Revision Pumps and Pumping 2012-2013 v2

Hoi Yeung
h.yeung@cranfield.ac.uk
01234 758266
PSE05 Pumps & Pumping
Systems
Revision, Assignment 2012-2013
Process Systems Engineering
PSE05 Revision 2012-2013
Pumps & Pumping
Systems
http://www.biog1105-1106.org/demos/105/unit7/circsystem.html
Energy/Hydraulic Gradient
Frictional loss
g
u
d
l
f H
f
2
2
= A
f = friction factor
l = pipe length
d = pipe diameter (hydraulic dia)
u = average velocity
2
9 . 0
10
Re
74 . 5
7 . 3
log
25 . 0
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
d
k
f
Re>4000
Re<4000
Re
64
= f
Component loss
Interference effect
minimum pressure
g
u
K H
c
2
2
= A
Cavitation Index
v
P P
P
Kc
A
=
1
max
Defined at 2% degradation
in performance
Kc varies with opening
There are many other
definitions
A centrifugal pump
Type Number, ks
(Specific Speed)
( )
75 . 0
60
2
H g
Q N
k
S
=
t
Rotodynamic machines
) (
1 1 2 2
r V r V M Torque
U U
=

) ( ) (
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
U V U V M r V r V M Power
U U U U
= e =

gQH power hydraulic Pump r
=
)/g ( ) (
1 1 2 2
U V U V H Headrise
U U
- =

2
Operating Point
2
bQ a H
sys
+ =

2
Changing operating point
throttling, bypass, variable speed
Over Estimation of Friction
Accuracy is critical
Friction head is usually
overestimated,
adversely affecting
pump performance
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Flow Rate (l/s)
H
e
a
d
(
m
)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
P
u
m
p
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Bowl (Mixed Flow)
2m Static, 8m @ 1000 l/s
2m Static, 4m @ 1000 l/s
Head
Efficiency
Immediate 6% reduction
in efficiency. Pump
running further out to
right hand side of curve.
Pressure Transient
Joukowsky head, Ah = - a AV
g
where a wavespeed
AV change in fluid velocity
g acceleration due to gravity
Pressure at pump inlet
DI STANCE FROM PUMP
LIQUID ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
LIQUID VAPOUR PRESSURE
LIQUID PRESSURE JUST EQUAL TO VAPOUR PRESSURE
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
NPSHr and NPSHa
NPSHa > NPSHr
0.6m, 1.2NPSHr
(1.5m, 1.35NPSHr)
Consult manufacturer
Suction Specific Speed
The reality is that pump design changes have a
limited effect on NPSH performance.
Suction specific speed allows different designs to be
compared.
Normal designs will have a maximum Kss of approx.
3.25
( )
75 . 0
60
2
NPSHR g
Q
N
K
SS
=
t
High static, lowfriction
Pumps in Parallel
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Flow Rate (l/s)
H
e
a
d
(
m
)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
P
u
m
p
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
One Pump
Two Pumps
Three Pumps
Water Level
control of
number of
pumps running.
Always near BEP.
No inverter losses
to include.
Head
Efficiency
Low static, high friction-
Variable speed
BEP with changing speed
follows system curve.
Good efficiency over large
operating range.
A sensible selection.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Flow Rate (l/s)
H
e
a
d
(
m
)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
P
u
m
p
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Volute (Radial)
95% Speed
85% Speed
70% Speed
50% Speed
Head
Efficiency
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
2
1 2
e
e
Q Q
2
1
2
1 2 |
.
|
\
|
=
e
e
H H
3
1
2
1 2
|
.
|
\
|
=
e
e
P P
Efficiency drops off very quickly
with decreasing speed.
At low flow rates, running very
close to closed valve
High noise & vibration
Seal failure more likely.
Cavitation risk increased.
Inverter efficiency drop-off must
also be considered.
Possibly better off drawing the
sump down periodically
rather than running at low
speed for extended period
High static, low friction
Variable speed
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Flow Rate (l/s)
H
e
a
d
(
m
)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
P
u
m
p
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Volute (Radial)
95%
85%
70%
50%
Head
Efficiency
Assignment
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Service
reservoir
Pass over high points, pressure at high point need to be above
atmospheric, What happens when pump stops?, control valve?
As contractor, you want to
minimise cost but satisfy
specification:
Pipe diameter 1200mm
Max flow 75Ml/d and
150Ml/d
Roughness 0.6mm
Bulk Treated Water
Transfer System
Bulk transfer system II
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Where to put a break tank? Would gravity sufficient to drive the
flow? Increase pipe diameter? What is the maximum flow for
maximum roughness? Dont forget water level in tanks
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
PS 2 PS 1
Pumping station, should it be one or should it be two?
One or two stations?
Pumping all the way?

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Hoi Yeung

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