Introduction To Organic

Chemistry

Lecture 1
12.1 Introduction
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to :
1. List the elements that made up organic compounds C, ,
O, !, ", # and halogens.
2. #tate the ability of carbon to form $ co%alent bonds &ith
other carbons or elements.
'. (ifferentiate bet&een saturated and unsaturated organic
compounds.
$. )i%e e*amples of organic compounds used in medicine,
engineering, biotechnology and agriculture.

WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY?
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds.
Organic compounds contain as &ell as C, &hile other
common elements are O, !, the halogens, # and ".
There are many %arieties of organic compounds
+ more than 1, millions---.
They may e*ist as simple or comple* molecules/ as gases,
li0uids or solid and coloured or colourless.


1*amples :2
C
$

methane +a component of natural gas.
methyl salicylic acid +aspirin2a drug.
OCOCH
3
COOH

CH
2
C
O
NH
O
S
N
COOH
penicillin (an antibiotic)
Cl CH Cl
CCl
3
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetane
(DDT- a pesticide component)

All organic componds consist o! carbon atom"
#roperties o! carbon atom$
-has % &alence electrons"
-can !orm % co&alent bonds"
C C
Single bond
C C C C
Doble bond
Triple bond

Hydrocarbons
saturated unsaturated
Contains only single
bonds ( -C-C- )
Examples: alkanes,
cycloalkanes
Contains at least
one carbon-carbon
double bond (-C=C-)
or triple bond (-C
C-).
Examples: alkenes,
alkynes.

Uses of organic compounds
3edicine Antibiotics are used to fight
bacterial and fungal
infections
1ngineering )asoline2as a fuel for
internal combustion
engines.
4iotechnology )enetic information li5e
(!A
Agriculture ((T2as insectisides to 5ill
harmful insects.

Lecture 2:
12.2 3olecular and #tructural 6ormulae
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson the students should
be able to :
(efine structural formula.
(ra& structural formula in the form of e*panded,
condensed and s5eletal structures based on the
molecular formula.
1*plain primary +17., secondary +27., tertiary +'7. and
0uaternary +$7. carbon.

Structural formula sho's ho' the
atoms in a molecle are bonded to
each other"
3 types o! strctral !ormla$
8
condensed structure
8
e*panded structure
8
s5eletal structure

2- Dimensional formula
Condensed Structure
Does not sho' single bonds bet'een carbon and
hydrogen atoms( bt doble and triple bonds are
sho'n"
All atoms that are attached to a carbon are
'ritten immediately a!ter that carbon"

C
%
H
)
Cl CH
3
CHCH
2
CH
3

(Condensed structure)



H
2
C
C
H
2
CH
2
CH
2
H
2
C
H
2
C
*+amples$
ii) Cyclohexane, C
6
H
12
iii) Aldehyde, CH
3
CH
CH
3
CH

!x"anded Structure
*+panded strctres indicate ho' atoms are
attached to each other bt are not representations
o! the actal shapes o! the molecles"
C
%
H
)
Cl
#olecular
$ormula
!x"anded structure
C C C C

Cl

1*amples:
i. Alcohol +C
2

9
O.
ii. Carbo*ylic acid +C
'

9
O
2
.
C

O
C

C
O
O

Skeletal Structure
Sho's only the carbon s,eleton"
Hydrogen atoms are not 'ritten"
Other atoms sch as O( Cl( N etc" are sho'n"
i) CH
3
CH(Cl)CH
2
CH
3
-

Cl
ii) -

2
C C
2

2
C C
2


3- Dimensional formula
% &ed'e ( dashed &ed'e ( line formula )
Describes ho' the atoms o! a molecle
are arranged in space"

*+ample $ .romoethane


or or


)ndication *-
*bonds that lie in the "lane
*bonds that lie behind the "lane
*bonds that "ro+ect out of the "lane
C
4r

C
.r
H
H
H
C
H
.r
H
H
C
H
H
.r
H

A carbon atom can be classified as
primary carbon(1
o
) :bonded to 1 C
secondary carbon(2
o
) : bonded to 2 C
tertiary carbon(3
o
) : bonded to 3 C
quarternary carbon(4
o
) : bonded to $ C
Classification of C atoms*

C
CH
3
H
/
0
carbon
/
0
carbon

C C
'
CH
3
CH
3
3
0
carbon

1
1
1
1
1
H C C C CH
2
C CH
3
H
H
H
H
H
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3

2
2
H C C C CH
2
C CH
3
H
H
H
H
H
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3

, 3
H C C C CH
2
C CH
3
H
H
H
H
H
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3

C
'
+C
2
.CCl+C
'
.
2
1estion
Condensed
Structure
!x"anded
Structure
S-eletal
Structure

C
H
H
H
C CH
H
H
CH
3
CH
3