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Environmental Engineering-I: Department of Civil Engineering The University of Lahore
Environmental Engineering-I: Department of Civil Engineering The University of Lahore
Environmental Engineering-I: Department of Civil Engineering The University of Lahore
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Acidity is measured in terms of CaCO
3
needed to neutralize the carbonic acid.
Acidity is expressed in terms of mg/L of
CaCO
3
.
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2. Chemical Parameters:
3. pH:
It is expressed as the common logarithm of
the reciprocal of the Hydrogen ion [H
+
]
concentration. i.e.
pH = log [
1
H
+
]
pH test determines the strength of an acid
or base while the chemical test for acidity or
alkalinity determines the amount of acid or
base.
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2. Chemical Parameters:
4. Hardness:
It is property of preventing lather
formation with soap. Hardness also
produces scale in hot water systems.
Hardness is caused by divalent metallic
ions in water which react with soap to
form precipitate. These ions are most
commonly associated with bicarbonates,
sulphates and chloride in water.
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2. Chemical Parameters:
5. Metals and Others:
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2. Chemical Parameters:
Arsenic Carcinogenic, Skin Cancer.
Chromium Carcinogenic, Skin allergy, impairs kidneys.
Cyanide Affects thyroid and nervous system.
Flouride Dental Caries and fluorosis.
Lead General Toxicant, Toxic to nervous system,
upset stomach.
Mercury Impairs kidney, affects brain.
Nitrates Causes methemoglobinemia in infants.
DDT Carcinogen to animals, toxic to human.
Coliforms: This group consists of:
Aerobactor Aerogenes: These are normally
found in soil, plants, grains, and to some
extent in the faeces of the man and animal.
Escherichia Coli (E-Coli): These are normally
found in the intestinal tract of man and
animal. They are excreted with faeces.
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3. Bacteriological Parameters:
Coliforms (E-Coli) are considered non-
pathogenic but can cause infection of
genito-urinary tract.
The term Faecal Coliforms refer to all
those coliforms which are present in
faeces. These mostly consist of E.Coli, but
may contain Aerobector Aerogenes and
other variety of coliforms. They are also
named as Thermotolerant Coliform
Bacteria.
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3. Bacteriological Parameters:
Alpha and beta activity.
Radio active material concentrations in
drinking water are largely due to naturally
occurring radionuclides in the uranium and
thorium decay series. These radionuclides
are present in soil.
Radioactivity is measured by Geiger in
term of 1 Bq/L.
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4. Radiological Parameters: