Institute of Geodesy University of Stutgart

Statistical Inference Lab 2

date of issue: 7 November 2013 deadline: 21 November 2013, 4 p.m.
name(s): matriculation number(s):
Least-squares parameter adjustment of a levelling network
The fgure below displays a levelling network consisting of fve points (The arrows indicate the
directions of height increase). Use the linear model y = Ax in order to determine the unknown
absolute elevations of points P
1
, P
2
and P
3
,
x = [H
1
, H
2
, H
3
]
T
,
given the observations
H = [h
1B
, h
13
, h
12
, h
32
, h
1A
]
T
= [H
B
H
1
, H
3
H
1
, H
2
H
1
, H
2
H
3
, H
A
H
1
]
T
.
The elevations of the bench marks P
A
and P
B
are assumed to be fxed and error-free. The numerical
values are H
A
= 100.956 m and H
B
= 100.459 m.
Set the variable parameter k to the last two digits of your matriculation number.
Mathias Roth Room 5.349 matthias.roth@gis.uni-stuttgart.de
Institute of Geodesy University of Stutgart
a) First, consider the observations to be error-free, i. e. e
i j
= 0. From the numerical values h
1B
=
(7.000+
k
100
) m, h
13
= (10.000
k
100
) mand h
32
= 4.300 mdetermine the (consistent) observations
h
12
and h
1A
.
b) Next, add the errors
e = [e
1B
, e
13
, e
12
, e
32
, e
1A
]
T
=

0.0197, 0.0213, k 10
4
, 0.0129, 0.0341

T
in [m]
to the error-free observations subject to h
i j
+ e
i j
, resulting in inconsistent observations.
c) Apply a least-squares parameter adjustment to the levelling network presented. In particular,
determine
the design matrix A, its number of rows m, its number of columns n and its rank rk(A),
the reduced observations y and the rank rk

A|y

of the augmented matrix,

the least-squares estimates of the elevations of points P
1
, P
2
and P
3
, i. e., the estimated
parameter vector x = [

H
1
,

H
2
,

H
3
]
T
,
the adjusted reduced observations y,
the adjusted observations

H = [

h
1B
,

h
13
,

h
12
,

h
32
,

h
1A
]
T
,
the estimate e of the inconsistency vector and its squared length e
2
2
:= e
T
e.
d) Which test can and has to be implemented in order to check the numerical results? Apply it!
e) Compare e and e. What can you conclude?
Reference values for individual parameter k = 0:
Estimated elevations:
x =

93.452 107.755 103.470

T
in [ m]
Adjusted observations:
H =

7.007 10.019 14.303 4.284 7.504

T
in [ m]
Estimated residuals/inconsistencies:
e =

0.027 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.027

T
in [ m]
2