Is there any relationship between stress and strain? 1.

What does this relationship represent? 2.

Will normal and shear direction acting the same under same forcing magnitude? 3.
Will it be the same for every material? What will happen after the deformation? 4.
Outline: 1. Stress and strain diagram
2. Stress-strain behavior of ductile and brittle materials
3. Poissons ratio
4. Hookes law
5. Strain Energy
6. Shear stress-shear strain diagram
Play Doh Experiment
Uniaxial tension experiment
http://youtu.be/D8U4G5kcpcM Tensile test
Standard samples (ASTM) 1.
Initial cross-section area and gauge-length 2.
Curvature 3.
Alignment during testing 4.
Use of strain gauge or extensometer 5.
Compression test
http://youtu.be/AR_fjmV2Mpk
Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties of Materials
Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties Page 1
Testing Machines: - MTS - Instron
Conventional Stress-Strain Diagram
The initial cross-section area and initial length of gauge section are used 1.
Factors that affect stress-strain curves 2.
Material composition
Material structure
Manufacture procedure
Loading rate
Testing temperature .
Elastic Behavior
Modulus of Elasticity
3.
Yielding
Yielding Strength

4.
Strain Hardening
Ultimate Stress

5.
Necking
Fracture Stress

6.

Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties Page 2

True Stress-Strain Diagram (*refer to text book for further discussion)
Actual cress-sectional area and specimen length at the instant load are measured.
Stress-Strain Behavior of Ductile Materials
Material that can be subjected to large strains before it fractures
Percent elongation
length original :
fracture at length :
%) 100 ( elongation Percent
o
f
o
o f
L
L
L
L L

Percent reduction in area

area sectional - cross original :
fracture at neck the of area the :
%) 100 ( elongation Percent
o
f
o
f o
A
A
A
A A

Offset yield strength

Many materials do not have well-defined yield point.
0.2% offset yield point
Stress-Strain Behavior of Brittle Materials
Material that exhibit little or no yielding before failure and
fracture is due to the propagation of cracks
Hook's Law
For linear portion of a stress-strain curve,
Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties Page 3
Strain Hardening
Strain Energy
Load X displacement leads to energy
Energy is due to deformationstrain energy
Strain energy density: strain energy per unit volume of material

For linear elastic deformation

Modulus of Resilience
Strain energy density at the stress reaches the
proportional limit.

Modulus of Toughness
Strain energy density of the material just
before it fractures.
Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties Page 4
Example 3.1 (EX 3.1)
A tension test for a steel alloy results in the stress-strain diagram as shown. Calculate the modulus of
elasticity and the yield strength based on a 0.2% offset. Identify on the graph the ultimate stress and the
fracture stress.
Example 3.2 (Ex 3.3)
Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties Page 5
Poisson's Ratio
Strain along longitudinal (axial) direction

Poisson's ratio

Strain along lateral (radial) direction

Material
Rubber 0.49
Example 3.2 (Ex 3.3)
An aluminum rod as shown has a circular cross section and
is subjected to an axial load of . If a portion of the
stress-strain diagram is as shown, determine the
approximate elongation of the rod when the load is applied.
Take

.
Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties Page 6
Poisson's ratio

Shear Stress-Strain Diagram

For elastic portion

Material
Rubber 0.49
Polymers 0.4
Metals 0.3
Ceramics 0.2
Example 3.3 (Ex 3.6)
An aluminum specimen as shown has a diameter of

and a gauge length of

. If a force of elongates the gauge length , determine the

modulus of elasticity. Also determine by how much the force causes the diameter of the
specimen to contract. Take

and

For isotropic material
(Ch 10.6)
Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties Page 7
Summary
Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties Page 8