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Overview of Direct
Displacement-Based Design of
Bridges
July 9, 2012
Mervyn J. Kowalsky
Professor of Structural Engineering
North Carolina State University
kowalsky@ncsu.edu
919 515 7261

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Outline
Brief History
DDBD Fundamentals
SDOF Example
MDOF Fundamentals
MDOF Example
Design verification
Sources for more information
Current and future areas of study
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Things to think about during the talk:
Philosophical differences: DDBD,
AASHTO LRFD (Force based), and
AAHSTO Guide Spec for Seismic Design
(Displacement-based).
Examples: How would they be handled
with current AASHTO methods?
End Result: Does DDBD Make a
difference? (Best to try it for yourself!)
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Brief History
1993 Myths and
Fallacies paper by
Priestley.
Continual development
from 1993 through 2007.
Culminated in 2007 book.
Chapter in 2013 Bridge
engineering handbook.
Continued refinement,
adaptations, and
verifications.
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For seismic design
You are the boss of the structure tell it what
to do! Tom Paulay
Strength is essential, but otherwise
unimportant. Hardy Cross
Analysis should be as simple as possible, but
no simpler. Albert Einstein
Always follow the principle of consistent
crudeness. Nigel Priestley
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Within the context of
Performance Based Design:
What should the structural strength be (i.e.
base shear force)?
How should the strength be distributed?
How can design be elevated by analysis?
What should the strength of capacity
protected actions be?
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DDBD Fundamentals
Displacement Response Spectrum (DRS)
based.
DRS can be easily obtained from code ARS
or site specific.
Utilizes equivalent linearization (inelastic
spectra also possible)
Effective stiffness.
Equivalent viscous damping

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Fundamentals
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Basic Method (SDOF)
Select target displacement, D
d
Strain, Drift, or Ductility
Calculate yield displacement, D
y
Fundamental member property
Calculate equivalent viscous damping, z
Relationships between damping and
ductility available and easily obtained
Calculate effective period, T
eff
From Response spectra
Calculate effective stiffness, K
eff
K
eff
= 4p
2
m/T
eff
2
Calculate design base shear force, V
b
V
b
= K
eff
D
d
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How Are Damping Equations Obtained?
Area based hysterestic damping from above is corrected (NLTHA)
and then combined with viscous damping (i.e. 5% tangent stiffness)
to obtain expressions for equivalent viscous damping for a given
hysteretic shape, i.e. RC Column or steel beam, etc.
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Example Single bent bridge
H=10m
d=2m
f
y
=470MPa
E
s
=200GPa
W=5000kN
q
d
=0.035
m
d
=4
Target Displacement:
Drift: D
d
=(0.035)(10m) = 0.350 m
Ductility: D
d
=m
d
D
y
D
y
=f
y
H
2
/3
f
y
=2.25e
y
/D=0.00264 1/m
D
y
= 0.088 m
D
d
= 4(0.088) = 0.353 m

875
mm
4 sec.
z=5%
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Example Single bent bridge
Equivalent Viscous Damping (These expressions all assume 5% tangent
stiffness proportional viscous damping and hysteretic damping):
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Example Single bent bridge
D
c

5%
= 875 mm
T
c
= 4
z=5%
Obtaining Effective Period:
D
d
= 350 mm
D
c

15.5%
= 553 mm
z=15.5%
T
eff
= 2.53 Period (sec)
Disp (mm)
NOTE: D
c

X%
= D
c

5%
R
x
2 + z
R
x
=

7
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Example Single bent bridge
Obtaining Effective Stiffness:
Obtaining Design Base Shear:
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Simplified Base Shear Equation for DDBD
a = 0.5 for regular conditions
a = 0.25 for velocity pulse conditions
NOTE: Damping expressed as ratio in the above equation (not %).
NOTE: Equation assumes a linear DRS to the corner point.
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Transverse design displacement profiles
Dual seismic load paths
Effective system properties
displacement, damping, mass
Degree of fixity at column top
Impact of abutment support conditions
Iterative, in some cases.
Complexities for Multi-Span Bridges
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Transverse Displaced Shapes

D
D
D
D
D
(a) Symm., Free abuts. (b) Asymm., Free abuts. (c) Symm., free abuts.
Rigid SS translation Rigid SS translation+rotation Flexible SS
D

D
3
D
4
D
5
D

D


D

D


D


D


D


D


D
3

D
3

D
3

D
3

D
4

D
4

D
4

D
4

D
5

D
5

D
5

D
5

(d) Symm,. Restrained abuts. (e) Internal movement joint (f) Free abuts., M.joint
Flexible SS Rigid SS, Restrained abuts. Flexible SS
D

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Obtaining Displaced Shape
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

Position along bridge
Note: Stars are limit state displacements based on strain, ductility, or drift
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System Displacement and Effective Mass
From work balance between MDOF and SDOF systems:
From force equilibrium between MDOF and SDOF systems:
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Pier Damping:
System Damping:
Damping Components
System damping obtained by weighting component damping
according to work done by each component
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Force is distributed in proportion to mass and pier top displacement.
Base Shear Distribution
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Higher mode effects?
In general, not a problem for most bridges
with regards to displaced shape.
Possible to use Effective modal analysis to
define displaced shape, but takes more effort.
Higher modes can be an issue for
superstructure bending and abutment
reactions use dynamic amplification
factors.
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Longitudinal Design: If the bridge is straight, this is generally
straightforward, and will often dominate design requirements.
Effective damping and design displacement are the main issues.
Transverse Design: More complex, but often doesnt govern.
Displacement shape may not be obvious at start. Design
displacement, damping, higher mode effects may need to be
considered.
DDBD OF MDOF BRI DGES

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Multi-span bridge longitudinal direction
1. In longitudinal direction, multi-span bridge is an SDOF system.
2. Shortest pier will govern target displacement.
3. Only complexity is that damping of each pier must be weighted.
4. For bridges restrained in the transverse direction but free
longitudinally, the governing direction is longitudinal.
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Force
Displ.
C
A
B
Design Choice: Equal moment capacity, piers.
Shears inversely proportional to height
Yield curvatures of piers are equal
Design Displacement based on shortest pier.
Ductility, and hence damping of piers are different.
abutments
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12m
(39.4ft)
2.0m dia
(78.7in)
10MN 2250kips
Material props:
f
c
=30MPa: f
ce
=39MPa (5.7ksi)
f
y
=420MPa: f
ye
=462MPa (67ksi)
f
u
/f
y
=1.35
Long.bars: 40mm (1.575in) dia.
Trans.bars:20mm @100mm (4in)
Displacement for damage-control limit state for fixed top case
= 0.326m: based on strains (concrete governs at 0.0136 over
steel at 0.06).
Design Displacement for a Footing-Supported
Column under Long. Response (Central Pier)
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Multi-span bridge transverse direction
Estimate portion of base shear to be carried by abutments due to
superstructure bending.
Define column and abutment target displacements.
Define displaced shape.
Scale shape to critical column or abutment displacement.
Express MDOF bridge as equivalent SDOF structure
system displacement
system mass
system damping
Calculate design base shear (use simplified equation)
Distribute base shear to each abutment and bent according to
displaced shape and mass of each bent/abutment.
Conduct secant stiffness analysis and compare response displaced
shape to target displaced shape.
Revise proportion of force carried by abutment, if needed
Iterate until convergence
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40m 50m 50m 40m
16m
12m
16m
B
C
A
D
E
(Not to scale)
Transverse Design (1): Ductile Piers, restrained abutments:
D
d
= 0.485m; x = 0.51; x = 0.085; V
Base
= 11.1MN
Transverse Design (2): Isolated piers and abutment:
D
d
= 0.5m; x = 0.0, x = 0.163; V
Base
= 5.6MN
Transverse Design Example
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Example 10.5, p507
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Da = De = 40mm
Db = Dd = 961mm
Dc = 596mm
Therefore, limit state displacements are:
Since displacements of pier b and d are estimated
as 70% of pier c, pier c is critical and profile is:
Da = De = 40mm; Db = Dd = 417mm; Dc = 596mm
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(Work balance) (Force equil.)
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Da = De = 40mm; Db = Dd = 417mm; Dc = 596mm (Target)
Da = De = 43mm; Db = Dd = 383mm; Dc = 572mm (actual)
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Da = De = 41mm; Db = Dd = 396mm; Dc = 593mm (rev. x)
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2
nd
iteration
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Sample Design and Analysis
Result for MDOF Bridge
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Other verification results
2, 4, 6 span bridges with 9 different
support conditions.
Each bridge designed with DDBD and
then analyzed with NLTH analysis.
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6 Span Bridge Results
X-Z X-Z X-Z
R-R PR-R R-PR
X: Longitudinal restraint
Z: Transverse restraint
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6 Span Bridge Results
X-Z X-Z X-Z
PR-PR U-R R-U
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6 Span Bridge Results
X-Z X-Z X-Z
U-U U-PR PR-U
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Sources for more information
NCSU (every fall on campus and by distance): CE 725 covers
displacement based design of structures. Currently developing a bridge
specific course as well (CE 725 will be a pre-req).
http://engineeringonline.ncsu.edu/index.html
Courses at the Rose School in Pavia Italy: Numerous courses on DDBD
(I teach the bridge course every three years, usually in May next 2013)
http://www.roseschool.it/
Seminars (Past: NC, DR, Ecuador, Vancouver, NZ, Italy).
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Sources for more information
Textbook.
Numerous papers.
Bridge engineering handbook, 2013, will
have a chapter on DDBD of Bridges.
Call or email me any time.
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Current and Future Areas of Study
DDBD of curved and irregular bridges (PhD
student Easa Khan), and arch bridges (with
Easa Khan and Dr. Tim Sullivan of Rose
School).
Impact of load history (and path) on limit state
definitions and the relationship between strain
and displacement.
Seismic behavior of reinforced concrete filled
pipes
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Research Methods
Analytical
Moment curvature analysis of sections
Fiber and FEM analysis of members

Experimental
Material tests
Large scale tests (30)
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Specimen Design
2ft Diameter
8ft Cantilever Length
Single Bending
16 #6 Longitudinal Bars
#3 or #4 Transverse at
Variable Spacing
Cover to Spiral
Quasi-Static Load Procedure
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Optotrak Certus HD

Position Sensor
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Experimental Tests





T
e
s
t

M
a
t
r
i
x

Specimens 1-12 Load History
Specimens 13-18
Transverse Steel
Load History
Specimens 19-24
Testing Aug - Dec
Axial Load
Aspect Ratio
Specimens 25-30
Longitudinal Steel
Axial Load
Currently 18 Tests Completed
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Quasi-Static Earthquake Loading Procedure
0 25 50 75 100 125 150
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
Time (sec)
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
g
)
-254 -154 -54 46 146 246
-356
-256
-156
-56
44
144
244
344
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Displacement (mm)
L
a
t
e
r
a
l

F
o
r
c
e

(
k
N
)
L
a
t
e
r
a
l

F
o
r
c
e

(
k
i
p
s
)
Displacement (in)
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Load History Characteristics
Test 9 Shown
Symmetric Three Cycle Set
Monotonic Test 1
El Centro 1940 Test 4 Tabas 1978 Tests 5 and 6
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Load History Characteristics
Japan 2011 Test 12
Kobe 1995 Test 11
Chichi 1999 Test 10
Chile 2010 Test 8
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I s Load History I mportant?
Load History as the Only Variable
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Load history and Buckling of Steel
Characteristic compression strain
capacity:
Impacted by boundary conditions, which
are effected by load history (i.e. large
compressive cycles which yield
transverse steel)
Tensile Strain Demand:
Impacted by number of reversals and
strain accumulation.
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Strain Profiles
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
-0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
)
L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

(
i
n
)
Strain
Ductility 1 +3
Ductility 1.5 +3
Ductility 2 +3
Ductility 3 +3
Ductility 4 +3
Ductility 6 +3
Ductility 8 +1
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Curvature Profiles
y = -37229x + 96
y = -2499.5x + 20
R = -0.018
y = -1978.9x + 21.575
R = 0.6693
y = -1547.3x + 25.102
R = 0.8831
y = -1429.2x + 28.909
R = 0.9692
y = -1113.4x + 32.04
R = 0.9857
y = -822.27x + 32.325
R = 0.9859
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Curvature (1/m)
L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
)
L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

(
i
n
)
Curvature (1/ft)
Ductility 1 +3
Ductility 1.5 +3
Ductility 2 +3
Ductility 3 +3
Ductility 4 +3
Ductility 6 +3
Ductility 8 +1
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Plastic Hinge Method

y
L
c

L
sp

p
L
p

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Modified Plastic Hinge Method

y
L
c

L
sp

p
L
p

Elastic Flexure + Plastic Flexure + Strain Penetration + Shear
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
i
n
)
Data Point Number
Original Plastic Hinge Method
Physical Test
Curvature Ductility Dependent Method
Comparison with Plastic Hinge Method
Input of
base
from Test Results
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L
M
M
M
M
1
M
2
M
1
M
2
(a) Multi-column Pier (b) Single Column, Single Bearing
(c) Single Column, Multiple Bearing (d) Single Column, Monolithic.
F F
F F
W
SS
fully fixed
at design
displace.
pinned
top moment
depends on
SS flexibility
top moment
indeterminate (2
modes)
Degree of Fixity at Pier Top