Introduction:

With the passage of time our sewers structure needs rehabilitation and repair to keep them up and
sufficient for the communities that count on it. Dealing with the aging problem of underground structure
is a main concern of many cities and sanitary sewer. (1)
The most important part of the rehabilitation is the design and construction of effective temporary by-pass
pipe line system to convert flow from the sections of a pipe which is under rehabilitation or replacement
and keep the service for the residence and businesses during the construction without any interruption.
For the projects which have the large-diameter pipes, bypassing by itself is a vital project. Depending on
the nature and scope of the project, bypass pumping can be relatively easy or extremely difficult and
complicated, said Lynn Osborn (senior applications manager for Insituform Technologies, a leading
worldwide provider of proprietary technologies and services for rehabilitating sewer, water, energy and
other industrial pipelines) (1)
For small sewers, the flow is often plugged or handled with one small pump, Osborn continued. As
pipe diameters and flow rates increase, bypass pumping can become one of the most complex and costly
components of the project, especially when flows can exceed 100 million gallons per day. (1)
However, the importance of bypass pumping is always critical because sewage overflows or spills, large
or small, can cause significant project consequences, social impact and/or environmental damage. (1)
The core of bypass system is a pumps and equipment that many of companies have designed them to
meet the bypass demands .there are some manufactures that provide these equipment5s and pumps on a
rental bases. (1)

Figure():bypass pumping (2)
Objective
To get and spread working knowledge of Bypass pumping

Project Scope and Limitations
The Scope of the project is:
To know what is bypass pumping
where, why and when bypass pumping is used
Aspects of Sewer bypass pumping are included in the study
The project is limited to:
This project do not include the in-depth knowledge of design of pumps and its components
Bypass pumping in water mains rehabilitation work is not included
Importance of bypass pumping
Bypass pumping is a critical element of many rehab projects. Temporary bypass systems are used to
transfer water supplies and sewage flow, so that these vital services are uninterrupted during
construction. http://www.griffindewatering.com/dewatering/bypass.html#.U4axtfldVps
When a sewer line is subjected to rehabilitation works, sometimes the flow of sewage cannot simply be
diverted; it must be bypassed or temporarily pumped around the pipe being repaired or replaced. Its
very important to keep in mind the location of the city (i.e. residential, commercial or industrial). To do
this, pumps capable of pumping trash- and sewage-laden effluent are used.
I n Sewer lines:
In sewer line when theres a rehab project is carried out its necessary to pump the sewer across the
activity boundaries downstream and release it to reduce the obstacle of sewer water passage during
rehab operation and to stop the waste to spill over the road and causing nuisance to the public around
that area. The sewer water may cause spread of disease and harm the inhabitants of the area where the
activity is going on. For this purpose its very important to bypass the sewer and stop it from spilling over
or moving through the activity boundary.
I n lift stations:
There are many reasons for bypass pumping in lift stations such as aging, new construction ,lift station
recovery (they are facilities which is used to convey water from lower level to higher one within the
pipes),lift station out of order or malfunctioning, separation of force mains or any combination of these
factors. (3)
Bypassing sewage is important because without any treatment it can result in the discharge of sewage into
rivers so the harmful bacteria and some chemical toxins will increase than their normal level and it can
impact downstream communities and wildlife. Here is a table which is comparing total volume of treating
sewage and the ones without any treatment in London city. (4)

As it is clear in the above table for example the city of London treated more than 75000 million liters for the
sewage and also there were 58 by-pass events without any treatment which is caused 225million liters of average
daily flow of sewage goes into the Thames river. (4)
Pumping Activity (I gave a general idea here if you find it interesting then we can tell others)
Although there are many different techniques for
doing temporary bypass pumping, the techniques
vary from contractor to contractor. Generally, a
pump or set of pumps that are adequate to bypass
the maximum flow of a sewer line which is subjected
to rehab/ inspection are placed and a system is made
to bypass sewer from upstream and across the pipe
which is subjected to inspection or rehabilitation to
the downstream line leaving it dry. For this purpose
after the system the pipe is blocked temporarily with
the help of plugs and the sewer bypass begins and
continues until the assigned activity is done on the
pipe and the pipe is free to pass the sewer again.
http://www.aquatechdewatering.com/how_do
_you_do_that_article.php?Design-a-Bypass-
Pumping-System-4 image reference
Pumps and equipment:
Practically all bypass processes can be done and accomplished by use of wide variety of bypass
equipment such as pipes and pumps.
Practically piping is HDPE, Ductile iron or PVC are allowable .Hoses should be of rough construction
and valves normally must be of a type that stops trash in the sewage from twisting on obstacles. Typically
centrifugal pumps are used in this regard.
Pumps are the most important part of the bypass process and all of them are guaranteed by the laws of
physics. At sea level the theoretic maximum suction lift for water (it doesnt matter if it is self-priming or
vacuum assist) is 33.9 feet.
There are some factors that can limit the pumps to a practical lift of less (25 to 28 feet), so thats why we
need specific type of pumps which is called submersible at deeper settings. There is no limitation for them
in suction lift. Bypassing with suction lift of less than 25 feet and above the ground are accomplished by
prime-assisted pump. Self-priming or prime-assisted pump. There is a factor which is calls NPSHRA
which is stand for Net Positive Suction Head Available. This factor plays an important role in the proper
pump selection. (5)
Centrifugal Pump
It is a pump that is used centrifugal force to improve pressure (6)
The centrifugal pump increase force by shifting mechanical energy of the motor to the fluid with rotating
impeller.
The force of centrifugal pumps increase the speed of fluid and then dynamic energy is transformed to
pressure.
Just to understand it better, imagine you are drinking water by a straw .You create a vacuum in
the straw and the fluid rise up because of the atmospheric pressure but even under the best
condition you cannot lift the water more than 33.9 feet. If you stand on a four-story building and
you have enough straw long it will not rise more than 33.9 feet. Thats why you need an extra
pressure. (7) while giving example I think it is not good to use you/I in a project report.
There are some pros and cons about centrifugal pumps. In this case, suction hoses are available through
almost all the openings, furthermore it can be used in parallel or in series but you have to keep in mind
the prefers capacity in gpm (normally it is predetermind) and also net positive suction head (3)
Pumps in Parallel:

It is important to know that peak flow can easily become more than the capacity of any pump, so multiple
pumps in parallel are required. Discharge heads can also exceed the maximum capacity of pump which
would require pumps in series. (3)
Pumps in series:
In this category you have to use two or more pumps at the same time. There is a connection between the
first pump discharge and the second pump suction so it can make more head pressure by each pump this
is not usually recommended for sewage because if one of the pumps fail you cannot discharge to the
chosen point. (3)


FIGUER (): CENTRIFUGAL PUMP (6)


What are submersible pumps?
Submersible are kind of centrifugal pumps with a motor that is attach to it and are flooded in the sewage.
They are commonly electrically driven but in some cases you can find them hydraulically driven by a
power pack which can be motor or diesel. (3)

Figure (): submersible pump (3)
There are some advantages about submersible pumps .for example by submersible pumps you have
constant priming and also there is no limitation for suction lift but on the other hand you have some
disadvantages .for instance It cannot be accessible from most of the opening because of the physical size
and their weight, They must be removed for cleaning the thrashers that stuck in the impeller, If there is no
electrical power around ,you need to use generator, Submersibles need a special amount of submergence
on the volutes for operating correctly and for cooling the motor, so they need NPSHA, but it is not as
dangerous as the above ground centrifugal. (2)
There are some factors that when you use this kind of pumps you have to be aware of them:
1. Peak flow rate in GPM
2. Statics discharge rate: vertical distance from fluid to the pint that you discharge
3. Size, length and type of piping and fitting (3)