International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),

ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 97-104 IAEME
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EVALUATION OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION GUIDELINES IN
INDIAN SEISMIC CODES


Ravi Kant Mittal
1
, Vaibhav Gajinkar
2

1
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science,
Pilani 333031. India
2
Master Student (Structural Engineering), Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of
Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India.


ABSTRACT

According to new guidelines from Indian standards on Earthquake resistant design of
structures (IS1893-Part1 and 4), seismic soil-structure interaction (SSI) should be considered if
structure is resting other than rock or rock like material having SPT value less than 50. In the present
study adequacy of codal provisions related to SSI, given in 1893- part 4 (2005) are evaluated. A
parametric study is carried out on a 150 m tall RCC chimney considering the effect of seismic zone
on structural response of chimney by incorporating strain dependent shear modulus. The analysis and
results show that the time period increases with increase in soil flexibility, while design base shear
and design bending moment decreases with increase in soil flexibility. Effect of seismic intensity on
shear modulus of soil is considered and consequently the effect on the response of the structure is
determined. The reduction in the shear modulus of soil could tend to affect the response as compared
to the fixed base by a huge amount in zones of high seismic intensity. Indian code should include
provisions to account for this reduction in shear modulus depending upon seismic zone.

Keywords: Seismic Soil-structure interactions (SSI), seismic zone, strain dependent shear modulus,
Indian Seismic Code

1. INTRODUCTION

Conventional structural design suggested in various codes neglect the SSI effects for light
structures resting on rock or stiff soil. Considering soil-structure interaction makes a structure more
flexible and thus, increasing the natural period of the structure compared to the corresponding rigidly
supported structure. Moreover, considering the SSI effect increases the effective damping ratio of the
system. The smooth idealization of design spectrum suggests smaller seismic response with the
increased natural periods and effective damping ratio due to SSI. With this assumption, it was
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traditionally been considered that SSI can conveniently be neglected for conservative design. This
conservative simplification is valid for certain class of structures and soil conditions, such as light
structures in relatively stiff soil. However, most of cases structure is not light and resting on soil
which is not stiff or rock. In fact, the SSI can have a detrimental effect on the structural response,
and neglecting SSI in the analysis may lead to unsafe design for both the superstructure and the
foundation. Effects of SSI, plays an important role for heavy structures resting on relatively soft soils
for example nuclear power plants, high-rise buildings, chimneys, elevated-highways on soft soil,
structures with massive or deep-seated foundations, such as bridge piers, offshore caissons, and silos.
([1] to [10])

2. SSI PROVISIONS IN INDIAN SEISMIC CODES

According to new guidelines from Indian standards on Earthquake resistant design of
structures (IS1893-Part1 [1] and IS1893-Part 4[2]), soil structure interaction (SSI) should be
considered if structure is resting other than rock or rock like material having SPT value less than 50.
First time detailed formulation how to include soil structure interaction for chimneys and stack like
structures is given in [2] and described below.

2.1 Fixed Base Time Period
As per the codal provision, the time period of stack like structures when fixed at base shall be
calculated using the formula

(1)
where
C
T
= coefficient depending upon the slenderness ratio of the structure given in Table 6 of IS 1893
(Part 4),
W = total weight of the structure including weight of lining and contents above the base,
H = height of structure above the base,
Ec= modulus of elasticity of material of the structural shell,
A = area of cross-section at the base of the structural shell,
For circular sections, A = 2rt, where r is the mean radius of structural shell and t its thickness, and
g = acceleration due to gravity.

2.2 Horizontal Seismic Coefficient
Using the period T, the horizontal seismic coefficient A
h
shall be obtained from the spectrum
given in IS 1893(Part 1). The design horizontal seismic coefficient for design basis earthquake
(DBE) shall be determined by the following expression adopted in [1].

(2)

Z = zone factor. This is in accordance with Table 2 of 1S 1893 (PartI),
I = importance factor as given in Table 8 of IS 1893(Part 4),
R = response reduction factor as given in Table9 of [2], and
S
a
/ g = spectral acceleration coefficient for rock and soil sites as given in Fig. 1 of [1].

2.3 Design Shear force and Moment
Either simplified method (that is, equivalent static lateral force method) or the dynamic
response spectrum modal analysis method is recommended for calculating the seismic forces
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 97-104 IAEME
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developed in such structures. Site spectra compatible time history analysis may also be carried out
instead of response spectrum analysis.

2.4 Simplified Method (Equivalent Static Lateral Force Method)
The simplified method can be used for ordinary stack-like structures. The design shear force,
V and design bending moment, M, for such structures at a distance X from the top, shall be
calculated by the following formulae:
a.

(3)
b.

(4)

C
v
= coefficient of shear force depending on slenderness ratio k given in Table 6 of IS 1893(Part 4),
A
h
, = design horizontal seismic coefficient,
W
t
= total weight of structure including weight of lining and contents above the base,
h = height of centre of gravity of structure above base, and
D
v
, D
m
= distribution factors for shear and moment respectively at a distance X from the top as given
in Table 10 of IS 1893(Part 4). The expression for the distribution factors for moment and shear
along the height is given in Table 11 of IS 1893(Part 4) for use in computer programme.

2.5 Effective time period due to SSI effect
In general form, the effective fundamental period of a structure as modified by the soil has
been given Velestos and Meek, 1974, ASCE 7([11], [12]) as

(5)

T = the fundamental period of the structure for fixed base case,
= the stiffness of the structure when fixed at the base, defined by the following:

(6)

= height of centre of gravity of structureabove base,
Lateral stiffness (K
x
) and rocking stiffness(K

) of the foundation given by Richart et al., 1970[13] is

adopted in [2]

(7)

(8)
G = shear modulus of soil,

= unit weight of soil,
V
s
= shear wave velocity of the medium,
= Poissons ratio of soil,
r
o
= radius of circular raft foundation.
For rectangular foundation effective radius

may be taken, where a and b are the dimension

of the rectangular foundation.


International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
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3. DEPENDENCE OF THE SHEAR MODULUS ON THE STRAIN LEVEL

Low strain dynamic shear modulus measured by in situ tests corresponds to shear strain
amplitude of less than 0.001 %, represented as G
max
. However shearing strains due to earthquakes
range from 0.01 to 0.5 % and may reduce G
max
by 0.9 to 0.2 G
max
. As the shear strain of the soil
increases during seismic events, the shear modulus decreases. The shear modulus is used in
calculating stiffness values for footings.
The difference between the small-strain values of V
s
, such as those measured by in situ tests,
and the values compatible with the strain levels induced by the design earthquake shall be taken into
account in all calculations involving dynamic soil properties under stable conditions. There are no
provisions in the Indian code to account for the reduced G value.
According to Eurocode 8-part5, 2004 [5], if the ground acceleration ratio is equal to or
greater than 0.1 g, (i.e. equal to or greater than 0.98 m/s
2
), the reduction factors for V
s
and G value
may be applied as given in table 1. The same reduction factors were used in the current analysis for
comparison.

Table 1: Average soil damping factors and average reduction factors ( one standard deviation) for
shear wave velocity V
s
and shear modulus G within 20 m depth. (V
smax
=average V
s
value at small
strain (<10
-5
), not exceeding 300 m/s. G
max
=average shear modulus at small strain)
Ground acceleration
ratio,
Damping factor

0.1 0.03 0.9 (0.07) 0.8 (0.10)
0.2 0.06 0.7(0.15) 0.5 (0.20)
0.3 0.10 0.6 (0.15) 0.35 (0.20)

4. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Understanding the importance of effect of soil structure interaction on the seismic response of
tall slender structures, in this study attention is focused on evaluating the seismic response of tall
chimney considering the effect of soils with different shear velocity ranging from 150 m/s to 1200
m/s (soft soil to hard strata respectively.) and comparing the results obtained with those from fixed
base assumption.
For analysis a chimney 150m high with raft diameter of 18m and area of shell 8.5m
2
was
considered. The time period of vibration for the structure fixed at base and the flexible base period
were computed separately. The equivalent lateral force static method (clause 17.1, IS 1893-part 4) of
analysis was used to compute the design shear force and design bending moment.
The properties of different types of soils that were used in study are represented in table 2. The table
was extracted from the Mehta and Gandhi, 2008 [14] and sample calculation is given in Appendix A

Table 2: Properties of soil
Velocity of
Shear waves,
V
s
(m/s)
Soil type Density,
(kN/m
3
)
Poissons
ratio,
Shear
modulus, G
(kN/m
2
)
Elastic
modulus
(kN/m
2
)
150 Soft Soil 16 0.49 36700 14.95 x 10
4
300 Stiff Soil 20 0.45 183500 25.836 x 10
5
600 Dense Soil 22.4 0.35 322000 50.53 x 10
7
1200 Rock 25.6 0.30 3758900 30.42 x 10
7

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
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5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

MS Excel spreadsheet was developed to analyse for different responses using Equivalent
Static Lateral Force Method for tall chimneys. The following tables 3 and 4 enable us to view the
results of analysis for different responses and understand the importance of Soil Structure Interaction
(SSI) effects on seismic response of tall chimneys

Table 3: % change in base forces with consideration of flexible foundation with respect to fixed
foundation for zone IV
Type
of soil
Shear
wave
velocit
y, Vs
(m/s)
Density,
(kN/m)
Poiss
on's
ratio,

Without SSI (Fixed base)

With SSI (Flexible base)


%
reducti
on in
forces
Time
period,
T (sec)
Base
shear
force,
V (kN)
Base
moment,
M (kN-m)
Time
period,
T (sec)
Base
shear
force, V
(kN)
Base
moment,
M (kN-m)
Soft
soil
150 16 0.49 1.122 4191.2 213402.4 2.548 1846.49 94016.8 55.94
Stiff
soil
300 20 0.45 1.122 3413.2 173788.8 1.545 2479.52 126248.4 27.36
Dense
soil
600 22.4 0.35 1.122 2509.7 127785.8 1.248 2257.69 114953.8 10.04
Rock 1200 25.6 0.3 1.122 2509.7 127785.8 1.153 2442.85 124381.3 2.66

Table 4: % change in base forces with consideration of flexible base and reduced G value with respect
to fixed foundation
Zone
Zone
factor, Z
Without SSI (Fixed base)
b
With SSI and reduced G value
b

%
reduction
in forces
Time
period, T
(sec)
Base shear
force, V
(kN)
Base
moment, M
(kN-m)
Time
period,
T (sec)
Base shear
force, V
(kN)
Base
moment,
M (kN-m)
II 0.10 1.122 1422.172 72412.005 1.634 977.062 49748.58 31.30
III 0.16 1.122 2275.475 115859.208 1.755 1455.703 74119.29 36.03
IV 0.24 1.122 3413.212 173788.813 1.955 1959.574 99774.65 42.59
V 0.36 1.122 5119.818 260683.219 2.117 2714.673 138221.13 46.98
b
The values were determined for stiff soil having Vs= 300 m/s, = 20 kN/m and = 0.45

1. It is observed from Table 3, that the time period for chimney is more for flexible soil. The
time period goes on decreasing as the soil goes on getting stiffer.
2. Time period goes on decreasing as the shear velocity increases i.e. for stiffer soils with higher
shear velocity the time period values approach nearer to that obtained by fixed base
assumption. Hence for shear velocity in excess of 600m/s soil flexibility can be ignored and
base can be treated as fixed.
3. Due to SSI effect, the design shear force and bending moment was found to reduce by a
greater percentage in case of soft soil when compared to fixed base condition. However for
stiffer soils this reduction was very less.
4. Maximum Shear Modulus corresponds to low strain dynamic shear modulus measured at
shear strain amplitude of less than 0.001 %. However shearing strains due to earthquakes
range from 0.01 to 0.5 % and may reduce G
max
by 0.9 to 0.2 G
max
. Computation with reduced
G value leads to further reduction in the shear force and bending moment values as shown in
table 4. The reduction is very high in zones of high seismic intensity.

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 97-104 IAEME
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6. CONCLUSION

When a chimney was analyzed using equivalent static lateral force method for different types
of soils considering flexible base and fixed base, the obtained results showed the importance of soil
structure interaction effects. As the shear strain of the soil increases during seismic events, the shear
modulus decreases. This could tend to increase or decrease the response as compared to the fixed
base by a huge amount in zones of high seismic intensity. There are no provisions in the Indian code
to account for the reduced G value. It is thus concluded that seismic response of tall chimneys is
influenced greatly by soil supporting its base and nature of earthquake excitations striking the base.
Ignoring any one of them, can significantly affect the performance of chimney during earthquake and
lead to devastating effects. There is need to revise Indian code by including guidelines on reduction
factor used to assess the effect of reduced G value on response of the structure as mentioned in Euro
code EN 1998-5:2004 and ASCE 7.

REFERENCES

[1] IS: 1893 (Part 1), Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (Part 1) General
Provisions and Buildings, India: Bureau of Indian Standards, 2002
[2] IS: 1893 (Part 4), Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (Part 4) Industrial
Stack-like Structures, India: Bureau of Indian Standards, 2005
[3] ATC-40, Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete buildings, Applied Technology Council,
1996.
[4] FEMA-450, "NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and
other structures," ed. Washington, D.C.: Building Seismic Safety Council, 2003.
[5] Eurocode 8- Part-5, EN 1998-5, Design of structures for earthquake resistance-Part 5:
Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects, European Standard, 2004
[6] J. P. Wolf, Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey, 1985
[7] S. L. Kramer, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering: Pearson Education India, 1996, 294-
305.
[8] G. Mylonakis and G. Gazetas, Seismic soil-structure interaction: beneficial or detrimental?,
Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 4(3), 2000, pp. 277-301.
[9] G. Jie, M. Preising, and B. Jeremic, Benefits and detriments of soil foundation structure
interaction, Proceedings of Sessions of Geo-Denver, 2007.
[10] Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_structure_interaction
[11] A. S. Veletsos and J. W. Meek, "Dynamic behaviour of building-foundation systems,"
Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, vol. 3, pp. 121-138, 1974.
[12] ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, USA: American
Society of Civil Engineers, 2010, 199-202
[13] E. Jr., Richart, J. R. Jr. Hall, and R. D. Woods, Vibration of soils and foundations, Prentice-
Hall, 1970
[14] D. Mehta, and N. J. Gandhi, Time response study of tall chimneys, under the effect of Soil
Structure Interaction and long period earthquake impulse. In: Proceedings of the 14
th
World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, 2008





International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 5, May (2014), pp. 97-104 IAEME
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APPENDIX A

Structure details:
Height of the RCC chimney, H= 150 m
Diameter of raft = 18 m
Area of the shell, A = 8.5 m
2

Moment of inertia, I
b
= 92.5 m
4

Assume structure is located in zone IV
Soil properties:
Unit weight of soil, = 20 kN/m
3
,Poisson's ratio, = 0.45
Shear wave velocity, V
s
= 300 m/s, Dynamic shear modulus of soil, = 183486.24 kN/m
2

Shell material (concrete) properties:
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, E
c
= 3.12 x 10
8
kN/m
2
Unit weight of concrete,
c
= 25 kN/m
3

Without considering SSI effect (Fixed base condition)
Weight of chimney

31875 kN
Height of centre of gravity of structure above base


2

75 m
Radius of gyration of the chimney

3.299 m
Slenderness ratio
k = H/r
e
45.47
From table 6 of IS 1893 (Part 4)
C
T
82.8

C
V
1.473
As per IS 1893 (Part 4), time period of a fixed base chimney is given
by

1.122 sec
Considering medium soil,
(Clause 6.4.5 of IS 1893- part 1)

1.36

1.2116
Zone factor (Table 2 of IS 1893- part 1) Z
0.24
Importance factor (Table 8 of IS 1893- part 4) I
1.5
Response reduction factor (Table 9 of IS1893-part 4)
R 3
Horizontal siesmic coefficient

0.0727
At base of the chimney

From table 10 of IS 1893 (Part 4)
D
V
1

D
m
1
Design shear force

3413.212 kN
Design bending moment

173788.81 kNm




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Considering SSI effect and G
max
value

Radius of raft
r
0
9 m
The fixed base stiffness of the chimney

4

101807.863 kN/m
Horizontal soil stiffness

321

7 8
8548300.054 kN/m
Rocking soil stiffness

31
648540450.4 kN/m
Effective time period
1

1.545 sec
For medium soil

1.36

0.8802
Horizontal siesmic coefficient
A
h
0.0528
Design shear force

2479.520 kN
Design bending moment

126248.474 kNm
Percentage reduction in shear
27.36 %

Considering soil effect with reduced G value
Ground acceleration ratio (for zone IV)
0.24
As per Euro code 8- part 5 (table 1) average reduction
factor

0.44
Thus reduced dynamic shear modulus of soil

80733.945 kN/m
2

Horizontal soil stiffness

321

7 8
3761252.024 kN/m
Rocking soil stiffness

31
285357798.2 kN/m
Effective time period
1

1.955 sec
For medium soil

1.36

0.6956
Horizontal siesmic coefficient
A
h
0.0417
Design shear force

1959.574 kN
Design bending moment

99774.65 kNm
Percentage reduction in shear
42.59 %