Dr Deanna Horvath

Major structures
Nose, nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and their branches
Lungs and alveoli
Air flows through each structure and onto the
next structure in line
Each structure has protective features like
Hairs, cilia, glands for mucous, macrophages etc
Trachea (windpipe)
10-12 cm long
respiratory mucosa
trap & remove debris
16-20 C-shaped cartilage
rings
prevent collapse
ends midthorax
primary bronchi
Conducting Zone
Bronchial Tree
primary bronchi 1
st
in series of branches
Conducting Zone
Bronchial Tree
cartilage
gradually & disappears by bronchioles
epithelium
pseudostratified columnar cuboidal
smooth muscle
gradually & complete layer in bronchioles
innervated by ANS
parasympathetic bronchoconstriction
sympathetic bronchodilation
Conducting Zone
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar
sacs (clusters of alveoli)
~300 million alveoli account for most of the
lungs volume
main site for gas exchange
Type I cells gas exchange
Type II cells secrete surfactant
Alveolar macrophages for immune function
MariebFig.22.8(a)
Mechanics of Breathing
diaphragm contracts
(moves down)
lungs stretched ( volume)
decreased pressure
air flows into lungs
pressure equalises
(end inspiration)
AIR IN AIR OUT
diaphragm relaxes
(passive movement)
lungs recoil ( volume)
increased pressure
air flows out of lungs
pressure equalises
(end expiration)
amount of air moving in & out of the lungs
varies
can be measured with spirometry
common pulmonary
function tests
Lung Volumes & Capacities
respiratory (lung) volumes
depend on conditions of inspiration & expiration
respiratory capacities
consist of 2 or more lung volumes
ventilations
rate of gas movement into or out of lungs
Lung Volumes & Capacities
IRV
ERV
RV
TV
3
4
5
6
2
1
0
Litres
volume of air inspired & expired with each breath at rest
~ 500 ml
volume of air that can be forcefully inspired after a
normal tidal inspiration
volume of air that can be forcefully expired after a
normal tidal expiration
volume of air remaining after a forced expiration
Lung Volumes & Capacities
IRV
IC
FRC
TLC
VC
ERV
RV
TV
3
4
5
6
2
1
0
Litres
volume that can be inspired after a normal expiration
= TV + IRV
volume of air that can be moved in/out in a single breath
= TV + IRV + ERV
volume of air remaining after a normal expiration
= RV + ERV
total amount of air contained within the lungs
= RV + ERV + TV + IRV
Copyright 2010PearsonEducation, Inc.
Ventilation
Minute Ventilation Rate (V
E
)
total volume of gas that flows into or out of
respiratory tract in 1 minute
= TV x f
Example
= 500 ml/breath x 12 breaths/min
= 6000 ml/min
Dead Space
However, not all air is involved in gas exchange
dead space gas remains in conducting zones 150mls
Ventilation
Alveolar Ventilation Rate (V
A
)
total volume of gas that flows into or out of
the alveoli in 1 minute
ie. volume of air involved in gas exchange
= (TV-dead space) x f
measures effectiveness of ventilation
Example
= (500 ml - 150ml dead space) x 12
breaths/min
= 4200 ml/min
Ventilation
Effects of breathing rate & depth
Examples
TV DS f V
E
V
A
(ml) (ml) (ml/min) (ml/min)
150
150
150
150 150
250
1000
500
40
24
6
12
6000
6000
6000
6000
0
2400
5100
4200
Factors Affecting Gas Movement
Henrys Law
P
A
O
2
= 100
P
A
CO
2
= 40
Pulm. A Pulm. V
P
V
O
2
= 100
P
V
CO
2
= 40
P
A
O
2
= 40
P
A
CO
2
= 45
O
2
CO
2
2013PearsonEducation, Inc.
Figure 22.17 Partial pressure gradients promoting gas movements in the body.
Inspired air:
PO2
PCO2
160 mm Hg
0.3 mm Hg
Alveoli of lungs:
PO2
PCO2
104 mm Hg
40 mm Hg
Ex t ernal
respi rat i on
Pulmonary
arteries
Alveoli
Pulmonary
veins (PO2
100 mm Hg)
Blood leaving
tissues and
entering lungs:
PO2
PCO2
40 mm Hg
45 mm Hg
Blood leaving
lungs and
entering tissue
capillaries:
PO2
PCO2
100 mm Hg
40 mm Hg
Systemic
veins
Systemic
arteries
I nt ernal
respi rat i on
Tissues:
PO2
less than 40 mm Hg
PCO2
greater than 45 mm Hg
Heart