Unit4 KCV

4.
Introduction
There are many reasons for studying initial and nal conditions. The most important reason is that
the initial and nal conditions evaluate the arbitrary constants that appear in the general solution
of a differential equation.
In this chapter, we concentrate on nding the change in selected variables in a circuit when
a switch is thrown open from closed position or vice versa. The time of throwing the switch is
considered to be t = 0, and we want to determine the value of the variable at t = 0 and at
+
t = 0 , immediately before and after throwing the switch. Thus a switched circuit is an electrical
circuit with one or more switches that open or close at time t = 0. We are very much interested
in the change in currents and voltages of energy storing elements after the switch is thrown since
these variables along with the sources will dictate the circuit behaviour for t > 0.
Initial conditions in a network depend on the past history of the circuit (before t = 0 ) and
structure of the network at t = 0+ , (after switching). Past history will show up in the form of
capacitor voltages and inductor currents. The computation of all voltages and currents and their
derivatives at t = 0+ is the main aim of this chapter.
4.2
Initial and final conditions in elements
4.2.1 The inductor
The switch is closed at t = 0. Hence t = 0 corresponds

to the instant when the switch is just open and t = 0+
corresponds to the instant when the switch is just closed.
The expression for current through the
inductor is given by
i
1
L
Zt
Figure 4.1 Circuit for explaining

vd
switching action of an inductor
278
Network Theory
i(t)
1
L
0
Z
vd
= i(0 ) +
1
L
1
L
Zt
Zt
vd
vd
Putting t = 0+ on both sides, we get

i(0
i(0
) = i(0 ) +
1
L
0
Z+
vd
) = i(0 )
The above equation means that the current in an inductor cannot change instantaneously.
Consequently, if i(0 ) = 0, we get i(0+ ) = 0. This means that at t = 0+ , inductor will act
as an open circuit, irrespective of the voltage across the terminals. If i(0 ) = Io , then i(0+ ) = Io .
In this case at t = 0+ , the inductor can be thought of as a current source of Io A. The equivalent
circuits of an inductor at t = 0+ is shown in Fig. 4.2.
t = 0+
Figure 4.2 The initial-condition equivalent circuits of an inductor
The nal-condition equivalent circuit of an inductor is derived from the basic relationship
v
=L
di
dt
di
Under steady condition,

= 0. This means, v = 0 and hence L acts as short at t =
(nal
dt
or steady state). The nal-condition equivalent circuits of an inductor is shown in Fig.4.3.
t=
Io
Io
Figure 4.3 The final-condition equivalent circuit of an inductor
Initial Conditions in Network
279
4.2.2 The capacitor
The switch is closed at t = 0. Hence, t = 0

corresponds to the instant when the switch is
just open and t = 0+ corresponds to the instant
when the switch is just closed. The expression
for voltage across the capacitor is given by
=

v (t)
v (t)
1
C
1
C
Zt
0
Z
id
= v (0 ) +
switching action of a Capacitor
Evaluating the expression at t =

v (0
Figure 4.4 Circuit for explaining
id
1
C
0+ ,
) = v (0 ) +
1
C
Zt
id
id
we get
1
C
0
Z+
id
v (0
) = v (0 )
Thus the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously.

If v (0 ) = 0, then v (0+ ) = 0. This means that at t = 0+ , capacitor C acts as short circuit.
q0
q0
Conversely, if v (0 ) =
then v (0+ ) = . These conclusions are summarized in Fig. 4.5.
C
Figure 4.5 Initial-condition equivalent circuits of a capacitor
The nalcondition equivalent network is derived from the basic relationship

i
dv
=C
dv
dt
Under steady state condition,

= 0. This is, at t = , i = 0. This means that t =
dt
or in steady state, capacitor C acts as an open circuit. The nal condition equivalent circuits of a
capacitor is shown in Fig. 4.6.
280
Network Theory
Figure 4.6 Final-condition equivalent circuits of a capacitor
4.2.3 The resistor
The causeeffect relation for an ideal resistor is given by v = Ri. From this equation, we nd that
the current through a resistor will change instantaneously if the voltage changes instantaneously.
Similarly, voltage will change instantaneously if current changes instantaneously.
4.3
Procedure for evaluating initial conditions
There is no unique procedure that must be followed in solving for initial conditions. We usually
solve for initial values of currents and voltages and then solve for the derivatives. For nding
initial values of currents and voltages, an equivalent network of the original network at t = 0+ is
constructed according to the following rules:
(1) Replace all inductors with open circuit or with current sources having the value of current
owing at t = 0+ .
(2) Replace all capacitors with short circuits or with a voltage source of value vo =
is an initial charge.
q0
C
if there
(3) Resistors are left in the network without any changes.

EXAMPLE
4.1
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. 4.7(a). Find

for t < 0.
i1 (0
+)
and
iL (0
+ ).
The circuit is in steady state
t=0
Figure 4.7(a)
1W
1W
281
SOLUTION
The symbol for the switch implies

that it is open at t = 0 and then
closed at t = 0+ . The circuit is
in steady state with the switch open.
This means that at t = 0 , inductor L is short. Fig.4.7(b) shows the
original circuit at t = 0 .
Using the current division principle,
1W
1W
Figure 4.7(b)
2 1
= 1A
iL (0 ) =
1+1
Since the current in an inductor cannot change instantaneously, we have
iL (0
) = iL (0 ) = 1A
At t = 0 , i1 (0 ) = 2 1 = 1A. Please note that the current in a resistor can change

instantaneously. Since at t = 0+ , the switch is just closed, the voltage across R1 will be equal to
zero because of the switch being short circuited and hence,
i1 (0
) = 0A
Thus, the current in the resistor changes abruptly form 1A to 0A.

EXAMPLE
4.2
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. 4.8. Find vC (0+ ). Assume that the switch was in closed state for
a long time.
Figure 4.8
SOLUTION
The symbol for the switch implies that it is closed at t = 0 and then opens at t = 0+ . Since the
circuit is in steady state with the switch closed, the capacitor is represented as an open circuit at
t = 0 . The equivalent circuit at t = 0 is as shown in Fig. 4.9.
282
Network Theory
vC (0
) = i(0 )R2
Using the principle of voltage divider,

vC (0
)=
VS
R1
+ R2
R2
5 1
= 2:5 V
1+1
Since the voltage across a capacitor cannot

change instaneously, we have
vC (0
Figure 4.9
) = vC (0 ) = 2:5V
That is, when the switch is opened at t = 0, and if the source is removed from the circuit, still
+
vC (0 ) remains at 2.5 V.
EXAMPLE
4.3
Refer the circuit shown in Fig 4.10. Find iL (0+ ) and vC (0+ ). The circuit is in steady state with
the switch in closed condition.
Figure 4.10
SOLUTION
The symbol for the switch implies, it is closed

at t = 0 and then opens at t = 0+ . In order
to nd vC (0 ) and iL (0 ) we replace the capacitor by an open circuit and the inductor by
a short circuit, as shown in Fig.4.11, because
in the steady state L acts as a short circuit and
C as an open circuit.
Figure 4.11
5
=1A
2+3
Using the voltage divider principle, we note that
iL (0
)=
vC (0
Then we note that:

vC (0
)=
+
iL (0
5 3
=3V
3+2
) = vC (0 ) = 3 V
) = iL (0 ) = 2 A
EXAMPLE
283
4.4
In the given network, K is closed at t = 0 with

zero current in the inductor. Find the values
of i;
di
dt
2
d i
dt2
at t = 0+ if R = 8 and L = 0:2H.
Refer the Fig. 4.12(a).
SOLUTION
Figure 4.12(a)
The symbol for the switch implies that it is open

at t = 0 and then closes at t = 0+ . Since the
current i through the inductor at t = 0 is zero, it
implies that i(0+ ) = i(0 ) = 0.
To nd
+
di(0 )
dt
and
2
+
d i(0 )
dt2
R = 8W
Applying KVL clockwise to the circuit shown in

Fig. 4.12(b), we get
+L
Ri
8i + 0:2
di
dt
di
dt
Figure 4.12(b)
= 12
= 12
At t = 0+ , the equation (4.1) becomes

8i(0+ ) + 0:2

0+02
:
di(0
+)
dt
+
di(0
dt
+
di(0
)
)
dt
= 12
= 12
12
0:2
= 60 A=sec
=
Differentiating equation (4.1) with respect to t, we get

8
di
dt
2
d i
dt2
=0
2
+
d i(0 )
dt2
=0
+ 0:2
At t = 0+ , the above equation becomes

8

Hence
di(0
+)
dt
+ 0:2
60 + 0 2
:
2
+
d i(0 )
dt2
2
+
d i(0 )
dt2
L = 0.2H
=0
= 2400 A=sec2
(4.1)
284
Network Theory
EXAMPLE
4.5
In the network shown in Fig. 4.13, the switch is closed at t = 0. Determine i;
di
dt
2
d i
dt2
at t = 0+ .
Figure 4.13
SOLUTION
The symbol for the switch implies that it is open at t = 0 and then closes at t = 0+ . Since there
is no current through the inductor at t = 0 , it implies that i(0+ ) = i(0 ) = 0.
R = 10W
L = 1H
C = 1mF
Figure 4.14
Writing KVL clockwise for the circuit shown in Fig. 4.14, we get
Ri
+L
di
dt
Ri
Zt
= 10
(4.2)
+ vC (t) = 10
(4.2a)
i( )d
+L
0
di
dt
Putting t = 0+ in equation (4.2a), we get

Ri

+L
R
0+
di
+ vC 0+ = 10
dt
0+
0+
di
+ 0 = 10
dt

+
di
dt
10
L
= 10 A/sec

R
di
dt
+L
2
d i
dt2
i(t)
C
=0
At t = 0+ , the above equation becomes

R
EXAMPLE
dt

Hence at
0+
di
+L
2
d i
10 +
100 +
0+
0+
2
d i
0+
dt2
=0
dt2
=0

+
285
dt2
C
2 i 0+
d
0
+
L
2
dt
C
2
d i
= 0+ ;
=0
=
100 A/sec2
4.6
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. 4.15. The switch

K is changed from position 1 to position 2 at
t = 0. Steady-state condition having been
reached at position 1. Find the values of i,
and
2
d i
dt2
di
dt
at t = 0+ .
SOLUTION
Figure 4.15
The symbol for switch K implies that it is in position 1 at t = 0 and in position 2 at t = 0+ .

Under steady-state condition, inductor acts as a short circuit. Hence at t = 0 , the circuit diagram
is as shown in Fig. 4.16.
20
= 2A
10
Since the current through an inductor cannot change

instantaneously, i 0+ = i (0 ) = 2A. Since there is
no initial charge on the capacitor, vC (0 ) = 0. Since
the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instanta
neously, vC 0+ = vC (0 ) = 0. Hence at t = 0+
the circuit diagram is as shown in Fig. 4.17(a).
For t 0+ , the circuit diagram is as shown in Fig. 4.17(b).
i
Figure 4.17(a)
Figure 4.16
Figure 4.17(b)
286
Network Theory
Applying KVL clockwise to the circuit shown in Fig. 4.17(b), we get

Ri(t)
+L
di(t)
dt
Ri(t)
+L
Zt
1
C
i( )d
=0
(4.3)
+ vC (t) = 0
(4.3a)
0+
di(t)
dt
At t = 0+ equation (4.3a) becomes

+
Ri
+L

0+
di
dt
2+
+ vC 0+ = 0
0+
di
+0=0
dt
20 +
0+
di
dt

+
di
=0
=
dt
20 A/sec

R
At t = 0+ , we get
R

Hence;
EXAMPLE
0+
di
dt
R
(
+L
di
dt
2
d i
20) +
+L
0+
2
d i
dt2

+
i
C
0+
dt2
C
2
+
d i 0
2
+
L
2
dt
C

2
+
d i 0
dt2
=0
=0
=0
2 106 A=sec2
4.7
In the network shown in Fig. 4.18, the switch is moved from position 1 to position 2 at t = 0. The
steady-state has been reached before switching. Calculate i,
Figure 4.18
di
dt
, and
2
d i
dt2
at t = 0+ .
287
SOLUTION
The symbol for switch K implies that it is in position 1 at t = 0 and in position 2 at t = 0+ . Under
steady-state condition, a capacitor acts as an open circuit. Hence at t = 0 , the circuit diagram is as shown
in Fig. 4.18(a).
We know that the voltage across a capacitor
cannot change instantaneously. This means that
Figure 4.18(a)
+ = v (0 ) = 40 V.
vC 0
C
At t = 0 , inductor is not energized. This means that i (0 ) = 0. Since current in an inductor

cannot change instantaneously, i 0+ = i (0 ) = 0. Hence, the circuit diagram at t = 0+ is as
shown in Fig. 4.18(b).
The circuit diagram for t 0+ is as shown in Fig.4.18(c).
Figure 4.18(b)
Figure 4.18(c)
Applying KVL clockwise, we get

Ri
+L
di
dt
Ri
1
C
+L
Zt
i( )d
=0
(4.4)
0+
di
+ vC (t) = 0
dt
At t = 0+ , we get
Ri(0

)+L
20
di(0
+)
dt
0+1
+ vC (0+ ) = 0
di(0
+)
dt
+ 40 = 0
+
di(0 )
dt
40A/ sec
Diferentiating equation (4.4) with respect to t, we get

R
di
dt
+L
2
d i
dt2
i
C
=0
288
Network Theory
Putting t = 0+ in the above equation, we get

R
+
di(0 )
dt
(
+L
2
+
d i(0 )
dt2
40) + L
i(0
+)
2
+
d i(0 )
dt2
0
C
+
2
d i(0
dt2
Hence
EXAMPLE
=0
=0
= 800A/ sec2
4.8
t
In the network shown in Fig. 4.19, v1 (t) = e

is initially uncharged, determine the value of
0 and is zero for all
for t
2
d v
dt2
and
3
d v
dt3
t<
0. If the capacitor
at t = 0+ .
Figure 4.19
SOLUTION
Since the capacitor is initially uncharged,

+
v2 (0 ) = 0
Referring to Fig. 4.19(a) and applying KCL
at node v2 (t):
v2 (t)
v1 (t)
R1
1
R1
+C
dv2 (t)
dt
1
R2
v2 (t)
+C
v2 (t)
R2
dv2 (t)
dt
=0
=
v1 (t)
R1
0:15v2 + 0:05
Figure 4.19(a)
dv2
dt
= 0:1e
Putting t = 0+ , we get
0:15v2 (0+ ) + 0:05

0:15
0 + 0 05
:
dv2 (0
dt
dv2 (0
+)
+)
dt
dv2 (0
dt
+)
= 0:1
= 0:1
=
0:1
= 2 Volts= sec
0:05
(4.5)
289

0:15
dv2
dt
+ 0:05
2
d v2
dt2
0:1e
(4.6)
Putting t = 0+ in equation (4.6), we nd that

2
+
d v2 (0 )
dt2
0:1 0:3
= 8 Volts/ sec2
0:05
Again differentiating equation (4.6) with respect to t, we get
0:15
2
d v2
dt2
+ 0:05
3
d v2
dt3
= 0:1e
Putting t = 0+ in equation (4.7) and solving for

3
+
d v2 (0 )
dt3
EXAMPLE
3
d v2 +
(0 ),
dt3
(4.7)
we nd that
0:1 + 1:2
= 26 Volts/ sec3
0:05
4.9
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. 4.20. The circuit is in steady state with switch K closed. At t = 0,
the switch is opened. Determine the voltage across the switch, vK and
dvK
dt
at t = 0+ .
Figure 4.20
SOLUTION
The switch remains closed at t = 0 and open at t = 0+ . Under steady condition, inductor acts
as a short circuit and hence the circuit diagram at t = 0 is as shown in Fig. 4.21(a).
Therefore;
For t
0
vK (0
) = vK (0 )
=0V
the circuit diagram is as shown in Fig. 4.21(b).
Figure 4.21(a)
Figure 4.21(b)
290
Network Theory
i(t)
At (t) =
0+ ,
=C
dvK
dt
we get
i(0
)=C
dvK (0
+)
dt
Since the current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously, we get

i(0
Hence;
dvK (0
) = i(0 ) = 2A
+
dvK (0 )
2=C
+)
dt
EXAMPLE
dt
2
C
2
1
2
= 4V/ sec
4.10
In the given network, the switch K is opened at t = 0. At t = 0+ , solve for the values of v;
and
2
d v
dt2
dv
dt
if I = 2 A; R = 200 and L = 1 H
Figure 4.22
SOLUTION
The switch is opened at t = 0. This means that at t = 0 , it is closed and at t = 0+ , it is open.

Since iL (0 ) = 0, we get iL (0+ ) = 0. The circuit at t = 0+ is as shown in Fig. 4.23(a).
Figure 4.23(a)
Figure 4.23(b)
v (0
) = IR
=2
200
= 400 Volts
Refer to the circuit shown in Fig. 4.23(b).

For t 0+ , the KCL at node v (t) gives
v (t)
(4.8)
v ( )d
0+
Differentiating both sides of equation (4.8) with respect to t, we get

1 dv (t)
1
0=
+ v (t)
R
At t = 0+ , we get
1

dv (0
+)
dt
+
dt
1
L
1 dv (0 ) 1
+
200 dt
1
v (0
291
Zt
1
L
(4.8a)
)=0
400 = 0
dv (0
+)
dt
8 104 V/ sec
Again differentiating equation (4.8a), we get

2
d v (t)
R dt2
At t = 0+ , we get

EXAMPLE
dv (t)
dt
=0
1 d2 v (0+ ) 1 dv (0+ )
+
=0
200 dt2
1 dt
2
+
d v (0 )
= 200
2
dt
8 10
= 16 106 V/ sec2
4.11
In the circuit shown in Fig. 4.24, a steady state is reached with switch K open. At t = 0, the
switch is closed. For element values given, determine the values of va (0 ) and va (0+ ).
Figure 4.24
292
Network Theory
SOLUTION
At t = 0 , the switch is open and at t = 0+ , the switch is closed. Under steady conditions,
inductor L acts as a short circuit. Also the steady state is reached with switch K open. Hence, the
circuit diagram at t = 0 is as shown in Fig.4.25(a).
iL (0
)=
5
5
2
+
= A
30 10
3
Using the voltage divider principle:

va (0
)=
5 20
10
=
V
10 + 20
3
Since the current in an inductor cannot change instantaneously,

iL (0
) = iL (0 ) =
2
A:
3
At t = 0+ , the circuit diagram is as shown in Fig. 4.25(b).
Figure 4.25(a)
Figure 4.25(b)
Refer the circuit in Fig. 4.25(b).

KCL at node a:
va (0
+)
va (0
+)
va (0
10
10

1
1
1
+
+
+
va (0 )
10 10 20
+)
vb (0
+)
=0
20
1
5
+
vb (0 )
=
20
10
KCL at node b:
vb (0
+)
va (0
+)
vb (0
+)
5 2
+ =0
10
3

1
5
1
1
+
+
+ vb (0 )
=
+
va (0 )
20
20 10
10
20

2
3
293
Solving the above two nodal equations, we get,

va (0
EXAMPLE
)=
40
V
21
4.12
Find iL (0+ ); vC (0+ );
dvC (0
dt
+)
and
diL (0
dt
+)
for the circuit shown in Fig. 4.26.
Assume that switch 1 has been opened and switch 2 has been closed for a long time and
steadystate conditions prevail at t = 0 .
SOLUTION
Figure 4.26
At t = 0 , switch 1 is open and

switch 2 is closed, whereas at t = 0+ ,
switch 1 is closed and switch 2 is
open.
First, let us redraw the circuit at
= 0 by replacing the inductor
with a short circuit and the capacitor
with an open circuit as shown in Fig.
4.27(a).
From Fig. 4.27(b), we nd that
iL (0 ) = 0
t
Figure 4.27(a)
Figure 4.27(b)
294
Network Theory
Applying KVL clockwise to the loop on the

right, we get
vC (0 )
2+1 0=0
Hence, at
=0 :
vC (0
iL (0
vC (0
The circuit diagram for

Fig. 4.27(c).
)=
2V
) = iL (0 ) = 0A
2V
) = vC (0 ) =
0
is shown in
Figure 4.27(c)
Applying KVL for righthand mesh, we get

+ iL = 0
vC
vL
At t = 0+ , we get
vL (0
) = vC (0+ )
=
We know that
=L
vL
iL (0
0=
2V
diL
dt
At t = 0+ , we get
diL (0
+)
dt
Applying KCL at node X ,

2
Consequently, at t = 0+
iC (0
Since
)=
iC
dvC (0
EXAMPLE
+)
dt
4.13
For the circuit shown in Fig. 4.28, nd:

(a) i(0+ ) and v (0+ )
(b)
di(0
+)
dt
and
dv (0
dt
(c) i( ) and v ( )
+)
2
=
1
2A/ sec
+ iC + iL = 0
vC (0
10
+)
=C
=
+)
10
vC
We get,
vL (0
iL (0
)=6
dvC
dt
+
iC (0
C
6
1
2
= 12V/ sec
0=6A
295
Figure 4.28
SOLUTION
(a) From the symbol of switch, we nd that at t = 0 , the switch is closed and t = 0+ , it is
open. At t = 0 , the circuit has reached steady state so that the equivalent circuit is as shown in
Fig.4.29(a).
12
i(0 ) =
= 2A
6
v (0 ) = 12 V
Therefore, we have
i(0
) = i(0 )
= 2A
(b) For t
0
+,
v (0
) = v (0 ) = 12V
we have the equivalent circuit as shown in Fig.4.29(b).
Figure 4.29(a)
Figure 4.29(b)
Applying KVL anticlockwise to the mesh on the right, we get

vL (t)
v (t)
+ 10i(t) = 0
vL (0

vL (0
v (0
) + 10i(0+ ) = 0
12 + 10
2=0
vL (0
)=
8V
296
Network Theory
The voltage across the inductor is given by

vL

vL (0
di(0
=L
)=L
+)
dt
1
L
di
dt
di(0
+)
dt
vL (0
1
( 8) =
10
Similarly, the current through the capacitor is
=
iC
dv (0
or
+)
dt
iC (0
=
10
+)
2
10
=C
=
=
0.8A/ sec
dv
dt
i(0
+)
0.2 106 V/ sec
(c) As t approaches innity, the switch is open and the circuit

has attained steady state. The equivalent circuit at t =
is
shown in Fig.4.29(c).
) = 0
() = 0
Figure 4.29(c)
i(
v
EXAMPLE
4.14
Refer the circuit shown in Fig.4.30. Find the following:

(a)
(b)
(c)
v (0
+)
dv (0
and i(0+ )
+)
dt
and
di(0
+)
dt
) and ()
v(
Figure 4.30
SOLUTION
From the denition of step function,

u(t)
1;
0;
0
t<0
t>
297
From Fig.4.31(a), u(t) = 0 at t = 0 .

Similarly;
u(
t)

or
From Fig.4.31(b), we nd that u(
u(
t)
t)
1;
0;
1;
0;
0
t<0
t>
0
t>0
t<
= 1, at t = 0 .
t = 0+
t = 0
Figure 4.31(a)
Figure 4.31(b)
Due to the presence of u( t) and u(t) in the circuit of Fig.4.30, the circuit is an implicit
switching circuit. We use the word implicit since there are no conventional switches in the circuit
of Fig.4.30.
The equivalent circuit at t = 0 is shown in Fig.4.31(c). Please note that at t = 0 , the
independent current source is open because u(t) = 0 at t = 0 and the circuit is in steady state.
Figure 4.31(c)
40
= 5A
3+5
v (0 ) = 5i(0 ) = 25V
i(0
Therefore
i(0
v (0
)=
) = i(0 ) = 5A
) = v (0 ) = 25V
(b) For t 0+ ; u( t) = 0. This implies that the independent voltage source is zero and hence
is represented by a short circuit in the circuit shown in Fig.4.31(d).
298
Network Theory
Figure 4.31(d)
Applying KVL at node a, we get
dv
4+i=C
At t = 0+ , We get
4 + i(0+ ) = C

+)
+)
dt
4 + 5 = 0:1
dv (0
dt
dv (0
dv (0
5
+
+)
dt
v (0
+)
5
25
+
5
= 40V/ sec
dt
Applying KVL to the leftmesh, we get

3i + 0:25
di
dt
+v =0
Evaluating at t = 0+ , we get
3i(0+ ) + 0:25

di(0
+)
dt
5 + 0 25
:
+ v (0+ ) = 0
di(0
di(0
+)
dt
+
dt
+ 25 = 0
40
1
4
160A/ sec
(c) As t approaches innity, again the circuit is in steady state. The equivalent circuit at t =
is shown in Fig.4.31(e).
Figure 4.31(e)
Using the principle of current divider, we get

299
4 5
=
i( ) =
3+5
v ( ) = (i( ) + 4) 5
2.5A
= ( 2:5 + 4)5
= 7.5V
EXAMPLE
4.15
Refer the circuit shown in Fig.4.32. Find the following:

(a) i(0+ ) and v (0+ )
(b)
di(0
+)
dt
and
dv (0
+)
dt
(c) i( ) and v ( )
Figure 4.32
SOLUTION
Here the function u(t) behaves like a switch. Mathematically,
u(t)
1;
0;
t>
t<
0
0
The above expression means that the switch represented by u(t) is open for t < 0 and remains
closed for t > 0. Hence, the circuit diagram of Fig.4.32 may be redrawn as shown in Fig.4.33(a).
Figure 4.33(a)
For t < 0, the circuit is not active because switch is in open state, This implies that all the
initial conditions are zero.
That is,
iL (0 ) = 0 and vC (0 ) = 0
for t
0
+,
the equivalent circuit is as shown in Fig.4.33(b).
300
Network Theory
Figure 4.33(b)
From the circuit diagram of Fig.4.33(b), we nd that

vC
i=
5
+ , we get
At t = 0
+
vC (0 )
vC (0 )
0
+
i(0 ) =
=
= = 0A
5
5
5
Also
v = 15iL
+
+
v (0 ) = 15iL (0 )
= 15iL (0 ) = 15
(b) The equivalent circuit at t =
We nd from Fig.4.33(c) that
0+
iC (0
0 = 0V
is shown in Fig.4.33(c).
) = 5A
Figure 4.33(c)
From Fig.4.33(b), we can write
vC
dvC
dt
= 5i
=5
di
dt
Multiplying both sides by C , we get

C
dvC
dt
= 5C
di
dt
= 5C
+)
1
+
iC (0 )
5C
1
5
=
5 1
4
= 4A/ sec
dt
Also
dv
dt
dv
dt
dv
dt
At t = 0+ , we nd that
dv (0
+)
dt
dt

301
di
iC
di(0
= 15iL
= 15
diL
dt

= 15 1
diL
dt
= 15vL
= 15vL (0+ )
From Fig.4.33(b), we nd that vL (0+ ) = 0

+
dv (0 )
= 15 0
Hence;
dt
EXAMPLE
= 0V/ sec
4.16
In the circuit shown in Fig. 4.34, steady state is reached with switch K open. The switch is closed
at t = 0.
di1
di2
Determine: i1 ; i2 ;
and
at t = 0+
dt
dt
Figure 4.34
302
Network Theory
SOLUTION
At t = 0 , switch K is open and at t = 0+ , it is closed. At t = 0 , the circuit is in steady state

and appears as shown in Fig.4.35(a).
20
= 1:33A
10 + 5
1:33 = 13:3V
vC (0 ) = 10i2 (0 ) = 10
i2 (0
Hence;
)=
Since current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously, i2 (0+ ) = i2 (0 ) = 1.33 A.

Also, vC (0+ ) = vC (0 ) = 13:3V.
The equivalent circuit at t = 0+ is as shown in Fig.4.35(b).
i1 (0
)=
20
6:7
13:3
=
= 0.67A
10
10
Figure 4.35(a)
For t
0
+,
Figure 4.35(b)
the circuit is as shown in Fig.4.35(c).
Writing KVL clockwise for the leftmesh,

we get
10i1 +
1
C
Zt
i1 ( )d
= 20
0+
Differentiating with respect to t, we get

10
di1
dt
1
C
i1
=0
10
di1 (0
dt
+)
di1 (0
+)
dt
10
1 10
1
C
Figure 4.35(c)
i1 (0
i (0
6 1
)=0
)=
0.67 105 A/ sec

Writing KVL equation to the path made of 20V

K
10
2di2
10i2 +
= 20
303
2H, we get
dt
0+ ,
At t =
the above equation becomes

10i2 (0+ ) +

EXAMPLE
10
2di2 (0+ )
1 33 + 2
:
dt
di2 (0
+)
dt
di2 (0
dt
+)
= 20
= 20
= 3.35A/ sec
4.17
Refer the citcuit shown in Fig.4.36. The switch K is closed at t = 0. Find:

(a)
v1
and v2 at t = 0+
(b)
v1
and v2 at t =
(c)
(d)
dv1
and
dt
2
d v1
dt2
dv2
dt
at t = 0+
at t = 0+
Figure 4.36
SOLUTION
(a) The circuit symbol for switch conveys that at t = 0 , the switch is open and t = 0+ , it is
closed. At t = 0 , since the switch is open, the circuit is not activated. This implies that
all initial conditions are zero. Hence, at t = 0+ , inductor is open and capactor is short.
Fig 4.37(a) shows the equivalent circuit at t = 0+ .
Figure 4.37(a)
304
Network Theory
10
= 1A
10
+
+
v1 (0 ) = 0; i2 (0 ) = 0
i1 (0
Applying KVL to the path, 10V source

(b) At = , switch
conditions, capacitor
circuit at = .
t
)=
10 10 2mH, we get
K
10 + 10i1 (0+ ) + v1 (0+ ) + v2 (0+ ) = 0

10 + 10 + 0 + v2 (0+ ) = 0
v2 (0
K
C
)=0
remains closed and circuit is in steady state. Under steady state

is open and inductor L is short. Fig. 4.37(b) shows the equivalent
) = 10 10 10 = 0.5A
+
() = 0
() = 0 5 10 = 5V
() = 0
i2 (
i1
v1
v2
(c) For t
0
+,
Figure 4.37(b)
the circuit is as shown in Fig. 4.37(c).
Figure 4.37(c)
i2
Zt
v2 ( )d
0+
v1 (t)
R2

v2
dv1
R2 dt
Evaluating at t = 0+ we get
dv1 (0
+)
dv1 (0
R2
dt
+)
L2
v2 (0
= 0V/ sec
dt
Applying KVL clockwise to the path 10 V source
F,
we get
Zt
10 + 10i +
10 4
[i( )
i2 ( )]d
=0
0+

10
di
dt
[i
i2 ]
=0
di(0
+)
dt
=
=
=
i2 (0
+)
i(0
10
0 1
10 4 10

+)
i(0+ ) = i1 (0+ ) + i2 (0+ )

4
5
=1+0
= 1A
25000A/ sec
Applying KVL clockwise to the path 10 V source

we get
10 10 2 mH,
K
10 + 10i + 10i2 + v2 = 0
10i + v1 + v2 = 10

10
di
dt
dv1
dt
dv2
dt
=0
305
306
Network Theory
At t = 0+ , we get
10
di(0
+)
dt

dv1 (0
+)
dt
10( 25000) + 0 +
dv2 (0
dt
dv2 (0
dt
dv2 (0
+)
=0
+)
=0
+)
= 25 104 V/ sec
dt
(d) From part (c), we have
Zt
1
L
v2 ( )d
0+
v1
10
Differentiating with respect to t twice, we get

1
dv2
L dt
1 d2 v1
10 dt2
At t = 0+ , we get
1
dv2 (0
dt
2
d v
1 (0
dt2
Hence;
EXAMPLE
+)
+)
1 d2 v1 (0+ )
10 dt2
= 125 107 V/ sec2
4.18
Refer the network shown in Fig. 4.38. Switch K is changed from a to b at t = 0 (a steady state
having been established at position a).
Figure 4.38
Show that at t = 0+ .
i1
= i2 =
V
R1
+ R2 + R3
i3
=0
307
SOLUTION
The symbol for switch indicates that at t = 0 , it is in position a and at t = 0+ , it is in position

b. The circuit is in steady state at t = 0 . Fig 4.39(a) refers to the equivalent circuit at t = 0 .
Please remember that at steady state C is open and L is short.
iL1 (0
) = 0;
iL2 (0
) = 0;
vC2 (0
) = 0;
vC1 (0
)=0
Applying KVL clockwise to the left-mesh, we get
+ vC3 (0 ) + 0
R2
+0=0
vC3 (0
) = V volts:
Figure 4.39(a)
Since current in an inductor and voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously, the
equivalent circuit at t = 0+ is as shown in Fig. 4.39(b).
Figure 4.39(b)
i1 (0
i3 (0
+
+
) = i2 (0+ ) since
) = 0 since
Applying KVL to the path v C3 (0+ )

V
iL1 (0
iL2 (0
)=0
)=0

R2
R3
R1
we get,
+ R2 i1 (0+ ) + R3 i2 (0+ ) + R1 i1 (0+ ) = 0
308
Network Theory
Since i1 (0+ ) = i2 (0+ ), the above equation becomes

= [R1 + R2 + R3 ] i1 (0+ )
V
+
+
i1 (0 ) = i2 (0 ) =
A
R1 + R2 + R3
V
Hence;
EXAMPLE
4.19
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. 4.40. The switch K is closed at t = 0.

Find (a)
di1 (0
dt
+)
and (b)
di2 (0
+)
dt
Figure 4.40
SOLUTION
The circuit symbol for the switch shows that at

+
t = 0 , it is open and at t = 0 , it is closed.
Hence, at t = 0 , the circuit is not activated.
This implies that all initial conditions are zero.
That is, vC (0 ) = 0 and iL (0 ) = i2 (0 ) = 0.
The equivalent circuit at t = 0+ keeping in mind
that vC (0+ ) = vC (0 ) and iL (0+ ) = iL (0 ) is
as shown in Fig. 4.41 (a).
i1 (0
Figure 4.41(a)
) = 0 and i2 (0+ ) = 0:
0
+.
Figure. 4.41(b) shows the circuit diagram for t

Vo sin !t
= i1 R +
1
C
Zt
i1 ( )d
0+

Vo ! cos !t
=R
di1
dt
i1
C
309
At t = 0+ , we get
=R
Vo !
+
di1 (0 )
Also;
Vo sin !t
dt
di1 (0
+)
dt
i1 (0
+)
V0
A/ sec
R
= i2 R + L
di2
dt
0 = i2 (0+ )R + L
di2 (0
+)
dt
EXAMPLE
di2 (0
+)
dt
Figure 4.41(b)
= 0A/ sec
4.20
In the network of the Fig. 4.42, the switch K is opened at

steady state with the switch closed.
(a) Find the expression for vK at t = 0+ .
(b) If the parameters are adjusted such that i(0+ ) = 1, and

the derivative of the voltage across the switch at t =
= 0 after the network has attained

di(0
0+ ,
+)
dt

dvK
dt
1, what is the value of

+
(0 ) ?
Figure 4.42
SOLUTION
At t = 0 , switch is in the closed state and at

+
t = 0 , it is open. Also at t = 0 , the circuit
is in steady state. The equivalent circuit at
t = 0 is as shown in Fig. 4.43(a).
i(0
)=
V
R2
and vC (0 ) = 0
Figure 4.43(a)
310
Network Theory
For t 0+ , the equivalent circuit is as shown in Fig. 4.43(b).

From Fig. 4.43 (b),
vK

At t = 0+ ,
vK
vK (0
+)
= R1 i +
Zt
1
C
i( )d
0+
= R1 i + vC (t)
= R1 i(0+ ) + vC (0+ )
vK (0
) = R1
+ vC (0 )
R2
= R1
V
volts
R2
Figure 4.43(b)
(b)
vK
dvK
dt
= R1 i +
= R1
di
dt
Zt
1
C
i( )d
0+
i
C
dvK (0
dt
+)
= R1
= R1
1
=
C
di(0
+)
dt
(
1) +
i(0
+)
1
C
R1 volts/ sec
311
Reinforcement Problems
R.P
4.1
Refer the circuit shown in Fig RP.4.1(a). If the switch is closed at

2
+
d iL (0 )
dt2
= 0, nd the value of
at t = 0+ .
Figure R.P.4.1(a)
SOLUTION
The circuit at t = 0 is as shown in Fig RP 4.1(b).

Since current through an inductor and voltage across a capacitor cannot change
instantaneously, it implies that iL (0+ ) = 18A and vC (0+ ) = 180 V.
The circuit for t 0+ is as shown in Fig. RP 4.1 (c).
Figure R.P.4.1(b)
Figure R.P.4.1(c)
Referring Fig RP 4.1 (c), we can write

2
10
3 diL
dt
+ 60iL + 288
10
Zt
iL (t)dt
0+
=0
(4.9)
312
Network Theory
At t = 0+ , we get
diL (0
+)
dt

60 18 + 180
2 10 3
450 103 A= sec

2
10
2
3 d iL
dt2
diL
+ 60
dt
+ 288
10
At t = 0+ , we get
2
+
d iL (0 )
2
dt
R.P
iL
=0
60(450)103 288 103 (18)

2 10 3
= 1:0908 1010 A= sec2
=
4.2
For the circuit shown in Fig. RP 4.2, determine
2
+
d vC (0 )
dt2
and
3
+
d vC (0 )
:
dt3
Figure R.P.4.2
SOLUTION
Given
i(t)
= 2u(t) =
2;
0;
t
t
0
0
Hence, at t = 0 , vC (0 ) = 0 and iL (0 ) = 0.
For t 0+ , the circuit equations are
1 dvC (t) 1
+
64 dt
2
Zt
=
(4.10)
1 dvC (t)
+ iL (t) =
64 dt
(4.11)
vL (t)dt
0+
[Note :
At t =
iC
0+ ,
+ iL =
313
2 because of the capacitor polarity]
equation (4.10) gives

1 dvC (0+ )
+ iL (0+ ) =
64
dt
Since, iL (0+ ) = iL (0 ) = 0, we get

1 dvC (0+ )
+0=
64
dt
+
dvC (0 )
=
2
128 volts= sec
dt
Differentiating equation (4.10) with respect to t we get

1 d2 vC (t) 1
+ vL (t) = 0
64 dt
2
vL
vC
Also;
24
At t = 0+ , we get
vC (0
1
=
2
+)
(4.12)
Zt
vL dt
= iL
(4.13)
0+
vL (0
+)
= iL (0+ )
24
Since vC (0+ ) = 0 and iL (0+ ) = 0, we get vL (0+ ) = 0.
At t = 0+ , equation (4.12) becomes

1 d2 vC (0+ ) 1
+ vL (0+ ) = 0
64
dt2
2
1 d2 vC (0+ ) 1
+
0=0
64
dt2
2
2
+
d vC (0 )
=0
2
dt
Differentiating equation (4.12) with respect to t we get
1 d3 vC
1 dvL
+
=0
3
64 dt
2 dt

dvC
dvL
dt
dt
24
1
vL
2
(4.14)
314
Network Theory
At t = 0+ , we get
dvC (0
+)
dvL (0
dt
dt
24

+)
dvL (0
128
=
+)
dt
24
dvL (0
dt
1
+
vL (0 )
2
=0
+)
128 volts= sec

1 d3 vC (0+ ) 1 dvL (0+ )
+
=0
64
dt3
2
dt
3
+
d vC (0 )
= 4096 volts= sec3
3
R.P
dt
4.3
In the network of Fig RP 4.3 (a), switch K is closed at t = 0. At t = 0 all the capacitor voltages
and all the inductor currents are zero. Three node-to-datum voltages are identied as v1 , v2 and
+
v3 . Find at t = 0 :
(i)
(ii)
v1 , v2
dv1
dt
and v3
dv2
dt
and
dv3
dt
Figure R.P.4.3(a)
SOLUTION
The network at t = 0+ is as shown in Fig RP-4.3 (b).

Since vC and iL cannot change instantaneously, we have from the network shown in
Fig. RP-4.3 (b),
+
v1 (0 ) = 0
v2 (0
v3 (0
+
+
)=0
)=0
315
Figure R.P.4.3(b)
For t
0
+,
the circuit equations are
v C1
v C2
v C3
Zt
1
C1
i1 dt
0+
Zt
1
C2
i2 dt
0+
Zt
1
C3
i3 dt
0+
9
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
=
(4.15)
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
;
From Fig. RP-4.3 (b), we can write

i1 (0
i2 (0
and
i3 (0
+
+
)=
)=
v (0
+)
R1
v1 (0
+)
v2 (0
+)
R2
)=0

dvC1
dt
i1
C1
dvC2
dt
i2
and
C2
dvC3
dt
i3
C3
At t = 0+ , the above equations give

dv1 (0
+)
dt
dv2 (0
+)
dt
and
dv3 (0
dt
+)
=
=
=
i1 (0
+)
C1
+
i2 (0
C2
+
i3 (0
C3
)
)
=
=
v (0
+)
R 1 C1
+
v1 (0
=0
v2 (0
R 2 C2
+)
=0
316
Network Theory
R.P
4.4
For the network shown in Fig RP 4.4 (a) with switch K open, a steady-state is reached. The circuit
paprameters are R1 = 10, R2 = 20, R3 = 20, L = 1 H and C = 1F. Take V = 100
volts. The switch is closed at t = 0.
(a) Write the integro-differential
equation after the switch is
closed.
(b) Find the voltage Vo across C before the switch is closed and give
its polarity.
(c) Find i1 and i2 at t = 0+ .
(d) Find
di1
dt
and
di2
dt
at t = 0+ .
(e) What is the value of

t=
?
di1
dt
at
Figure R.P.4.4(a)
SOLUTION
The switch is in open state at t = 0 . The network at t = 0 is as shown in Fig RP 4.4 (b).
Figure R.P.4.4(b)
100
10
=
A
R1 + R2
30
3
10
200
VC (0 ) = i1 (0 )R2 =
20 =
volts
3
3
Note that L is short and C is open under steady-state condition.
For t 0+ (switch in closed state),
i1 (0
)=
we have
and
20i1 +
6
Zt
20i2 + 10
di1
dt
i2 dt
0+
= 100
(4.16)
= 100
(4.17)
317
10
A
3
200
+
and
VC (0 ) = VC (0 ) =
Volts
3
From equation (4.16) at t = 0+ ,
Also
i1 (0
) = i1 (0 ) =
di1 (0
we have
+)
dt
= 100
=
1
100
i2 (0 ) =
20
10
3
100
A=sec
3
From equation (4.17), at t = 0+ , we have

+
20
200
5
= A
3
3
Differentiating equation (4.17), we get

20
di2
dt
+ 106 i2 = 0
(4.18)
From equation (4.18) at t = 0+ , we get

20di2 (0+ )

At t =
dt
+ 106 i2 (0+ ) = 0
di2 (0
dt
,
+)
) = 100 = 5 A
20
() = 0
i1 (
di1
dt
R.P
106 5
3
20
106
=
A= sec
12
4.5
For the network shown in Fig RP 4.5 (a), nd
2
+
d i1 (0 )
.
dt2
The switch K is closed at t = 0.
Figure R.P.4.5(a)
318
Network Theory
SOLUTION
At t = 0 , we have vC (0 ) = 0 and i2 (0 ) = iL (0 ) = 0. Because of the switching property

of L and C , we have vC (0+ ) = 0 and i2 (0+ ) = 0. The network at t = 0+ is as shown in
Fig RP 4.5 (b).
Figure R.P.4.5(b)
Referring Fig RP 4.5 (b), we nd that

i1 (0
The circuit equations for t
0
R2 i2
v (0
)=
+)
R1
are
R1 i1
and
1
C
Zt
1
C
Zt
(i1
= v (t)
(4.19)
=0
(4.20)
0+
(i2
0+
i2 )dt
i1 )dt +L
{z
di2
dt
vC (t)

R2 i2 (0
) + vC (0+ ) + L
di2 (0
dt
di2 (0
+)
+)
dt
=0
(4.21)
=0
Differentiating equation (4.19), we get

R1
di1
dt
1
C
i2 )
(i1
dv (t)
(4.22)
dt
Letting t = 0+ in equation (4.22), we get

R1
di1 (0
dt
+)
1
C
i1 (0
i2 (0
di1 (0
dt
) =
+)
dv (0
+)
dt
1
R1
dv (0
dt
+)
v (0
+)
R1 C

(4.23)
Differentiating equation (4.22) gives

R1
2
d i1
dt2
R.P

di1 (0
+)
di2 (0
dt
di1
di2
dt
+)
dt
2
+
d i1 (0 )
R1
dt2
2
+
d i1 (0 )
dt2
dt
Letting t = 0+ , we get
2
+
d i1 (0 )
R1
dt2
319
2
d v (t)
dt2
2
+
d v (0 )
dt2
=
=
di1 (0
+)
dt
1
R1 C
1
R1
2
+
d v (0 )
dt2
dv (0
dt
+)
2
R1 C
v (0

) +
2
+
d v (0 )
dt2
4.6
Determine va (0 ) and va (0+ ) for the network shown in Fig RP 4.6 (a). Assume that the switch
is closed at t = 0.
Figure R.P.4.6(a)
SOLUTION
Since L is short for DC at steady state, the network at t = 0 is as shown in Fig. RP 4.6 (b).
Applying KCL at junction a, we get
va (0
)
10
va (0
vb (0
20
=0
Since vb (0 ) = 0, we get
va (0
)
10
) 0
=0
20
0:5
10
va (0 ) =
=
volts
0:1 + 0:05
3
+
va (0
Figure R.P.4.6(b)
320
Network Theory
Also;
For t
) = iL (0+ ) =
iL (0
0
+,
va (0
20
2
= A
3
5
10
we can write
5
va
10
va
vb
and
20
va
10
vb
va
vb
10
20
=0
+ iL = 0
Simplifying at t = 0+ , we get
1
+
va (0 )
4
1
+
va (0 ) +
20
and
Solving we get,
va (0
+)
1
1
+
vb (0 ) =
20
2
3
1
+
vb (0 ) =
20
6
40
= 1:905 volts
21
Exercise problems
E.P
4.1
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 4.1 Switch K is closed at t = 0.

Find i(0+ ),
di(0
+)
dt
and
2
+
d i(0 )
.
dt2
Figure E.P.4.1
Ans: i(0+ ) = 0.2A,
di(0+ )
=
dt
2 103 A/ sec,
d2 i(0+ )
= 20 106 A/ sec2
dt2
E.P
dt2
321
4.2
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 4.2. Switch K is closed at t = 0. Find the values of i;
2
d i
di
dt
and
at t = 0+ .
Figure E.P.4.2
Ans: i(0+ ) = 0,
E.P
di(0+ )
d2 i(0+ )
=
= 10 A/ sec,
dt
dt2
1000 A/ sec2
4.3
Refering to the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 4.3, switch is changed from position 1 to position 2 at
t
= 0. The circuit has attained steady state before switching. Determine i,
di
dt
and
Figure E.P.4.3
Ans: i(0+ ) = 0,
di(0+ )
=
dt
40 A/ sec,
d2 i(0+ )
= 800 A/ sec2
dt2
2
d i
dt2
at t = 0+ .
322
Network Theory
E.P
4.4
In the network shown in Fig. E.P.4.4, the initial voltage on

v1 (0
) = Va and v2 (0 ) = Vb . Find the values of
dv1
dt
and
C1
dv2
dt
is
Va
and on
C2
is
Vb
such that
at t = 0+ .
Figure E.P.4.4
Ans:
E.P
dv1 (0+ )
Vb Va
=
V/ sec,
dt
C1 R
dv2 (0+ )
Va Vb
=
V/ sec
dt
C2 R
4.5
In the network shown in Fig E.P. 4.5, switch K is closed at t = 0 with zero capacitor voltage and
zero inductor current. Find
2
d v2
dt2
at t = 0+ .
Figure E.P.4.5
Ans:
d2 v2 (0+ )
R2 Va
=
V/ sec2
dt2
R1 L1 C1
E.P
323
4.6
In the network shown in Fig. E.P. 4.6, switch K is closed at t = 0. Find
2
d v1
dt2
at t = 0+ .
Figure E.P.4.6
Ans:
E.P
d2 v1 (0+ )
= 0 V/ sec2
dt2
4.7
The switch in Fig. E.P. 4.7 has been closed for a long time. It is open at
+
dv (0 )
dt
= 0. Find
+
di(0 )
, i( ) and v ( ).
Figure E.P.4.7
Ans:
di(0+ )
= 0A/ sec,
dt
dv(0+ )
= 20A/ sec, i() = 0A, v() = 12V
dt
dt
324
E.P
Network Theory
4.8
In the circuit of Fig E.P. 4.8, calculate iL (0+ ),
diL (0
+ ) dv (0+ )
C
dt
dt
, vR ( ), vC ( ) and iL ( ).
Figure E.P.4.8
Ans: iL (0+ ) = 0 A,
diL (0+ )
= 0 A/ sec
dt
dvC (0+ )
= 2 V/ sec,
dt
E.P
vR () = 4V, vC () =
20V, iL () = 1A
4.9
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 4.9. Assume that the switch was closed for a long time for
+
diL (0 )
and iL (0+ ). Take v (0+ ) = 8 V.
t < 0. Find
dt
Figure E.P.4.9
Ans: iL (0+ ) = 4 A,
E.P
diL (0+ )
= 0 A/ sec
dt
4.10
Refer the network shown in Fig. E.P. 4.10. A steady state is reached with the switch K closed and
+
dv2 (0 )
.
with i = 10A. At t = 0, switch K is opened. Find v2 (0+ ) and
dt
325
Figure E.P.4.10
Ans: v2 (0+ ) = 0,
E.P
10Ra Rc
dv2 (0+ )
=
V= sec.
dt
Ca (Ra + Rb )(Ra + Rc )
4.11
Refer the network shown in Fig. E.P. 4.11. The network is in steady state with switch K closed.
+
dvk (0 )
.
The switch is opened at t = 0. Find vk (0+ ) and
dt
Figure E.P.4.11
Ans: vk (0+ ) =
Va Rc
Volts,
Ra + Rb + Rc
dvk (0+ )
Va (Ca + Cb )
=
V/ sec
dt
(Ra + Rb + Rc )(Ca Cd + Cb Ca + Cb Cd )
E.P
4.12
Refer the network shown in Fig. E.P. 4.12. Find
2
+
d i1 (0 )
.
dt2
326
Network Theory
d2 i1 (0+ )
1
Ans:
=
2
dt
Ra
E.P
Figure E.P.4.12
10
10 + 2 2 A/ sec2
Ra Ca
4.13
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 4.13. Find

steady state at t = 0 .
di1 (0
dt
+)
. Assume that the circuit has attained
Figure E.P.4.13
di1 (0+ )
10
Ans:
A/ sec
=
dt
RA
E.P
4.14
Refer the network shown in Fig. E.P.4.14. The circuit reaches steady state with switch K closed.
+
2
+
dv1 (0 )
d v2 (0 )
At a new reference time, t = 0, the switch K is opened. Find
.
and
2
dt
Figure E.P.4.14
dt
Ans:
E.P
dv1 (0+ )
10
=
V/ sec,
dt
Ca (Ra + Rb )
327
10Rb
d2 v2 (0+ )
=
V/ sec2
dt2
La Ca (Ra + Rb )
4.15
The switch shown in Fig. E.P. 4.15 has been open for a long time before closing at t = 0. Find:
+
+
i0 (0 ), iL (0 ) i0 (0 ), iL (0 ), i0 ( ), iL ( ) and vL ( ).
Figure E.P.4.15
Ans: i(0 ) = 0, iL (0 ) = 160mA, i0 (0+ ) = 65mA, iL (0+ ) = 160mA,

i0 () = 225mA, iL () = 0, vL () = 0
E.P
4.16
The switch shown in Fig. E.P. 4.16 has been closed for a long time before opeing at t = 0.
Find: i1 (0 ), i2 (0 ), i1 (0+ ), i2 (0+ ). Explain why i2 (0 ) = i2 (0+ ).
Figure E.P.4.16
Ans: i1 (0 ) = i2 (0 ) = 0.2mA, i2 (0+ ) =
i1 (0+ ) =
0.2mA
328
E.P
Network Theory
4.17
The switch in the circuit of Fig E.P.4.17 is closed at t = 0 after being open for a long time. Find:
(a) i1 (0 ) and i2 (0 )
(b) i1 (0+ ) and i2 (0+ )
(c) Explain why i1 (0 ) = i1 (0+ )
(d) Explain why i2 (0 ) = i2 (0+ )
Figure E.P.4.17
Ans: i1 (0 ) = i2 (0 ) = 0.2 mA, i1 (0+ ) = 0.2 mA, i2 (0+ ) =
0.2mA

Unit4 KCV

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4.

Initial and final conditions in elements

4.2.1 The inductor

The switch is closed at t = 0. Hence t = 0 corresponds

Figure 4.1 Circuit for explaining

switching action of an inductor

Putting t = 0+ on both sides, we get

Figure 4.2 The initial-condition equivalent circuits of an inductor

Under steady condition,

Figure 4.3 The final-condition equivalent circuit of an inductor

Initial Conditions in Network

4.2.2 The capacitor

The switch is closed at t = 0. Hence, t = 0

switching action of a Capacitor

Evaluating the expression at t =

Figure 4.4 Circuit for explaining

Thus the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously.

Figure 4.5 Initial-condition equivalent circuits of a capacitor

The nalcondition equivalent network is derived from the basic relationship

Under steady state condition,

Figure 4.6 Final-condition equivalent circuits of a capacitor

4.2.3 The resistor

Procedure for evaluating initial conditions

(3) Resistors are left in the network without any changes.

Refer the circuit shown in Fig. 4.7(a). Find

The circuit is in steady state

Initial Conditions in Network

The symbol for the switch implies

At t = 0 , i1 (0 ) = 2 1 = 1A. Please note that the current in a resistor can change

Thus, the current in the resistor changes abruptly form 1A to 0A.

Using the principle of voltage divider,

Since the voltage across a capacitor cannot

The symbol for the switch implies, it is closed

Then we note that:

Initial Conditions in Network

In the given network, K is closed at t = 0 with

Refer the Fig. 4.12(a).

The symbol for the switch implies that it is open

Applying KVL clockwise to the circuit shown in

At t = 0+ , the equation (4.1) becomes

Differentiating equation (4.1) with respect to t, we get

At t = 0+ , the above equation becomes

In the network shown in Fig. 4.13, the switch is closed at t = 0. Determine i;

Putting t = 0+ in equation (4.2a), we get

Differentiating equation (4.2) with respect to t, we get

Initial Conditions in Network

At t = 0+ , the above equation becomes

Refer the circuit shown in Fig. 4.15. The switch

The symbol for switch K implies that it is in position 1 at t = 0 and in position 2 at t = 0+ .

Applying KVL clockwise to the circuit shown in Fig. 4.17(b), we get

At t = 0+ equation (4.3a) becomes

Differentiating equation (4.3) with respect to t, we get

Initial Conditions in Network

Applying KVL clockwise, we get

Diferentiating equation (4.4) with respect to t, we get

Putting t = 0+ in the above equation, we get

In the network shown in Fig. 4.19, v1 (t) = e

0 and is zero for all