
t y . M o n e y i s t o o powerf ul of a t ool f or i t not t o
di mi ni sh t he moral s andvalues of many Americans.
36. Man and Woman in the society
The rel at i onshi p bet ween man and woman
i n t hes o c i e t y h a s a l wa y s b e e n s u b j e c t t o a l o n g s t a
n d i n g controversy, particularly in the society. It is the majorityof the
ordinary people that hold wrong ideas about therol e of bot h man
and woman i n t he soci et y and
t hosei d e a s a r e t h e c a u s e o f t h e i mb a l a n c e d r e l a t i o
n s h i p between man and woman in the society h e r r o l e i n t h e
d e v e l o p me n t o f t h e s o c i e t y wh e r e a s man's role is mainly
outside the family
sphere.Mo r e o v e r e v e r t h e s u c c e s s e s s c o r e d b y ma n
a r e i m p r i n t s o f w o m e n w h o h e l p i n t h e i r
i d e a s a n d e n c o u r a g e t h e m i n t h e a c c o m p l i
s h m e n t o f t h o s e successes. And t hus i n many cases
she i s behi nd hi ssuccess. Her great responsibility in providing
stable andhappy life inside the family is in itself an effective
factori n m a n ' s s u c c e s s . S h e i s a n i n d i s p e n s a b
l e e n e r g y possessing an indispensable role. Our gl ori ous
hi st ory has abundance of exampl es of great women
successf ul i n vari ous aspect s
of l i f e; i npol i t i cs, rel i gi on, educat i on and f i ght i ng besi de t h
ei rbrother's men. The i nt el l i gent si a and soci ol ogi st s
have t o do t hei rhardest job in enlightening the society about the
mutualr o l e p l a y e d b y b o t h me n a n d wo me n
i n b u i l d i n g a n advanced society where both men and women are
equalin importance and roles played in life.
37. The impact of migration on thesociety
Immigration is a highly sensitive political issue in allthe Member States
of the European Union. Politicians
ands o c i e t y i n g e n e r a l n e e d t o a c c e p t
t h e f a c t t h a t t h e majority of EU Member States have become
immigrationdestinations. Large-scale migration will continue to
havep r o f o u n d e c o n o m i c , p o l i t i c a l , s o c i a l a n d
c u l t u r a l consequences wi t hi n t he EU. Mi grat i on has a
prof oundi mp a c t o n p e o p l e ' s e v e r y d a y l i f e , b u t a l s o
s t r o n g l y influences the economical and political arena more
thanever before in the modern era. Immigration will not
onlyc o n t i n u e , b u t w i l l a l s o i n c r e a s e i n s i d e t h
e U n i o n . Multidimensional consequences in the social
economic,political and cultural area of receiving societies maximizethe
demand for effective and comprehensive policies onimmigration and
integration of migrants.
The progressivee s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a c o m m o n E U f r
a m e w o r k f o r t h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f mi g r a n t s h a s t h e r
e f o r e b e c o me a t o p pri ori t y.
At of f i ci al l evel , t he successf ul i nt egrat i on of l e g a l l y r e s i
d i n g t h i r d - c o u n t r y n a t i o n a l s , a n d t h e i r descendants, is
seen as a paramount goal for the benefitof EU soci al cohesi on
and economi c wel f are, as wel l asthe Lisbon Strategy. At
present, the nature of
integrationp r o g r a ms a n d t h e t y p e o f i n t e g r a t i o n me a s
u r e s t h a t shoul d be provi ded are heavi l y bei ng debat ed.
Anot herkey issue is whether such measures should be mandatoryor
not , and i f non-compl i ance mi ght l ead t o l egal andf i nanci al
consequences, i ncl udi ng a possi bl e i mpact onthe migrant's
residential status. Migration is a sensitivesubject among populations in
general. Politicians shouldbe very clear in explaining their ideas to the
wider publicand the beneficial effects that immigration brings to
oursocieties. Migration has always remained a delicate topic.Especially
in periods of economic recession migrants arean easy scapegoat.
They are often seen as 'those othersinvading our economies, looking
for our jobs'. In the past,most migrants were unskilled workers who
took up roughpoorl y pai d j obs whi ch l ocal workers ref used t o
do.
But t h i s s i t u a t i o n h a s b e e n c o mp l i c a t e d f u r t h e r b y t
h e increasing immigration of high-qualified people. Peoplemi g h t
s e e t h i s a s a t h r e a t t o t h e i r o wn s i t u a t i o n
a n d safety.


39. Violence is a part of every child
Vi o l e n c e i s a p a r t o f e v e r y c h i l d ' s l i f e . Vi o l e n c e o
r i g i n a t e s i n m a n y p l a c e s -
s e l f , f a m i l y , p e e r s , t h e community and the media-and
violence affects childrenand yout h at every age, even
newborn.
Chi l dren and y o u t h a r e wi t n e s s e s a n d v i c t i ms , a n d
s o me b e c o me perpetrators. All are affected, though not all are
affected equally.
Media ViolenceMost children are exposed to media violence at
somelevel on a daily basis through television, video games,
ormusicChi l dren i n mi ddl e chi l dhood wat ch more
t el evi si ona n d a r e t h e r e f o r e , p r e s u m a b l y , m o r e
e x p o s e d t o t el evi si on vi ol ence t han chi l dren who are
younger orolder.47 Rates of reported physical abuse are about
thesame f or chi l dren i n mi ddl e chi l dhood as f or
youngerchildren.Domestic
violenceMa n y c h i l d r e n wh o l i v e i n h o u s e h o l d a r e o f t
e n exposed to domestic violence. Compared with children
inot her househol ds, chi l dren who have been exposed
t odomest i c vi ol ence of t en suf f er f rom i nsomni a and
havet roubl e wi t h bed-wet t i ng. They al so are more l i kel y
t oexperi ence di f f i cul t i es i n school and t o score l ower
onassessments of verbal, motor, and cognitive skills.
Also,t h e y a r e mo r e l i k e l y t h a n o t h e r c h i l d r e n t o e x
h i b i t aggressive and antisocial behaviour, to be depressed
andanxious, and to have slower cognitive development.Violence
at teenagers.Many people believe that violence towards
childrenreaches i t s peak i n t he l i ves of t eenagers. Whi l e
t hi s i st rue f or some of t he more ext reme f orms
of vi ol ence, ot her t ypes of vi ol ence act ual l y begi n t o
recede duri ngthe teenage
years. T h e r i s k o f b e i n g a v i c t i m o f s e x u
a l a s s a u l t , aggravated assault, and robbery also increases as
teensget older.I n concl usi on i t can be sai d t hat most of t he
pol i cyand data collection related to violence in children's livestends
to focus on a single type of violence (such as
childabuse or medi a vi ol ence), a part i cul ar soci al
cont ext ( s u c h a s t h e f a mi l y , s c h o o l , o r n e i g h b o u r h o
o d ) , o r a particular group (such as teens or inner-city children)
Bu t t h e ma i n r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i t l i e s o f c o u r s e
o n parent s, t he ones t hat are t he most i ndi cat ed t o
t akec a r e a n d p r o t e c t t h e i r c h i l d r e n a n d a s s u r e a l l
g o o d c o n d i t i o n s i n o r d e r t o g r o w u p g o o d a n d
e l e v a t e d citizens.
40. Health care in Republic of Moldova
Ac c o r d i n g t o t h e l a t e s t r e s e a r c h e s e s t i ma t e s , a p e
r s o n b o r n i n t h e Re p u b l i c o f
Mo l d o v a i n 2 0 0 3 c a n expect t o l i ve 67 years on
average: 71 years i f f emal eand 63 years i f mal e. Li f e
expect ancy i n t he count ry i sa b o u t 1 1 y e a r s l o we r t h a n
t h e Eu r o p a a v e r a g e o f
7 9 y e a r s . Ho we v e r , d e s p i t e b e i n g t h e s e c o n d p o o r
e s t c o u n t y i n t h e Eu r o p e a n Re g i o n , t h e l i f e e x p e c t
a n c y estimate is 2-5 years higher than similar estimates for anumber
of considerably richer regional
countries.As t h e l e n g t h o f l i f e i n c r e a s e s , o l d e r p e o p l
e c a n respond with lifestyle changes that can increase healthyyears
of life. Correspondingly, health care systems needto shift towards
more geriatric care, the prevention andmanagement of chronic
diseases and more formal long-t erm care. Si nce peopl e are
l i vi ng l onger, measures t oi mprove heal t h and prevent
di sease need t o f ocus onpeople of working
age.H e a l t h o u t c o m e s o f R e p u b l i c o f M o l d o v a
a r e influenced by various factors that operate at
individual,househol d
and communi t y l evel s. Obvi ous f act ors are, for example, diet,
health behavior, access to clean water,sanitation and health services.
Ed u c a t i o n t e n d s t o e n h a n c e a n i n d i v i d u a l ' s j o b opp
ortunities. In so doing, it can improve income, whichin turn affects
health positively. Education can also givemore access t o
knowl edge about heal t hy behavi or andincrease the tendency
to seek treatment when needed. Al o we r l e v e l o f e d u c a t i o n -
i n d e p e n d e n t o f i n d i v i d u a l i ncome - i s correl at ed wi t h
t he i nabi l i t y t o cope wi t hst ress, wi t h depressi on
and host i l i t y and wi t h adverseeffects on health