Unit 1 revision

1. (a) (i) Secretes amniotic fluid;

Cushioning / mechanical protection / shock absorber;
Provides support;
Protects from temperature changes; 2

(ii) Maternal blood separated from fetal blood / keeps two bloods
separate / protects fetus from maternal blood pressure;
Prevents / restricts! passage of harmful substances / bacteria /
viruses / disease organisms / e"!;
#llows removal of to$ic wastes / urea / e"!; 2

(b) %& #mniocentesis;
2& 'etal cells removed;
(& Staining of chromosomes;
)& Preparation of kar*ot*pe / description of la*ing chromosomes out
in matched pairs;
+& ,ook for e$tra chromosome / abnormal chromosome!; )

(c) -echni"ue / amniocentesis! increases risk of abortion / miscarriage!;
.isk of abnormalit* too low in women under (+ to risk this;
.isk of abnormalit* increases significantl* / e"! above (+;
.eference to another possible risk (e&g& introduction of infection / ph*sical
damage!; 2
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2. (a) (i) Member A /h
Member 0 hh
Member C /h
Member 1 /h
23ne mark for ever* two correct answers4
25f wrong s*mbol used6 allow correct working for ma$ % mark4
27enot*pe must not be separated b* comma or encircled4 2

(ii) #lread* reached child bearing age / had children!; %

(b) %& .eference to chromosome mutation;
2& .eference to mutagen;
(& 8$ample of mutagen such as 9:ra*s / ;< / nitrous acid!;
)& 1escription of how the chromosome mutation took place; 2
Barking Abbey School 1
(c) %& Protein binds to / blocks / competes with substrate for! active site;
2& Prevents substrate from binding / prevents formation of
en=*me:substrate comple$ / e";
(& Protein binds to point other than the active site of the en=*me /
reference to allosteric;
)& Changes shape of active site; (
[8]

3. (a) # 'att* acid / h*drophobic region / tail! / phospholipid tail
0 Phosphate / gl*cerol / h*drophilic region / head! / phospholipid head
C (Channel / transmembrane / intrinsic) protein
1 7l*coprotein 2
[Half mark each, rounded down]

(b) Facilitated diffusion
-hrough channel / carrier! protein;
1own a concentration gradient / e";
Active transport
;sing carrier protein;
8nerg* from #-P;
#gainst concentration gradient;
Exocytosis / endocytosis
<esicle containing glucose fuses with membrane;
<esicle forms (from membrane enclosing glucose); (
[Maximum marks if only one process mentioned
or descri!ed" Marks must !e in context of a correct process]

(c) (i) %& 1iscs cut from the same beetroot;
2& Pre:treatment of beetroot / washing discs;
(& Standardised method of obtaining beetroot discs / discs
the same mass / volume / surface area!;
)& 'urther detail of method e&g& wa* of keeping the discs from
clumping in the water;
+& ;se of water baths at fi$ed temperatures;
>& 'i$ed time in water baths / fi$ed volume of water;
?& ;se of colorimeter / description of method of measuring
intensit* of colour;
@& 1etail of colorimeter e&g& use of reference blank / filter!; )
Barking Abbey School 2
(ii) %& Membrane selectivel* permeable at lower temperatures;
2& -emperature increase above )A BC / higher temperatures!
/ membrane breaks down / e";
(& 5ncrease of kinetic energ* of pigment
molecules / phospholipids in membrane / e"!;
)& Proteins are denatured;
+& Membrane becomes freel* / more! permeable to
(pigment molecules) with increasing temperature;
>& .eference to diffusion of pigment molecules out of the
cells / reaches e"uilibrium at high temperatures; (
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4. (a) %& .eference to thin wall;
2& Single cell la*er / reference to s"uamous epithelium;
(& 1ecreases diffusion distance;
)& .eference to surfactants prevent alveolar collapse / cells
sticking together!;
+& .eference to network / e"! of capillaries;
>& .eference to maintenance of diffusion gradient; (

(b) (i) %& #lveolar air has had o$*gen removed;
2& 8$pired air is mi$ture of (inspired) air / air in tubes!
and alveolar air; 2

(ii) %& #ir (in alveoli) ventilated / replenished fre"uentl*! / e";
2& 5dea of blood flowing through the capillaries;
(& .eference to o$*gen / o$*genated blood! being carried awa* /
allow converse for carbon dio$ide; 2
Barking Abbey School 3
(c) %& SmokerCs babies have lower birth weight / fetus has low growth rate!;
2& 0ab* ma* have poorer lung / e"! function;
(& .eference to poor brain development / function!;
)& .educed o$*gen suppl* to fetus as carbon mono$ide (in smoke)
replaces o$*gen;
+& Smoking interferes with motherCs uptake of vitamin 0 / C / folic acid!;
>& 5ncreased risk of placental complications e&g& placental abruption / e";
?& 5ncreased risk of still birth / premature birth / miscarriage / e"!;
@& .eference to nicotine interfering with fetal development;
D& .eference to bab* having nicotine addiction; (

(d) %& 5ncreased death rate / e"! in older people / e";
2& 5ncreased death rate / e"! in middle:aged people / )A:>A *ear olds!;
(& .eference to cancer / emph*sema / bronchitis / circulator* disorders / e"!;
)& 1ecreased birth rate / fewer children;
+& 1ecreased fertilit* / failed pregnanc* / e"! / childhood disease; 2
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5. (a) W E coronar* arteries
X E aorta
Y E (left) pulmonar* arter*
Z E pulmonar* vein
) correct E 2 marks
2 or ( correct E % mark
A or % correct E A marks 2

(b) #ward one mark for each of the following points in
conte$t to a ma$imum of four&
%& ventricle (muscle) contracts;
2& higher pressure in ventricles relative to atria;
(& (pressure) closes atrioventricular valve;
)& higher pressure in ventricles relative to the aorta /
pulmonar* arter* / arteries!;
+& (pressure) opens the semilunar valve;
>& blood forced into the aorta / pulmonar* arter* /
arteries!; Ma$ )
Barking Abbey School 4
(c) #ward one mark for each of the following points in conte$t to
a ma$imum of three&
%& place #aphnia on cavit* slide / e"! with caffeine;
2& (focus on heart) using microscope;
(& ref& to range of caffeine concentrations;
)& ref& to repeats;
+& ref& to water as control / =ero caffeine concentration!; Ma$ (
#ward one mark for each of the following points in conte$t to
a ma$imum of three&
%& control temperature;
2& reference to similar organisms used;
(& accurate measurement of 1<;
)& reference to pretreatment; Ma$ (
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Barking Abbey School 5