Energy Conversion Flow Chart

Magnetic Circuits [1]

Transformers Electric Machines
AC DC
1-phase [] !-phase [!]
"n#uction Motor $ynchronous Motor [%] &en'
!-phase [(] 1-phase [)] &en' [*] Motor [+]
1
Electric ,ower $ystem
Mechanical
Power Input
Synchronous
Generator
6.6, 13.8, 24 KV
Stepup
!rans"or#er
66,132,22$,4$$,
%$$,&%$ KV
Pri#ary
!rans#ission
'ine
Step(own
!rans"or#er
12, 6.6 KV
Very 'ar)e 'oa(s
3phase In(uction
3phase Synch.
Step(own
!rans"or#er
4.16 KV
'ar)e 'oa(s
3phase In(uction
Step(own
!rans"or#er
22$ V
''
S#all *usto#ers
1phase Motors
+lectric Power
,utput
-istri.ution
'ine

Magnetic Circuits
Magnetic circuits are an essential part in any transformer or electromechanical #evice' "t
is the common lin- .etween any two or more win#ings' "t services as an electrical
isolation me#ium .etween two or more electronic circuits for noise re#uction or
elimination'
The simple magnetic circuit shown in figure 1-1 is use# to e/plain the concepts of the
magnetic circuits'
Mean path len)th l
c
*rosssectional area /
c
Ma)netic core,
per#ea.ility

+
v
0in(in) with
1 turns
'ines o" "lu2
Figure 1-1 Magnetic Circuit
Assumptions0
1' The permea.ility of the core is much greater than the permea.ility of the surroun#ing
air'
' The core is ma#e of uniform cross-sectional area'
Ampere1s 2aw
Ampere1s law is the .asic relation .etween the flu/ intensity in the core 345 an# the
electric current in the coil 3i5'

=Ni l d H'
Ampere-turn
Consi#ering uniform magnetic #ensity across the core cross-sectional area6

c c
l H l d H'
Ampere-turn
7here c
l
8 mean path length of the core'
c
H
8 Magnetic flu/ intensity in the core'
9nits of 4
c
!
9sing Ampere1s law e:uation6 the units of the flu/ intensity 3 c
H
5 are0
c
c
l
Ni
H =
m
A
or
m
turn Amp
Direction of 4
c
9se the right han# rule to #etermine the #irection of the magnetic fiel#' "f the fingers
point to the #irection of the current6 the thum. will .e the #irection of the magnetic
fiel# intensity'
Magneto-Motive Force 3MMF5
"t is the force that pro#uces the magnetic flu/ in the core
c c
l H Ni F = =
A-t
Flu/ Density ;
a' "n Air
The relation .etween 4 3flu/ intensity5 an# ; 3flu/ #ensity5 in air is linear'
o

/ir *ore
5 3b 5 3a
H
i
B
H
Figure 1- 3a5 Coil with air core6 3.5 <elation .etween ; an# 4 in air'
H B
o
=
we.er=m

7here o

is the permea.ility of free space or air'

(
H
B
o
=
Am
weber
m
A
m
weber
=

$ince6 Li =
7here is the flu/ lin-age in we.er-turn or simply we.er
i is the current in A
L is the in#uctance in 4enry
i
L

=
w.=A8 4enry
Therefore6 the units of the permea.ility are in 4=m'
The permea.ility of air is constant an# e:uals to0
+
1> (

=
o
4=m
.' "n a Magnetic Material with Constant ,ermea.ility
3
4

Figure 1-! <elation .etween ; an# 4 in a magnetic material with constant '
H B =
w.=m

3Tesla6 T5
is the permea.ility of the magnetic material'
o r
=
r
is the relative permea.ility of the material an# ranges from >>> to 1>>> for
materials use# in transformers an# rotating machines'
Due to the high permea.ility of the magnetic core6 the magnetic flu/ is confine#
almost entirely to the core'
)
Magnetic Flu/ 3 5

=
s
da B'
w.
?eglecting lea-age flu/ an# using assumption 6 the flu/ will .e
c c c
A B =
we.er
Magnetic <eluctance
c
c
c
c
c
c
c c c
c
c
c c
c
c
c c
A
l
Ni
Ni
l
A
A B
l
Ni
B
H B
l
Ni
H
Ni l H

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
'
c
c
c
c
R
A
l Ni
= =

A-t=w.
7here <
c
is the magnetic reluctance of the core'
To mo#el a section of a magnetic circuit with a lumpe# reluctance6 that section
must satisfy the following con#itions0
1' $ame permea.ility6
' $ame cross-sectional area6
!' $ame flu/'
Magnetic ,ermeance
Ni
P
R
c
c
c

= =
1
w.=A-t
,
c
is the magnetic permeance of the core'
Analogy .etween Magnetic Circuits an# DC Electric Circuits
*
DC Electric Circuit Magnetic Circuit
@aria.le $ym.ol 9nits @aria.le $ym.ol 9nits
Current " Amps Flu/ 7.
EMF E or @ @olts MMF F A-t
Con#uctivity 1=3-m5 ,ermea.ility 4=m
<esistance < <eluctance < A-t=w.
Con#uctance & $ ,ermeance , 7.=A-t
Ahm1s 2aw " 8 @=< A Ahm1s 2aw 8 F=< 7.
The electric circuit analogy of the magnetic circuit shown in figure 1-1 will then .e0
Figure 1-( DC e:uivalent circuit of the core of figure 1-1
t - A
t - A
c c
c c
l H
R Ni
=
=
7e can apply all the DC circuits1 laws such as0 B@26 BC26 Thevenin1s e:uivalent6
voltage #ivi#er6 current #ivi#er6 etcC
+
E/ample 1-1
Determine the flu/ #ensity in each leg of the magnetic circuit shown in the figure' The
#epth of the core is ) cm an# the relative permea.ility is 1>>'
Figure 1-) Magnetic circuit for E/ample 1-1
Magnetic Circuits with $mall Air-gap
Devices with moving elements must have air-gap
Mean path len)th l
c
*rosssectional area /
c
Ma)netic core,
per#ea.ility

+
v
0in(in) with
1 turns
'ines o" "lu2
/ir)ap
per#ea.ility o

g
l
5
6
Figure 1-* Magnetic circuit with a small air-gap
Assumptions0
1' The permea.ility of the core is much greater than the permea.ility of the surroun#ing
air'
%
' The core is ma#e of uniform cross-sectional area'
!' The gap length is much smaller than any of the core si#es6 ie
D an# E <<
g
l
'
Assumption ! assures that the flu/ in the core is the same as the flu/ in the air-gap'
Therefore6 the magnetic circuit is consi#ere# to .e ma#e of two series components6 a
magnetic core with permea.ility an# a mean length of c
l
an# an air-gap with
permea.ility
o

an# length g
l
'
"n the magnetic core6
c
c
A
;

=
3T8w.=m

5
"n the air-gap6
g
g
A
;

=
T
"n general6 c g
A A
#ue to the fringing effects'
The area of the gap is increase# .y )F to compensate for the fringing effect'
*rosssectional area /
c
'ines o" "lu2
/ir)ap
*rosssectional area
/
)
g
l
7rin)in) 7iel(
Figure 1-+ Fringing effect
Therefore6
c g
A 1'>) A =
G
( )
g c
g
g
c
c
g
g
c
g
o
g
c
c
g g c c
R R
A
l
A
l
l
A
l
l

B
l

B
l H l H
Hl l .d H Ni F
+ =

=
+ =
+ =
+ =
= = =

A



>
> c

+
Ni
c

c
R
g
R
Figure 1-% DC e:uivalent of figure 1-*
E/ample 1-
Determine the current in the win#ing that will pro#uce a flu/ of ! mw. in the center leg
of the magnetic circuit shown in the figure' The #epth of the core is ) cm an# H
r
8(>>>'
Figure 1-G Magnetic circuit for E/ample 1-
Ferromagnetic Materials
To un#erstan# the phenomenon of the ferromagnetic materials6 it is necessary to analyIe
the atom of this type of materials' Any atom is ma#e of stationary nucleus an# electrons
in constant motion in or.its aroun# it' Also6 each electron is spinning aroun# its own a/is'
1>
1' Electron Ar.ital Motion
The or.ital motion of an electron aroun# the nucleus in a certain #irection
constitutes a current in the opposite #irection' The flow of a current in any or.it
creates a magnetic moment at the center of the or.it'
Figure 1-1> Electron or.ital motion
,
mo
is the magnetic moment #ue to the or.ital motion of the electron'
' Electron $pinning Motion
Figure 1-11 Electron spinning motion
,
ms
is the magnetic moment #ue to the spinning motion of the electron'
11
"n atoms of a non-magnetic material6 the electrons are arrange# symmetrically so that the
magnetic moments #ue to the or.ital an# spinning motions cancel at the atom level
leaving the atom magnetically neutral'
"n a ferromagnetic material6 the atoms are arrange# with their moments in parallel
forming magnetic #omains'
Figure 1-1 Magnetic #omains of a ferromagnetic material
7ith no magnetic fiel# applie# to the ferromagnetic material6 the net magnetic moment is
Iero an# the material is magnetically neutral'
The application of a magnetic fiel# 345 to the magnetic material forces some of the
magnetic #omains to orient themselves in the #irection of the applie# fiel# creating a
magnetic fiel# in the core of the ferromagnetic material' As 4 is increase#6 more #omains
move in the #irection of the applie# fiel# creating more flu/ in the core an# hence more
flu/ #ensity' After all the #omains have .een move# in the #irection of the applie# fiel#6
further increase of 4 will result in a very small increase in the flu/ #ensity an# that is #ue
to the fact that the material is saturate#' The plot of the flu/ #ensity 3;5 versus the flu/
intensity 345 is -nown as the magnetiIation curve of the magnetic material'
M5 4 3 ;
> c
+ =
M is the magnetic polariIation of the material'
4
m
x M =
m
x
is the magnetic suscepti.ility of the material

1
4
5 31 4
45 4 3 ;
r
>
>
> c
m
r
m
m
x
x
x
+ =
=
+ =
+ =

<elative ,ermea.ility of $ome Ferromagnetic Materials

Material Co.alt ?ic-el Mil# $teel "ron Mumetal $upermalloy
1
Jr )> *>> >>> )>>> 1>>6>>> %>>6>>>
Magnetization curve
Figure 1-1! MagnetiIation curve
'
E/ample 1-!
The #epth of the magnetic core shown in the figure is ) cm' Determine the current in the
win#ing that will pro#uce ) mwe. flu/ in the center leg of the core' 9se the
magnetiIation curve shown in figure 1-1>c of the te/t.oo-'
1!
Figure 1-1( Magnetic circuit of E/ample 1-!
E/ample 1-(
Determine the current 3i5 that will pro#uce >') mw. flu/ in the core of the magnetic
circuit shown in the figure' The #epth of the core is ( cm' 9se the magnetiIation curve of
figure 1'1>c of the te/t.oo-' Also #etermine the in#uctance of the coil'
Figure 1-1) Magnetic circuit of E/ample 1-(
Hysteresis
"f a coil is woun# on an iron core an# e/cite# with an alternating current6 the flu/
intensity will alternate .etween K4
m
an# 4
m
' ,lotting flu/ #ensity 3;5 as a function of
flu/ intensity 345 yiel#s the 4ysteresis loop of the magnetic material'
1(
Figure 1-1* 4ysteresis loop of a magnetic material
Flux linkage and Inductance
The flu/ lin-age 3in we.-turn5 is the pro#uct of the flu/ 3

5 an# the num.er of turns

of the win#ing that the flu/ lin-s'
1)
N =
we.er-turn
coil' .y the seen core the of reluctance the is <
4enrys5 3in
L
coil' the of in#uctance the is 2 where
L




core

core
c
c
c
c
c
c
c c
c c
c
R
N
L
or
l
A
N L
!er"ore
Li
#ince
i
l
A N
l
Ni
A N
A H N
A NB
N
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Mean path len)th l
c
*rosssectional area /
c
Ma)netic core,
per#ea.ility

+
v
0in(in) with
1 turns
'ines o" "lu2
Figure 1-1+ Flu/ lin-age
Faradays Law
1*

i
1
? ?

+
1
e

+
1
v
,pen

e
Figure 1-1% Fara#ay1s law
"f a flu/6 M6 passes through a turn of a coil6 a voltage will .e in#uce# in that turn that is
#irectly proportional to the rate of change of the flu/'
Ane turn
dt
d
t e

1 5 3 =
Two turns
dt
d
t e

5 3 =
?
1
turns
dt
d
N t e

1 1
5 3 =
dt
d
dt
dN
t e
1 1
1
5 3

= =
?

turns
dt
d
dt
dN
t e

5 3

= =
For two-port networ-s with .oth
1
an# i i are into the #otte# terminals
1 1
1 1 11 1
i L i L
i L i L
+ =
+ =

7here0
2
11
8 self in#uctance of coil 1 8
c
R
N

1
2
1
82
1
8 mutual in#uctance .etween coils 1 an# 8
c
R
N N
1
$ince port is left open6 i

8> an#
1 1 1 11 1
6 i L i L = =
dt
di
L
dt
d
t e
1
11
1
1
5 3 = =

an#
dt
di
L
dt
d
t e
1
1

5 3 = =

E/ample 1-)
1+
For a #epth of ) cm6 relative permea.ility of (>>>6 an# a current
A 1>> cos ) 5 3 t t i =
6
#etermine the following0
3a5 Flu/6 3.5 Flu/ lin-age6 3c5 "n#uctance6 an# 3#5 "n#uce# @oltage
Figure 1-1G Magnetic circuit for E/ample 1-)
1%