The Riccati equation method

with variable expansion coefficients.

II. Solving the KdV equation.

Solomon M. Antoniou
SKEMSYS
Scientific Knowledge Engineering
and Management Systems

37 oliatsou Street, Corinthos 20100, Greece
solomon_antoniou@yahoo.com

Abstract
The Riccati equation method with variable expansion coefficients, introduced in a
previous paper, is used to find travelling wave solutions to the KdV equation
0 u a u u u
xxx x t
= + + . The dependent coefficients A and B of the Riccati
equation
2
BY A Y + = satisfy their own nonlinear ODEs, which can be further
solved by one of the known methods, like Jacobi's elliptic equation method. The
KdV equation is also solved by the ) G / G ( expansion method with variable
expansion coefficients.

Keywords: Riccati method, nonlinear evolution equations, traveling wave
solutions, KdV equation, exact solutions.




2

1. Introduction.
Nonlinear partial differential equations arise in a number of areas of Mathematics
and Physics in an attempt to model physical processes, like Chemical Kinetics
(Gray and Scott [37]), Fluid Mechanics (Whitham [94]), or biological processes
like Population Dynamics (Murray [65]). In the recent past there are a number of
new methods which have been invented in solving these equations. Among the
new methods are the inverse scattering method (Ablowitz and Segur [13],
Ablowitz and Clarkson [12], Novikov, Manakov, Pitaevskii and Zakharov [69]),
Hirotas bilinear method (Hirota [43] and [44), the Bcklund transformation
method (Rogers and Shadwick [77]), the Painleve truncated method (Weiss,
Tabor and Carnevale [92] and [93]), the Cole-Hopf transformation method (Salas
and Gomez [80]), the algebro-geometric approach (Belokolos et al [19]), the Lie
symmetry method (Lie point symmetries, potential symmetries, nonclassical
symmetries, the direct method) (Bluman and Kumei [20], Hydon [45], Olver [70],
Ovsiannikov [71], Stephani [82]), the tanh-coth method (Malfliet [58] and [59],
Malfliet and Hereman [60] and [61], El-Wakil and Abdou [26], Fan [30], Griffiths
and Sciesser [38], Fan and Hon [31], Parkes and Duffy [73], Parkes, Zhou, Duffy
and Huang [75], Wazwaz [90] ), the sn-cn method (Baldwin et al [17]), the F-
expansion method (Abdou [4] and [7], Wang and Li [87]), the Jacobi elliptic
function method (Abbott, Parkes and Duffy [1], Abdou and Elhanbaly [10], Chen
and Zhang [22], Chen and Wang [23], Fan and Zhang [32], Inc and Ergt [46],
Liu, Fu, Liu and Zhao [55], [56], Lu and Shi [57], Parkes, Duffy and Abbott [74]),
the Riccati equation method (Zhang and Zhang [101], Abdou [3], Antoniou [15]),
the Weierstrass elliptic function method (Kudryashov [51], [53]), the exp-
function method (He and Wu [41], Abdou [8], Aslan [16], Bekir and Boz [18],
Ebaid [24], El-Wakil, Abdou and Hendi [27], He and Abdou [40], Naher,
Abdullah and Akbar [66] and [67]), the Adomian decomposition method
(Adomian [14], Abdou [2], Wazwaz [89] and [91]), the G / G expansion
3
method (Borhanibar and Moghanlu [21], Feng, Li and Wan [33], Jabbari, Kheiri
and Bekir [47], Naher, Abdullah and Akbar [68], Ozis and Aslan [72], Wang, Li
and Zhang [88], Zayed [98], Zayed and Gepreel [100]), the homogeneous
balance method (Fan [29], Wang, Zhou and Li [86], El-Wakil, Abulwafa,
Elhanbaly and Abdou [25], Wang, Zhou and Li [86]), the direct algebraic method
(Soliman and Abdou [81]), the basic equation method (Kudryashov [52]) and its
variants, like the simplest equation method (Abdou [6], Jawad, Petkovich and
Biswas [48], Vitanov [85], Yefimova [96], Zayed [99]), the first integral method
(Feng [34], Raslan [76]), the integral bifurcation method (Rui, Xie, Long and He
[78]), the reduced differential transform method (Keskin and Oturanc [49]), the
homotopy perturbation method (Taghizadeh, Akbari and Ghelichzadeh [83],
Yahya et al [95], Liao [54], El-Wakil and Abdou [28]), the variational iteration
method (He [39], Abdou [5], Abdou and Soliman [9], Wazwaz [91]). A more
detailed (but not complete) set of references of the above methods appears in
Antoniou [15]. The implementation of most of these methods was made possible
only using Symbolic Languages like Mathematica, Macsyma, Maple, etc.
In this paper we introduce the Riccati equation method with variable expansion
coefficients and we find traveling wave solutions of the KdV equation. The paper
is organized as follows: In Section 2 we introduce the basic ingredients of the
method used. In Section 3 we consider KdV equation and Riccatis equation
method of solution where the expansion coefficients depend on the variable . In
Section 4 the KdV equation is solved using the ) G / G ( expansion method with
variable expansion coefficients.
2. The Method.
We consider an evolution equation of the general form
) , u , u , u ( G u
xx x t
L = or ) , u , u , u ( G u
xx x tt
L = (2.1)
where u is a sufficiently smooth function.
We introduce a new variable given by
4
) t x ( k = (2.2)
where k and are constants. Changing variables, since
) ( u ) k ( u
t
= , ) ( u k u
x
= , ) ( u k u
2
xx
= , (2.3)
equation (2.1) becomes an ordinary nonlinear differential equation

|
|

\
|

L ,
d
u d
k ,
d
du
k , u G
d
du
) k (
2
2
2
(2.4)
or
|
|

\
|

L ,
d
u d
k ,
d
du
k , u G
d
u d
k
2
2
2
2
2
2
(2.5)
Equations (2.4) or (2.5) will be solved considering expansions of the form

=
=
n
0 k
k
k
Y a ) ( u (2.6)
or


= =
+ =
n
1 k
k
k
n
0 k
k
k
Y
b
Y a ) ( u (2.7)
where all the expansion coefficients depend on the variable ,
) ( a a
k k
, ) ( b b
k k
for every n , , 2 , 1 , 0 k L =
contrary to the previously considered cases where the expansion coefficients were
considered as constants. The function ) ( Y Y satisfy Riccatis equations

2
Y B A ) ( Y + = (2.8)
where again the coefficients A and B depend on the variable .
In solving equations (2.4) or (2.5), we consider the expansions (2.6) or (2.7) and
then we balance the nonlinear term with the highest derivative of the function
) ( u which determines n (the number of the expansion terms). Equating similar
powers of the function ) ( Y we can determine the various coefficients and thus
find the solution of the equation considered.

5
3. The KdV equation and its solutions.
The KdV equation was introduced by D. J. Korteweg and G. de Vries (Korteweg
and de Vries [50]) in modeling the motion of surface waves in shallow, narrow
canals, according to an observation made by J. S. Russell (Russell [79]). The
interest to Russell's observation was triggered by a computer experiment at the Los
Alamos Laboratory by Fermi, Pasta and Ulam (Fermi, Pasta and Ulam [35]). In
the above list it is fair to include the name of Mary Tsingou (see also Tuck and
Menzel [84], where Mary Tsingou appears under the name M. T. Menzel). Ten
years later, N. J. Zabusky and M. D. Kruskal (Zabusky and Kruskal [97]),
published a paper in which they provided a satisfactory interpretation of Fermi-
Pasta-Ulam experiment and introduced the term "soliton" to name the solitary-
wave solutions of the KdV equation. The KdV equation can be solved through the
famous Inverse Scattering Transform (AKNS [11], Gardner, Greene, Kruskal and
Miura [36], Miura [62] and [64], Miura, Gardner and Kruskal [63]), and the
algebro-geometric approach (Belokolos et al [19]).
Some solutions have also been found using the tanh-method (Hereman and
Malfliet [42]):
)) t x ( k ( tanh k a 12 k a 8 ) t , x ( u
2 2 2
+ =
We consider the KdV equation in the form
0 u a u u u
xxx x t
= + + (3.1)
and try to find traveling wave solutions of this equation. We introduce a new
variable given by
) t x ( k = (3.2)
where k and are constants. Changing variables, since
) ( u ) k ( u
t
= , ) ( u k u
x
= and ) ( u k u
3
xxx
=
equation (3.1) becomes an ordinary nonlinear differential equation
0 ) ( u k a ) ( u ) ( u k ) ( u ) k (
3
= + + (3.3)
6
Integrating the above equation once, we obtain

0
2 2
c ) ( u k a ) ( u
2
1
) ( u ) ( = + + (3.4)
where
0
c is a constant.
We consider the following cases in solving equation (3.4).
3.1. First Case. The Riccati Method.
We consider the solution of equation (3.4) to be of the form

=
=
n
0 k
k
k
Y a ) ( u (3.5)
where ) ( a a
k k
, for every n , , 2 , 1 , 0 k L = .
3.1.1. Method I. We first consider that ) ( Y Y satisfies Riccatis equation

2
BY A ) ( Y + = (3.6)
where A and B depend on the variable : ) ( A A and ) ( B B .
We substitute (3.5) into (3.4) and take into account Riccatis equation (3.6). We
then balance the second order derivative term with that of the nonlinear term. The
order of the nonlinear term ) ( u
2
is n 2 and that of the second order derivative
term is 2 n + . We thus get the equation 2 n n 2 + = from which we obtain 2 n = .
Therefore

2
2 1 0
Y a Y a a ) ( u + + = (3.7)
We calculate ) ( u from the above equation, taking into account Riccatis
equation (3.6) and that the various coefficients
0
a ,
1
a ,
2
a , A and B depend on
. We find
+ + + + = } A ) A a 2 a ( ) A a a {( ) ( u
2 1 1 0

+ + + + + Y } A ) a B a ( 2 ) A a 2 a {(
2 1 2 1

+ + + + + +
2
2 2 1 2 1
Y } B A a 6 ) a B a ( B ) A a 2 a {(
4 2
2
3
2 2 1
Y ) B a ( 6 Y } ) B a ( B ) a B a ( { 2 + + + + (3.8)
7
Because of (3.7) and (3.8), equation (3.4) becomes
+ + + + + +
2 2
2 1 0
2
2 1 0
) Y a Y a a (
2
1
) Y a Y a a ( ) (
+ + + + + } A ) A a 2 a ( ) A a a [{( k a
2 1 1 0
2

+ + + + + Y } A ) a B a ( 2 ) A a 2 a {(
2 1 2 1

+ + + + + +
2
2 2 1 2 1
Y } B A a 6 ) a B a ( B ) A a 2 a {(
0
4 2
2
3
2 2 1
c ] Y ) B a ( 6 Y } ) B a ( B ) a B a ( { 2 = + + + +
We first arrange the above equation in powers of Y, and then equate the
coefficients of each one power to zero. We obtain
coefficient of
0
Y :

0 2 1 1 0
2 2
0 0
c ] A ) A a 2 a ( ) A a a ( [ k a a
2
1
a ) ( = + + + + + (3.9)
coefficient of Y:
0 ] A ) a B a ( 2 ) A a 2 a ( [ k a a a a ) (
2 1 2 1
2
1 0 1
= + + + + + (3.10)
coefficient of
2
Y :
+ + + + + B ) A a 2 a ( [ k a ) a a a 2 (
2
1
a ) (
2 1
2 2
1 2 0 2

0 ] B A a 6 ) a B a (
2 2 1
= + + + (3.11)
coefficient of
3
Y :
0 ] ) B a ( B ) a B a ( [ k a 2 a a
2 2 1
2
2 1
= + + + (3.12)
coefficient of
4
Y :
0 B a k a 6 a
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
= + (3.13)
We now have to solve the system of simultaneous equations (3.9)-(3.13).
From equation (3.13), ignoring the trivial case, we determine the coefficient
2
a :

2 2
2
B k a 12 a = (3.14)
From equation (3.12), because of (3.14), we obtain
8
B k a 12 a
2
1
= (3.15)
From equation (3.11), using the values of
1
a and
2
a , given by (3.15) and (3.14)
respectively, we obtain the equation
B A k a 8
B
B
k a 4
B
B
k a 3 a
2 2
2
2
0

\
|

+ = (3.16)
From equation (3.10), using (3.14) and (3.15), we derive another expression for
the coefficient
0
a :
B A k a 10
B
B A
k a 2
B
B
k a a
2
2
2 2
0

= (3.17)
Finally from equation (3.9), using again (3.14) and (3.15), we obtain the equation
0 ] B A 2 ) B A ( B A [ k a 12 a a
2
1
a k a
2 2 4 2
0
2
0 0
2
= + + + (3.18)
Equating the two different expressions of
0
a , given by (3.16) and (3.17), we
obtain the equation
0
B
B A
2
B
B
B A 2
B
B
4
B
B
3
2
2
=

+ +

\
|


The above equation can be written as
0 ) AB ( 2
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
2
B
B B
3
B
B
2 3
2
= +

\
|

\
|

\
|

+

(3.19)
and can easily be integrated, considering the substitution

B
B
F

= (3.20)
Equation (3.19) thus becomes 0 ) AB ( 2 F F F = + which can be integrated

1
2
c AB 2 F
2
1
F = + (3.21)
From the above equation we get
M
B
B
4
1
B
B
2
1
AB
2
+
|

\
|

+

\
|

= (3.22)
9
where M is an arbitrary constant.
Equations (3.16) or (3.17), give because of (3.22):
M k a 8
B
B
k a 3 a
2
2
2
0

|

\
|

= (3.23)
Finally, from equation (3.18), because of (3.23) and (3.22), we derive (after some
lengthy calculations) the equation

0
2 4 2 2
c M k a 8
2
1
= + (3.24)
which is a consistency condition between the different parameters and constants. It
can also be considered as an equation which determines .
Riccatis equation
2
BY A ) ( Y + = under the substitution
) ( w
) ( w
) ( B
1
) ( Y

= (3.25)
takes on the form of a linear second order ordinary differential equation
0 ) ( w B A ) ( w
B
B
) ( w = +
|

\
|

(3.26)
with unknown function ) ( w .
We now transform equation (3.26) under the substitution
) ( y ) ( B ) ( w = (3.27)
The derivatives of the function ) ( u transform as

|

\
|
+ = y B B y
2
1
B
1
) ( w (3.28)

+ +
|
|

\
|

= y B y B y
B
) B (
4
1
B
2
1
B
1
) ( w
2
(3.29)
Equation (3.26), because of (3.22) and (3.27)-(3.29), takes on the form
+
|

\
|
+
|

\
|

+ +
|
|

\
|

y B B y
2
1
B
B
B
1
y B y B y
B
) B (
4
1
B
2
1
B
1
2

10
0 y B M
B
B
4
1
B
B
2
1
2
=

+
|

\
|

+

\
|

+
which gives us upon multiplying by B , the simple equation (some miraculous
cancellations take place)
0 ) ( y M ) ( y = + (3.30)
Considering various forms of the constant M, we can determine ) ( y and then
) ( w from (3.27). For
2
m M = , equation (3.30) admits the general solution
) m sin( C ) m cos( C ) ( y
2 1
+ = , whereas for
2
m M = admits the general
solution ) m sinh( C ) m cosh( C ) ( y
2 1
+ = . If 0 M = then
2 1
C C ) ( y + = .
The function ) ( Y can be determined from (3.25) and then ) ( u from (3.7), using
the expressions
0
a ,
1
a and
2
a from (3.23), (3.15) and (3.14) respectively.
We thus find that
= + + =
2
2 1 0
Y a Y a a ) ( u
+
|
|

\
|

+
(
(

\
|

=
) ( w
) ( w
) ( B
1
) B k a 12 ( M k a 8
B
B
k a 3
2 2
2
2


2
2 2
) ( w
) ( w
) ( B
1
) B k a 12 (
|
|

\
|

+
or

|
|

\
|

+
(
(

\
|

=
) ( w
) ( w
B
B
k a 12 M k a 8
B
B
k a 3 ) ( u
2 2
2
2


2
2
) ( w
) ( w
k a 12
|
|

\
|

(3.31)
Since ) ( y ) ( B ) ( w = , we obtain that

) ( y
) ( y
) ( B
) ( B
2
1
) ( w
) ( w

(3.32)
11
Using the above expression, we obtain from (3.31) that

2
2 2
) ( y
) ( y
k a 12 M k a 8 ) ( u
|
|

\
|

= (3.33)
This is quite a remarkable result : no matter what the coefficients of Riccatis
equation are, we arrive at the equation (3.33) where ) ( y satisfies equation (3.30).
We thus obtain the following three solutions, depending on the values of the
constant M (see equation (3.30))
(I)
2
2 2 2 2
) m tan( C
) m tan( C 1
m k a 12 m k a 8 ) ( u
|
|

\
|
+

= for
2
m M = (3.34)
where satisfies equation (3.24):
0
4 4 2 2
c m k a 8
2
1
= +
(II)
2
2 2 2 2
) m tanh( C
) m tanh( C 1
m k a 12 m k a 8 ) ( u
|
|

\
|
+
+
+ = for
2
m M = (3.35)
where satisfies equation (3.24):
0
4 4 2 2
c m k a 8
2
1
= +
(III)
2
2
C 1
C
k a 12 ) ( u
|
|

\
|
+
= for 0 M = (3.36)
where satisfies equation (3.24):
0
2
c
2
1
=
C is an arbitrary constant, the ratio of the two constants appearing in the general
solution of equation (3.30).
3.2. Second Case. The Extended Riccati Method.
In this case we consider the expansion


= =
+ =
n
1 k
k
k
n
0 k
k
k
Y
b
Y a ) ( u
and balance the second order derivative term with the second order nonlinear term
of (3.4). We then find 2 n = and thus
12

2
2 1 2
2 1 0
Y
b
Y
b
Y a Y a a ) ( u + + + + = (3.37)
where again all the coefficients
0
a ,
1
a ,
2
a and
1
b ,
2
b depend on , and Y
satisfies Riccatis equation
2
BY A Y + = . From equation (3.37) we obtain, taking
into account
2
BY A Y + =
+ + + + = } B ) b B 2 b ( A ) a A 2 a ( ) B b A a a ( { ) ( u
2 1 2 1 1 1 0

+ + + + + Y } A ) B a a ( 2 ) a A 2 a ( {
1 2 2 1

+ + + + + +
2
2 1 2 2 1
Y } B A a 6 ) B a a ( B ) a A 2 a ( {
4 2
2
3
2 1 2
Y ) B a ( 6 Y } ) B a ( 2 B ) B a a ( 2 { + + + +

+
+
Y
B ) b b A ( 2 ) b B 2 b (
2 1 2 1

2
2 2 1 2 1
Y
) b B A ( 6 ) b b A ( A ) b B 2 b ( +

4
2
2
3
2 2 1
Y
b A 6
Y
) b A ( 2 A ) b b A ( 2
+

+ (3.38)
Therefore equation (3.4), under the substitution (3.42) and (3.43), becomes
+ |

\
|
+ + + + + |

\
|
+ + + +
2
2
2 1 2
2 1 0
2
2 1 2
2 1 0
Y
b
Y
b
Y a Y a a
2
1
Y
b
Y
b
Y a Y a a ) (
+ + + + + } B ) b B 2 b ( A ) a A 2 a ( ) B b A a a ( [{ k a
2 1 2 1 1 1 0
2

+ + + + + Y } A ) B a a ( 2 ) a A 2 a ( {
1 2 2 1

+ + + + + +
2
2 1 2 2 1
Y } B A a 6 ) B a a ( B ) a A 2 a ( {
4 2
2
3
2 1 2
Y ) B a ( 6 Y } ) B a ( 2 B ) B a a ( 2 { + + + +

+
+
Y
B ) b b A ( 2 ) b B 2 b (
2 1 2 1

2
2 2 1 2 1
Y
) b B A ( 6 ) b b A ( A ) b B 2 b ( +

13
0
4
2
2
3
2 2 1
c ]
Y
b A 6
Y
) b A ( 2 A ) b b A ( 2
= +

+
Equating the coefficients of Y to zero, we obtain a system of differential
equations from which we can determine the various expansion coefficients.
coefficient of
0
Y :
+ + + + ) b a 2 b a 2 a (
2
1
a
2 2 1 1
2
0 0


0 2 1 2 1 1 1 0
2
c ] B ) b B 2 b ( A ) a A 2 a ( ) B b A a a ( [ k a = + + + + (3.39)
coefficient of Y:
+ + +
1 0 1 2 1
a a b a a ) (
0 ] A ) B a a ( 2 ) a A 2 a ( [ k a
1 2 2 1
2
= + + + + (3.40)
coefficient of
2
Y :
+ + + ) a a 2 a (
2
1
a ) (
2 0
2
1 2

0 ] B A a 6 ) B a a ( B ) a A 2 a ( [ k a
2 1 2 2 1
2
= + + + + + (3.41)
coefficient of
3
Y :
0 ] ) B a ( B ) B a a [( k a 2 a a
2 1 2
2
2 1
= + + + (3.42)
coefficient of
4
Y :
0 ) B a 6 ( k a a
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
= + (3.43)
coefficient of
1
Y

:
0 ] B ) b b A ( 2 ) b B 2 b [( k a b a b a b ) (
2 1 2 1
2
2 1 1 0 1
= + + + + (3.44)
coefficient of
2
Y

:
+ + ) b a 2 b (
2
1
b ) (
2 0
2
1 2

0 )] b B A ( 6 ) b b A ( A ) b B 2 b [( k a
2 2 1 2 1
2
= + (3.45)
14
coefficient of
3
Y

:
0 ] ) b A ( A ) b b A [( k a 2 b b
2 2 1
2
2 1
= + (3.46)
coefficient of
4
Y

:
0 ) A b 6 ( k a b
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
= + (3.47)
Solving the system of equations (3.47) and (3.46) (ignoring the trivial solutions)
we obtain

2 2
2
A k a 12 b = and A k a 12 b
2
1
= (3.48)
Solving the system of equations (3.43) and (3.42) (ignoring the trivial solutions)
we obtain

2 2
2
B k a 12 a = and B k a 12 a
2
1
= (3.49)
From (3.41), using equations (3.49), we obtain

+
|

\
|

= AB 8
B
B
3
B
B
4 k a a
2
2
0
(3.50)
From (3.45), using equations (3.48), we obtain

+
|

\
|

= AB 8
A
A
3
A
A
4 k a a
2
2
0
(3.51)
From (3.44), using the coefficients (3.48) and (3.49), we get

= AB 10
A
B A
14
A
A
k a a
2
2
0
(3.52)
From (3.40), using the coefficients (3.48) and (3.49), we get

= AB 10
B
A B
14
B
B
k a a
2
2
0
(3.53)
Finally from equation (3.39), using again (3.48) and (3.49), we get
+ + + ) B A B A ( ) k a 144 ( a a
2
1
k a
2 2 4 2
0
2
0
2

15

0
2 2 4 2
c ) B A 2 A B B A B A ( ) k a 24 ( = + + + + (3.54)
Equating the two expressions (3.50) and (3.51) for
0
a we conclude that A and B
are proportional each other:
A s B
2
= (3.55)
with
2
s being the proportionality factor where s is real. The choice A s B
2
=
leads to imaginary solutions (see below, eqns (3.59) and (3.60)). Let us now prove
that the functions B and A are proportional each other. Equating the two
expressions (3.50) and (3.51) for
0
a , we obtain the relation
2 2
A
A
3
A
A
4
B
B
3
B
B
4
|

\
|

=
|

\
|

, which is equivalent to
|

\
|

+

\
|

=
|

\
|

B
B
A
A
B
B
A
A
3
B
B
A
A
4 and under the substitution B A B A F = ,
taking into account the identity B A B A ) B A B A ( = , we obtain the relation
AB
) AB (
3
F
F
4

=

which upon integration gives 0

AB
F
F
3
=
|

\
|
or
0
B
B
A
A
) B A B A (
3
=
|

\
|

, where we have set the integration constant equal to

zero. From the last relation, equating to zero either factor, i.e. 0 B A B A = or
0
B
B
A
A
=

, we conclude that A and B are proportional each other.

Equating again the two expressions (3.51) and (3.52) for
0
a and taking into
account (3.55), we obtain the equation
0 ) ( A ) ( A s 16 ) ( A ) ) ( A ( 2 )) ( A ( 3 ) ( A ) ( A
4 2 2 3 2
= + (3.56)
This equation has been solved in Appendix A.
We have to determine the function ) ( w from equation (3.16)
0 ) ( w B A ) ( w
B
B
) ( w = +
|

\
|

(3.57)
16
This equation written in terms of A, using (3.47), takes on the form
0 ) ( w A s ) ( w
A
A
) ( w
2 2
=
|

\
|

(3.58)
The previous equation can be written as 0 w A s
A
A w
A
w
2
2
=

which is
equivalent to 0 w A s
A
w
2
=

\
|

. Multiplying by
A
w
, we obtain
0 w w s
A
w
A
w
2
=

\
|

, which is equivalent to 0 ) w ( s
A
w
2 2
2
=

(
(

\
|


and from this, by integration,
0 w s
A
w
2 2
2
=
|

\
|

(3.59)
where we have put the constant of integration equal to zero. We thus get
) ( A s
) ( w
) ( w
=

(3.60)
Another method of solution of equation (3.51) is provided in Paper I.
Therefore

s
1
) ( w
) ( w
) ( A s
1
) ( w
) ( w
) ( B
1
) ( Y
2
=

= (3.61)
We then obtain the following expression for the function ) ( u using (3.42), (3.46),
(3.47) and (3.53):
) ( A s k a 4
) ( A
) ( A
k a ) ( u

+ = (3.62)
Using the solution of the function ) ( A calculated in Appendix A, we are able to
find the function ) ( u . Using (A.15), i.e.

D 4 ] e K a ) a m a ( 2 [
e D a K 4
) ( A
2 D s 4
1 0 1
D s 4
1
+ +
=



we obtain from (3.62) that
17

(
(

+ +
+ +
=


D 4 ] e K a ) a m a ( 2 [
e ] e K a ) a m a ( 2 [
K 2 1 D s k a 4 ) ( u
2 D s 4
1 0 1
D s 4 D s 4
1 0 1


(
(

+ +

D 4 ] e K a ) a m a ( 2 [
e a D K
s k a 16
2 D s 4
1 0 1
D s 4
1
(3.63)
where K is an arbitrary constant, and D, , m, n are given by
n a ) a m a ( D
2 2
1
2
0 1
+ = ,
1
3
0
2
a a s 64
1
= ,
4
0
2
2
2
0 4
2
1
a s 16 b a b a m + =
2
1
2
0 4 2
4
1
2
4
4
0
2
2
2
1
4
0 4
2 6
0 2
2 8
0
4
a a b b 2 a b a b a a b s 224 a b s 32 a s 256 n + + =
The solution (3.63) contains
0
a ,
1
a ,
2
b ,
4
b as free parameters.

4. The G'/G method with variable expansion coefficients
Using the expansion

2
2 1 0
G
G
) ( a
G
G
) ( a ) ( a ) ( u
|

\
|

+
|

\
|

+ = (4.1)
equation (3.4) becomes
2
2
2 1 0
2
2 1 0
G
G
) ( a
G
G
) ( a ) ( a
2
1
G
G
) ( a
G
G
) ( a ) ( a ) (

\
|

+
|

\
|

+ +

\
|

+
|

\
|

+
|

\
|

|

\
|

+
|

\
|



+

+ +
G
G
G
G
a 3
G
G
a
G
G
a 2
G
G
a 2
G
G
a a k a
1 1
2
1 1 1 0
2


2
2
3
2 2
2
2
3
1
G
G
a 2
G
G
a 4
G
G
G
G
a 4
G
G
a
G
G
a 2
|

\
|

+
|

\
|


|

\
|

|

\
|

+
|

\
|

+
|

\
|

+

0
4
2
2
2 2
c
G
G
a 6
G
G
G
G
a 10
G
G
G
G
a 2 =

\
|

+
|

\
|

|

\
|

\
|

|

\
|

+ (4.2)
We expand the previous equation and we equate the coefficients of G to zero. We
find
Coefficient of
0
G :
18

0 0
2 2
0 0
c a k a a
2
1
a = + + (4.3)
Coefficient of
1
G

:
0 G a ) G a G a 2 G a ( k a G a a
1 1 1 1
2
1 0
= + + + (4.4)
Coefficient of
2
G

:
} ) G ( a G G a 2 ) G ( a 2 ) G ( a 2 G G a 3 G G a 4 { k a
2
2 2
2
1
2
2 1 2
2
+ + +
0 ) G ( a ) G ( a
2
1
) G ( a a
2
2
2 2
1
2
2 0
= + + (4.5)
Coefficient of
3
G

:
0 ) G ( a a } G ) G ( a 10 ) G ( a 2 ) G ( a 4 { k a
3
2 1
2
2
3
1
3
2
2
= + + (4.6)
Coefficient of
4
G

:
0 ) G ( a
2
1
) G ( a k a 6
4 2
2
4
2
2
= + (4.7)
From equation (4.7) we find

2
2
k a 12 a = (4.8)
Using the value of
2
a into (4.6), we determine the coefficient
1
a :

G
G
k a 12 a
2
1

= (4.9)
The values of
1
a and
2
a are substituted into (4.5) and we obtain the equation

\
|

\
|

+ =
G
G
G
G
k a 2
G
G
k a a
2
2
2
0
(4.10)
The value of
1
a is substituted into (4.4) and we obtain the equation

(
(
(
(
(

\
|

\
|

=
G
G
G
G
2
G
G
G
G
k a a
2
0
(4.11)
Combining (4.10) and (4.11), we derive the equation
19
0
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
2
=

\
|

\
|

(4.12)
The above equation determines the function ) ( G . Using the substitution

G
G
F

= (4.13)
equation (4.13) transforms into 0 F F F = , which by integration gives
M F
2
1
F
2
= (4.14)
where M is the constant of integration.
(I) If
2
2 M = , real, then the solution of (4.14) is given by
) tan( 2 F + = , where is a constant. The differential equation F
G
G
=

admits the solution [ ]
)
`

+ +

+ + = ) ( ) ( tan
1
C C G
2 1
. We also obtain
] ) tan( [ C C
)] ( tan 1 [ C
G
G
2 1
2
2
+ +
+ +
=

, an expression reserved for later use in (4.15).

(II) If
2
2 M = , real, then the solution of (4.14) is given by


+

=
2
2
e 1
e 1
2 F where is a constant. The differential equation F
G
G
=

admits the solution

+
+ =
2
2
1
e 1
C
C G . We also obtain
)] e 1 ( C C [ ) e 1 (
e C 2
G
G
2
1 2
2
2
2


+ + +

=

, an expression reserved for later use in

(4.15). (III) If 0 M = , then the solution of (4.14) is given by

=
2
F . The
differential equation F
G
G
=

admits the solution

+ =
2
1
C
C ) ( G where is a
20
constant. We also obtain
)] B ( C C [ ) B (
C
G
G
1 2
2
+
=

, an expression reserved for

later use in (4.15).
Using the values of
1
a and
2
a into (4.1) we obtain

\
|

+ =
2
2
0
G
G
G
G
k a 12 a ) ( u
and using (4.10), we get

\
|

\
|

\
|

+ =
2
2 2
2
2
G
G
G
G
k a 12
G
G
G
G
k a 2
G
G
k a ) ( u
or, in simplified form,

\
|

+

\
|

+
|

\
|

=
G
G
k a 12
G
G
4
G
G
k a ) ( u
2
2
2
(4.15)
So far we have not used equation (4.3). This equation, combined with (4.10), gives
us a compatibility condition between the constants and the various parameters. It
might also be considered as the equation determining the parameter.
Using the three solutions for G, we can find the following three expressions of
) ( u , using (4.15). We obtain
(I) + + + = ] 2 ) ( tan 3 [ k a 4 ) ( u
2 2 2 2

+ +
+ +
+
2
2 2 1
2 2
2 2
)] ( tan C ) C C ( [
)] ( tan 1 [ C
k a 12
} C ) ( tan )] ( tan C ) C C ( 2 [ {
2 2 2 1
+ + + (4.16)
The compatibility condition, equation (4.3), reads

0
4 4 2 2
c k a 8
2
1
= + (4.17)
(II) +

|
|

\
|
+

=




2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
) e 1 (
e 8
e 1
e 1
k a 4 ) ( u
21
2 2
1 2 1
2 2
4
1
2
2 1
2
2 2
] e C C C [ ) e 1 (
] e C C C [ C
k a 48


+ + +
+
+ (4.18)
The compatibility condition, equation (4.3), reads
0
4 4 2 2
c k a 8
2
1
= + (4.19)
(III)

+
+

=
2
1 2
1 2 2
2
2
)] ( C C [
)] ( C 2 C [ C
1
) (
1
k a 12 ) ( u (4.20)
The compatibility condition, equation (4.3), reads
0
2
c
2
1
= (4.21)

Appendix A.
In this Appendix we solve equation (3.56):
0 ) ( A ) ( A s 16 ) ( A ) ) ( A ( 2 )) ( A ( 3 ) ( A ) ( A
4 2 2 3 2
= + (A.1)
We consider an expansion of the form

=
=
n
0 k
k
k
) ( a ) ( A (A.2)
where ) ( satisfies Jacobi's differential equation

4
0
3
1
2
2 3 4
b b b b b ) (
d
d
+ + + + =

(A.3)
Upon substitution of (A.2) into (A.1) and balancing ) ( A ) ( A
2
with
) ( A ) ( A
4
, and taking into account (A.3), we obtain 2 n = . We thus substitute
) ( a ) ( a a ) ( A
2
2 1 0
+ + = (A.4)
Since
= + = ) ( )] ( a 2 a [ ) ( A
2 1


4
0
3
1
2
2 3 4 2 1
b b b b b )] ( a 2 a [ + + + + + = (A.5)
22
+ + + + + = ) ( b b b b b a 2 ) ( A
4
0
3
1
2
2 3 4 2

) (
b b b b b 2
) b 4 b 3 b 2 b ( ) a 2 a (
4
0
3
1
2
2 3 4
3
0
2
1 2 3 2 1

+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+ + + + + = ) b b b b b ( a 2
4
0
3
1
2
2 3 4 2

) b 4 b 3 b 2 b ( ) a 2 a (
2
1
3
0
2
1 2 3 2 1
+ + + + + (A.6)
+ + + + = ) ( ) b 4 b 3 b 2 b ( a 2 ) ( A
3
0
2
1 2 3 2

) ( ) b 4 b 3 b 2 b ( a
3
0
2
1 2 3 2
+ + + +
) ( ) b 12 b 6 b 2 ( ) a 2 a (
2
1
2
0 1 2 2 1
+ + + +
+ + + + = ) b 4 b 3 b 2 b ( a 2 {
3
0
2
1 2 3 2

) b 4 b 3 b 2 b ( a
3
0
2
1 2 3 2
+ + + +
+ + + + } ) b 12 b 6 b 2 ( ) a 2 a (
2
1
2
0 1 2 2 1


4
0
3
1
2
2 3 4
b b b b b + + + + (A.7)
) ( ) a 2 a ( ) a a a ( 2 ) ) ( A (
2 1
2
2 1 0
2
+ + + =
+ + + = ) a 2 a ( ) a a a ( 2
2 1
2
2 1 0


4
0
3
1
2
2 3 4
b b b b b + + + + (A.8)
Upon substituting (A.4)-(A.8) into (A.1) we obtain an equation which when
multiplied by
4
0
3
1
2
2 3 4
b b b b b + + + + , results in an equation which can
be brought into an equation of 13-th degree in . Equating all the coefficients to
zero, we obtain fourteen equations. Solving this system of simultaneous equations,
we obtain four solutions, from which we select only the non-trivial one:

0 0
a a = ,
1 1
a a = , 0 a
2
= ,
2
1
2
0
a s 16 b = ,
3
0
4
2
1
4
0
2
2
2
0 1
1
a 2
) b a a s 48 b a ( a
b
+
=
23

2 2
b b = ,
1 0
2
2
0 4
2
1
4
0
2
3
a a 2
b a b a 3 a s 16
b

= ,
4 4
b b = (A.9)
Equation (A.3) then becomes
+
+
+ =
|
|

\
|

2
2
3
3
0
4
2
1
4
0
2
2
2
0 1 4 2
1
2
2
b
a 2
) b a a s 48 b a ( a
a s 16 ) (
d
d

4
1 0
2
2
0 4
2
1
4
0
2
b
a a 2
b a b a 3 a s 16
+


The above equation can be brought into the form
) ( ) (
a
a
a s 16 ) (
d
d
2 1
2
1
0 2
1
2
2

|
|

\
|
+ =
|
|

\
|

(A.10)
where
1
3
0
2
a a s 64
1
= , n m
2 , 1
= ,
4
0
2
2
2
0 4
2
1
a s 16 b a b a m + =
2
1
2
0 4 2
4
1
2
4
4
0
2
2
2
1
4
0 4
2 6
0 2
2 8
0
4
a a b b 2 a b a b a a b s 224 a b s 32 a s 256 n + + = (A.11)
We then have (taking the plus sign only)
) ( ) (
a
a
a s 4 ) (
d
d
2 1
1
0
1

|
|

\
|
+ =

and by integration
=
|
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
+ +
|
|

\
|
+
+
2
1
1
0
2
1
0
1 1
0
2
1
1
0 a
D
a
a
p
a
a
a
D 2
a
a
p
a
D 2
a
a
1



=
D s 4
e K (A.12)
where
n a ) a m a ( D
2 2
1
2
0 1
+ = ,
1
0 1
a
) a m a ( 2
p
+
= (A.13)
and K is an arbitrary constant.
Equation (A.12), fortunately enough, can be solved with respect to , giving
24

1
0
2 D s 4 2
1
D s 4
a
a
D 4 ) e K p ( a
e D K 4
) (
+
=


(A.14)
We thus obtain that, using the above expression and (A.4),
D 4 ) e K p ( a
e D a K 4
) ( A
2 D s 4 2
1
D s 4
1
+
=


(A.15)
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