POWER TRANSFORMER SENSIBLE MAINTENANCE PLANNING

BASED ON FIELD TESTING AND FAILURE ANALYSIS

Waleed Abdullah Al-Saadi * and Mukhtar Ahmed Fazal Karim *
Saudi Electricity Company (SEC)
Kingdom ! Saudi Arabia
SUMMARY
"he paper di#cu##e# the concept# o! #en#ible
maintenance planning !ocu#ed on diagno#tic
electrical te#ting !or po$er tran#!ormer#
#elected on the ba#e# o! certain ri#k !actor# like
age% load% and en&ironment# in SEC-CA
"ran#mi##ion net$ork'
(ariou# #cenario# o! tran#!ormer !ailure# are
pre#ented here ba#ed on the te#ting analy#i# o!
the large po$er tran#!ormer#'
)#ing the e*perience gained through
in&e#tigation% the paper attempt# to addre## the
problem area# a##e##ed in pre&iou# !ailure#
and trie# to put recommendation to impro&e the
e*i#ting maintenance planning e!!ecti&e and
re#ult oriented to$ard# continuou#
impro&ement'
Sample# !rom group# containing identical
tran#!ormer# are #elected a# #tudy ca#e# to !ind
tran#!ormer deterioration trend#'
+ropo#al# !or ad&ance te#ting $ith diagno#tic
tool# are !urni#hed'
KEYWORDS
Sen#ible Management +lanning% ,iagno#tic
"e#ting% "ran#!ormer Structure% Fre-uency
.e#pon#e "e#t% .eco&ery (oltage Method%
+olarization Spectrum% ,ynamic /mpedance
"e#t' ,ata Management Sy#tem% ,ata
Analyzing "ool#
1. INTRODUCTION
"he e*i#ting maintenance policy !or 0( po$er
apparatu# in SEC-net$ork i# time ba#ed
e*ecuted during $inter #ea#on !rom ctober to
April e&ery year' "he e*i#ting maintenance
policy #hall be impre##ed !urther ba#ed on
!ollo$ing concept# !or li!e management o!
po$er tran#!ormer#'
"ime ba#ed management ba#ed on
condition o! tran#!ormer# #uch a# age% load tap
changer operation% load pro!ile% en&ironmental
condition# and it# location criticality'
Maintenance procedure# ba#ed on diagno#tic
te#ting to addre## the problem area# o! po$er
tran#!ormer #uch a# tap change maintenance%
bu#hing change and oil reproce##ing'
Comprehen#i&e li!e e*ten#ion program $ith the
goal to guarantee a reliable and prolonged
#er&ice'
+ropo#ing maintenance #tep# through
e*ten#i&e diagno#tic te#ting on #ample
tran#!ormer #elected in a group o! identical
characteri#tic#'
COMPLEX PROBLEMS TO BE ADDRESSED
0o$ to deal $ith particular e-uipment #ho$ing
a #ymptom o! abnormality1
0o$ to a##e## and e*tend the li!e o!
tran#!ormer#1
0o$ to pre&ent #udden !ailure# particularly
cata#trophic one#1
"he goal o! thi# paper i# to reply on abo&e-
mentioned -ue#tion# and #et the maintenance
policy direction# to achie&e be#t re#ult#'
2. TRANSFORMER LIFE CYCLE
CONDITION
Four key propertie# determine the tran#!ormer
!unctional #er&iceability'
Ability to tran#!er energy at #peci!ied condition
including permi##ible o&er &oltage and o&er
loaded condition# $ith out o&er heating% o&er
* Saudi Electricity Company - +rotection and "e#ting ,i&i#ion Central% +' ' 2o* 34- .iyadh - 55655% KSA
lo##e#% ga##ing% o&er &ibration# and #ound
le&el#'
Ability to carry load current $ithout de&eloping
hot #pot# #uch a# high re#i#tance and o&er
heating o! current path like bu#hing#% $inding#%
neutral path% #elector #$itch 7 di&erter #$itch
contact# etc'
Ability to $ith#tand #trength o! in#ulating
material# #uch a# oil% paper% pre##board# and
core and $inding clamp# again#t high &oltage#
high temperature #tre##e#'
Ability to maintain mechanical integrity under
the in!luence o! through !ault current% $ithout
$inding di#placement# and di#turbance o!
internal component# phy#ical geometry'
If any one of the above-mentioned conditions is
eceeded! the t"ansfo"me" tends to fai# o"
sho"ten its #ife s$an%
3. TRANSFORMER STRUCTURE
"ran#!ormer i# con#idered to ha&e !ollo$ing
#tructural component#'
Electro-magnetic circuit'
Current carrying path'
/n#ulation #y#tem (il% +aper% +re##
board#)'
Mechanical tap #election #y#tem
Cooling #y#tem'
2u#hing# and internal connecting lead#'
"ap changer lead#'
il pre#er&ation and e*pan#ion #y#tem'
+rotection and monitoring #y#tem'
Any defect in a## above-mentioned st"&ct&"es
can affect the f&nctiona# se"viceabi#ity of
t"ansfo"me"'
4. POSSIBLE DEFECTS/FAULTS IN
TE TRANSFORMER STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS
.i#e o! temperature'
8a# generation'
+, acti&ity'
il deterioration'
/ncrea#e in #ound le&el and &ibration'
/ncrea#e o! no load lo##e# and magnetizing
current'
/ncrea#e in tap changer contact re#i#tance
cau#ing local o&er heating% oil breakdo$n and
ga# generation'
il o&er heating% oil break do$n% bubble
!ormation% ga# generation'
Sur!ace contamination $ith conducting particle#
and oil aging product# leading to !la#ho&er'
Formation o! #ludge in oil #ho$# trend o!
accelerated degradation#'
9oo#ening o! clamping% di#tortion o! $inding
geometry% !urther de!ormation by #$itching
#urge and through !ault current leading to
ultimate !ailure
!. ANALYSIS TO TRANSFORMERS
A"ING PROBLEMS #ISTORY CASES$
What to do i! tran#!ormer i# ga##ing in #er&ice1
What to do i! tran#!ormer ha# lo$ in#ulation
re#i#tance and lo$ polarization inde* (+/) &alue
!rom it# re!erence &alue !ound during
maintenance te#t1
What to do i! tran#!ormer ha# high di##ipation
!actor (:+F)1
What to do i! tran#!ormer ha# high ratio error1
What to do i! tran#!ormer ha# high $inding
re#i#tance1
What to do i! tran#!ormer ha# high magnetizing
current1
What to do i! tran#!ormer ha# high $inding and
oil temperature1
What to do i! tran#!ormer ha# high &ibration
and #ound le&el1
/n reply to abo&e-mentioned -ue#tion# !e$
#tudy ca#e# are pre#ented belo$ #ho$ing
actual mea#urement# and real de!ect# !ound'
!.1 STUDY CASE NO 1
IN SER"ICE GAS ALARM WEN
TRANSFORMER LOAD
INCREASES
'
A three-pha#e generator tran#!ormer (8";5) at
po$er plant < 3 in .iyadh $ith rating =>M(A%
5;?@@@A5;B@@% Cnd5% $a# in the #er&ice #ince
5>4B' D 5; April ?@@6 ga# relay alarm
operated' 8a# relay $a# !ound !ull o! ga#'
"ran#!ormer $a# #hut do$n and thorough
in&e#tigation launched by on #ite te#ting'
Winding re#i#tance te#t at 9( #ide $inding
re&ealed the actual de!ect #ho$n in table 5'
Mea#ure
ment#
2et$een
pha#e#
Mea#ured
&alue# (m E
at ;3FC
ambient
temperature
.emark#
.-C 4'4= Dormal
.-2 4'43 Dormal
C-2
%.4!
0igh re#i#tance in current
path
"able 5G L' (indin) Resistance Meas&"ements
by T"ansfo"me" Ohmmete"'
All other te#t# like turn# ratio% in#ulation
re#i#tance% magnetizing current% di##ipation
!actor $ere !ound normal'
8a# $a# relea#ed and tran#!ormer energized
again' When load reached 3@MW% ga# alarm
initiated again con!irming the loo#e Hoint'
/t $a# decided to carry out in#pection# a!ter un-
tanking the $inding#'
A clear burnt-Hoint $a# !ound in the 9( #ide C-2
interconnecting lead'
2urnt contact $a# properly repaired and te#ted'
"ran#!ormer $a# re-energized a!ter
rea##embling $ithout any !urther problem'
!.1.1 ANALYSIS REMARKS
"he rea#on o! 8a##ing tran#!ormer in #er&ice
$a# due to dangerou# o&erheating o! the
contact o! interconnecting lead bet$een C-2 o!
9( $inding# at higher load#'
"hi# problem $a# re&ealed by preci#ion $inding
re#i#tance te#t
!.2 STUDY CASE NO 2
TRANSFORMER FAILED DUE TO
REPEATED SWITCING ON FAULTY
DISTRIBUTION CABLE FOR
LOCALI&ATION OF FAULTY
SECTION
A three-pha#e di#tribution tran#!ormer ("5?) at
#ub#tation < 455> in .iyadh $ith rating ?@M(A%
;;@@@A5;B@@% Cnyn@% $a# in the #er&ice #ince
5>B;' D ?4 ,ecember ?@@6 tran#!ormer
tripped $hen di#tribution #ta!! $a# localizing the
!aulty #ection o! one o! the 5;'Bk( under ground
cable !eeder being !ed by thi# tran#!ormer by
li&e #$itch on to !ault'
Site te#t# $ere per!ormed and the analy#i#
re#ult# are a# under
.eading# a!ter
"ime Elap#ed
0( "o
8round
9( "o
8round
0( "o
9(
.emark#
5 Minute 5'@ 8 I 53@ K I
5'@ 8 I
9( #ide
de!ecti&e
5@ Minute
5'3 8 I 5@@ K I 5'3 8 I
+/ &alue 5'3
'.()
5'3
Tab#e *+ Po#a"i,ation Inde -PI. Test Res&#ts
"A+ D
Computed
.atio
Mea#ured ratio
E*citing current
0( #ide (mA)
.
+h
C
+h
2
+h
.
+h
C
+h
2
+h
3
?
'
;
>
5
;
?
'
6
?
4
6
?
'
;
>
@
?
?
'
;
>
@
?
2
*
)
=
'
B
?
=
'
>
5
Tab#e /+ Ratio and Ecitin) C&""ent Test Res&#ts
Winding
under te#t
mA Watt# C (pF)
:
+WE.
FAC".
9( to 0(J
8round
5@B 5@@? 5@B56
24(
Tab#e 0+ Po1e" 2acto" Test at 34' ac
From the table ; and 6% it i# clear !rom the te#t
re#ult# that the $inding di#placement ha#
occurred re#ulting dra#tic change# in internal
geometry o! phy#ical component#'
!.2.1 ANALYSIS REMARKS
9oo#ening it# clamping #y#tem ha# cau#ed
$inding di#placement' 9oo#ening o!
clamping cant happen #uddenly' /t i# a
#lo$ proce## in #tage# de&eloped by
mechanical !orce# due to through !ault
current# pa##ing repetiti&ely'
(oltage ratio% magnetizing and Cap 7 ,F
mea#urement te#t# are important !or
predicti&e maintenance' /n order to pre&ent
#udden !ailure#% a predicti&e approach can
be de&eloped by maintaining the hi#tory
record o! all abo&e-mentioned te#t re#ult#'
nce a method i# adopted $ith certain te#t
e-uipment the #ame #hall be repeated !or
ne*t planned maintenance turn'
Any change in ratio% magnetizing current
and capacitance $ill indicate $inding
mo&ement' nce the mo&ement i#
detected% #tep# could be taken pre&ent it by
particular #er&ice arrangement#'
/n#truction# $ere i##ued to u#e alternate
method# !or !ault i#olation in#tead o! li&e
#$itch on to !aulty cable'

!.3 CASE STUDY NO 3
POLARI&ATION INDE+ #PI$ "ALUE
FOUND LOW WEN MEASURED
DURING IN"ESTIGATION TESTS
AFTER TRIPPING.
A three-pha#e generator tran#!ormer (8". 3) at
po$er plant 4 .iyadh $ith rating# 5?3M(A
5;?k(A5;'5k(A5;'5k(% Cnd5d5 $a# in #er&ice
#ince 5>4B' n 5B ,ecember ?@@6% the
tran#!ormer tripped on di!!erential protection
operated'
A!ter nece##ary i#olation the tran#!ormer $a#
thoroughly checked and te#ted $ith !ollo$ing
predicti&e te#t re#ult#'
.eading
A!ter "ime
Elap#ed
/n#ulation re#i#tance (/.)----M I
.emark#
0(-
8round
9(5-
8round
9(?-
8round
5 minute >=@ ;;? ?B@@
5@
minute#
?5=@ ;@B 34@@
+/ &alue ?'?3
'.%2)
?'@;4
9(5 i#
#u#pected
Tab#e 3+ Ins&#ation Resistance Test 1ith -PI.
Meas&"ement by 34v Teste"
/t $a# decided to i#olate 9(5 bu#hing# !rom it#
$inding#' A!ter i#olation% the #ame +/ te#t $a#
repeated on 9(5 $inding# and bu#hing#
#eparately $ith re#ult# indicated in table 3
analyzed a# abo&e'
9(5 $inding# !ound normal'
9(5 red and yello$ pha#e bu#hing# !ound
normal $ith +/ &alue K?'
9(5 blue pha#e bu#hing !ound abnormal $ith
+/ &alueL 5
2lue pha#e bu#hing $a# replaced $ith ne$ one
and #ame te#t repeated $ith good re#ult#'
"ran#!ormer $a# put back into #er&ice $ithout
any !urther problem'
!.3.1 ANALYSIS REMARKS
+olarization inde* (+/) i%e% M5@ minute /. &alueA5
minute# /. &alueN i# an important predicti&e te#t
a# e*perienced abo&e'
/t can a##e## the degree o! deterioration'
+/ &alue le## than 5 indicate# #eriou# problem'
"imely change o! de!ecti&e part# like bu#hing#
can #a&e the tran#!ormer !rom total !ailure in
!uture'
(. MAINTENANCE PLANNING STRATEGY
2e!ore proceeding to tran#!ormer maintenance
planning% one #hould under#tand !ollo$ing point#'
What are the ,-./012 -,,3./456 /73
/1-52,01831 94,3:
What are the #tep# !or ;9-55456 ,0.<23=
8-45/35-5.3
0o$ to manage 393./14.-9 /32/456 to predict
!uture !ailure#1
0o$ to 8->3 =3.424052 !or pre&enti&e
action#1
). FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSFORMER
LIFE
a' (oltage "ran#ient#
b' 0eat and o&erloading
c' Moi#ture and dirt'
d' /n#ulating oil ,ecay
e' E*ternal Short Circuit#'
!' +oor manu!acturing
Figure 5G "ran#!ormer 9i!e Cycle Stre##
le&el#
*. PLANNING FOCUSED
TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE
When #etting up a maintenance program the
key i# to get the mo#t e!!icient u#e o! your
maintenance re#ource# ba#ed on the ri#k
!actor# and importance o! the tran#!ormer'
"here!ore planning a maintenance program
con#ideration #hould be gi&en to the !ollo$ing
key -ue#tion#'
How important is this transformer in its
present location and what is affected if it
is lost?
/! a tran#!ormer ha# #en#iti&e location
!eeding important con#umer# and directly
a!!ect# a key proce## and ha# no backup
a&ailable then it #hould be con#idered a
high priority
How old is the transformer?
ld tran#!ormer# are more #ubHect to
!ailure# o! e*ternal component# and
ga#ket# becau#e o! their age'
What is the shape of the load profile?
/! the load i# #teady #tate% then there $ill be
le## internal mechanical #tre##e#' A load
pro!ile that ha# dra#tic !luctuation# $ill
cau#e hea&y mechanical #tre## on the coil
a##embly' '
What is the surrounding environment
like?
)nit# that operate in#ide clo#ed tran#!ormer
bay tend to #u!!er more !rom o&erheating
becau#e o! poor air!lo$' "hey may al#o be
e*po#ed to har#h en&ironment# depending
o! the proce## being operated at the !acility'
utdoor unit# tend to be le## #en#iti&e to
the en&ironment but are more at ri#k
becau#e o! thing# like &andali#m and
$eather condition#'
Start the planning #tage by identi!ying the
mo#t important tran#!ormer# in the net$ork
#y#tem' "he#e tran#!ormer# $ill be ea#y to
!ind #ince they are the one# that i! lo#t% $ill
cau#e the greate#t e!!ect on con#umer on
going proce##'
%. TRANSFORMER SELECTION
CRITERIA FOR STUDY CASES
SEC-CA e*i#ting maintenance policy #hould
be impre##ed !urther to include #tudy ca#e# in
order to diagno#e trend# to$ard# deterioration#
through electrical te#ting'
Certain #election criteria are needed to choo#e
#uch #ample#'
"o !ind #uch #tudy #ample# group# containing
tran#!ormer# $ith #ame manu!acturer and
rating# are #eparated' ut o! the#e group#%
tran#!ormer# a# #tudy ca#e are #elected ba#ed
on !ollo$ing ri#k !actor#'
/mportance
Age
9oading
En&ironment
1'. MAINTENANCE ACTION PLANS
Maintenance plan con#i#t# o! !our key action#
M6N
utline /n#pection#
+re&enti&e Action#
+redicti&e Action#
Correcti&e Action#
1'.1 OUTLINE INSPECTIONS
1'.1.1 "ISUAL INSPECTION IN SER"ICE
TROUG SPECIFIED CECKLIST
SUMMARI&ED AS UNDER%
Abnormal Sound le&el# in tran#!ormer bay
Winding and oil temperature
n line ,8A de&ice reading#'
0( bu#hing pre##ure gauge reading#
il le&el gauge reading#'
il and 8a# #ampling de&ice checking !or
any ga# pre#ent'
il leakage#
,i#coloring o! tran#!ormer tank #ur!ace'
'is&a# ins$ection in se"vice sho&#d be
$e"fo"med eve"y month fo" a## t"ansfo"me"s
es$ecia##y d&"in) the $ea4 #oad season%
1'.1.2 DETAILED INSPECTIONS ?
TESTS DURING OUTAGE PERIOD
WITOUT DISMANTLING ANY
E@UIPMENT
Winding# and bu#hing# in#ulation
re#i#tance te#t $ith polarization inde* (+/)
mea#urement#
,ielectric lo## ("an-,elta "e#t)
mea#urement on 0( bu#hing# through te#t
tap
Winding re#i#tance te#t on all tap# and on
all $inding#
(oltage ratio and magnetizing current
mea#urement te#t'
"ap changer motor input current
mea#urement during tap change cycle M5N
Detailed inspections should be performed
every 5
th
year for all transformers.
1'.2 PRE"ENTI"E ACTIONS
,8A !or /n#ulating oil #ample# per!ormed
on regular ba#e#
.epair or replacement o! aged part#%
a##e##ed !rom outline in#pection#
mentioned abo&e% a# leading to !uture
trouble#
1'.3 PREDICTI"E ACTIONS FOR
STUDY CASES
For thorough in&e#tigation on a particular
tran#!ormer #elected a# #tudy ca#e or bad
hi#tory o! alarm# or trip# initiated in #er&ice%
!ollo$ing diagno#tic te#t# are recommended'
Suitable planned outage# #hall be arranged !or
#u#pected e-uipment ba#ed on abo&e
mentioned in#pection# and pre&iou# hi#tory o!
ga# alarm generation
Certain part like cable#% Humper# #hould be
di#mantled' nly tran#!ormer $ith it# bu#hing#
le!t !or detailed te#t#'
,etailed te#ting i# per!ormed a# under
Winding# and bu#hing# in#ulation
re#i#tance te#t $ith +olarization /nde* (+/)
and .eco&ery (oltage Mea#urement te#t
(.(M) M?N
Core and core clamp in#ulation re#i#tance
te#t'
,ielectric lo## ("an-,elta "e#t)
mea#urement !or $inding# and 0(
bu#hing# through te#t tap.
Winding re#i#tance te#t on all tap# and on
all $inding# $ith a##e##ment o! di&erter
#$itch condition during tap change
operation'
9"C ,ynamic .e#i#tance Mea#urement
te#t M5N
(oltage ratio and magnetizing current
mea#urement te#t
Short circuit impedance mea#urement te#t#
"ap changer dri&ing motor input po$er
mea#urement te#t during tap change cycle
M5N
S$eep Fre-uency .e#pon#e Analy#i# te#t
(SF.A) M;N
1'.4. CORRECTI"E ACTIONS
,eci#ion #hould be taken by $ell-e*perienced
#enior engineer# on the ba#e# o! abo&e-
mentioned te#t record and it# e&aluation to
per!orm internal in#pection# through in#pection
hole#'
MaHor o&erhaul #hould be launched in ca#e o!
the de!ect# are repairable'
11. DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM A(B
8athering correct data !rom !ield-te#ting and
maintaining record# in a proper $ay i# key to
#ucce##!ul diagno#ing problem much earlier
than it become# a di#a#ter !or the tran#!ormer'
Field-te#ting $ithout compari#on to pre&iou#
record# ha# no meaning but $a#tage o! time
and money' /n order to manage record# o! !ield
te#t#% keep all te#t record# in the databa#e
e#pecially a&ailable $ith #pecial te#t
e-uipment# li#ted in appendi* ; !or particular
tran#!ormer# under maintenance'
"hree #tep# are e*plained a# underG
D-/- M-5-63835/
T32/ C05=4/4052
A5-9C242 T3.754D<32
11.1 DATA MANAGEMENT
All modern te#t e-uipment# li#ted in appendi* ;
ha&e their-o$n data management and
analyzing #o!t$are% $hich can be e!!iciently
u#ed to diagno#e !ault#'
/! the te#t e-uipment i# not a##ociated by any
data handling #o!t$are then data can be
arranged in normal MS E*cel Spread#heet# a#
Sheet 5 a# tran#!ormer identity and name
plate data
Sheet ? a# (i#ual in#pection in #er&ice
through #peci!ied checkli#t'
Sheet ; a# Winding# and bu#hing#
in#ulation re#i#tance te#t $ith +olarization
/nde* (+/) and .eco&ery (oltage
Mea#urement te#t (.(M)
Sheet 6 a# Core and core clamp in#ulation
re#i#tance te#t'
Sheet 3 a# ,ielectric lo## ("an-,elta "e#t)
mea#urement on 0( bu#hing# through te#t
tap
Sheet = a# Winding re#i#tance te#t on all
tap# and on all $inding# $ith a##e##ment
o! di&erter #$itch condition during tap
change operation
Sheet 4 a# 9"C ,ynamic .e#i#tance
Mea#urement te#t
Sheet B a# (oltage ratio and magnetizing
current mea#urement te#t'
Sheet > a# Short circuit impedance
mea#urement te#t#
Sheet 5@ a# "ap changer dri&ing motor
input po$er mea#urement te#t during tap
change cycle'
Sheet 55 a# S$eep Fre-uency .e#pon#e
Analy#i# te#t (SF.A)
Sheet 5? a# "ran#!ormer problem# and
correcti&e mea#ure# hi#tory record
.ename all #heet# $ith #uitable name#'
11.2 GRAPICAL DISPLAY OF TEST
RECORDS
All the te#t data #hould be kept in column# o!
#pread#heet#'
MS E*cel chart# generate graphical di#play# o!
te#t record# and comparing them $ith one
another or $ith !ootprint# $ill a##e## the
tran#!ormer condition trend#'
12. TEST CONDITIONS
Mea#urement# are #en#iti&e to ambient
condition# #uch a# temperature humidity etc'
"ran#!ormer maintenance #hall be planned at
#ame date and time $hen it $a# te#ted in
pre&iou# maintenance turn #o that the ambient
condition# do not &ary too much'
Dote do$n all te#t condition# in the te#t data
#heet $ith date and time'
"ran#!ormer condition #hould be #ame a#
te#ted be!ore #uch a# cable# and Humper#
remo&ed' nly tran#!ormer o$n bu#hing# #hall
be u#ed a# te#t point#'
"ry to u#e the #ame te#t e-uipment a# u#ed
be!ore in pre&iou# te#t# on the #ame
tran#!ormer under #tudy'
)#e late#t model te#t e-uipment li#ted in
appendi* ; $ith data management and analy#i#
#o!t$are'
13. DATA ANALY&ING TECNI@UES
"$o analyzing techni-ue# are u#ed !or the
purpo#e o! graphical interpretation' "he
method# are #ignature and compari#on'
13.1 SIGNATURE TECNI@UE
"hi# techni-ue take# the mea#urement !rom all
the three pha#e# o! a tran#!ormer and create# a
#ingle &alue to repre#ent the condition o! the
tran#!ormer at the te#ting time a# under'
Key e-uationG
A O (. J C J2) A ;
Where%
. P .ed pha#e mea#urement &alue
C P Cello$ pha#e mea#urement &alue
2 P 2lue pha#e mea#urement &alue
A P A&erage &alue o! red% yello$ and blue
pha#e# !or particular te#t'
S O Q M(. R A) S J (C R A) S J (2 R A) S
Where%
S P Single &alue to repre#ent tran#!ormer
condition'
S O Tero mean# all pha#e# ideally identical'
S K @ indicate# di##imilarity in pha#eU#
condition'
A #ingle &alue created out o! mea#ured &alue# !rom
all the three pha#e# to #ho$ the #imilarity o!
$inding# at the te#ting time' "hi# techni-ue re-uire#
tran#!ormer characteri#tic# in healthy condition'
Mea#urement# ac-uired !rom !actory can be
regarded a# !ootprint or re!erence &alue' 0o$ e&er i!
!actory te#t record# are not a&ailable then hi#torical
te#t data can be con#idered a# !ingerprint#'
13.2 COMPARISON TECNI@UE
"hi# techni-ue compare# a reading !rom one pha#e
o! a tran#!ormer to a re!erence #et o! data' "he
di!!erence bet$een the t$o reading# repre#ent# the
condition o! tran#!ormer $inding a# compared to
re!erence' .e!erence data can be obtained !rom the
healthy pha#e o! the #ame tran#!ormer or the
identical tran#!ormer near by in #ame location'
/t i# to be highlighted here that the #ignature o! the
healthy re!erence pha#e mu#t be obtained !rom the
#ame $inding that i# either high &oltage or lo$
&oltage a# pha#e under #tudy
, O M R .e!
Where
M P Mea#ured &alue
.e! P .e!erence data
, P ,i!!erence bet$een mea#ured and re!erence
data'
, O Tero mean# all pha#e# ideally identical'
, K . L @ indicate# di##imilarity in pha#e#
condition'
"hi# techni-ue need# re!erence data' /t $ill be &ery
u#e!ul i! hi#torical data i# a&ailable #o that the
di!!erence can be analyzed'
From the abo&e analy#i#% one# the clear trend i#
e#tabli#hed !or particular te#t% and the trend line
reach to unacceptable limit# #et by the appendi* 5%
the problem #ource can be identi!ied e*plained in
appendi* ? !or !urther pre&enti&e or correcti&e
mea#ure#'
14. CONCLUSIONS
+o$er tran#!ormer i# the heart o! electrical
utility' /n order to in#ure itU# healthy operation%
#tep# are re-uired to take pre&enti&e and
predicti&e mea#ure#' ,iagno#tic techni-ue#
mentioned in thi# paper can diagno#e !ailure#
o! po$er tran#!ormer# much be!ore the#e
actually happened'
"hough real te#ting at #ite i# limited due time
con#traint#' "he #chedule# are being made
&ery tight not enough time gi&en !or proper
te#ting' "hi# ha#ty te#t ha# no u#e' /t i# better to
#elect a group o! tran#!ormer# $ith #ame
characteri#tic# and #elect one #ample out o!
tho#e to per!orm repre#entati&e detailed #tudy'
.e#ult can be applied to all' Sen#ible
maintenance plan# can #a&e lot o! time% money
and enhance the e!!icient u#e o! manpo$er'
/n order to promote re#ult oriented and updated
the maintenance te#ting techni-ue#% thi# paper
trie# to introduce #ome o! the dynamic te#ting
techni-ue# in addition to con&entional te#t
method#'
Managing te#t data and then analyzing it !or
!urther pre&enti&e action i# primary ta#k o! thi#
paper'
REFERENCES
M5N V'V' SmithJ% W ,eci#ion Making E*perience
With Maintenance ,iagno#i# ! 0igh
(oltage E-uipmentX% Kema " 7 , +o$er
M?N (olker Kariu# J% W +ractical Foundation !
"he .eco&ery (oltage Method (.(M)X%
0e!ley "rench A8 S$itzerland'
M;N Muhammad Aziz Abdul .ahman%
0alimatun% +# 8ho#h% WFre-uency
.e#pon#e Analy#i# ! A +o$er
"ran#!ormerX )ni&er#iti "enaga Da#ional'
M6N M'0' .ahman% W Maintenance ! Electrical
E-uipmentX /E+-SAC Vournal ?@@;-?@@6'
M3N ('( Sokolo&% W Con#ideration n +o$er
"ran#!ormer Condition 2a#ed MaintenanceX
E+./ Sub#tation E-uip ,iagno#tic
Con!erence (/// Feb ?@-?;-?@@@% De$
rlean#% 9A
M=N .obert 0oubaerJ%U +o$er "ran#!ormer
A##et ManagementU A+WA /nternational
+ublic Work# Congre##% D.CCAC+WA
Seminar Serie# ?@@@'
APPENDI+ 1
T32/ C14/314- -5= D3,3./ A5-9C242
TC;3 O, T32/2
T32/ C14/314- -5= =3,3./ -5-9C242
Winding# and bu#hing# in#ulation re#i#tance
te#t $ith polarization inde* (+/) mea#urement#
+/ L5-- E-uipment de!ecti&e
5 L +/ K 5'3 --#ati#!actory
5'3 L+/ K?'3 --good
+/ K ?'3 Re*cellent
.eco&ery &oltage te#t
.e!er to !igure ;'
n polarization #pectra cur&e le## dominant
time con#tant ("d) indicate# more moi#ture
content#' Cur&e peak #hi!ting to$ard# le!t
#ide $ith #teep ri#e indicate# high moi#ture
content# in the tran#!ormer'
,ielectric lo## ("an-,elta "e#t) mea#urement
on 0( bu#hing# through te#t tap
:,F (+F) at ?@FC
@'?3 to 5 !or ne$ +A"F#
@'43 to 5'3 !or 53 year old +A"F#
More than 3'@ i# problem !or in&e#tigated
Winding re#i#tance te#t on all tap# and on all
$inding#' Condition o! di&erter #$itch !or
tran#ition time bet$een tap change proce##
.e#i#tance #hall increa#e or decrea#e
gradually' Any abrupt change !rom tap to
tap indicate tap changer contact# bad
condition' /! the tran#!ormer ohmmeter trip#
during tap change operation then there i#
problem in di&erter #$itch di&erting
re#i#tance#'
9"C ,ynamic .e#i#tance mea#urement te#t Magnitude o! current tran#ient# captured on
each tap change indicate# the condition o!
tap po#ition' Comparing the tran#ient#
captured on #e&eral tap po#ition# it can be
concluded a# high re#i#tance and action !or
!urther check up'
"urn# ratio and magnetizing current
mea#urement te#t
Mea#ured turn# ratio #hould be $ithin @'3: o!
computed &alue' E#pecially at principal tap%
turn# ratio out#ide thi# limit indicate# $inding
de!ect#' Any abrupt change in magnetizing
current !rom tap to tap indicate# turn-turn #hort'
"ap changer motor input current mea#urement
during tap change cycle'
+o$er mea#ured at the time o! commi##ioning
#hall be taken a# !ingerprint#' /! ne$ record
#ho$# any noticeable change then there could
be mechanical problem in dri&ing mechani#m.
Short circuit impedance mea#urement te#t#' Fingerprint# #hall be de&eloped !or #hort
circuit impedance $hen tran#!ormer i# ne$
and normal' Doticeable change in
impedance &alue $hen mea#ured under
#ame condition indicate mechanical
di#tortion and di#location o! tran#!ormer
$inding# due pa##age o! !ault current#.
S$eep Fre-uency .e#pon#e Analy#i# (SF.A)
te#t
.e!er to !igure ?
For a gi&en tran#!ormer ne$ !re-uency
re#pon#e plot i# compared $ith pre&iou#
record# taken at di!!erent time during
maintenance' Clear di!!erence# !rom
pre&iou# record# indicate core mo&ement%
$inding de!ormation% !aulty core ground#%
partial $inding collap#e% broken or loo#ened
clamping #tructure# and #hort or open
$inding#'

2i)&"e *- Sam$#e of S1ee$ 2"e5&ency Res$onse -S2RA. Test Reco"d
2i)&"e /+ Sam$#e Of Recove"y 'o#ta)e Method -R'M. Test Reco"d
N3E9C 353164F3=
A,/31 1!C3-12 I5 S31G4.3.
2i)&"e 0 - R'M Po#a"i,ation S$ect"&m 2o" T"ansfo"me"s
Dominant time
constant (Td)
Shifting of the curve
peak (Td) towards
right side indicates
more moisture
contents in
transformer under
test.
APPENDI+ 2
P0E31 T1-52,01831 C08;0535/ D3,3./2 A!B
SC2/38H C08;0535/2 D3,3./ F-<9/ ? SC8;/082
E93./108-653/4.
C41.<4/
Core
Structure /n#ulation
Clamping Structure
Magnetic Shield#
8rounding Circuit
L0023 C9-8;456
S701/ C41.<4/ #O;35I
.41.<4/$ 45 610<5=456
.41.<4/
Abnormal circulating
current
Floating potential
Aging lamination
/n#ulation degradation
8eneral o&erheating
9ocalized hot #pot
SparkingAdi#charger#
8a##ing
Winding# ("urn#%
parallel#)
Failure
C<1135/ .-11C456
.41.<4/
Winding #trand#% lead# P001 J045/ 9ocalized hot #pot
Connection% Hoin#%
contact#
P001 .05/-./2H C05/-./
=3/31401-/405
pen-circuit% Short-circuit
D4393./14. 2C2/38
MaHor in#ulation
EK.3224G3 E-/31H O49
.05/-845-/405
,e#tructi&e +,
Minor in#ulation S<1,-.3 .05/-845-/405 9ocalized tracking
9ead# in#ulation AL5018-9 -63= 049 Creeping di#charge
Electro#tatic #hield#
AL5018-9 .399<9023
-63456
PD of low energy
E*ce##i&e
agedAo&erheated
Cellulo#e Fla#ho&er
M3.7-54.-9
Winding# L0023 .9-8;456 Winding di#tortion
Clamping .adial buckling
9ead# #upport A*ial "$i#ting
Failure o! in#ulation
C009456 2C2/38
0eat e*changer C05/-845-/405 Cooling de!iciency
+ump# W1056 10/-/405H L3-14562 8eneral o&erheating
Fan#
OG3173-/456H ,-49<13H
M-9,<5./405
+iping e*ternal and
internal
P001 049 ,90E
+enetration o! decay
product /nto oil
B<274562
L0.-9 =3,3./M 8042/<13H
-41
/onization
C05=35231 .013 OG312/1322456H ,ielectric o&erheating
A63456H 049 452/-L494/C "hermal run a$ay
C013 2<1,-.3H 049 OG31I2-/<1-/405
M042/<13H Fla#ho&er
C05=<./01 A6456 E*plo#ion
P001 .05/-./H
OG3173-/456
OLTC
Motor dri&er% #ha!t
Coupling#% !i*ing
M3.7-54.-9 =-8-63 Cooking ,i#charge#
Selector 7 re&er#er
C05/-./2 0G3173-/456 Mal!unction
C05/-845-/405 ,ielectric breakdo$n
,i&erter #$itch C05/-./2 E3-1456 0</
C05/-845-/405
M3.7-54.-9 =3,4.435.C Mal-!unction
O49 ;13231G-/405 ?
3K;-52405
"ank% con#er&ator% L0E 049 93G39
+re#er&ing component#% P001 23-9456
+iping
APPENDI+ 3
R3.08835=3= T32/ ED<4;835/ F01 P0E31 T1-52,01831 D4-6502/4. T32/456.
D4-6502/4. T32/ S<4/-L93 T32/ ED<4;835/
Winding# and bu#hing# in#ulation re#i#tance te#t
$ith +olarization /nde* (+/) and .eco&ery (oltage
Mea#urement te#t (.(M)
.eco&ery (oltage 7 /n#ulation
Mea#uring )nit "ype E"+-?
.eco&ery (oltage Meter type .(M
36=?
Core and core clamp in#ulation re#i#tance te#t' 3k& /n#ulation "e#ter
"ype 2M?5
,ielectric lo## ("an-,elta "e#t) mea#urement on 0(
bu#hing# through te#t tap
5@k& Automated /n#ulation "e#t Set
"ype ,elta-?@@@
Winding re#i#tance te#t on all tap# and on all
$inding# $ith a##e##ment o! di&erter #$itch
condition during tap change operation'
Winding .e#i#tance Mea#urement
)nit
"ype E"+-;
9"C ,ynamic .e#i#tance Mea#urement te#t' "ran#ient .ecorder
"ype /,M"5
(oltage ratio and magnetizing current mea#urement
te#t'
"ran#!ormer "urn# .atio
Mea#urement )nit
"ype E"+-5
Short circuit impedance mea#urement te#t#' Short Circuit /mpedance
Mea#urement )nit "ype E"+-6
"ap changer dri&ing motor input po$er
mea#urement te#t during tap change cycle'
+o$er Multi-Meter "ype +MM-5 (E.
?'3
Fre-uency .e#pon#e Analy#i# te#t (F.A) S$eep Fre-uency .e#pon#e
Analyzer type M35@@%