Performance analysis

Range and Endurance

Takeo and Landing
Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
VINEETH.V.K
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Saintgits College of Engineering.
March 25, 2014
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Subdivision of First Module
1
Performance analysis
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
2
Range and Endurance
Range
Endurance
3
Takeo and Landing
Takeo Performance
Landing Performance
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Forces of Flight
Forces of Flight
Lift
Drag
Thrust
Weight
Take o and Landing
Direction Control
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Performance Analysis
Subdivisions of performance analysis
I) Unaccelerated ights:
II)Accelerated ights:
We are dealing with following unaccelerated ight situations.
(a) In a steady level ight an airplane moves with constant
velocity at a constant altitude. This analysis would give
information on the maximum level speed and minimum level
speed at dierent altitudes.
(b) In a steady climb an airplane climbs at constant velocity.
This analysis would provide information on the maximum rate
of climb, maximum angle of climb and maximum attainable
altitude (ceiling).
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Performance Analysis
(c) In a steady descent an airplane descends with constant
velocity. A glide is a descent with zero thrust. This analysis
would give the minimum rate of sink and time to descend
from an altitude.
(d) Range is the horizontal distance covered, with respect to a
given point on the ground, with a given amount of fuel.
Endurance is the time for which an airplane can remain in air
with a given amount of fuel.
Importance of performance analysis:
The performance analysis is important to asses the capabilities
of an airplane as indicated in the previous subsection.This
analysis would give the thrust or power required, maximum lift
coecient required etc. to achieve a desired performance.
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Steady Level Flight
Figure: Steady Level Flight
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Steady Level Flight
L = W (1)
T = D (2)
T
R
=
W
L/D
(3)
Thrust required minimum when L/D is maximum
V

for a given T
R
depends on:
1. Thrust to weight ratio (T
R
/W) 2. Wing Loading (W/S)
3. Drag Polar (C
D0
andK)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Thrust available
Thrust available is the thrust provided by the power plant of
the airplane.
In steady level ight(for a jet propelled aircraft), the
maximum velocity of the airplane is determined by the
intersection of the thrust required and thrust available curves.
For a jet propelled aircraft thrust available is constant.
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Thrust Curves
Figure: Thrust available and Thrust required for a turbojet
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Power required
Power =
d(F.dr )
dt
(4)
Power = F.
dr
dt
(5)
Power = F.V

(6)
Force acting is actually Drag.
For steady level ight D = T
R
Power = T
R
.V

(7)
Power =
T
R
W
WV

(8)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Power required
Power =
1
L/D
WV

(9)
Power =
1
C
L
/C
D
WV

(10)
we know
1
2
V

2
SC
L
= W = L (11)
from this we get
V

2W

C
L
S
(12)
put this in the eqn of P
R
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Power required
P
R
=

2W
3
C
2
D

C
3
L
S
(13)
P
R
C
D
/C
3
2
L
(14)
Minimum power required occurs when the airplane is ying
such that C
3
2
L
/C
D
is a maximum value.
Power available is the power provided by the power plant of
the airplane. In steady level ight(for a propeller driven
aircraft), the maximum velocity of the airplane is determined
by the intersection of the power required and power available
curves. For a propeller driven aircraft power available is
constant.
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Power Curves
Figure: for a Propellor driven airplane
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Power Curves
Figure: for a turbojet airplane
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
High Lift Devices
Need for increasing maximum lift coecient: Wings can
produce lift only when there is a relative velocity between the
airplane and the air. The lift (L) produced can be expressed as
L =
1
2
(V

)
2
SC
L
(15)
In order that an airplane is airborne, the lift produced by the
airplane must be atleast equal to the weight of the airplane.
L = W =
1
2
(V

)
2
SC
L
(16)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
High Lift Devices
V

2W

C
L
S
(17)
C
L
has a maximum value, called C
Lmax
, and a speed called
Stalling speed is dened as
V
stall
=

2W

C
Lmax
S
(18)
The speed at which the airplane takes-o is actually higher
than the stalling speed. So in order to attain sucient lift we
need High Lift Devices.
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Methods to attain High Lift
Increase in maximum lift coecient due to change of camber
Increase in maximum lift coecient due to boundary layer
control
Leading edge devices
Increase in max lift coecient due to change in wing area
Also refer pdf note.
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Flaps and Slots
Figure: High Lift Devices
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Rate of Climb
Figure: Rate of Climb
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Rate of Climb
T D Wsin = 0 (19)
L Wcos = 0 (20)
from the above g we get rate of climb as
R/C = V

sin (21)
multiply eqn 19 with V

/W
TV

DV

W
= V

sin = R/C (22)

TV

is the power available

DV

is the power required.

VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Rate of Climb
TV

DV

= ExcessPower (23)
R/C =
ExcessPower
W
(24)
Hodograph Diagram: which is a plot of aircraft vertical
velocity V
V
versus its horizontal velocity V
H
.
Draw a line from origin to point 1. Geometrically the length
of the line is V

. The angle it makes with the horizontal axis

is the corresponding climb angle at that velocity.
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Hodograph Diagram
Figure: Hodograph
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Hodograph Diagram
Point 2 corresponds to maximum R/C. The length of the line
from origin to point 2 is the airplane velocity at maximum
R/C.
A line drawn through the origin and tangent to the hodograph
curve locates point 3. The angle of this line relative to the
horizontal denes the maximum possible climb angle.
It is important to note that maximum rate of climb does not
correspond to max climb angle.
Maximum rate of climb is important when you want to
achieve a certain altitude in a minimum amount of time.
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Condition for maximum Rate of Climb
Figure: Maximum Rate of Climb
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Gliding Flight
Steady glide means a descent without engine power.
Angle between the ight path and the horizontal is called
gliding angle.
L = Wcos (25)
D = Wsin (26)
tan =
1
L/D
(27)
tan
min
=
1
(L/D)
max
(28)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Gliding Flight
Figure: Gliding Flight
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Gliding Flight
The higher the L/D, the shallower the glide angle. The
smallest equilibrium glide angle occurs at (L/D)max.
The equilibrium glide angle does not depend on altitude or
wing loading, it simply depends on the lift-to-drag ratio.
However, to achieve a given L/D at a given altitude, the
aircraft must y at a specied velocity V, called the
equilibrium glide velocity, and this value of V, does depend on
the altitude and wing loading, as follows:
L = Wcos (29)
1
2
V

2
SC
L
= Wcos (30)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Gliding Flight
V

2Wcos

C
L
S
(31)
velocity depends on altitude (through rho) and wing
loading(W/S). The value of C
L
and L/D are aerodynamic
characteristics of the aircraft that vary with angle of attack.
The equilibrium velocity along this glide path will change with
altitude, decreasing with decreasing altitude (because rho
increases).
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Sink Rate
The rate of descent sometimes called the sink rate, is the
downward vertical velocity of the airplane V
V
.
Rate of descent = V
V
= V

sin
now take equation
D = Wsin (32)
multiply both sides by V

DV

= WV

sin (33)
DV

= WV
V
(34)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Sink Rate
V
V
=
DV

W
(35)
DV

is simply the power required for steady level ight.

Hence the variation of V
V
with velocity is same as the power
required curve divided by the weight.
Therefore minimum sink rate occurs at the ight velocity for
minimum power required. So condition for minimum sink rate
are same as those for minimum power required.
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Sink Rate
Figure: rate of descent versus equilibrium guide velocity
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Sink Rate
from equation
L = Wcos =
1
2
V
2

SC
L
(36)
we get
V

2Wcos

C
L
S
(37)
put this in equation
V
V
= V

sin (38)
and obtain
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Sink Rate
V
V
= (sin)

2cosW

SC
L
(39)
fom equation of gliding ight we have
D = Wsin (40)
L = Wcos (41)
now divide rst eqn by second
sin =
D
L
cos =
C
D
C
L
cos (42)
now substitue this eqn in eqn no: 39
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Sink Rate
thus we get
V
V
=

2cos
3
W

S(C
3
L
/C
2
D
)
(43)
by making the assumption cos = 1
V
V
=

2cos
3
W

S(C
3
L
/C
2
D
)
(44)
The equation explicitly shows that V
v
minimum occurs when
C
3/2
L
C
D
is maximum
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Service Ceiling and Absolute Ceiling
The absolute ceiling is the altitude at which the (maximum)
rate of climb goes to zero. (R/C)
m
ax) = 0.
The service ceiling is the altitude at which the maximum rate
of climb is 100 ft/min. The service ceiling represents the
practical upper limit for steady, level ight. For many
conventional airplanes, R/C versus altitude is almost linear.
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Service Ceiling and Absolute Ceiling
Figure: Service Ceiling and Absolute Ceiling
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Time to Climb
The rate of climb is actually the vertical component of the
airplanes velocity which is simply the time rate of change of
altitude
dh
dt
dh
dt
= R/C (45)
dt =
dh
R/C
(46)
integrating from one altitude h
1
to h
2
t =

h
2
h
1
dh
R/C
(47)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Steady Level Flight
Rate of Climb
Gliding Flight
Time to Climb
Time to Climb
To climb from sealevel to any given altitude h
2
t =

h
2
0
dh
R/C
(48)
If the maximum rate of climb is used at each altitude, then t
becomes the minimum time to climb to altitude h
2
t
min
=

h
2
0
dh
(R/C)
max
(49)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Range
Endurance
Range
Range is the total distance(measured with respect to the
ground) traversed by an airplane on one load of fuel.
W
0
gross weight of the airplane including everything; full fuel
load, payload, crew , structure etc.
W
f
weight of the fuel; this is an instantaneous value and it
changes as fuel is consumed during ight.
W
1
weight of the airplane when the fuel tanks are empty.
At any instant during the ight, the weight of the airplane W is
W = W
1
+ W
f
(50)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Range
Endurance
Range
since W
f
is decreasing during the ight,W is also decreasing.The
time rate of change of weight is
dW
dt
=
dW
f
dt
(51)
for a propeller driven engine, specic fuel consumptionis dened as
c
dW
f
/dt
P
(52)
where p is the shaft power.
for a jet engine, specic fuel consumptionis dened as
c
dW
f
/dt
T
(53)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Range
Endurance
Breguet Range Equation
A general relation for the calculation of range can be obtained
as follows. Consider an airplane in a steady level ight. Let s
denote the horizontal distance covered over the ground.
Assume a stationary atmosphere (no wind),the airplane
velocity V

is
V

=
ds
dt
(54)
ds = V

dt (55)
from the equation of thrust specic fuel consumption
c
t
=
dW
f
/dt
T
(56)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Range
Endurance
Breguet Range Equation
dt =
dW
f
c
t
V

(57)
substitute the value of dt in eqn of ds
ds =
V

dW
f
c
t
T
(58)
from eqn 51 we know dW
f
= dW, then above equation becomes
ds =
V

dW
c
t
T
(59)
multiply and divide by W
ds =
V

c
t
W
T
dW
W
(60)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Range
Endurance
Breguet Range Equation
In a steady level ight, L=W and T=D then
ds =
V

c
t
L
D
dW
W
(61)
Range of the airplane is obtained by integrating the above
equation between s = 0 where the fuel tanks are full and
hence W = W
0
and s = R where the fuel tanks are empty
and hence W = W
1
.
R =

R
0
ds =

W
1
W
0
V

c
t
L
D
dW
W
(62)
R =

W
0
W
1
V

c
t
L
D
dW
W
(63)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Range
Endurance
Breguet Range Equation
The above equation is the general equation for range. The
only restriction is for steady level ight with no head winds or
tail winds
Above equation holds for a jet propelled airplane with c
t
given
directly by engine performance and for a propeller driven
airplane. For a propeller driven airplane with a reciprocating
engine, where an eective c
t
can be found using
c
t
=
cV

Propellereciency
(64)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Range
Endurance
Breguet Range Equation
we have the range equation as
R =

W
0
W
1
V

c
t
L
D
dW
W
(65)
if we assume ight at constant V

, c
t
and L/D above
equation becomes
R =
V

c
t
L
D

W
0
W
1
dW
W
(66)
on integration
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Range
Endurance
Breguet Range equation
R =
V

c
t
L
D
ln
W
0
W
1
(67)
This equation is called Breguet range equation.
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Range
Endurance
Endurance
Endurance is the maximum length of time that an aircraft can
spend in cruising ight with full tank fuel.
the parameters for endurance are dierent for propeller driven and
jet propelled airplanes.
c
t
=
dW
f
/dt
T
(68)
dt =
dW
f
c
t
T
(69)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Range
Endurance
Endurance
For a steady level ight T = D and L = W
above equation becomes
dt =
dW
f
c
t
D
(70)
dt =
L
D
1
c
t
dW
f
W
(71)
integrating equation from t = 0, where W = W
0
to t = E, where
W = W
1
dt =

W
1
W
0
L
D
1
c
t
dW
f
W
(72)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Range
Endurance
Endurance
dt =

W
0
W
1
L
D
1
c
t
dW
f
W
(73)
Assuming ight at constant L/D and c
t
above equation
becomes
dt =
1
c
t
L
D

W
0
W
1
dW
f
W
(74)
E =
1
c
t
L
D
ln
W
0
W
1
(75)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Takeo Performance
Landing Performance
Takeo
These are accelerated performance problems of a special
performance.
Consider an airplane standing motionless at the end of
runway. The pilot releases the brakes and pushes the throttle
to maximum takeo power and the airplane accelerates down
the runway. At some distance from its starting point, the
airplane lifts into the air. That distance is called Ground Roll.
The total take o distance also includes the extra distance
covered over the ground after the airplane is airborne but
before it clears an obstacle of a specied height. The sum of
s
g
and s
a
is the total take o distance for the airplane.
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Takeo Performance
Landing Performance
Takeo
Figure: Ground Roll
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Takeo Performance
Landing Performance
Takeo
TV

DV

= ExcessPower (76)
R/C =
ExcessPower
W
(77)
Hodograph Diagram: which is a plot of aircraft vertical
velocity V
V
versus its horizontal velocity V
H
.
Draw a line from origin to point 1. Geometrically the length
of the line is V

. The angle it makes with the horizontal axis

is the corresponding climb angle at that velocity.
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Takeo Performance
Landing Performance
Landing
Figure: Landing path and landing distance
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Takeo Performance
Landing Performance
Landing Performance
The landing distance begins when the airplane clears an
obstacle, which is taken to be 50 feet in height. At that
instanty the airplane is following a straight approach path
with angle
a
.
At a distance h
f
above the ground, the airplae begins the
are, which is the transition from the straight approach path
to the horizontal ground roll.
The distance measured along the ground from the obstacle to
the point of initiation of the are is the approach distance s
a
.
Touchdown occurs when the wheels touch the ground. The
distance over the ground covered during the are is the are
distance s
f
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Takeo Performance
Landing Performance
Landing Performance
The distance that the airplane rolls on the ground from
touchdown to the point where the velocity goes to zero is
called the ground roll s
g
.
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Takeo Performance
Landing Performance
Landing
Figure: Force diagram while landing
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Takeo Performance
Landing Performance
Calculation of Approach Distance
from the gure of landing path and landing distance
h
f
= R Rcos
f
(78)
because the circular arc ight path of the are is tangent to both
the approach path and the ground,
f
=
a
h
f
= R(1 cos
a
) (79)
s
a
=
50 h
f
Tan
a
(80)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Takeo Performance
Landing Performance
Flare Distance
Figure: Geometry of landing are
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Takeo Performance
Landing Performance
Rate of Climb
The are distance s
f
s
f
= Rsin
f
(81)
s
f
= Rsin
a
(82)
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Takeo Performance
Landing Performance
Ground Roll
Ground roll depends on wing loading, maximum lift coecient
and the reverse thrust to weight ratio.
1. s
g
incraeses with an increase in W/S.
2. s
g
decraeses with an increase (C
L
)
m
ax.
3. s
g
decraeses with an increase in T
rev
/W.
4. s
g
incraeses with an decrease in

.
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4
Performance analysis
Range and Endurance
Takeo and Landing
Takeo Performance
Landing Performance
Reference
Aircraft Performance by J. D Anderson
Chapter 4 5 and 6.
VINEETH.V.K Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering. Aerospace Engineering: Module 4