Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BUN - EnGLEZA - Curs Idd Asenou
BUN - EnGLEZA - Curs Idd Asenou
1
Business English
Unit 1 .............................................................................................................7
Pre-Reading Tasks......................................................................................7
Reading.......................................................................................................7
Ways with words........................................................................................9
Grammar Reference .................................................................................13
The ver to e.......................................................................................13
The demonstrative !rono"n and ad#ective............................................13
$"estion forms......................................................................................13
%ontro&&ed !ractice ...................................................................................1'
Unit ( ...........................................................................................................17
Pre-reading tasks.......................................................................................17
Reading.....................................................................................................17
Ways with words......................................................................................19
Grammar reference ..................................................................................('
The !ersona& !rono"n...........................................................................('
)ood* tense and as!ect.........................................................................(+
Present ,im!&e......................................................................................(+
Present %ontin"o"s...............................................................................(-
%ontro&&ed !ractice ...................................................................................(7
Unit 3 ...........................................................................................................3(
Pre-reading tasks.......................................................................................3(
Reading.....................................................................................................3(
Ways with words......................................................................................3'
Grammar reference ..................................................................................'/
0ers which do not take a contin"o"s as!ect in 1ng&ish......................'/
The 2m!erative......................................................................................'/
The !ossessive !rono"n and the !osessive ad#ective...........................'1
%ontro&&ed !ractice ...................................................................................'1
Unit ' ...........................................................................................................''
Pre-reading tasks.......................................................................................''
Reading 1..................................................................................................''
Ways with words 1...................................................................................'+
2
Business English
Reading (..................................................................................................'-
Ways with words (...................................................................................'7
Grammar Reference..................................................................................+/
%&assification of no"ns.........................................................................+/
3"mer of no"ns..................................................................................+1
The Genitive.........................................................................................+1
%ontro&&ed !ractice....................................................................................+(
Unit + ...........................................................................................................-/
Pre-reading tasks.......................................................................................-/
Reading.....................................................................................................-/
Ways with words......................................................................................-1
Grammar Reference .................................................................................-4
Past ,im!&e...........................................................................................-4
Past %ontin"o"s....................................................................................7/
Past ,im!&e and Past %ontin"o"s.........................................................71
15!ressions of 6"antity.........................................................................71
The 7d#ective........................................................................................7(
The order of ad#ectives in a series........................................................73
%ontro&&ed !ractice ...................................................................................7'
Unit -............................................................................................................4-
Pre-Reading Tasks....................................................................................4-
Reading.....................................................................................................4-
Ways with words......................................................................................91
Grammar Reference .................................................................................9'
Present Perfect ,im!&e..........................................................................9'
Present Perfect ,im!&e and Past ,im!&e...............................................9+
The Pre!osition.....................................................................................9-
Pre!ositions of time..............................................................................97
%ontro&&ed !ractice ...................................................................................97
Unit 7..........................................................................................................1/3
Pre-reading tasks.....................................................................................1/3
Reading...................................................................................................1/3
3
Business English
Universitatea 8vidi"s %onstan9a : ;ac"&tatea de <itere ...........................1/3
7&eea Universit=9ii nr. 1 %onstan9a 47//....................................................1/3
Grammar Reference ...............................................................................1/7
Present Perfect %ontin"o"s.................................................................1/7
)oda& 0ers.......................................................................................1/4
Pro&ematic !re!ositions of movement and !&ace..............................1/9
%ontro&&ed !ractice .................................................................................1/9
Unit 4 .........................................................................................................113
Pre-reading tasks.....................................................................................113
Reading...................................................................................................113
W7>, W2T? W8R@,......................................................................11'
Grammar Reference ...............................................................................11+
The %ardina& 3"mera&........................................................................11+
Past Perfect ,im!&e.............................................................................11-
Past Perfect %ontin"o"s......................................................................11-
%ontro&&ed !ractice .................................................................................117
Unit 9..........................................................................................................1((
Pre-reading tasks.....................................................................................1((
Reading...................................................................................................1((
W7>, W2T? W8R@,......................................................................1(3
Grammar Reference ...............................................................................1('
;"t"re ,im!&e......................................................................................1('
%om!arative and ,"!er&ative 7d#ectives............................................1(+
%om!arative ,entences.......................................................................1(7
%ontro&&ed !ractice .................................................................................1(7
Test.............................................................................................................13(
Unit 1/ .......................................................................................................13+
Pre-reading task......................................................................................13+
Reading...................................................................................................13+
Ways with words....................................................................................134
Grammar Reference ...............................................................................1'3
Ae going to ;"t"re..............................................................................1'3
4
Business English
;"t"re ,im!&e or Ae Going ToB..........................................................1''
;irst %onditiona&.................................................................................1''
%ontro&&ed !ractice .................................................................................1'+
Unit 11........................................................................................................1'9
Pre-Reading Task....................................................................................1'9
Reading...................................................................................................1'9
Ways with words....................................................................................1+1
Grammar Reference ...............................................................................1+4
The 8rdina& 3"mera&..........................................................................1+4
The ;ractiona& 3"mera&......................................................................1+4
The )"&ti!&icative 3"mera&...............................................................1+9
,econd %onditiona&.............................................................................1+9
%ontro&&ed !ractice .................................................................................1-/
Unit 1(........................................................................................................1-(
Pre-reading tasks.....................................................................................1-(
Reading...................................................................................................1-(
Ways with words....................................................................................1-+
Grammar Reference ...............................................................................17/
The 7rtic&e..........................................................................................17/
Third %onditiona&................................................................................17(
%ontro&&ed !ractice .................................................................................173
Unit 13 .......................................................................................................174
Reading...................................................................................................174
Ways with words....................................................................................143
Grammar Reference ...............................................................................149
The 7dver.........................................................................................149
The Passive 0oice ..............................................................................19/
%ontro&&ed !ractice .................................................................................191
Unit 1' .......................................................................................................197
Pre-reading..............................................................................................197
Reading...................................................................................................197
Ways with words....................................................................................(//
5
Business English
Grammar Reference ...............................................................................(/'
P"nct"ation.........................................................................................(/'
The 2nfinitive......................................................................................(/4
The Partici!&e......................................................................................(/9
The Ger"nd.........................................................................................(/9
%ontro&&ed !ractice..................................................................................(11
Unit 1+........................................................................................................(1'
Pre-reading..............................................................................................(1'
Reading ..................................................................................................(1'
Ways with words....................................................................................(1-
Grammar Reference ...............................................................................((/
The %on#"nction ................................................................................((/
%oordinating %on#"nctions.................................................................((/
,"ordinating %on#"nctions...............................................................((1
Grammar Reference ...............................................................................((1
@irect and indirect Cre!ortedD s!eech.................................................((1
,e6"ence of tenses..............................................................................(('
%ontro&&ed !ractice .................................................................................((+
Test.............................................................................................................(3/
1va&"ation...................................................................................................(3(
7!!endi5 1.................................................................................................(3'
7!!endi5 (.................................................................................................('(
7!!endi5 3.................................................................................................(+(
Ai&iogra!hy...............................................................................................(+'
6
Business English
Unit 1
Pre-Reading Tasks
WhatEs yo"r nameB
?ow o&d are yo"B
Where do yo" &iveB
What do yo" s!ecia&ise inB
Reading
Read the fo&&owing te5t ao"t )ihae&a 0&ad* a
st"dent in Romania.
)y name is )ihae&a 0&ad and 2 am a st"dent in the ;ac"&ty of 1conomic
,ciences at FPetro&e"m-GasG University of P&oieHti. 2 come from 7rad* a
town in the West of Romania. 2 came here to st"dy eca"se 2 have a&ways
een keen on economics and 2 rea&&y ho!e to &earn many "sef"& things here.
2Em st"dying ,!anish and 1ng&ish* and 2 can s!eak ,!anish we&& and a &itt&e
1ng&ish. 2 im!roved my ,!anish when 2 went on a two-month ho&iday to my
7
Business English
a"nt in ,!ain. 2 a&so ho!e that in a short time 2 wi&& im!rove my 1ng&ish* as*
on the one hand* it is very "sef"& to s!eak foreign &ang"ages and on the
other hand* 2 might need it for my f"t"re #o. 2n Romania there are &ots of
foreign com!anies where 2 can work if 2 am f&"ent in one or two foreign
&ang"ages.
Today* when 1ng&ish is one of the ma#or &ang"ages in the wor&d* it doesnEt
re6"ire too m"ch effort of o"r imagination to rea&ise that this is a re&ative&y
recent thing - that !eo!&e started to im!ort 1ng&ish in the seventeenth
cent"ry* with the first sett&ements in 3orth 7merica. 7s 2 co"&d read in an
artic&e* one !erson in seven of the wor&dEs entire !o!"&ation s!eaks 1ng&ish
nowadays and most of them are 6"ite f&"ent in it. 2ncredi&y eno"gh* d"e to
the e5tension of com!"teriIed systems and software which are most&y in
1ng&ish* 7+J of the wor&dEs mai& and -/J of the wor&dEs te&e!hone ca&&s are
in 1ng&ish. 7gain incredi&y* yet tr"e is the fact that (// mi&&ion !eo!&e
s!eak 1ng&ish and every year there are twenty mi&&ion eginners.
2nternationa& &iterary* scientific and economic !"&ications are very often
!rinted in 1ng&ish.
,o* the 6"icker 2 &earn it* the more o!!ort"nities 2 may have to read
interesting materia&s connected to my fie&d and to get a good #o in the
f"t"re.
Everyday English
Practise saying the &etters of the a&!haet according to the vowe& so"nds.
KeiK Ki.K KeK KaiK
K"K
K".K Ka.K
a f i o 6 r
h c & y "
# d m w
& e n
k g s
! 5
t I
v
8
Business English
Ways with words
1. %an yo" kee! a conversation going with someone for two or three
min"tesB %hoose a !artner who yo" donEt know we&&* or imagine yo"r
!artner is a stranger. Work in sma&& gro"!s and find o"t things ao"t yo"r
!artner.
2. ,!e&& the name of )ihae&a 0&ad. Then work in !airs. ,!e&& yo"r name in
1ng&ish to yo"r deskmate. Then find o"t how to s!e&& hisKher name.
3. What do yo" think a good &ang"age &earner can doB %hoose eginnings
from 7 and s"ita&e endings from A. There are many !ossi&e answers.
7 good &ang"age &earner.
7 A
orrows ooks witho"t a teacher.
writes things down in every way !ossi&e.
g"esses words witho"t eing to&d to.
tries to st"dy in rea& sit"ations.
tries to &earn every day !ossi&e.
!ractises s!eaking from fi&ms* T0 and records.
4. Social Exchanges
,"!!&y the est word or words.
1. >o" are &ate for an a!!ointment* so yo" say* LMMMMMM.2Em
&ate.E
aD ,orryK2Em sorry
D 15c"se me
cD ;orgive me
dD Pardon me
2. >o" fai& to hear what someone says to yo"* so yo" say*
LMMMMM.BE
aD 15c"se me
D Pardon
cD ;orgive me
dD Pardon me
9
Business English
3. 7 !assenger on a "s com!&ains yo" are standing on his footN yo"
say* LMMMMMMOE
aD ,orry
D ;orgive me
cD 15c"se me
dD Pardon me
4. ?ere is yo"r a!o&ogy for ad ehavio"r. LMMMM..for my awf"&
ehavio"r &ast night.E
aD P&ease !ardon me
D P&ease forgive me
cD 2 eg yo"r !ardon
5. >o" answer the !hone and yo" say* LMMMMMMM..OE
aD ,!eak
D ?e&&o
cD 1nter
dD ,ay
6. >o" are introd"ced to a stranger* so yo" say* LMMMMMM..BE
aD ?ow are yo"
D ?ow do yo" do
cD What do yo" do
7. >o" are &eaving* so yo" say* LMMMM.OE
aD 7die"
D Goodye
cD ;arewe&&
8. >o" are ref"sing food that is offeredN yo" say* LMMMMMME
aD Thank yo"
D 3o* thank yo"
cD Thanks
9. >o" thank me for ho&ding the door o!en and my res!onse may e*
LMMMMMM.E
aD 2tEs nothing
D -
10
Business English
cD P&ease
dD 3othing
10. >o" meet a friend at the air!ort on arriva& and yo" may say*
LMMMMM..<ondonOE
aD We&come to
D Ae we&come to
cD We&come in
dD 2 wish yo" we&come to
11. ,omeone asks yo" how yo" are and yo" answer* LMMMMM*
thanks.E
aD Good
D 0ery good
cD ;ine
dD 0ery fine
12. >o"r friend is waiting for yo" to finish what yo" are doing and
yo" say* LMMMMMM..E
aD 8ne moment
D 7 moment
cD 8ne min"te
dD P"st a min"te
13. >o" are attending an interview and the interviewer says*
LMMMMMM.E
aD ,it yo"rse&f
D Take a seat
cD ,it
dD ,it yo"
14. The c&ass stands "! as yo" enter the room and yo" say*
LMMMMMMMME
aD ,it yo"rse&ves
D Take a seat
cD ,it down
dD ,it
11
Business English
15. This is what yo" say to a friend on Pan"ary 1
st
.
LMMMMMM.3ew >earOE
aD <"cky
D ?a!!y
cD )erry
dD Good
5. 2n the te5t ao"t )ihae&a 0&ad* yo" &earned the e5!ression on the one
hand """" on the other hand which means pe de o parte """ pe de alt# parte.
<etEs &earn more e5!ressions containing the !re!osition on.
to e on d"ty Q a fi de servici"N
on acco"nt of Q !e aIa* din ca"IR cR* &"Snd Tn considera9ie cRN
on and on Q fRrR Tntrer"!ere* &a nesfSrHitN
and so on Q Hi aHa mai de!arteN
on this gro"nd Q din acest motivN
to t"rn onK to switch on Cthe &ight* the radio* etc.D Q a deschideK a a!rinde
C&"mina* radio"&*etc.DN
on this ass"m!tion Q !e aIa acestei !res"!"neriN
on the asis of Q !e aIaN
on eha&f of s. Q Tn n"me&e c"iva* din !artea c"ivaN
on the contrary Q din contrRN
on record Q c"nosc"tN
on the score of Q ca reI"&tatN
on the verge of Q !e !"nct"& de* !e ca&e* Tn !rag"&N
on the who&e Q Tn genera&* Tn TntregimeN
on demand Q &a cerereN
on condition that Q c" condi9iaN
on !"r!ose Q dinadins* inten9ionatN
on !rinci!&e Q din !rinci!i"N
on the first attem!t Q &a !rima TncercareN
on a s"dden Q r"sc* deodatR* !e neaHte!tateN
on tria& Q de !roR.
12
Business English
Grammar Reference
he ver! to !e
7ffirmative 2nterrogative 3egative
2 a" 2Em a" 2MB 2 a" not 2Em not
>o" are >o"Ere are yo"MB >o" are not >o"Ere not K >o"
aren#t
?e is ?eEs is heMB ?e is not ?eEs not K ?e isn#t
,he is ,heEs is sheMB ,he is not ,heEs not K ,he isn#t
2t is 2tEs is itMB 2t is not 2tEs not K 2t isn#t
We are WeEre are weMB We are not WeEre not K We
aren#t
>o" are >o"Ere are yo"MB >o" are not >o"Ere not K >o"
aren#t
They are TheyEre are theyMB They are not TheyEre not K They
aren#t
;orm
,hort answer
Are you a student in $anagement%
&es' I am" (o' I)m not"
Is she an accountant%
&es' she is" (o' she isn)t"
he de"onstrative $rono%n and ad&ective
;orm
Reference ,ing"&ar P&"ra&
FnearG reference this these
FdistantG reference that those
Question forms
<ook at the fo&&owing 6"estion words.
*hat do yo" do for a &ivingB - 2Em an acco"ntant.
13
Business English
*ho is yo"r teacher of 1ng&ishB : Poan ,mith is.
*here is )adridB - 2n ,!ain.
*hen do yo" start the meetingB - 8n ;riday* )ay* (nd.
*hy are yo" &earning 1ng&ishB - Aeca"se 2 need it for my #o.
+ow do yo" come to P&oieHtiB - Ay train.
*hose are these !a!ersB - They are 0ictorEs.
*hat and which can e fo&&owed y a no"n.
*hat time is itB
*hat kind of chemistry do yo" st"dyB
*hich !en do yo" want* the &"e one or the green oneB
+ow can e fo&&owed y an ad#ective or an adver.
+ow o&d are yo"B
+ow often do yo" !&ay foota&&B
Controlled practice
1. Trans&ate into 1ng&ish.
a. 1" s"nt contai&. 1& este eng&eI.
!. 7ce&ea s"nt co&ege&e ta&eB 3"* acestea s"nt co&ege&e me&e* )onica
Hi 7ndra.
c. 7cesta este "n casetofon.
d. 7ce&a este "n te&eviIor.
e. 3oi s"ntem st"den9i.
'. ,"nt ei s!ecia&iHti franceIiB 3"* n" s"nt.
g. ,"nte9i voi economiHtiB 3"* noi n" s"ntem* noi s"ntem ingineri.
h. %ine este aiciB Pohn este aici. 1& este ce& mai "n st"dent din gr"!a
noastr=. 1& are note foarte mari.
i. %ine n" este aiciB )aria n" este aici Hi nici George n" este.
&. 1&e s"nt chimiste. %"rs"ri&e acestea s"nt a&e &or. 7cestea s"nt
c"rs"ri&e me&e.
2. T"rn these sentences into 6"estions and answer them.
14
Business English
e"g" ,anterbury is a town" Is ,anterbury a town% &es' it is"
a. <ondon is a town in 1ng&and.
!. >o" are an acco"ntant.
c. )y father is a doctor.
d. 1&iIaeth 22 is the 6"een of 1ng&and.
e. We are st"dents.
3. %om!&ete the fo&&owing te5t "sing the a!!ro!riate !rono"ns.
a. M.... is PohnEs !enci&. 2t m"st e his eca"se itEs got his name on it.
!. 7re M...!enci&s yo"rs* PohnB >es* they are. Thanks. They havenEt got my
name on them* "t they e&ong to me.
c. MM. is a ho"se. 2tEs over here. MM. is a car. 2tEs over there.
d. 2s .MM an e&ectric heaterBG F3o* that is an e&ectric generator. MM. is an
e&ectric heater.G
e. M... are meta&s. Those are s"stances.
4. Trans&ate the fo&&owing te5t into 1ng&ish.
a. @e "nde eHtiB ,"nt din 7rad.
!. %Snd ai venit !rima oarR Tn P&oieHtiB 7n"& trec"t.
c. %S9i ani aiB @o"RIeci Hi no"=.
d. %e mai faciB ,"nt ine* m"&9"mesc.
e. @e ce te grReHtiB
5. %hoose the a!!ro!riate 6"estion form in the fo&&owing sentences.
a. WhatKWhich time is the !&ane d"e to arriveB
!. WhatK ?ow are yo" todayB
c. WhereK When are yo" going nowB
d. WhoK?ow are yo"B 2 am )ary Pones.
e. WhatK Which of these !aintings do yo" &ike estB
6. 7sk short 6"estions on these statements* "sing who' what' where:
e"g" I)ve just received a letter"- *ho !rom%
15
Business English
a. 2 want to take this noteook with me. CforD
!. Wi&& yo" !&ease o!en this o5B CwithD
c. 2Em going to ,!ain ne5t week. CyD
d. P&ease* get me a g&ass of water. CfromD
e. Pohn is very angry. CwithD.
16
Business English
Unit 2
Pre-reading tasks
?ave yo" ever written a case st"dyB What !arts does it inc&"deB
Reading
Read the fo&&owing case st"dy on ;o"rnier
et %21. Then read and trans&ate the artic&e
on ;o"rnier et %21 !"&ished in an
economic magaIine. Pay attention to the
!resent tenses.
;o"rnier et %21 is a medi"m-siIed com!any !rod"cing for e5!ort hand-
made shoes and g&oves in nat"ra& materia&s. They otained good !rices for
their fashiona&e designs. >et c"stomers are dissatisfied with the standard of
the materia&s which seem to e too &oose&y woven. 7nother com!&aint is that
de&iveries are not !rom!t* which makes im!ossi&e for the c"stomers to
maintain satisfactory stock &eve&s and f"&fi& their sa&e sched"&es.
17
Business English
2n order to so&ve their !ro&ems* they had a meeting with one of their most
im!ortant c&ients* )r. Pacoson. The genera& manager was not !resent d"e
to hea&th !ro&ems.
?ere is the min"tes of the meeting.
Today* 7!ri&* (-* (//(* we had a short meeting in order to so&ve the
!ro&em of de&ivery and the com!&aints concerning the standard materia&s.
)r. Pacoson e5!&ained that the moment his com!any saw the sam!&es of
o"r hand-made &ines* he was a"thoriIed to disc"ss the terms of an order with
"s and negotiate a contract. >et the 6"a&ity of the standard materia&s was
m"ch etter at that time* as he showed "s two different ty!es of g&oves and
shoes* and conse6"ent&y the difference in te5t"re.
)rs. ?iggins* o"r !rod"ction manager e5!&ained that d"e to the e5tended
needs of materia&s* we changed the s"!!&ier of materia&s* yet )r. Pacoson
had een to&d ao"t this two months efore this change* and he had een
a&so sent the standard materia&s at that time* when he a!!roved their 6"a&ity.
)r. Pacoson mentioned that de&ivery order no. 3'(+ had a !ro&em* in the
sense that the materia& of the s"mmer shoes seemed to e too &oose&y woven
and was inc&ined to !"&& o"t of sha!e. ?e said that his re!resentatives re&ied
on the high 6"a&ity of the materia&s we sent them and they were a&& the more
disa!!ointed in the case eca"se we s"!!&ied the c&oth to new c"stomers.
)rs. ?iggins ass"red him of a etter 6"a&ity in the f"t"re.
The !ro&em of de&ivery wi&& a&so e so&ved* as we had to so&ve o"t
!ro&ems of c&oth de&ivery &ast week. 7s we co"&dnEt !ossi&y a&&ow this
sit"ation to contin"e* we had to make o"r s"!!&ier "nderstand that "n&ess
they co"&d g"arantee to de&iver s"!!&ies y the dates s!ecified in f"t"re
orders* we wo"&d e forced to &ook for another s"!!&ier.
3o &onger e5ce&&ent merchandise for their c"stomersB
,evera& weeks ago we !"&ished an incredi&e story of a medi"m-siIed
com!any !rod"cing for e5!ort hand-made shoes and g&oves in nat"ra&
18
Business English
materia&s which amaIing&y s"cceeded in attracting c"stomers* d"e to their
e5ce&&ent !rod"cts.
>et it seems that every dream is over sooner or &ater. ;o"rnier et %21
e5!eriences diffic"&ties with their iggest c"stomer* RUT <ines. Today they
otained good !rices for their fashiona&e designs. 2n a meeting today* the
re!resentative of RUT <ines e5!&ained that his staff is dissatisfied with the
standard of the materia&s which seem to e too &oose&y woven. ?ow co"&d
this ha!!enB ?iggins* the one in charge of !rod"ction seems not to know.
>et the answer is very sim!&e. the moment ;o"rnier et %21 e5tended* they
rea&iIed that they needed more s"!!&iers of materia&s* and d"e to good !rices
they a&so acce!ted &ower offers* as we&& as &ower 6"a&ity. The tr"th is
somewhere in the midd&e* as Pacoson answered o"r 6"estions in a very
amig"o"s manner. &es' I .new about the change o! the supplier. ?e a&so
admitted that he had a!!roved the standard materia& for order no 3'(+.
>et it seems that indeed they are e5!eriencing !ro&ems* as this is not the
on&y "nsatisfied c"stomers. The !ro&em of de&ivery wi&& e so&ved*
according to ?iggins. *e had to solve out problems o! cloth delivery last
wee.. >et* sho"&d we rea&&y e&ieve thatB %&ients are 6"ite fed "! with
!romises. They want facts. 2t seems that the great oon the com!any had in
the eginning has changed a &ot nowadays* "nfort"nate&y. Proa&y they
need a new com!any !o&icy and a new oard.
Ways with words
1. ?ow do yo" trans&ate the sentence. As we couldn)t possibly allow this
situation to continueMB . <etEs &earn some e5!ressions containing the word
as.
as com!ared with Q Tn com!ara9ie c"N
as a conse6"ence of Q ca o consecin9R aN
as ifK as tho"gh Q ca Hi c"mN
as far as Q Tntr"cSt* !e cSt* Tn mRs"ra Tn careN
as far as it goes Q Tn ceea ce !riveHteN
19
Business English
as fo&&ows Q !rec"mK d"!R c"m "rmeaIRN
as &ong as Q atSt tim! cStN
as regards Q Tn ceea ce !riveHteN
as a r"&e Q de reg"&R* Tn !rinci!i"N
as seen Q d"!R c"m se vedeN
as shown in Ta&e. ( Q c"m s-a arRtat Tn Tae&"& (N
as soon as !ossi&e Q cSt de c"rSnd !osii&
as s"ch Q ca atareN
as we&& Q deo!otrivR* de asemeneaN
as we&& as Q cSt Hi* tot aHa caN
as when Q ca at"nci cSnd* ca Tn caI"& Tn careN
as yetK so farK "! to nowK "! to the !resent Q !SnR Tn !reIentN
s"ch as Q astfe& ca* ca de e5em!&".
2. Read the fo&&owing sentence taken from the same te5t.
?ow do yo" trans&ate they were all the more disappointed in the caseB 3ow
&earn some e5!ressions with the ad#ective all.
eyond a&& do"t Q Tn afarR de orice Tndoia&RN
a&& at once Q dintr-o datRN
a&& the etter Q c" atSt mai ineN
a&& in a&& Q Tn Tntregime* c" tot"&N
a&& in good time Q toate &a tim!"& &orN
a&& the more as Q c" atSt mai m"&t c" cStN
a&& over Q !este totN
first of a&& Q Tnainte de toateN
of a&& kinds Q de toate fe&"ri&eN
that is ao"t a&& Q ca* asta-i totN
it is a&& one to them Q &e este tot "naN
once for a&& Q o datR !entr" totdea"na.
3ow !ractise these e5!ressions in sentences of yo"r own.
3. Read the fo&&owing sentence again. ,lients are /uite !ed up with
20
Business English
promises" ?ow do yo" trans&ate to be !ed up with somethingB 3ow &earn
some !hrasa& vers containing the !artic&e "!. Use yo"r dictionary in order
to trans&ate them.
(eigh %$ !ring %$
ta)e %$ Cthree meaningsD dra( %$
ste$ %$ $ic) %$
3ow re!&ace the words in ita&ics in the fo&&owing sentences with the
fo&&owing !hrasa& vers.
a. Aefore preparing the contract* may 2 go over one or two !oints
again* !&easeB
!. We have to increase o"r work-rate if we are going to get the
acco"nts finished in time.
c. 2f 2Em going to have any chance of ecoming a memer of the
Aoard* 2E&& have to start playing go&f.
d. 2Ed &ike to mention the s"#ect of e5!ense c&aims at o"r ne5t
meeting.
e. C%hairman* at a meetingD.>o"r !oint is interesting* @onna* "t 2Ed
&ike to discuss it &ater* if 2 may.
'. We m"st consider a&& the !ossii&ities efore we decide which
market to enter.
g. 2 start my new a!!ointment ne5t month.
h. We didnEt get many orders &ast 6"arter "t now sa&es have
improved"
4" %hoose the co&o"r Cyo" wi&& need to "se some words more then onceD
&ack green red
&"e grey white
rown !ink ye&&ow
a. 2n most co"ntries* goods that are scarce are "s"a&&y free&y avai&a&e
on the MMMMMM market : !rovided yo" have the money to !ay
for them.
21
Business English
!. >o" can arg"e with her "nti& yo"Ere MMMMMMM in the face*
"t once sheEs made "! her mind she wonEt &isten to yo"* no matter
what yo" say.
c. 7fter severa& weeks of disc"ssions* the gro"! were given the
MMMMMM. &ight* and co"&d fina&&y go ahead with the new !ro#ect.
d. ThereEs no !oint in asking my oss for a day off ne5t week. 2Em in
her MMMMMM. ooks at the moment so sheEs o"nd to say no.
e. ,he had on&y recent&y had &"nch with her co"sin* so the news of his
death came as o&t from the MMMMM
'. 7&tho"gh we got a &ot of nice wedding !resents* we a&so got one or
two MMMMMM e&e!hants.
g. There is a common !re#"dice that gir&s who are very ea"tif"& m"st
a"tomatica&&y e &acking in MMMMMM. matter : so-ca&&ed Fd"m
&ondesG.
h. 3e5t ;riday is a MMMMMM.-&etter day for my sister and her
h"sandN itEs their (+
th
anniversary.
i. 7fter s"nathing for two ho"rs every day* Poanna was as
MMMMMMMM as a erry.
&. The managing directorEs reference to the forthcoming sa&es
conference was a MMMMM. herring. ?e #"st wanted to get off the
s"#ect of this monthEs !oor sa&es fig"res.
). ,he went as MMMMMM. as a sheet when she heard ao"t the
accident.
l. 2f there was a war* 2 donEt think 2Ed fight. 2Eve got too m"ch of a
MMMMM.. streak. 2Ed e terrified of getting ki&&ed.
". 2Em sorry* Pames* 2 ref"se to e&ieve it "n&ess yo" can show it to me
in MMMMM.. and MMMMMO
n. 1ver since Tom got that h"ge order with ,a"di-7raia heEs een
the ossEs MMMMM..-eyed oy.
o. @onEt mention the !resent government in front of my fatherN itEs
&ike a MMMMMMM. rag to a "&&.
22
Business English
$. 2 was MMMMMM with envy when my neigho"r drove "! in a
rand-new Pag"ar.
*. Ay the way* Poyce* my h"sand was tick&ed MMMMMMM.. at
yo"r asking him to #"dge the f&ower show.
r. ;or some reason* ,wedish fi&ms are often synonymo"s with
MMMMMMM. fi&ms* which is very strange as there is re&ative&y
&itt&e !ornogra!hy in ,weden.
s. ,ometimes it is etter to te&& a MMMMMMM. &ie than to h"rt
someoneEs fee&ings.
t. )y wife a&ways goes right MMMMMMM whenever she gets
emarrassed.
5. P"t each of the fo&&owing !hrases in its correct !&ace in the sentences
e&ow.
out o! the blue in blac. and white
once in a blue moon a blac. sheep
to have green !ingers green with envy
in the red to catch someone red0handed red tape
a. The offer of a #o so"nded very good on the !hone "t 2 wonEt
e&ieve it ti&& 2 have it MMMMMMM
!. 2 m"st remind yo" that this is a non-smoking office. 2 s"s!ect that
some of yo" have een smoking. 2f 2 ha!!en MMMMMMMM 2Em
afraid it wi&& mean dismissa&.
c. To im!ort firearms into Aritain yo"E&& have to fi&& in a &ot of forms.
ThereEs a &ot of MMMMMMM
d. 2f yo" want to e a s"ccessf"& gardener* of co"rse yo"Eve got
MMMMMMMM
e. The rest of the fami&y were res!ecta&e* honest !eo!&e "t he was
a&ways in tro"&e. 2Em afraid he was MMMMMMMM.
'. When 2 saw him in his new s!orts car* 2
wasMMMMMMMMMM.
23
Business English
g. To"rists often go to the <o"vre* "t most Parisians on&y go
MMMMMMMM
h. The firm is MMMMMMMM. . 2t owes a &ot of money.
i. 2 had &ost to"ch with Pake* and then one night he arrived at my f&at
right MMMMMMMMM What a s"r!riseO
Grammar reference
The personal pronoun
The nominative. ;orm
Person ,ing"&ar P&"ra&
;irst !erson + (e
,econd !erson yo% yo%
Third !erson he - masc"&ine
she - feminine
it - o#ects and
anima&s
they
24
Business English
The acc"sativeKThe dative. ;orm
Person ,ing"&ar P&"ra&
;irst !erson ,to- "e ,to- %s
,econd !erson ,to- yo% ,to- yo%
Third !erson ,to- hi"
,to- her
,to- it
,to- the"
Mood, tense and aspect
)ood* tense and as!ect are grammatica& categories of the ver. Ro"gh&y
s!eaking* mood !resents the attit"de of the s!eaker towards an action or a
state e5!ressed y the ver* tense gives an indication of when the action
ha!!ens and as!ect ref&ects the stat"s of action referring to d"ration* res"&t*
etc.
Present Simple
Present ,im!&e is "sed to e5!ress.
a re!eated action or hait Cit is often "sed with advers of fre6"ency
s"ch as. always' constantly' continually' ever' !re/uently' !orever'
hardly' never' normally' occasionally' o!ten' rarely' regularly' seldom'
sometimes' usually* etc.D.
I usually get up at 1"23"
4apanese people li.e to travel"
$ost evenings we stay in"
a fact which is a&ways tr"e Cgenera& tr"ths and statesD.
*ood !loats on water"
The Earth moves round the Sun"
The Danube !loats into the 5lac. Sea"
a fact which is tr"e for a &ong time
25
Business English
I live in Ploiesti"
She wor.s in a ban."
Present ,im!&e is "sed in e5!&anations* demonstrations and stage directions.
+er drawing shows two parts o! a hyperbolic curve"
I add !lour to the egg yol.s and place the basin into the oven"
The door bell rings" She listens /uietly" A window opens and a mas.ed man
enters the room"
.or"
7ffirmative 2nterrogative 3egative
2 wor. /o 2 wor.B 2 do not ,don#t- wor.
>o" wor. /o yo" wor.B >o" do not ,don#t- wor.
?e wor.s /oes he wor.B ?e does not ,doesn#t- wor.
,he wor.s /oes she wor.B ,he does not ,doesn#t- wor.
2t wor.s /oes it wor.B 2t does not ,doesn#t- wor.
We wor. /o we wor.B We do not ,don#t- wor.
>o" wor. /o yo" wor.B >o" do not ,don#t- wor.
They wor. /o they wor.B They do not ,don#t- wor.
Short ans(er
Do you li.e spring%
&es' I do"
Does he spea. 6rench%
(o' he doesn)t"
Present Continuous
Present %ontin"o"s is "sed to e5!ress.
an activity ha!!ening now or aro"nd now
They are watching TV in their bedroom now"
I am living with my parents this wee."
a !&anned f"t"re arrangement.
I)m meeting them at 77 o)cloc. tomorrow"
;orm
26
Business English
Present %ontin"o"s is formed with the !resent tense of the a"5i&iary ver be
fo&&owed y the indefinite !artici!&e of the main ver Cverb80ingD.
7ffirmative 2nterrogative 3egative
2 a" wor.ing 0" 2 wor.ingB 2 a" not wor.ing
>o" are wor.ing 0re yo" wor.ingB >o" are not ,aren#t- wor.ing
?e is wor.ing +s he wor.ingB ?e is not ,isn#t- wor.ing
,he is wor.ing +s she wor.ingB ,he is not ,isn#t- wor.ing
2t is wor.ing +s it wor.ingB 2t is not ,isn#t- wor.ing
We are wor.ing 0re we wor.ingB We are not ,aren#t- wor.ing
>o" are wor.ing 0re yo" wor.ingB >o" are not,aren#t- wor.ing
They are wor.ing 0re they wor.ingB They are not ,aren#t- wor.ing
Short ans(er
Are you coming%
&es' I am" (o' I)m not"
Is she watching TV%
&es' she is" (o' she isn)t"
Controlled practice
1. Trans&ate the fo&&owing sentences into 1ng&ish.
a. 1& este contai& &a o com!anie im!ortant=.
!. 1i n" voresc eng&eIa* dar noi Ti !"tem a#"ta.
c. Pe ea o v=d &a c"rs* dar !e e& n" T& v=d.
d. Vmi ofer=o carte de contai&itate* !entr" cR e& are do"R e5em!&are.
e. V& strig !e 0ictor* dar n" m= a"de.
2. %hoose the a!!ro!riate forms of the !ersona& !rono"n.
a. ?e is st"dying 1ng&ish as heKwe intends to #oin an 7merican
ins"rance com!any.
!. 2 gave herKhim that &a!to! as he needed it.
c. ,he to&d meK to me that she needed five days off.
d. 2 think 2 saw himK he in the ank yesterday.
e. ?ave yo" to&d theyK them ao"t yo"r !ro#ectB
27
Business English
3. P"t the vers in rackets into the Present ,im!&e or Present %ontin"o"s.
a. ?e "s"a&&y CdrinkD coffee "t today he CdrinkD tea.
!. 2t CrainD now. 2t often CrainD in s"mmer.
c. ?e CcomeD to see me tonightN we CgoD on a tri! to ,inaia ne5t week
and we CwantD to make !&ans for it.
d. 2 C&iveD in P&oiesti* "t this week* as 2 CattendD a co"rse in A"charest*
2 CstayD with my "nc&e in %a&ea ;&oreasca.
e. Pardon me* sir* "t 2 CthinkD yo" CstandD on my feet.
'. )aria CcomeD from ,!ain this week.
g. ,he Cs!eakD ;rench* 1ng&ish and 2ta&ian.
h. 2 Cc"tD two s&ices of read and she C!re!areD an om&ette.
i. What yo" CdoD hereB 2 C&ookD for my g&asses.
&. Where yo" C&iveDB 2 C&iveD in ,cot&and.
4. %om!&ete this !ostcard "sing the correct form of the vers on the right.
Greetings from ,cot&andO Pohn and 2 M.....
something different this year. WeEre at the
do
1din"rgh 7ctivity %entre* where we MM.. a
good time and at the same time we MM..
different things. Peo!&eMM.. here every
s"mmer to &earn more ao"t their hoies and
interests.
have
&earn
come
2 MM.. !hotogra!hy and tennis this week do
and Pohn MM.. ao"t com!"ters. We MM.. "!
at ha&f !ast eight every morning
&earn* get
and MM.. &essons from ten to ha&f !ast twe&ve.
We MM.. &"nch at one* and then there are more
&essons.
do
have
,o itEs hard work. A"t 2 MM.. it here. We M.....
a !ost-office in front of the %entre. The weather
is good. ,ee yo" soon.
<ove* Wate
&ike* have
28
Business English
5. 1hat do yo% do in these sit%ations2
a. When yo" miss a "s or a train* do yo".
0. wait ha!!i&y for the ne5t oneBN
3. sho"t angri&yBN
4. &ame someone e&seB
!. When yo" think ao"t the f"t"re* do yo".
0. dream of im!ossi&e s"ccess or wea&thBN
3. !&an yo"r f"t"re career caref"&&yBN
4. worry ao"t what wi&& go wrongB
c. When someone asks yo" a 6"estions and yo"Ere not s"re of the
answer* do yo".
0. admit yo" donEt knowBN
3. give an answer yo" think may e rightBN
4. try to change the s"#ectB
d. When yo" forget to do something im!ortant for a friend or a
memer of yo"r fami&y* do yo".
0. ho!e they wonEt noticeBN
3. try to do something e&se for themBN
4. fee& g"i&tyB
e. When yo"r oss or teacher is away* do yo".
0. start &a"ghing and #okingBN
3. work hard as "s"a&BN
4. do not work at a&&B
2f most of yo"r answers are 7 it means yo" are a very o!timistic
!erson. 2f yo" chose most&y A* it means yo" are an amitio"s !erson*
and if yo" chose most&y %* it means yo" are a !essimistic !erson.
6. P"t the vers in rackets into the !resent sim!&e or contin"o"s
a. ?e C&iveD in <ondon at !resent "t he Cho!eD to move to 1din"rgh
ne5t year.
!. 2 Cho!eD they Crea&iIeD what a diffic"&t #o they C"ndertakeD.
29
Business English
c. )ike and Pack Cs!endD a fortnight at the seasideN they CcomeD ack
ne5t week.
d. Who Cta&kD to the !retty gir& in the &"e dressB
e. The teacher CsayD that yo" "s"a&&y CmakeD a &ot of mistakes.
'. 7nyody who C&ookD at his !assenger whi&e he CdriveD is a danger on
the roads.
g. )ary Cs&ee!D in the sitting room this week eca"se her edroom
CeD redecorated.
h. The !ath C&eadD to the ig ho"se that yo" CseeD on the hi&&.
i. )y son CworkD very hard. ?e Cst"dyD for an e5amination now.
&. F>o" ChearD anythingBG F2 C&istenD hard "t 2 canEt hear anything.G
). @addy C&eaveD a&ways &ighted cigarettes a&& over the ho"se. WeE&&
"rn down one day.
l. )ary C&eaveD for <ondon in a fortnight.
". They Cc&ean "!D the who&e town in !re!aration for the s"mmer.
n. )r Green a&ways Cget "!D ear&y.
o. )y h"sand "s"a&&y C&eaveD his office at 3.// !.m.* "t this month
he CworkD &ate.
$. Pack often CgoD to the theatre "t his wife Cnot goD very often. ?e
C&ikeD a&& sorts of !&ays. ,he C!referD comedies.
*. Professor Arown CeD the !erfect &ing"ist. ?e a&ready Cs!eakD seven
foreign &ang"ages. 3ow he C&earnD an eighth.
r. )y dog a&ways CarkD at the !ostman. A"t &ook at thatO ;or once*
he CeD friend&y to the !oor man.
s. They &eft for <ondon an ho"r ago. 2 CwonderD whether they Ctrave&D
y air!&ane or y train.
t. ?e Cwa&kD very s&ow&y eca"se the ott&e he CcarryD Cho&dD nitro-
g&ycerine and nitro-g&ycerine Ce5!&odeD if it CeD shaken.
v. <et me e5!&ain what yo" have to do. ;irst yo" CtakeD the !hotos and
CsortD them into categories. Then yo" Cfi&eD them according to s"#ect.
30
Business English
(. The !&ay is set in <ondon in 149/. The action CtakeD !&ace in
)aryEs &iving-room. When the c"rtain CgoD "!* the hero and heroine
CsitD down. They Carg"eD.
x. @ear Pane* sorry to hear ao"t yo"r !ro&em at work. 2 CthinkD yo"
CdoD the right thing* "t 2 Cdo"tD whether yo"r oss rea&&y CknowD his
#o from what yo" Cte&&D me.
y. The ho"se is a mess eca"se weEve got the workmen in. The
!&"mer C!"tD in a new ath. The e&ectricians CrewireD the system and
the car!enter C"i&dD "s some new ookshe&ves.
7. Trans&ate into 1ng&ish.
a. 3" cred c= te !ot a#"ta.
!. )ama g"st= ciora s= vad= dac= mai e nevoie de sare.
c. 3" ea" cafea de oicei* dar ast=Ii fac o e5ce!9ie.
d. 1& merge c" a"to"I"& &a Hcoa&= Tn fiecare Ii.
e. 3oi n" Tnv=9=m decSt vinerea* sSm=ta Hi d"minica.
31
Business English
Unit 3
Pre-reading tasks
?ow did yo" hear ao"t the distance &earning de!artmentB Why have yo"
chosen this s!ecia&isationB
Reading
Read the fo&&owing !resentation which was !art of a !ro#ect y which o"r
"niversity ina"g"rated co"rses within the distance &earning de!artment. Pay
attention to the as!ect of the vers Csim!&eK contin"o"s as!ectD. Trans&ate the
te5t into Romanian.
The s!ecia&isations in the Distance09earning Department within Petro&e"m-
Gas "niversity of P&oiesti are.
1conomic engineering in the mechanica& fie&d
;iai&ity of Petro&e"m and Petrochemica& 16"i!ment
@ri&&ing-Prod"ction and Reservoir 1ngineering
1ngineering of 1nvironment Protection and %hemica& and
Petrochemica& 2nd"stry
Petro&e"m Techno&ogy and Petrochemistry
Romanian <ang"age and <iterat"re- 1ng&ish <ang"age and
<iterat"re
7cco"ntancy and 7dministration 2nformatics
32
Business English
Primary ,choo&- Teachers. 1ng&ishK;rench
;or the aove-mentioned s!ecia&isations we identified three categories
of !otentia& candidates.
!ersons who want to im!rove their know&edge in the fie&d of
!etro&e"m ind"stry and refining* yet the dai&y work !rogramme
and the distance from the on&y !etro&e"m-gas "niversity in
Romania does not a&&ow them to enro&& in a training !rogramme
Cday co"rses* evening co"rsesD
!ersons who want to s!ecia&ise in very im!ortant fie&ds s"ch as
acco"ntancy* informatics* foreign &ang"ages
!rimary schoo&-teachers who* in order to com!ete with the new
"ndergrad"ate ed"cationa& system* com!ati&e with the 1"ro!ean
system* m"st attend the s!ecia&isation Primary ,choo&- Teachers.
1ng&ishK;rench.
Within o"r "niversity we co"&d say that we have e5!erience in s"ch
!rogrammes d"e to the fact that we had a !ro#ect <eonardo da 0inci* in
which we worked with o"r co&&eag"es from )inho University from
Port"ga&.
2n the eginning the @istance-<earning @e!artment wi&& make "se of the
reso"rces offered y the new 2T %entre Cdeve&o!ed within the !ro#ect
7-K1999D which offers internet access* video-conference systems
Part of the co"rse-ooks for o"r f"t"re st"dents is a&ready on magnetic
s"!!ort* as a res"&t of the grant %3;2, 39-91K(///. ,ome ooks which
were !revio"s&y !"&ished were "!-dated &ast year. This wi&& a&&ow "s to
start s"ch a !ro#ect in a"t"mn. 7t the same time on the we
www.ttr.&c.com Cwithin the !ro#ect of distance-&earning trainersE
trainingD we e&aorated a co"rse on informatics and comm"nicationa&
techno&ogies which are necessary in the training !rocess as we&& as a
co"rse on !edagogica& strategies which may e ada!ted to s"ch distance-
&earning. 7 P&eiXd Programme has een recent&y e&aorated y a
"niversity from %37)* 3antes* ;rance.
33
Business English
There is a &ega& asis on distance &earning organiIation and f"nctioning.
Romanian Government @ecision no. 1(1'K/7.1(.(///. 7t the same time
the standards for 7"thoriIing the f"nctioning of distance &earning are
e&aorated y %.3.1.77 C3ationa& %o"nci& of 7"thoriIing and
7cademic 7ssessmentD* standards which may e f"&fi&&ed y o"r
de!artment.
Ways with words:
1. 2n the sentences e&ow* "se one s"ita&e word from the &ist that fo&&ows.
3ot a&& the words are !ossi&e.
a. 2 sent in my ...... to the address given in the advertisement.
!. They to&d me 2 &acked ...... as 2 had never had that kind of #o
efore.
c. The manager to&d me he co"&dnEt wait as he had ...... to do.
d. 3ot many !eo!&e en#oy sitting at aKan ...... a&& day &ong.
e. Aefore 2 &eft that oi& com!any* 2 handed in my ......
'. When 2 a!!&ied for this !osition* 2 asked my !revio"s oss for a ......
g. >o" have to e we&&-dressed and !"nct"a& to s"cceed in aKan ......
h. )y first ...... was he&!ing in a sho! at weekends.
i. 2n o"r com!any every ...... receives a monthEs sa&ary.
&. >o" co"&d ...... over (*/// a month as a sa&es re!resentative in this
com!any.
/uali!ications: re!erence: e;periences: application: wor.: employer:
interview: gain: resignation: job: diploma: department: applicant:
earn: wages: o!!ice: gain: des.: salary: employee"
2. Read the sentence *e had a project 9eonardo da Vinci' in which we
wor.ed with our colleagues !rom $inho <niversity again. 3ow &earn some
e5!ressions containing the !re!osition with.
with d"e regard forK with a&& d"e deference to Q c" tot res!ect"& c"venitN
with an eye to Q "rmRrind* fRrR a !ierde din vedereN
34
Business English
with the e5ce!tion of Q c" e5ce!9ia cRN
with reason Q !e dre!t* !e "nR dre!tateN
with referenceK res!ect to Q Tn !rivin9a* referitor* c" !rivire &aN
with a view of Q Tn sco!"& de aN
as with Q &a fe& ca HiN
together with Q Tm!re"nR c"N
to do away with Q a Tn&Rt"ra* a termina c".
3. <ook at the fo&&owing sentences e&onging to this "nit: *ithin our
university we could say that we have e;perience in such programmes due to
the !act that we had a project 9eonardo da Vinci. 7s yo" can see these are
two meaning of the word that. 2n the first sentence it introd"ces a direct
o#ect c&a"se and in the other it introd"ces a re&ative c&a"se. ?ere are some
e5!ressions containing the word that.
that far Q atSt de de!arteN
that is the !oint Q aceasta-i !ro&emaN
that m"ch Q cam atStN
thatEs how it ha!!ened Q aHa s-a TntSm!&atN
that is why CthatEs whyD Q de aceea* din aceastR ca"IRN
that is to say Q adicRN
"t for that Q dacR n" ar fi fost astaN
for a&& that Q c" toate acesteaN
in order that Q !entr" ca* sRN
&ike that C#"st &ike thatD Q aHaN
3ow !ractise these e5!ressions in sentences of yo"r own.
4. Read the fo&&owing sentence again. Some boo.s which were previously
published were up0dated last year. ?ow do yo" trans&ate to "!-dateB 3ow
e5!&ain the meaning of the words and !hrases in ita&ics in the fo&&owing
sentences.
a. To date' we havenEt received a sing&e order for o"r new !rod"ct.
!. 8"r advertising is eginning to &ook very dated"
35
Business English
c. We try to "se up0to0date methods in o"r Prod"ction @e!artment.
d. 8"r !ro&ems date !rom the time we &ost that R"ssian contract.
e. %om!"ter sa&es !eo!&e have to constant&y up0date their know&edge.
'. They are "sing out0dated !&ant and machinery to man"fact"re their
!rod"cts.
5. 1ord !%ilding
%om!&ete the fo&&owing sentences with the correct form of the words in
ita&ics.
1 rely
a. ?e is a very reliable worker.
!. ?er main 6"a&ity is her MMMMMM .
c. )y assistant is someone who can e MMMMMM on.
2 criticise
a. The re!ort has een received veryMMMMM.. y to!
management.
!. The Personne& @irector is an o"ts!okenMMMMMM of o"r
reorganiIation.
c. 2 tho"ght herMMMMMM were "nfair and not ased on fact.
3 skill
a. The %hairman wasMMMMMMM at avoiding answering
awkward 6"estions.
!. The MMMMMM workers in the Prod"ction @e!artment are we&&
!aid.
c. To e a good manager* yo" need many MMMMMM .
d. The MMMMMMM workers in o"r com!any are the &owest !aid
eca"se they need no training for their #os.
4 employ
a. )ost MMMMMMMin an organisation can enefit from training.
!. MMMMMMMMM is a&most 4J in my co"ntry Y thatEs far too
high.
c. TheMMMMMMM are entit&ed to vario"s socia& sec"rity
!ayments.
36
Business English
d. ?eEs fair&y o&d and hasnEt had a #o for years. 2Ed say heEs virt"a&&y
MMMMMM
5 sure
a. Performance a!!raisa&s he&! to MMMMMMM that !romising
staff are not over&ooked for !romotion.
!. 7t my interview* my oss MMMMMMM me that 2 had a
right f"t"re in the com!any.
c. MMMMMMM yo" agree sheEs one of the high f&iers in the
de!artment.
6 able
a. This yo"ng trainee has considera&e MMMMMMMM
!. @"e to o"r MMMMMMM to get certain s"!!&ies* we &ost the
order.
c. Aeca"se of a !rod"ction ho&d-"!* we are MMMMMMM to
!rovide the !rod"ct.
7 decision
a. Aeing a c"rrency dea&er in a ank* she has to make 6"ick decisions
and e very MMMMMM at a&& times.
!. Aeca"se we were MMMMMMwe wasted time and &ost the
contract.
c. 2 am sti&&MMMMM..whether to &eave my !resent #o "t 2 m"st
make "! my mind soon.
6. %om!&ete the fo&&owing sentences with s"ita&e forms of the words from
the &ist e&ow.
authori=e' authority' control' !unction' autonomy' innovate' innovative'
delegate' delegation' initiative
a. 2n many de!artment store gro"!s* "ying and finance are two
MMMMMM which are hand&ed y ?ead 8ffice.
!. )anagers who &ike !ower find it diffic"&t to MMMMMM
res!onsii&ity.
37
Business English
c. To stay com!etitive* high techno&ogy firms m"st constant&y
MMMMMMM or e&se their !rod"cts ecome o"t of date.
d. When yo" de&egate a"thority in a "siness* yo" &ose a degree of
MMMMMMM over certain f"nctions.
e. 2n some m"&tinationa& organisations* s"sidiaries are given a great
dea& of MMMMMM - they rare&y have to cons"&t ?ead 8ffice.
'. ;irms often make the mistake of not concentrating eno"gh on
marketing MMMMMMM
g. 2n o"r factory* the Genera& )anager is MMMMMMM to s!end
"! to Z1*/// a month on re!airs and maintenance.
h. 2 &ike my staff to make decisions for themse&ves* "t they seem
afraid to show any MMMMMMM .
7. ,"!!&y the most s"ita&e words from the &ist on the right.
1. MMMM.is hard to find nowadays. a- oss
2. The 6"a&ity of the food in a resta"rant de!ends on
itsMM. !- cha"ffe"r
3. 2 work in a garage as a car MMMMMM c- chef
4. 3ancy has started a newMMMM.. d- co&&eag"e
5. )rs. Wi&ks is the MMMMof this sho!* not the
owner. e- co&&ege
6. 2f yo" want to know the way* ask a MMMM.. '- cond"ctor
7. WhoEs the MMMMof the Aoston ,ym!hony
8rchestraB g- doctor
8. Arenda was a "niversity MMMM.. at the age
of 3-. h- engineer
9. ?e has a car with a "niformed MMMMM i- #o
10. ?is MMMM.. at schoo& has given him a good
re!ort. &- manager
11. WhatEs the name of the MMM..of yo"r
com!anyB )- mechanic
12. 7n MMMM..designs ridges or roads. l- medicine
38
Business English
13. The MMMMMof o"r sho! is !"tting "! the
rent. "- owner
14. There had een a "rg&ary* so we ca&&ed
the MMMM n- !o&ice
15. 2 went into "siness after 2 &eft MMMM. o- !o&iceman
16. 2 canEt "se a MMMM* never mind a word
!rocessor. $- !rofessor
17. Gordon is a MMMMat the &oca& hos!ita&. *- teacher
18. ?as the n"rse given yo" yo"r MMMMM r- ty!ist
19. ,mithers is a MMMMof mine at the office. s- ty!ewriter
20. 2tEs "sef"& to e a good MMMMif yo" "se a
com!"ter. t- work
8. ,"!!&y the est word or words.
1. The !erson in charge of a "siness is informa&&y known as the
MMMMMM
a- chef !- chief c- oss
2. The !erson who is in charge of a car is the MMMMMM
a- g"ide !- &eader c- motorist d- driver e- cond"ctor
3. 7 !erson who !re!ares food is a MMMMMM
a- cook !- cooker
4. 7 !erson who works in an office is an MMMMMM
a- officer !- office worker
5. 7 woman who &ooks after other !eo!&eEs chi&dren is a
MMMMMM
a- nanny !- n"rse
6. The !erson who is in charge of a resta"rant is the MMMMMM
a- !atron !- manager
7. 7 !erson who st"dies the origins of the "niverse is a MMMMMM
a- !hysician !- !hysicist c- !hysics
8. 7nother word for LdoctorE is MMMMM
a- !hysician !- !hysicist c- medicine
39
Business English
9. 2f yo" are one of the !eo!&e waiting to e served in a sho! yo" are a
MMMMMM
a- c&ient !- c"stomer c- !atient d- g"est
10. 2f serve !eo!&e who come into a sho!* yo" are MMMMMM
a- an officia& !- a sho! assistant c- a ank c&erk
Grammar reference
Verbs which do not take a continuous aspect in English
There are vers in 1ng&ish which genera&&y are not "sed in the contin"o"s
as!ect.
vers of the senses Cvers of !erce!tionD. see' hear' smell' taste' notice'
recogni=e' etc.
2 sme&& gas.
vers of thinking. thin.' reali=e' .now' understand' suppose' e;pect'
remember' !orget' mind' etc.
2 donEt rememer yo"r name.
vers of having and eing. have' own' owe' belong to' possess' be'
contain' matter' hold' etc.
The ho"se e&ongs to my mother.
2 have a very good &athe.
vers of emotion. love' hate' li.e' disli.e' re!use' want' wish' !orgive*
etc.
2 hate !eo!&e ca&&ing me &ate at night.
?e wants to "y a new too&.
The Imperatie
The im!erative is a mood which e5!resses an order* a command* a wish* a
greeting* a !iece of advice* a threat.
,ome here>
40
Business English
9eave me alone>
*atch your step>
9et)s go>
;orm
The im!erative has forms on&y for the second !erson sing"&ar and !&"ra&.
7ffirmative 3egative
Get readyO
,tart workingO
@onEt get readyO
@onEt start workingO
The possessie pronoun and the posessie ad!ectie
The !ossessive !rono"n. ;orm
Person ,ing"&ar P&"ra&
;irst !erson mine o"rs
,econd !erson yo"rs yo"rs
Third !erson his
hers
its
theirs
The !ossesive ad#ective. ;orm
Person ,ing"&ar P&"ra&
;irst !erson my o"r
,econd !erson yo"r yo"r
Third !erson his
her
its
their
Controlled practice
1. Trans&ate into 1ng&ish.
a. 7ceastR stic&R con9ine a!= minera&=.
!. %reion"& Rotring este a& )ariei.
c. UrRsc sR mi se cearR sR fac o &"crare de aIi !e mSine.
d. 1a are doar "n c"rs de statistic= Hi do"= de finan9e.
e. 7cest c"rs con9ine 1' ca!ito&e.
41
Business English
2. @ecide which is the most a!!ro!riate form of the ver in the fo&&owing
sentences.
a. 2Em thinkingK 2 think of yo".
!. ,he sme&&sK is sme&&ing gas.
c. )other is tastingK tastes the so"! to see if it needs more sa&t.
d. We haveK are having dinner now.
e. %o"&d yo" ca&& him ack in twenty min"tes as he hasK is having a
ath right now.
3. Trans&ate the fo&&owing into 1ng&ish.
a. ,erveHte-te Hi serveHte-i Hi !e cei&a&9iO
!. 0ino* te rog* &a noi sR ne a#"9i sR reIo&vRm o !ro&emR de statisticR.
c. Vi dai "n deget Hi T9i ia toatR mSnaO
d. ,crie t" !roiect"& &a ca&c"&ator* !entr" cR d"!R aceea tre"ie sR-&
fo&osesc Hi e".
e. <"a9i &oc* vR rog* doamnRO
'. 3" !&eca* !entr" c= n" am terminat !roiect"&O
g. 3" te a!ro!ia de fire&e ace&ea !entr" c= s"nt s" tensi"ne.
h. 3" Tncerca s= m= faci s= m= r=IgSndesc* !entr" c= o faci degeaa.
i. @"-te Hi veIi dac= a" terminat c"rs"&.
&. Gr=eHte-te* mai ai doar cinci min"teO
4. )ake the fo&&owing sentences negative.
a. %ome hereO
!. Get ready as we are in a h"rryO
c. Ae on time* eca"se 1ng&ish !eo!&e are never &ate.
d. Go home and weE&& finish this tomorrow.
e. Work faster as we need to finish this "nti& two oEc&ock.
5. %hoose the a!!ro!riate !ossessive !rono"ns or ad#ectives.
a. )yK mine fatherEs car is new. )ineKmy is very o&d and "g&y.
42
Business English
!. We have een &ooking for these magaIines. ,omeone took them
from yo"rKo"r room. They e&ong to "s. WeEre "sing the !ict"res for a
!ro#ect of o"rsKyo"rs.
c. There are five i&&ion !eo!&e in o"rKhis wor&d and they &ive in a&&
different corners of it.
d. This is herKhers car. ,he o"ght it two months ago.
e. )y res"&ts are etter than yo"rsKyo"r.
'. 2s that ook yo"rsKyo"r as 2 think 2 saw yo" when yo" &ent it to
yo"rKyo"rs friend* Tom.
g. 2 donEt think this is one of 1mmaEs !ens. 2 know she has &ost
herKhers ca&c"&ator* "t 2 havenEt heard her say she has &ost a !en .
What do yo" thinkB
h. )yKmine s!ecia&ity is acco"ntancy.
i. 7fter we have ac6"ired some know&edge ao"t the oi& ind"stry and
the kind of work that is invo&ved* we wi&& !rove o"rsKo"r know&edge
&ater.
&. >o"rKyo"rs artic&e on wor&d economy is a good one.
43
Business English
Unit 4
Pre-reading tasks:
What information sho"&d yo"r %0 containB
What information sho"&d yo"r &etter of a!!&ication containB
Reading 1
Read the fo&&owing %0. %an yo" find any im!rovementsB Work with yo"r
mates and re!ort yo"r findings to the rest of the c&ass.
4U55+4U6U7 8+0E
P1R,837< @1T72<,
3ame. 7ihaela 8lad
7ddress. (3 Avd. A"c"reHti
P&oieHti (/// Prahova
Te&e!hone. /''1-+3'(
@ate of irth. 1 Pan"ary 197'
3ationa&ity. Romanian
<ang"ages. ;&"ent 1ng&ishN %onversationa& ;rench
44
Business English
%om!"ter &iteracy. Word!erfect* <ot"s 1-(-3* Windows (///* )ath-%adN
)ath-<a.
1@U%7T283
(///-(//(. )aster of A"siness and 7dministration - GPetro&e"m-GasG
University of P&oieHti- %37) Paris
199+-(///. FPetro&e"m-GasG University of P&oieHti- ;ac"&ty of 1conomic
,ciences
F7G &eve&s. )athematics* 1conomy
W8RW ?2,T8R>
,e!t. (///-,e!t. (//1. acco"ntant at GP, 7rad
,"mmer 1999-,"mmer (///. co&&ege !osition. re6"ired to !re!are acco"nts
,"mmer 1994. A"charest %hemica& ,ervices - assistant
23T1R1,T,. cinema* theatre* reading
R1;1R13%1,. avai&a&e on re6"est.
Ways with words 1
1. ?ere are some !ieces of advice for yo" when yo" write yo"r %0.
a. Ao&d is "sed se&ective&y. >o"r name is ovio"s&y im!ortant* so yo"
sho"&d make s"re it stands o"t.
!. When yo" state the &ang"ages yo" can s!eak* conversational and
!luent are the on&y words to "se ao"t them. @onEt "se 6"a&ifications
s"ch as well* very well* etc. 2f they rea&&y want to find o"t ao"t yo"r
&ang"age ski&&s* they wi&& s"re&y test yo".
c. 1d"cation and 6"a&ifications sho"&d e &isted together. The F7G
&eve&s are im!ortant* as they may show that yo" are s"ita&e for that
#o* as yo" had the est degrees in those o#ects which are of ma#or
im!ortance for yo"r f"t"re #o.
d. ;or the *or. +istory section* it is vita& to high&ight yo"r st"dent
activities.
45
Business English
e. @onEt make "! a &ist of names and addresses in yo"r reference
section. >o" sho"&d mention references on&y if they are very
im!ressive.
Reading 2
?ere is the &etter of a!!&ication )ihae&a 0&ad has written. ,kim thro"gh the
&etter and see what information the a!!&icant is conveying ao"t himse&f.
(3 Avd A"c"reHti
P&oieHti (// Prahova
)r 7. @. 0&ad
Personne& )anager
Petrom A"c"reHti 5e'.9 chie' acco%ntant vacancy
@ear )r. 7. @. 0&ad
2 am writing to a!!&y for the !osition of chief acco"ntant that yo" advertised
in 5ursa on + 8ctoer (//1* as 2 e&ieve it offers the career cha&&enge which
2 am seeking.
7s yo" wi&& see from my enc&osed %"rric"&"m 0itae* 2 grad"ated from
FPetro&e"m-GasG University of P&oieHti &ast year* and then 2 have had a
s"ccessf"& year working in a scientific environment with GP, 7rad.
2 wo"&d &ike to high&ight the fo&&owing ski&&s which 2 e&ieve wo"&d add
va&"e to yo"r organiIation.
:rgani;ational s)ills - deve&o!ed in my c"rrent #o with GP, 7rad.
0cco%nting s)ills - deve&o!ed in my ro&e as "niversity officer where 2
!re!ared ann"a& re!orts and acco"nts and 2 was res!onsi&e for a "dget of
1*///*///*/// &ei !er ann"m.
+nter$ersonal s)ills - deve&o!ed thro"gh working in a team environment in
my c"rrent ro&e and thro"gh a n"mer of ho&iday !ositions when 2 was a
st"dent.
46
Business English
2 have a keen interest in acco"ntancy and wo"&d a!!reciate the o!!ort"nity
of an interview to disc"ss why 2 e&ieve 2 am good match for yo"r
re6"irements.
2 &ook forward to hearing from yo".
>o"rs sincere&y*
)ihae&a 0&ad
Ways with words 2
1. ?ere are some &ines from different &etters of a!!&ication of severa&
candidates for this #o. %hoose the most a!!ro!riate and convincing
sentence in each gro"!. What do yo" think is wrong with some of the
sentences &isted e&owB
a. 2 am fami&iar with this ty!e of work.K 2 am tota&&y know&edgea&e
ao"t this ty!e of work.K 2 know this ty!e of work.
!. 2 am we&&-&iked y everyody and 2 am very convincing.K 2 can
maintain friend&y re&ationshi!s with !eo!&e.K 2 am a friend&y and
tactf"& !erson.
c. 2 can make decisions when it is rea&&y necessary and 2 am very
res!onsive.K 2 a&ways make the est decisions in my office* as 2 am a
re&ia&e !erson.K 2 am not afraid to make decisions if necessary.
d. 2 fee& s"re my st"dies recommend me for this #o.K 2 ho!e 2 am right
for this sort of work.K 2 am s"re 2 am the most s"ita&e !erson for this
#o.
e. 2 am 6"ite interested in this kind of work.K 2 have a gen"ine interest
in this kind of work.K 2 am e5treme&y interested in this ty!e of work.
2. ?ere is an advertisement which was !"&ished in 5ursa on ' 7!ri& (//1.
<ook at it and write yo"r %0. Then write the &etter to cover yo"r %0
a!!&ying for the vacancy.
47
Business English
%83,TRU%T <td.
Romanian-%anadian com!any !roviding
e5!ertise* h"man reso"rces and e6"i!ment
for the constr"ction ind"stry
re6"ires
?"man Reso"rce 8fficers
7!!&ications are acce!ted from recent grad"ates of ,ocio&ogy or A"siness
,t"dies with some ackgro"nd in income ta5 &aws and com!"ter &iteracy* or
com!any management.
7!!&icants sho"&d e wi&&ing to work in teams and sho"&d e a&e to meet
dead&ines. 7!!&icants sho"&d e f&"ent in 1ng&ish and ;rench.
<lease enclose a c%rrent 48 and yo%r letter o' a$$lication addressed to
7r +on <o$= >%"an 5eso%rces 7anager= 4onstr%ct ,5o"ania- 6td.=
13= <ia?a 5o"an@= 3%charest.
3. 0oca"&ary "i&ding
7n antonym is a word that means the o!!osite of another. ;or e5am!&e* the
o!!osite of short is long* the o!!osite of old is young.
%om!&ete the fo&&owing sentences with words o!!osite in meaning to the
words in ita&ics.
e.g. interesting ?e does not &ike his #o eca"se it is uninteresting"
a. satis!ied Workers ecomeMMMMMMMMM if their #os
offer no cha&&enge.
!. conclusive ,ince the re!ort was soMMMMMMM no
recommendations were made.
c. responsible @@@@@@@ ehavio"r y staff can e cost&y to
an organisation.
d. popular )anagers ecomeMMMMMMMMM if they fai&
to !ay on"ses.
e. respect 3o manager &ikes a s"ordinate to eMMMMMMMM
.
48
Business English
'. secure 7 worker who fee&sMMMMMMM. in his #o wi&&
!roa&y not e committed to the firm he works for.
g. social Peo!&e who work MMMMMMM ho"rs* for e5am!&e
at night-time* genera&&y receive e5tra : !ay.
h. e!!icient 3owadays* it is not easy to get rid of an em!&oyee who
is MMMMMMMM
4. %om!&ete the fo&&owing sentences with one s"ita&e word meaning the
o!!osite of the word in ca!ita& &etters.
a. Pack m"ch !refers eing 1)P<8>1@ to eing .MM..M.
!. 7&e5 did a n"mer of T1)P8R7R> #os efore he managed to
find a MM..M.. !osition.
c. The first sho! he o!ened was a ig ,U%%1,, "t the second was a
tota& MM..M..
d. )any !eo!&e wo"&d rather work MMMM.than ;U<<-T2)1.
e. The management said sa&aries had 23%R17,1@* "t officia&
re!orts showed that as a matter of fact they had .MMMM.
5. 1ord sets. Try to think of the word time. 3ow think of words connected
to time. 2n this way yo" may create a word set which may inc&"de among
other words. day' month' year' century' year' etc. 3ow com!&ete the
fo&&owing sentences with one a!!ro!riate word connected with the s"#ect
of money.
a. They ref"sed to acce!t a che6"e so 2 had to !ay in MMM....
!. When she started with the com!any her MMMM. was on&y
[1//// a year. 3ow itEs at &east fo"r times that.
c. When )r )ichae& retired he received a .MMMM of [3// a month.
d. Pierre is very worried eca"se he is in MMM.... 3oody wi&& &end
him any money.
e. 2f yo" want a new car why not go and see yo"r ank manager ao"t
a MMM....
49
Business English
6. ?ere is a &ist of words and e5!ressions to do with money. Use yo"r
dictionary and divide them into the fo&&owing categories.
-orrowing moneyN saving and investing moneyN having a !ersona& ank
acco"nt.
,ometimes the same word wi&& fit different categories.
-to withdraw moneyN a "i&ding societyN a c"rrent acco"ntN a che6"e cardN a
mortgageN to cash a che6"eN to "y shares in a com!anyN the ,tock )arketN
to !"t money inN a month&y statementN a de!osit acco"ntN to earn 1+J
interest.
Grammar Reference
Classification of nouns
%o"nta&e no"ns Unco"nta&e no"ns
a gir&
a man
a too&
a c"!
an a!!&e
a g"itar
a !o"nd
a car
a we&&
water
s"gar
mi&k
m"sic
weather
money
oi&K !etro&e"m
coa&
gas
We can say two cups' !our girls' ten pounds' twenty cars. We can co"nt
them. We cannot co"nt s"gar* water or oi&.
%o"nta&e no"ns can e sing"&ar or !&"ra&.
This cup is empty"
These cups are !ull"
Unco"nta&e no"ns can on&y e sing"&ar.
The water is cold"
The weather is !ine"
The coal has a good /uality"
50
Business English
"umber of nouns
;orm
0aria&e no"ns form the !&"ra& in the fo&&owing way.
0s is added to the sing"&ar.
ooks-ooks* too&-too&s
0es is added to the sing"&ar no"ns ending in 0s' 0=' 0;' 0ch' 0sh' no"ns
ending in 0y !receded y a consonant C0y changes to iD* no"ns ending in
0o.
bus0buses' bo;0bo;es' match0matches' brush0brushes' city0cities: potato0
potatoes CA"t. photo0 photosD
0AeBs is added to no"ns ending in 0!AeB Cwhich changes to 0vD.
.ni!e0.nives' lea!0leaves' shel!0shelves CA"t. roo!0roo!sD
2rreg"&ar !&"ra& no"ns.
man0men' woman0women' !oot0!eet' tooth0teeth' goose0geese' louse0lice'
mouse0mice' child0children' o;0o;en
;oreign !&"ra&s
stimulus0stimuli' larva0larvae' stratum0strata' basis0bases' criterion0
criteria' phenomenon0phenomena' datum0data' etc.
The #enitie
The ana&ytica& genitive is "sed with the !re!osition o!* "sed with ne"ter
no"ns.
the tower o! 9ondon' the colour o! oil' the cover o! the boo.' etc.
The synthetica& genitive CLs genitiveD is "sed after.
no"ns denoting !ersons or other eings.
4ohn)s lecture' my parents) advice
no"ns denoting meas"rement* time* s!ace* 6"antity* va&"e.
a two months) practice' yesterday)s newspaper' a pound)s worth o! pears
co&&ective no"ns.
51
Business English
the governement)s decisions' the Parliament)s laws
geogra!hica& names* vehic&es* nat"ra& !henomena* etc..
England)s mountains' the spaceship)s crew' the a!ternoon)s heat"
Controlled practice
1. %om!&ete this news!a!er artic&e. %hoose the correct sing"&ar or !&"ra&
form in the rackets.
Pohnson ;actory for )i&chester
The Pohnson %&othing %om!any is going to "i&d a new factory in
)i&chester. CThisKTheseD news CwasKwereD anno"nced y com!any
chairman )r @avid Pohnson yesterday. )r Pohnson s!ent the morning
in )i&chester efore ret"rning to the Pohnson head6"arters at
1din"rgh.
The Pohnson com!any ChasKhaveD een in e5istence for 1// years and
CisKareD famo"s for its C!rod"ctK!rod"ctsD. The s&ogans F>o"Ere never
a&one with a !air of Pohnson Ctro"serK tro"sersDG and FPohnson
C#eanK#eansD CisKareD the ConeKonesD for yo"G are we&& known. The
com!anyEs !rofit &ast year of two mi&&ion !o"nds CwasKwereD the
highest in the c&othing "siness.
)r Pohnson wi&& not say how Cm"chKmanyD new C#oK#osD there wi&&
e* "t the information that there wi&& e CworkKworksD CisKareD hard to
find at the moment* and (*/// "nem!&oyed !eo!&e CisKareD a high
fig"re for a sma&& town.
2. %om!&ete the fo&&owing !assage with the correct form of the words in the
o5 e&ow.
strategy right venture personnel
!inance s.ill planning drawbac.
e;pertise set up delegate innovative
trust segment
52
Business English
The !ro&ems of sma&& high-tech firms have attracted a &ot of
attention recent&y. Research shows that many of these firms are
MMMMMMMM C1D y ta&ented* creative scientists. Their owners have
no tro"&e coming "! withMMMMMMM C(D !rod"cts "t they often
canEt "i&d on their ear&y s"ccess.
8ne reason for this is that they donEt have m"ch management
MMMMMM..C3D. Therefore* they are "na&e to deve&o! the
MMMMMMMMC'D which are necessary for their com!anyEs growth.
They are in a r"sh to deve&o! !rod"cts* and donEt think eno"gh ao"t how to
market them. When they do try to se&& their !rod"cts* they s!end too m"ch
time trying to gain theMMMMMMM C+D of !otentia& c"stomers. 7nother
mistake they make is to "nder!rice their !rod"cts so that they have no
MMMMMMMM C-D for f"t"re deve&o!ment.
8nce the firms egin to grow* their owners "nderestimate the f"t"re
costs of deve&o!ing and marketing new !rod"cts. <ack of financia&
MMMMMMM C7D is a ma#or weakness of s"ch com!anies. 2t is diffic"&t
for the high-tech firm to attract the rightMMMMMMM C4D eca"se it
cannot offer the same #o sec"rity as a &arge organisation.
The high-tech firm can get ro"nd some of these !ro&ems y
deve&o!ing a s!ecia&ist image. 2t can aim at a !artic"&ar MMMMMMMM
C9D of the market. %"stomers then start seeking o"t the firm* so its marketing
costs are red"ced. The on&y MMMMMMM C1/D is that it may take some
time efore c"stomers acce!t the firmEs new techno&ogy.
7s soon as the high-tech "siness has reached a certain siIe* it wi&&
e a good idea to ring in !rofessiona& management. The fo"nder of the firm
can thenMMMMMMMC11D res!onsii&ity for activities &ike marketing
and finance. 2f a high-tech firm needs money very ad&y* it may arrange a
&ink-"! with a &arger com!any. 2t wi&& offer that com!any e5c&"sive
MMMMMMM C1(D to its techno&ogy.
1nth"siasm* right ideas MMMMMMMMC13D ca!ita& and
techno&ogy are not eno"gh to ens"re s"ccess. Aasic
managementMMMMMMM. C1'D - es!ecia&&y financia& and marketing
53
Business English
ones - are a&so vita&.
3. %om!&ete the fo&&owing !assage* "sing the s"ita&e forms of the words
given e&ow.
achieve reach report !eedbac. objective
progress per!ormance role stage view
)y oss ca&&ed me into his office to disc"ss my MMMMMMMM
C1D d"ring the &ast si5 months. ,he said that 2 had made good
MMMMMMMMMC(D and had had no diffic"&ty in
MMMMMMMM C3D my goa&s. ,he made it c&ear that she was
going to give me a goodMMMMMMMMM C'D.
2 s"!!ose 2 sho"&d have een gratef"& to her. ?owever* one thing
othered me. 2 wondered why she didnEt ask me what 2 fe&t ao"t the
#o. Why didnEt she get some MMMMMMM. C+D from meB 2
tho"ght that was one of the main MMMMMMMC-D of the
interview.
,ince my MMMMMMMC7D was ovio"s&y to sit 6"iet&y and say
nothing* 2 did #"st that. 7t this MMMMMMMM C4D of my career* 2
canEt afford to "!set my oss. A"t if 2 everMMMMMMMMM C9D
her !osition* 2 sha&& hand&e these interviews different&y. 2n
myMMMMMMMMC1/D* itEs vita& to &isten to em!&oyees.
4. Rewrite the fo&&owing sentences* "sing the word in ca!ita& &etters* so that
the meaning stays the same.
a. )y co"sin is someody 2 can rea&&y tr"st. %83;2@13%1
!. 2 can recite 1minesc"Es !oems from memory. ?17RT
c. >o"r office is eing redecorated at the moment* so tem!orari&y yo"
wi&& have to share one with Pohn. A123G
d. ?e was going to &eave for <ondon when he heard his f&ight has
een cance&ed. P823T
e. 2t was !ro!osed that a new ch"rch sho"&d e "i&t. ;8RW7R@
54
Business English
'. 8nce the res"&ts of the e5!eriment are made !"&ic* the Government
wi&& make a decision. 8P13
g. ?er answer took the a"dienc y s"r!rise. 7A7%W
h. 8"r manager want "s to ca&& him \,irG. 7@@R1,,1@
5. Trans&ate into 1ng&ish.
a. 2nventator"& te&eviIi"nii !rin ca&" a fost "n om ogat.
!. ,-a" fRc"t !rogrese semnificative Tn acest domeni" a& c"noaHterii.
c. 1& fo&oseHte m"&te co&i !entr" a scrie "n %0.
d. <a Tnce!"t"& seco&"&"i ]]* n" era" foarte era" m"&te st"dente Tn
co&egii.
e. TatR& st"dent"&"i a venit &a "niversitate sR voreascR c" !rofesor"&
de economie.
'. %"noHtin9e&e de eng&eI= s"nt foarte vagi.
g. ,fat"& !e care mi &-ai dat m-a a#"tat foarte m"&t.
h. 7H vrea s= c"m!=r trei !Sini* do"= cioco&ate Hi trei s=!"n"ri.
i. 3" Hti" dac= vom avea ani s= c"m!=r=m Hi moi&a !e care ne-o
dorim Cdo"= d"&a!"ri Hi trei foto&iiD.
&. ;"&ger"& a fost "rmat de "n t"net as"rIitor.
). P=rin9ii !rietenei me&e s"nt !&eca9i Tn %anada.
l. 3e Tntre=m dac= vom !"tea !rocesa atStea informa9ii.
". 3" am !rimit niHte Htiri foarte Tm"c"r=toare.
n. )i-e team= c= ea are s!eran9e mai mari decSt ar tre"i.
o. 7 c"m!=rat "n "chet de f&ori care a costat (//./// &ei.
6. ;i&& each s!ace in the sentence with the correct form of the word in
ca!ita&s !rint ao"t it.
a. They tried to MMMMM. him to !artici!ate in that contest.
%8UR7G1
!. >o"r so&"tion seems to e the most MMMMMM. 7nd* as we are
rather short on money* weE&& decide in favo"r of it. 1%838)>
c. ?is o!inion is MMMMM.. from mine. We seem never to agree on
this iss"e. @2;;1R13%1
55
Business English
d. Unti& yo" have so&ved yo"r hea&th !ro&ems* it is MMMMMM
not to trave& to Paris. 7@02%1
e. 7&& the time he !roved to e very MMMMMM. 2 canEt !"t "! with
his co&eric attit"de. 7RGU1
'. %hoosing this co"rse is entire&y vo&"ntary. There is no MMMMM..
whatsoever. %8)P1<
g. 1verytime he starts s!eaking ao"t her scientific research he kee!s
on s!eaking ao"t modernism. 2 think 2 know her sentences y heart
now. 2tEs very MMMMM.. R1P17T
h. They rea&&y MMMM.. over my idea and threw themse&ves into
creating the data asis. 13T?U,27,)
i. To MMM.. the a&&oon they had to throw away their &"ggage.
,T7A<1
&. 2n chi&dhood she was MMMMMM y )ira who he&!ed her a &ot.
;R213@
). This is the P)Es MMMMM R1,2@1
l. The doctor gave me !"&& to MMM.. the !ain in my ack. @17@
". ?is writing sty&e is rea&&yMMMM.. 2)2T7T1
n. ?is disa!!earance is MMMM 1]P<723
7. ,"!!&y the &anks with s"ita&e no"ns from those in rackets. Use the
!&"ra& forms.
a. ?e threw a stone at the rock and ..... came ack. C!iano* vo&cano*
echoD
!. The shi! was s"nk y we&&-aimed ..... C!otato* tor!edo* dynamoD
c. Winter fodder for catt&e is ke!t in ..... Cca&ico* casino* si&oD
d. The o!era com!any was advertising for ..... Coctavo* so!rano*
c"ckooD
e. The de&egates carried their ..... C!ortfo&io* !hoto* !ianoD
'. The ..... hit the is&and with tremendo"s force.Ctornado* hoo* a&inoD
56
Business English
g. They threw rotten ..... to show their disg"st. Ctomato* canto* ha&oD
h. ?e was itten y ..... and got ma&aria. Chero* so!rano* mos6"itoD
i. There are h"ndreds of ..... a&ong the )editerranean coast. Chero*
casinoD
&. ?ow many...Chero* cargo* ki&oD of ..... Ctomato* !iano* !hotoD do yo"
need to make 1 &iter of #"iceB
8. ;i&& in the correct forms of the no"ns in rackets.
a. The CdeerD have &eft their "s"a& !ast"res.
!. They donEt even try to h"nt C&ionDN it is too dangero"s.
c. There is no CmeanD of &earning what is ha!!ening.
d. They say CfishD are good for the rain.
e. They raise &ots of Cd"ckD on their farm.
'. @es!ite their siIe CgiraffeD are harm&ess creat"res.
g. The C3avahoD were a&most com!&ete&y destroyed.
h. ?e made a &iving y raising CgooseD.
i. 7 CseriesD of "ne5!ected events !revented him from going on
ho&iday to ,cot&and.
&. 2tEs not a&&owed to h"nt CearD. A"t sti&& many CearD are ki&&ed.
9. ;i&& in the correct !&"ra& form of the words in rackets.
a. @o other !&anets revo&ve on their ..... &ike the 1arthB Ca5isD
!. 2t can e dangero"s if chemists make mistakes in their .....
Cana&ysisD.
c. ...... are rare in the desert. CoasisD
d. 7 great dea& of ..... was co&&ected y the scientist. Cdat"mD
e. 7&& good reference ooks contain ..... Cinde5D.
'. The cons"& sent severa& ..... ack to <ondon. Cmemorand"mD
g. ?e s!ent his time !&aying with mathematica& ..... Cform"&aD.
h. Geo&ogists search the rock ..... for va&"a&e minera&s. Cstrat"mD
i. There are not many ty!es of ..... aro"nd the Aritish coast. Ca&gaD
57
Business English
&. There have een many internationa& ..... since the war. CcrisisD
). The ..... of these &enses are !erfect for distance !hotogra!hy. Cfoc"sD
l. What are the ..... of s"ccessB CcriterionD
". 2Eve a&ways fo"nd the idea of ..... in a&gera rather diffic"&t.Cinde5D
n. There are many ..... of anima&s. Cgen"sD
o. ..... are e5act !ositions of things. C&oc"sD
$. The ..... of theorists m"st conform to the rea& wor&d. Chy!othesisD
*. Post-grad"ate st"dents have to write ..... to otain their Ph.@.s
CthesisD
r. The o!tician fo"nd that oth his !atientEs eyes had defective .....
CretinaD
s. They were a&& we&& trained and so they res!onded &ike .....
Ca"tomatonD
t. Two ..... to the reso&"tion were !ro!osed. Caddend"mD
10. @ecide which of the two ver forms sho"&d e "sed in the fo&&owing
sentences.
a. Physics CwasKwereD my most diffic"&t s"#ect in high schoo&.
!. Aa&&istics CisKareD the st"dy of the motion of !ro#ecti&es.
c. 7th&etics ChasKhaveD een virt"a&&y ao&ished from sma&&er schoo&s.
d. ?is motives may e good* "t his tactics CisKareD de!&ora&e.
e. 2n every gro"!* !o&itics CisKareD a s"#ect that aro"ses interest.
'. Radica& !o&itics CwasKwereD offensive to the ;edera&ists.
g. 7co"stics CisKareD a ranch of science that is growing fast.
h. The aco"stics of this room CisKareD not a&& they might e.
i. 1conomics CdoesnEtKdonEtD re6"ire e5tensive know&edge of
mathematics.
&. ?is ethics C&eaveK&eavesD a &ot to e desired.
). %&assics CtakeKtakesD a ack seat these days.
l. 1insteinEs mathematics CwasKwereD a reve&ation.
". Tactics CisKareD rea&&y short term strategy.
n. >o"r heroics CisKareD worthy of a etter ca"se.
58
Business English
o. ?er hysterics CdoesKdoD not move anyody that knows her.
11. What are the feminine forms of the fo&&owing words. actor* son* &ord*
ache&or* mar6"is* d"ke* master* negro* hero* cha"ffe"r* cIar* e5ec"tor*
driver* c&own* wiIard* aviator* widower* &and&ord* sta&&ion* drake* gander*
ram* drone* !eacock* fo5
12. What are the masc"&ine forms of the fo&&owing words. madam* 6"een*
co"ntess* doe* hind* tay cat* itch* wife* maidservant* she-wo&f* #enny-ass*
cIarina* governess* heir* niece* n"rse* aess* cha"ffe"se
59
Business English
Unit 5
Reading
<ook at the way others see "s. %omment on Pess )ackenIieEs im!ressions.
Romania is great : yo" can meet fantastic !eo!&e* see fantastic sights*
and have a fantastic time : and most&y at fantastic !rices. 3egative iss"es
and incidents are very rare* "t as in every co"ntry* one sho"&d e aware of
the &oca& !it : fa&&s and traditions.
1 Immigration!"ustoms
0isas can e otained from Romanian emassies aro"nd the wor&d*
"t most !eo!&e !ay on : arriva&. This isnEt so m"ch easier* "t interesting.
7s soon as yo" have fo"ght yo"r way off the "s that takes yo" from the
air!&ane to the termina& "i&ding* gra a cream and a red co&o"red
immigration form and fi&& it in with a !en that yo" had !re!ared. R"n to the
co"nter advertising 02,7,K1]%?73G1 and give yo"r immigration form
and !ass!ort to the cheerf"& &ooking !erson on the other side of the window.
7fter receiving yo"r visa* head towards the !ass!ort contro& ooths sign :
!osted L8ther 3ationa&sE Cie* not RomaniansD* LRomanian Pass!ortsE* and
L@i!&omaticE. There are two ways of trying to get thro"gh the L@i!&omaticE
ooth. - 1. yo" are a di!&omat* or (. yo" shove on a !air of s"ng&asses* a
swagger and an attit"de* and when confronted* gas! in mock s"r!rise F@o
yo" rea&iIe who yo" are ta&king toBG* "t this &atter attem!t rare&y works*
and tends to &eave yo" wa&king ack to the L8ther 3ationa&sE 6"e"e fee&ing
ridic"&o"s and eing stared at y a&& the L8ther 3ationa&sE. 7t yo"r arriva& at
177
Business English
the !ass!ort contro& ooth* !resent the Cagain e5treme&y cheerf"& &ookingD
gent&emanK&ady with yo"r !ass!ort and visa. 2f heKshe finishes the constant
stam!ing of yo"r !ass!ort witho"t a arrage of e5traordinari&y irre&evant
6"estions and within 1+ min"tes* then e incredi&y s"r!rised and make
yo"r way to the &"ggage caro"se&. ,ho"&d yo" not e a&e to see yo"r
&"ggage* this wi&& e d"e to one of two reasons. 1. it hasnEt arrived yet* or (.
the air!ort staff have gotten ored and hidden yo"r &"ggage for a &a"gh.
@onEt fear* yo"r &"ggage wi&& either arrive 6"ite 6"ick&y or yo" wi&& find
where the staff have hidden it : "s"a&&y in 6"ite sim!&e !&aces. 8nce with
yo"r &"ggage and senses* make yo"r way !ast the c"stoms staff witho"t
othering their im!ortant magaIine- reading time* and down the ais&e to
meet yo"r friendsKfami&yKdriver.
# Language
,ho"&d yo" not s!eak Romanian* either eca"se yo" have #"st arrived
Cor eca"se yo" are ty!ica&&y 1ng&ishD* it is a good idea to carry a Romanian
!hrase ook on yo" at a&& times. 7s in a&& co"ntries an attem!t* however
sma&&* to s!eak the L&ingoE wi&& a&ways go down we&&. 2t is a&so a good idea*
when !ractising the "se of &ang"age* to ask the advice of a &oca& friend or
co&&eag"e. ,ome Romanian words seem im!ossi&e to !rono"nce* and some
are a&so very simi&ar to each other : it can e a it emarrassing asking for a
&arge dog when in a akery. 8ne thing to e wary of tho"gh* when asking
advice : make s"re it is from someone yo" tr"st. 7sking a stranger to make
&ove to yo" on the s!ot* when yo" tho"ght yo" were asking the time can get
a it awkward. 7nother !&ace where yo" wi&& find a grammar ook "sef"& is
when visiting resta"rants. ,ome of the &oca& !&aces do not have 1ng&ish-
written men"s and it is good to know what yo" are eating.
$ Transport
2n recent years* !"&ic trans!ort has come "! to good Western
standards and added to that* it is very chea!. A"s* metro and tram timeta&es
can e ro"ght from kiosks a&ong a&& the main streets of the city. 8ne !iece
of advice : d"ring r"sh ho"rs a&& forms of !"&ic trans!ort get very !acked*
therefore a hand s6"ashed against yo"r ottom is most !roa&y
178
Business English
"nintentiona&. 7s in every city aro"nd* ta5is do come with their safety
!ro&ems. 2n A"charest* instances have een few and far etween* "t one
sho"&d e wary #"st in case Ces!ecia&&y* of co"rse* if yo" are a sing&e
womanD. 7&ways : agree on a !rice efore getting in* make s"re the driver
has a ta5i &icense n"mer that &ooks officia&.* kee! a &it cigarette or &ighter in
yo"r hand thro"gho"t the #o"rney as a form of defence if yo" do not fee&
com!&ete&y safe Cthis so"nd !athetic "t does make yo" fee& as tho"gh yo"
have some kind of wea!onD* know where yo" are going or have a ma! on
yo"* if not* "se yo"r common sense.
The est advice is to get to know a friend&y ta5i driver and "se the
same one as often as !ossi&e or* more im!ortant&y* "se a ta5i com!any
where yo" te&e!hone in advance. 7sk an o&d : timer to recommend one :
most are e5treme&y chea!* safe and !&easant Cthe ta5is* not the o&d :
timersOD.
% &oney
Unti& recent years* it was seen as necessary to have some amo"nt of
hard c"rrency on yo" when in Romania* which wo"&d e changed into <ei at
the n"mero"s e5change offices. 3ow that a"tomatic cash machines and to!
: standard internationa& anks are the norm in most ma#or cities in Romania*
this may not seem as necessary* "t it is sti&& a very good idea. ;irst&y*
a&tho"gh a"tomatic cash machines seem to e !o!!ing "! everywhere* they
do reg"&ar&y r"n o"t of cash Cor sho"&d 2 ca&& my ank managerBDN second&y*
if yo" do not know yo"r ankEs dai&y working ho"rs may reg"&ar&y find
yo"rse&f staring at L23%?2,E signN third&y* yo" may e in the midd&e of
nowhere. 15change offices are a"ndant in Romania* every street corner has
one. 2f yo" need to change hard c"rrency* make s"re yo" "se an officia&
&iking esta&ishment. 7s yo" may e changing an amo"nt of money in one
day that the average &oca& earns in one month* e aware of the fo&&owing.
15change offices are not r"n y very nice &itt&e men sim!&y wanting to
make yo" ha!!y - make s"re yo" check the rate of e5change is correct* that
yo" get a stam!ed recei!t* and that yo" co"nt yo"r money efore &eaving the
!remises.
179
Business English
Wee! yo"r e5changed money in a safe* sec"re !&ace when &eaving :
even the most st"!id of !otentia& !ick : !ockets wi&& know that yo" are not
wa&king o"t of the door with em!ty !ockets.
3ever change money on the street. 7&& yo" wi&& get from the nice
&ooking man !romising a m"ch etter rate than the e5change offices is one
1/*/// <ei note wra!!ed aro"nd +/ !ieces of toi&et !a!er Cand not very nice
toi&et !a!er at thatD. 2t is a&so i&&ega& to change money on the street and yo"
wi&& e arrested and fined y the eag&e : eyed !o&icemen* who are seen on
the streets. 7s with !"&ic trans!ort* instances s"ch as the aove are few and
far etween* "t yo" sho"&d e wary. )ost services are ha!!y to acce!t U.,.
do&&ars instead of <ei* so it is "sef"& to take some on yo" #"st in case yo"
need it.
' (ealth
;or non-emergencies* Western standard !harmacies Cmany o!en ('
ho"rsD can e fo"nd on most main streets and stock most things s"ch as
!&asters and first-aid !rod"cts* tam!ons* contrace!tives* c&eansing !rod"cts*
and asic dr"gs* "t sho"&d yo" e taking reg"&ar medicine* a good s"!!&y
sho"&d e ro"ght with yo" as a s"!!&y here cannot e g"aranteed. ,ho"&d
yo" need emergency care* yo" can either try yo"r &"ck at the state
emergency hos!ita&s* or contact one of the !rivate c&inics which are
e5!ensive "t to!-standards are g"aranteed. ,ho"&d yo" fee& advent"ro"s
and try the first o!tion* there are some things yo" sho"&d know.
- @octors and n"rses in Romania have very good 6"a&ifications* "t
d"e to a h"ge &ack of f"nds* hos!ita&s rare&y have the e6"i!ment and
techno&ogy that yo" may e "sed to.
- ;or the same reasons doctorsE and n"rsesE sa&aries are so ridic"&o"s&y
&ow that many of the medica& staff take "nder-the-ta&e !ayments to make
"! the difference. Therefore* do not e s"r!rised or angered if it is made
ovio"s that cash is wanted : this may a&so hasten medica& attention
considera&y.
180
Business English
- @is!osa&e need&es are now "sed a&most 1// !ercent* "t it is a good
idea to ring some with yo" #"st in case* or check what is eing st"ck into
yo"O
) Dogs
They are a ig !ro&em that wi&& e ovio"s after a matter of ho"rs in
A"charest. <atest fig"res show that in A"charest a&one* there are at &east 1.+
mi&&ion stray dogs : and this n"mer is ever : increasing. )any of the dogs
are Lsort : of ownedE y the &oca&s* meaning they are thrown scra!s of food
and given corner in ha&& ways. @"e to this* they are 6"ite harm&ess as &ong as
yo" &eave them a&one. AUT A1W7R1 : the odd stray dog ha!!ens to think
heKshe is the Romanian version of GodIi&&a CGodIi&&esc"BD
7!art from the !hysica& !ro&ems invo&ved with stray dogs in
Romania* e !re!ared for the 382,1O : Romanian dogs seem to &ike to
s&ee! most of the day and then !arty a&& night "nti& ao"t 7 a.m.N that &eaves
yo" with ao"t one ha&f ho"r of s&ee! efore yo"r a&arm c&ock goes off.
* +ypsies
2n genera&* to ca&& most Romanians into&erant of gy!sies : wo"&d e an
"nderstatement. The fee&ing is so strong that to make even a &ight : hearted
#oke aimed at a &oca& friend s"ch as F<ook* yo"r mother has come to !ick
yo" "!G* when a woman on a gy!sy cart !ast wi&& res"&t in a h"ge si&ence*
even from very c&ose friends. Tr"st me. When driving* gy!sy carts sho"&d e
overtaken with great care : their tendency to stay in the midd&e of the road
wi&& one day win awards. ;or the same reason e e5treme&y caref"& when
driving on the co"ntry roads after dark. ,treet &ightning is non-e5istent* as is
&ightning on the carts.
, (omose-uality
7t the time of writing* homose5"a&ity is sti&&* "nfort"nate&y* an i&&ega&
offence in Romania. There are "nofficia& c&"s that cater for the gay
!o!"&ation* "t d"e to ovio"s reasons these are few and often change
ven"es* and are hard to get information ao"t. ;or these reasons* it is a good
idea to kee! a &ow !rofi&e in this as!ect* "nti& the &aw #"m!s into this decade
and changes. 7&so* d"e to &ack of ed"cation* some &oca&s can have a negative
181
Business English
attit"de regarding this s"#ect so it is est to kee! yo"r o!inions to yo"rse&f
: or at &east not e s"r!rised or angered y what yo" may find to e archaic
views.
. /atience
Gain some.
10 A 1ense of (umour
Get one.
Ways with words
1. S$ecial ter"s
sta'' : the !eo!&e who work for an organiIation* es!ecia&&y a schoo& or
"siness or the memers of s"ch a gro"!N
stray I an anima& that is &ost and cannot find its home or has no homeN
to s$ea) the Olingo# E to s!eak a &ang"age* es!ecia&&y a foreign one* or at
&east to know some "sef"& !hrasesN
%nderstate"ent I a way of descriing things as eing &ess good* ad*
im!ortant etc than they rea&&y are or a statement that is not strong eno"gh to
e5!ress how good* ad im!ressive etc something rea&&y is.
2. 2n this te5t there are severa& occ"rrences of the !re!osition a!ter and of
the ver to ta.e. 3ow &earn more !hrases containing the !re!osition a!ter
and the ver to ta.e.
after a&& Q &a "rma "rme&orN
after a whi&e Q d"!R cStRva vremeN
day after day Q Ii&e Tn HirN
to &ook after Q a avea gri#R deN
soon after Q c"rSnd d"!R.
to take advantage of Q a "ti&iIa* a va&orifica* a se !reva&a de* a se fo&osi de
ocaIiaN
to take an active !art in Q a &"a !arte activR &aN
182
Business English
to take acco"nt of Q a 9ine seama deN
to take care ofK to take charge of Q a-Hi as"ma rRs!"nderea* a avea gri#R deN
to take contro& of Q a-Hi as"ma contro&"&N
to take its co"rse Q a-Hi "rma c"rs"&N
to take for granted Q a &"a dre!t sig"r* a considera indisc"tai&N
to take an interest in... Q a manifesta interes fa9R de...N
to take the &ierty of C_-ing formD Q a-Hi &"a &iertatea de aM Ce.g. She too.
the liberty o! doing it in her own way.DN
to take into acco"ntK consideration Q a &"a Tn considera9ieN
to take noteK notice of Q a 9ine seama deN
to take oneEs own way Q a-Hi "rma ca&ea !ro!rieN
to take on Q a &"a as"!ra sa* a se TnsRrcinaN
to take over Q a !re&"aN
to take a stand Q a ado!ta "n !"nct de vedere* a &"a o !oIi9ieN
to take warning Q a fi !revenitN
to take a view of Q a considera* a !riviN
to take a weight off someodyEs mind Q a e&"cida o !ro&emR.
3ow !ractise these e5!ressions in sentences of yo"r own.
3. Read the fo&&owing sentence again. As.ing a stranger to ma.e love to you
on the spot' when you thought you were as.ing the time can get a bit
aw.ward" ?ow do yo" trans&ate on the spotB Ae&ow there are some !hrases
each containing the word spot. )atch the !hrases with the correct
definitions.
1 on the s!ot a at the centre of !"&ic attention
2 in the s!ot ! 6"ick* random e5amination
3 in the s!ot&ight c cash on de&ivery
4 s!ot-on d as!ect of a character*
sit"ation or organisation that
can e criticised
5 s!ot-check e immediate&y or at the !&ace of
183
Business English
action
6 !"t someone on the s!ot ' o"tstanding moment
7 s!ot-cash g ask someone a diffic"&t
6"estion or !"t someone in a
diffic"&t sit"ation
8 high s!ot h e m"ch etter than
9 weak s!ot i in a diffic"&t sit"ation
10 knock s!ots off & e5act&y right
4. 3ow com!&ete the fo&&owing sentences with s"ita&e !hrases from the &ist
aove.
a. WeEre MMMMMM MM at the moment eca"se one of o"r
iggest c"stomers has gone ankr"!t. ?e owed "s a &ot of
money.
!. Recent&y* The @isti&&ers com!any has een MMMMMMMMM .
Two com!anies have een fighting to take it over* and everyone has
een ta&king ao"t the takeover att&e.
c. The forecasts of o"r )arketing @e!artment have
eenMMMMMMMMM . 2 donEt know how they manage to e so
acc"rate.
d. 8"r terms for this consignment of r"er areMMMMMMMMM
e. 2 donEt want to wait for an answer. %anEt yo" give me a decision
MMMMMMMM.B
'. P %an we give yo" twenty machines for immediate de&iveryB
h 3ow* yo"Ere rea&&y MMMMMMme MMMMMM 2 donEt know
how many we have in stock.
g. The income ta5 officia&s often do a MMMMMMM on ta5!ayers
to make s"re they are giving acc"rate information.
h. The MMMMMMMM of o"r year is o"r staff !arty. 1ven the
%hairman &ets his hair down.
i. 8"r distri"tion system doesnEt cover certain areas of the co"ntry.
2tEs the MMMMMM in o"r "siness.
184
Business English
&. 2n my o!inion* o"r com!"ter !rod"cts MMMMMMMMM those
of o"r com!etitors.
5. Read the fo&&owing sentence again. As soon as you have !ought your way
o!! the bus that ta.es you !rom the airplane to the terminal building@ ?ow
do yo" trans&ate to !ight your way o!! the busB What is the difference
etween of and offB
3ever "se 8; and 8;; in !&ace of each other. Use a no"n or !rono"n o#ect
after 8; and "se an o#ect after 8;;* or "se it on its own to s"ggest
se!aration. 8;; may indicate.
- distance. it is a mi&e o!!
- de!art"re. o!! with itO
- se!aration. his head was c"t o!!
- com!&etion. have yo" finished it o!!%
- disconnecting. t"rn it o!!
3ow fi&& in with o! or o!!.
a. ?eEs MM to <eeds.
!. The door hand&e has come MM .
c. ?ow kind MM yo" to he&! him.
d. 2tEs time 2 was MM or 2 m"st e MM .
e. ?e&! her MM with her coat.
'. 2E&& have to get rid MM it.
g. Why donEt yo" have that f"nny eard MM B
h. 7 shi! anchored MM the entrance to the haro"r.
i. ThatEs the city MM @"&in.
&. ;inish MM one #o efore yo" start another.
). 2 think we&& MM them.
l. ?eEs een smoking MM whi&e he had the f&".
". What is a )aster MM 7rtB
n. The att&e was fo"ght MM %a!e Trafa&gar.
o. This man is hard MM hearing.
$. 7re yo" s"re MM itB
r. We&&* whatEs MM itB
185
Business English
s. ?e is a man MM h"m&e origin.
t. We m"st !ay MM o"r dets efore we "y a new car.
v. Their engagement is MM .
(. ?e was acc"sed MM crime.
x. 2E&& go to the theatre on my ne5t MM day.
y. ,he married at thirty years MM age.
;. 2E&& do it in my MM time Cfree from d"tyD.
6. 2n this te5t yo" have read ao"t stray dogs in Romania. 3ow &ean some
idioms with anima&s. %hoose the anima&
ird "&& cat cow
crocodi&e dog donkey fish
goat goose horse kitten
&ion !ig rat stag
a. T"rning "! ha&f an ho"r &ate for the interview rea&&y cooked
hisMMMMMM .
!. We were ho!ing to kee! the wedding a secret* "t my rother soon &et the
MMMMMM.o"t of the ag.
c. >o"Ere f&ogging a dead MMMMM.trying to get ?arry to change his
mindO
d. 2 donEt think 2Ed recogniIe her nowN itEsMMMMMMEs years since 2 &ast
saw her.
e. ?arry has rea&&y gone to the MMMMMMsince his wife died. <ooking at
him now* itEs hard to e&ieve he was once a s"ccessf"& arrister.
'. 2tEs not that 2 mind giving her a &ift home every T"esday* "t what gets
my MMMMMis the fact that sheEs never once offered to !ay for the !etro&.
g. 7s 2 had to go to ,wansea on "siness* 2 decided to ki&&
twoMMMMM.with one stone and visit my o&d schoo& as we&&.
h. 7&tho"gh he had on&y known her for two weeks he decided to take the
MMMMMy the horns and asked her to marry him.
i. ,he &oved tennis and co"&d watch it "nti& the MMMM..came home.
186
Business English
&. >o"Ere "!set now* 2 know. A"t yo"E&& soon forget her-after a&&* there are
!&enty moreMMMMMMin the sea.
). ThatEs the &ast time 2 invite ,teve for a mea&. ?e rea&&y made a
MMMMM..of himse&f &ast night.
l. @onEt e foo&edO ,heEs not a it sadN theyEre #"st MMMMMMMtears.
". When their grandfather died* Roert and his sister got theMMMM..Es
share of his money.
7. ;i&& in the ga!s with words from the &ist at the end of the te5t.
7 market economy is ased on !rivate C1D
MMMMMMMMMMMM in contrast to !&anned economy where
C(DMMMMMMMMMMMMownershi! !revai&s. 2n a free market
economy efficiency is the key word* whi&e on the other hand
command economy most &ike&y &eads to C3D
MMMMMMMMMMMMM . 2n a free market economy
inefficient "sinesses go C'DMMMMMMMMMMMM * whereas in
a command economy "sinesses are C+DMMMMMMMMMMM *
th"s a&&owing them to s"rvive in s!ite of their non-satisfactory
economic !erformance. This ena&es the &atter ty!e of economy to
resort to C-DMMMMMMMMMMMM* that is em!&oying more
!ersonne& than act"a&&y re6"ired. )arket economy &eads to high C7D
MMMMMMMMM of goods and services* whi&e on the other hand
!&anned economy wi&& not foc"s on offering high 6"a&ity goods and
services to C4DMMMMMMMM . This is d"e to the fact that in the
&atter ty!e of economy there is act"a&&y no C9DMMMMMMM* as
there are state C1/D MMMMMMMMMM and the o!tions of
c"stomers are severe&y restricted.
ban.rupt' competition' customers' ine!!iciency' monopolies' oversta!!ing'
ownership' /uality' state' subsidi=ed
187
Business English
Grammar Reference
The 'derb
The adver shows a characteristic of an event or state* a 6"a&ity thereof.
2t can modify.
a ver. We are ta&king ao"t yo"r re!ort today.
an ad#ective. ?e was bitterly disa!!ointed.
a no"n. Hnly Pohn knows the who&e tr"th.
a !rono"n. )e too.
another adver. ,he s!oke e;tremely &o"d.
a c&a"se. $aybe 2 wi&& come to yo"r !arty.
;orm
,im!&e
advers
@erived advers %om!o"nd advers 7dveria&
!hrases
;ar &ikewise everywhere at &east
fast af&oat o"tdoors at once
here homewardCsD o"tside y the way
&ate re!eated&y therey y a&& means
near hard&y therefore in f"&&
now month&y today in genera&
Then itter&y tomorrow in a&& !roai&ity
Today ha!!i&y wherein now and then
We&& e5ce&&ent&y wherefore of o&d
7dvers of manner. ad&yN caref"&&yN e5ce&&ent&yN fast
7dvers of !&ace. awayN aoardN aoveN anywhere
7dvers of time. a&readyN afterN afterwardsN ear&y
7dvers of 6"antity* meas"re* degree and a!!ro5imation. awf"&&yN
e5treme&yN eno"ghN &itt&e
7dvers of fre6"ency. a&waysN everN every timeN againN forever
7dvers of ca"se* reason* res"&t and concession. conse6"ent&yN foreN for this
reasonN henceN so that
188
Business English
2nterrogative advers. howN whereN whenN whereforeN why.
The Passie Voice
What voice are the "nder&ined vers in the sentence. 2t is a&so i&&ega& to
change money on the street and yo" wi&& e arrested and fined y the eag&e :
eyed !o&icemen* who are seen on the streets.
This is the !assive voice. Trans&ate it into Romanian. 3ow &earn ao"t the
!assive voice in 1ng&ish.
The vers which can acce!t the !assive voice are transitive vers and some
!re!ositiona& vers s"ch as. to acco"nt for* to attend to* to &ook at* to &ook
after* to send for* to s!eak to* etc.
There are some transitive vers which cannot acce!t the !asive voice s"ch
as. to have* to ho&d* to !ossess* to resem&e* etc.
2ts form consists of the res!ective tense of the a"5i&iary ver to be _ the !ast
!artici!&e of the &e5ica& ver.
The indicative mood
,im!&e Present 2 am ca&&ed
Present %ontin"o"s 2 am eing ca&&ed
Present Perfect 2 have een ca&&ed
,im!&e Past 2 was ca&&ed
Past %ontin"o"s 2 was eing ca&&ed
Past Perfect 2 had een ca&&ed
,im!&e ;"t"re 2 sha&& e ca&&ed
The im!erative mood <et me e asked
Uses.
2t is not "sed in the !resent !erfect contin"o"s* the !ast !erfect
contin"o"s or the f"t"re contin"o"s.
When the receiver of the action is more im!ortant than the !erformer
of the action.
When the !erformer of the action is not someone s!ecific.
The local cinema was closed down three years ago"
189
Business English
7 way of avoiding !&acing res!onsii&ity on any s!ecific !erson or
organiIation.
I am sorry that your letter was mislaid
To avoid a change of s"#ect in the sentence.
I went by train and was met at the station by my aunt"
2t is often "sed with vers of saying and e&ieving in these
constr"ctions.
+t _ passive _ that clause: It is e-pected that many people will die
!rom starvation in the ne;t decade"
here M passive M to !e9 There are belie2ed to be many homeless
teenagers living on the streets"
S%!&ect M passive M toIin!initive: 1he is considered to be the best
singer in the group"
Cet is often "sed with certain !ast !artici!&es. get engaged' get
married' get lost' get .illed' get dressed' get elected' get hit' get
drun."
We can "se !y M the $er'or"er o' the action after a ver in the
!assive if we want to say who or what did it.
Controlled practice
1. )aria is writing to her friend )ary in 1ng&and. ,heEs rather tired* and
sheEs &eft some of the words o"t y mistake. Rewrite )ariaEs &etter to )ary
!"tting in the advers and adver !hrases on the right.
@ear )ary*
Thank yo" for yo"r &etter. 2s it five months
since 2 &ast wroteB
rea&&y
2Em sorry* "t 2Eve een very "sy. &ate&y
2Em working for my e5ams. a&ready
2Eve !&anned my revision. caref"&&y
2 work "nti& ao"t ten oEc&ock in the evening. "s"a&&y
2Eve finished for today. #"st
2 donEt kee! my !&an. of co"rse
2 saw a marve&&o"s fi&m. yesterday
2t was ca&&ed FThe 1ng&ish PatientG. ?ave yo" yet
190
Business English
seen itB
2 donEt go o"t. act"a&&y* often
,"Ianne comes ao"t once a week. here
We ta&k. a &ot
2 ho!e to visit 1ng&and again. ne5t year
2 had a &ove&y time &ast year. there
2t wo"&d e great to see yo". again
2Em trying to save some money. hard
?ow are yo"B 2s yo"r a!artment a&& rightB
P&ease re!&y.
soon
<ove* yo"rs*
)aria
2. %hoose the correct word Cad#ective or adverD according to the meaning.
a. That was a ...... mo"ntain. Chigh* high&yD
!. Treat him ...... . Cfair* fair&yD
c. Airds can f&y ...... in the sky. Chigh* high&yD
d. ,ti&& waters r"n ..... . Cdee!* dee!&yD
e. ?e was ...... shocked. Cdee!* dee!&yD
'. ,he swam ...... in the &ake. Cdee!* dee!&yD
g. The ook cost ...... . Cdear* dear&yD
h. ?e &oves his son ...... . Cdear* dear&yD
i. ?e acted ...... . Ccoo&* coo&&yD
&. This is a ...... task. Chard* hard&yD
). ?e works ...... for the e5ams. Chard* hard&yD
l. ?e has ...... worked this week. Chard* hard&yD
". ?e was ...... to me. Ckind* kind&yD
n. Ao5ers are not a&&owed to hit ...... . C&ow* &ow&yD
o. ?is !osition is ...... . C&ow* &ow&yD
$. That was a ...... good attem!t. C!retty* !retti&yD
*. 2E&& se&& yo" the car ...... . Cchea!* chea!&yD
r. ,end this &etter ...... . Ce5!ress* e5!ress&yD
s. >o" !&ayed me ......N yo" sha&& !ay for it. Cfa&se* fa&se&yD
t. 2 did notN yo" acc"sed me ...... . Cfa&se. fa&se&yD
%. 2 got off first in the race "t managed to come... C&astK&ast&yD
191
Business English
v. 7nd* ... 2Ed &ike to thank a&& those who he&!ed me. C&astK&ast&yD
x. WeEve een receiving a &ot of #"nk mai&...C&ateK&ate&yD
y. 2 donEt think yo"Eve een treated very...C#"stK#"st&yD
;. 2 ... fe&& off the edge of the !&atformO CnearKnear&yD
3. Trans&ate into 1ng&ish.
a. )-am !"rtat !rosteHte* te rog iartR-mR.
!. 7 dat "n rRs!"ns oraInic.
c. @e-aia mi-am dat seama des!re ce vorea.
d. 3" e caI"& sR mR !riveHti atSt de ne!rietenos.
e. 0oi cere sR vRd acte&e Tn c"rs"& acestei dimine9i.
'. ,e !are cR tot n" a !rice!"t.
g. 3" voi !"tea a#"nge decSt &a +.
h. 3" voi !"tea a#"nge &a + ci doar &a -.
i. 3" &-am vRI"t de foarte m"&t tim!* dacR mR gSndesc ine n" &-am
vRI"t de cSnd am terminat fac"&tatea. @eci &-am vRI"t "&tima oarR
ac"m 1+ ani.
&. Vn tim!"& disc"rs"&"i s-a ridicat si a !&ecat.
). Tot n" a terminat sR se aran#eIe !entr" !etrecere.
l. )R TntS&nesc c" Pohn tot a do"a Ii.
". ,istematic "itR sR stingR &"mina &a aie.
n. ,-ar !rea !"tea sR aiR dre!tate.
o. 3" mi-e de&oc fricR.
4. Write the sentences with the adversKadveria& !hrases in rackets in the
correct !osition. 2f the advers can go in more than one !osition* !"t them in
the more "s"a& !osition"
a. 2Eve een working Cin my officeKa&& morningKhardD
!. ?e s!eaks to me Cin the morningsKneverKnice&yD
c. We were &istening Ca&& eveningKcaref"&&yD
d. ,heEs een s&ee!ing Cin that chairKa&& afternoonKso"nd&yD
e. ?e is Cat this time of dayK"s"a&&yKat the co&&egeD
'. The !ostman comes Cin the morningKvery ear&yD
192
Business English
g. 2 tho"ght yo" s!oke Cin that meetingKvery we&&KyesterdayD
h. We go swimming Con ,at"rdaysKgenera&&yKat the &oca& !oo&D
i. 2 o"ght these #eans Cin the sa&esKvery chea!&yK&ast weekD
&. ?eEs een Cto a dentistKneverKin his &ifeD
5. Trans&ate the fo&&owing sentences into 1ng&ish.
a. T" vei fi chematR de director mSine sR e5!&ici deciIia ta.
!. 1& este Tntreat dacR este vegetarian.
c. ,o&"9ia a fost gRsitR de frate&e me".
d. )i s-a" f"rat anii.
e. Pro&ema a fost reIo&vatR recent !rin introd"cerea internet"&"i.
'. @octor"& a fost chemat.
g. 1& a fost a&es !reHedinte&e com!aniei Tn 1997.
h. %o!iii s"nt Tntrea9i dacR Hti" Tn ce constR com!oIi9ia acestei
s"stante.
i. ,e constr"iesc foarte m"&te case Ii&e&e acestea.
6. P"t the fo&&owing sentences into the Passive.
a. Who drew this asym!toteB
!. Peo!&e in my town "i&t this hos!ita& &ast year.
c. Pohn canEt have done this.
d. The so&diers sha&& hand in a&& their wea!ons.
e. %hi&dren had cast stones.
7. Transfer these !assive sentences into active ones. When no agent is given
s"!!&y one.
a. )y drawings were shown at the art e5hiition in (///.
!. When was yo"r car sto&enB
c. 72@, is tho"ght to e c"ra&e.
d. The gir& has een made to recite the !oem and everyody has given
her a ig hand.
193
Business English
e. The !risoners were foridden to smoke when they were transferred
into the new "i&ding.
8. P"t the fo&&owing into the !assive. )ention the agent each time.
a. <ightning str"ck the o&d oak.
!. Thirst and fatig"e overcame the e5!&orers.
c. 7 #e&&yfish st"ng her.
d. 1dison invented the e&ectric "&.
e. The A.A.%. wi&& roadcast this !&ay again ne5t week.
'. ;a&&ing rocks ki&&ed two of the c&imers.
g. Aeavers make these dams.
h. <ast nightEs storm &ew those te&e!hone !o&es down.
i. 7 !o&iceman ca&&ed ,teward ca"ght the thief.
&. )r. West !inned "! the notice.
9. 2n this e5ercise the sentences contain a ver _ !re!ositionKadver
comination. The !re!osition or adver m"st e retained when the
comination is !"t into the !assive.
T"rn these sentences into the !assive voice Csometimes the agent is
re6"iredD.
a. They threw him o"t.
!. 7&& the ministers wi&& see him off at the air!ort.
c. 1veryone &ooked "! to him.
d. ?e hasnEt s&e!t in his ed.
e. ?er story didnEt take them in.
'. A"rg&ars roke into the ho"se.
g. They took down the notice.
h. ;og he&d "! the trains.
i. We ca&&ed in the !o&ice.
&. They didnEt &ook after the chi&dren !ro!er&y.
). Peo!&e often take him for his rother.
l. 3o one has taken o"t the cork.
194
Business English
195
Business English
Unit 14