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DC Machines: King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Department of Electrical Engineering
DC Machines: King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Department of Electrical Engineering
DC Machines: King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Department of Electrical Engineering
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Mechanical
2o6er o1t
Electrical
2o6er in
D" &o6er
s122l4
The 3ollo6in0 3i01res sho6 the e>1ivalent circ1it o3 a se2aratel4 e:cite. .c
motor. E>1ivalent circ1it is similar to the 0enerator onl4 the c1rrent .irections are
.i33erent. The o2eration e>1ations are:
Armat1re volta0e e>1ation
The in.1ce. volta0e an. motor s2ee. vs an01lar 3re>1enc4
The com5ination o3 the e>1ations res1lts in
The c1rrent is calc1late. 3rom this e>1ation. The o1t21t 2o6er an. tor>1e are:
II. DC GENERATORS
A. General Information
Most common electrical a22liances @e.g./ electric li0ht;51l5s an. electric heatin0
elementsA 6or7 3ine on ac electrical 2o6er. *o6ever/ there are some sit1ations in 6hich
.c 2o6er is 2re3era5le. For instance/ small electric motors @e.g./ those 6hich 2o6er 3oo.
mi:ers an. vac11m cleanersA 6or7 ver4 6ell on ac electricit4/ 51t ver4 lar0e electric
motors @e.g./ those 6hich 2o6er s156a4 trainsA 0enerall4 6or7 m1ch 5etter on .c
electricit4. Let 1s investi0ate ho6 .c electricit4 can 5e 0enerate..
B. Construction
The constr1ction o3 the D" Generator is the same li7e the D" Motor. #o 4o1 can
re3er to that 2art to see the constr1ction.
C. How DC Generator Works
I3 an armat1re revolves
5et6een t6o stationar4 3iel.
2oles/ the c1rrent in the armat1re
moves in one .irection .1rin0
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brush a am am dc
V R I E V + + =
m
n % =
m am dc am f m
R I V E I K = =
am am out
I E P =
f am m
out
I I K
P
T = =
hal3 o3 each revol1tion an. in the other .irection .1rin0 the other hal3. To 2ro.1ce a
stea.4 3lo6 o3 1ni.irectional/ or .irect/ c1rrent 3rom s1ch a .evice/ it is necessar4 to
2rovi.e a means o3 reversin0 the c1rrent 3lo6 o1tsi.e the 0enerator once .1rin0 each
revol1tion. In ol.er machines this reversal is accom2lishe. 54 means o3 a comm1tator/ a
s2lit metal rin0 mo1nte. on the sha3t o3 the armat1re. The t6o halves o3 the rin0 are
ins1late. 3rom each other an. serve as the terminals o3 the armat1re coil. Fi:e. 5r1shes
o3 metal or car5on are hel. a0ainst the comm1tator as it revolves/ connectin0 the coil
electricall4 to e:ternal 6ires. As the armat1re t1rns/ each 5r1sh is in contact alternatel4
6ith the halves o3 the comm1tator/ chan0in0 2osition at the moment 6hen the c1rrent in
the armat1re coil reverses its .irection. Th1s there is a 3lo6 o3 1ni.irectional c1rrent in
the o1tsi.e circ1it to 6hich the 0enerator is connecte.. D" 0enerators are 1s1all4
o2erate. at 3airl4 lo6 volta0es to avoi. the s2ar7in0 5et6een 5r1shes an. comm1tator
that occ1rs at hi0h volta0e. The hi0hest 2otential commonl4 .evelo2e. 54 s1ch
0enerators is -00 (. In some ne6er machines this reversal is accom2lishe. 1sin0 2o6er
electronic .evices/ 3or e:am2le/ .io.e recti3iers.
D. DC Generator Operation
The N;# 2oles 2ro.1ce a .c ma0netic 3iel.
an. the rotor coil t1rns in this 3iel.. A t1r5ine
or other machine .rives the rotor. The
con.1ctors in the slots c1t the ma0netic 3l1:
lines/ 6hich in.1ce volta0e in the rotor coils.
The coil has t6o si.es: one is 2lace. in slot a/
the other in slot 5. In Fi01re a/ the con.1ctors
in slot a are c1ttin0 the 3iel. lines enterin0
into the rotor 3rom the north 2ole/ the
con.1ctors in slot 5 are c1ttin0 the 3iel. lines
e:itin0 3rom the rotor to the so1th 2ole. The
c1ttin0 o3 the 3iel. lines 0enerates volta0e in the con.1ctors. The volta0es 0enerate. in
the t6o si.es o3 the coil are a..e.. The in.1ce. volta0e is connecte. to the 0enerator
terminals thro10h the comm1tator an. 5r1shes. In Fi01re a/ the in.1ce. volta0e in 5 is
2ositive/ an. in a is ne0ative. The 2ositive terminal is connecte. to comm1tator se0ment
% an. to the con.1ctors in slot 5. The ne0ative terminal is connecte. to se0ment an. to
the con.1ctors in slot a. +hen the coil 2asses the ne1tral =one:
"on.1ctors in slot a are then movin0
to6ar. the so1th 2ole an. c1t 3l1:
lines e:itin0 3rom the rotor
"on.1ctors in slot 5 c1t the 3l1: lines
enterin0 the in slot 5.
This chan0es the 2olarit4 o3 the in.1ce.
volta0e in the coil. The volta0e in.1ce. in a is
; - ;
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30
N #
B v
v
a
+
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@aA Rotor c1rrent 3lo6 3rom se0ment to % @slot a to +A
30
N #
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a
+
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B
v v
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rD.c
@5A Rotor c1rrent 3lo6 3rom se0ment % to @slot + to aA
no6 2ositive/ an. in 5 is ne0ative. The sim1ltaneo1sl4 the comm1tator reverses its
terminals/ 6hich ass1res that the o1t21t volta0e @(.cA 2olarit4 is 1nchan0e.. In Fi01re 5:
The 2ositive terminal is connecte. to comm1tator se0ment an. to the
con.1ctors in slot a.
The ne0ative terminal is connecte. to se0ment % an. to the con.1ctors in slot 5.
E. DC Generator Equivalent circuit
The ma0netic 3iel. 2ro.1ce. 54 the stator 2oles in.1ces a volta0e in the rotor @or
armat1reA coils 6hen the 0enerator is rotate.. This in.1ce. volta0e is re2resente. 54 a
volta0e so1rce. The stator coil has resistance/ 6hich is connecte. in series. The 2ole 3l1:
is 2ro.1ce. 54 the D" e:citationE3iel. c1rrent/ 6hich is ma0neticall4 co12le. to the
rotor. The 3iel. circ1it has resistance an. a so1rce. The volta0e .ro2 on the 5r1shes
re2resente. 54 a 5atter4. The 3ollo6in0 3i01re e>1ivalent circ1it o3 a se2aratel4 e:cite.
.c 0enerator.
The ma0netic 3iel.
2ro.1ce. 54 the stator
2oles in.1ces a volta0e in
the rotor @or armat1reA
coils 6hen the 0enerator
is rotate.. The .c 3iel.
c1rrent o3 the 2oles
0enerates a ma0netic
3l1:. The 3l1: is
2ro2ortional 6ith the 3iel. c1rrent i3 the iron core is not sat1rate.:
The rotor con.1ctors c1t the 3iel. lines that 0enerate volta0e in the coils.
The motor s2ee. an. 3l1: e>1ations are :
The com5ination o3 the three e>1ation res1lts the
in.1ce. volta0e e>1ation:
GThe e>1ation is sim2li3ie..
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Mechanical
2o6er in
Electrical
2o6er o1t
f ag
I K
=
v B N E
g r ag
% =
%
g
D
v =
g g ag
D B =
( )
ag r g g r
g
g r g r ag
N D B N
D
B N v B N E = =
= =
%
% %
f m f r ag r ag
I K I K N N E = = =
+hen the 0enerator is loa.e./ the loa. c1rrent 2ro.1ces a volta0e .ro2 on the rotor
6in.in0 resistance. In a..ition/ there is a more or less constant H3 ( volta0e .ro2 on the
5r1shes. These t6o volta0e .ro2s re.1ce the terminal volta0e o3 the 0enerator. The
terminal volta0e isB
CONCLUSION
In this st1.4 an. search o3 this 2o6er technolo04 6e 3o1n. that it is not 1se.
6i.el4 5eca1se o3 its cost com2arin0 6ith A" machine an. I ho2e that this 2o6er
technolo04 6ill 5e .evelo2e. an. 1se. ver4 commonl4 in the 31t1re.
REFRENCES
. Microso3t Enc4clo2e.ia Encarta %00)
%. htt2:EE666.eas.as1.e.1EI7ara.4E360Dst133ELect1resEL
ect1reJ%0%)J%0360D"ha2terD8DD"J%0Motors.22t
3. htt2:EE666.ee.n1i0al6a4.ieEs15<ectsEee30%Elect1resEL
8J%0D"J%0MotorsJ%0%.2.3
). htt2:EE666.1sace.arm4.milEinetE1sace;
.ocsEarm4tmEtm-;6?%;%Echa2?(OL;%.2.3
-. htt2:EE666.3ac1lt4.1a3.e.1E33r66Eee303EFall%00ELa5
sEe303la5?.2.3
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brush a ag dc ag
V R I V E + + =
6. htt2:EE666.t215.comEneetsE5oo7-E-.htm
F. htt2:EE=one.ni.comE.ev=oneE.ev=one6e5.ns3EO2en.ocK
o2ena0entL%)"-"FAF0-!36E%086%-68E00F%!EF
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8. htt2:EE3arsi.e.2h.1te:as.e.1Eteachin0E30%lElect1resEno.
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