Nuclear Power Plant

1
NUCLEARPOWERSTATION
RiteshPatel
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
G.H.PatelCollegeofEngineeringand
Technology VVNagar(Gujarat)
Email:r2patel@yahoo.com
Def : A generating station which converts heat
energy produced by nuclear materials to
l i l
Definition
electrical energy.
Kakrapar 440 MW
RiteshPatelEEDept.GCET
2
Ch i l
Heat
Energy
H El i l M h i l
Block diagram Nuclear power station
Nuclear
Reactor
Heat
Exchanger
Turbine Generator
Nuclear
Fuel
Steam
Hot
Cold
Coolant
Chemical
Energy
Energy
Heat
Energy
Electrical
Energy
Mechanical
Energy
Simple diagram Nuclear power station
3
Thenuclearreactorisfueledbyuraniumdioxideand
moderatedbywater.
Thenuclearreactionproducesheat.Thereactionis
t ll d b t ll d d
NuclearPowerStation
controlledbycontrolledrods.
Thecoolantpumpdriveswaterthroughthereactor,
wherethenuclearreactionincreasesthecoolant(in
mostcaseswater)temperature.
Thesteamisgeneratedintheheatexchanger/boiler.
Thehighpressuresteamdrivestheturbine,whichin
turndrivesthegenerator. (usuallyat1800rpm)
Thecondensercondensesthesteamtowater,which
ispumpedbackintotheHeatexchanger.
How much energy can one atom make?
E = mc
2
m= mass
C d f li ht
IdeabehindNuclearpower
C= speed of light
C is a really huge number (300,000,000)
so c
2
is even bigger:
90,000,000,000,000,000.
since there are billions and billions of
atoms in even a tiny spec of matter, it atoms in even a tiny spec of matter, it
should be possible to make lots of
energy from not very much at all. That's
the basic idea behind nuclear power.
1KgUranium=4500tonsofhighgradecoal.
4
Suppose we take a really heavy atoma stable kind of
uranium called uranium235.
Each of its atoms has a nucleus with 92 protons and 143
neutrons.
Whatisachainreaction?
barium
U
236
neutrons.
Fire a neutron at uranium235 and you turn it into uranium
236: an unstable version of the same atom (a radioactive
isotope of uranium) with 92 protons and 144 neutrons
(remember that you fired an extra one in).
Krypton
U
Uranium236 is too unstable to hang around for long so it
splits apart into two much smaller atoms, barium and
krypton, releasing quite a lot of energy and firing off two
h i
spare neutrons at the same time.
Now the brilliant thing is that the two neutrons can crash
into two other uranium235 atoms, making them split
apart too.
And when each of those atoms splits, it too will produce
two neutrons two neutrons.
So a single fission of a single uranium235 atom rapidly
becomes a chain reactiona runaway, nuclear avalanche
that releases a huge amount of energy in the form of
heat.
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U
235
U
238
U
238
U
238
U
238
U
238
NuclearFission:ProcessOfChainReaction
Slow
Neutron
U
235
U
235
U
235
235
U
235
U
235
U
233
U
238
U
238
U
238
U
238
U
238
238
U
238
U
238
U
U
238
U
238
U
238
U
235
U
235
238
U
238
U
238
U
238
U
238
238
U
238
U
238
U
238
Isolators
C B
Isolators
Bus -bars
R
Y
B
SchematicarrangementofNuclearPowerStation
Nuclear
reactor
Hot
metal
Heat
exchanger
Filter
Steam
Valve
Turbine
Exhaust steam
Alternator
Exciter
Transformer
Isolators
Condenser
Cooling
tower
Filter
Pump
Circulating
Water pump
Feed water
pump
Cold
metal
River
6
steam
Coolant
Schematic Diagram of Nuclear Power Station.
Nuclear
Reactor
Turbine
Nuclear
Fuel
Heat
Exchanger
~
Cold Water
Alternator
With
Exciter
Pump
House
Water
Softening
Plant
~
Condenser Cond. Ext. Pump
~
Hot
Water
Cooling
Tower ~
~
C
o
l
d
W
a
t
e
r
11
House
MainComponentsofNuclearPlant
NuclearReactor
Fuel
Moderator Moderator
Reflector(reflectneutronsbackinreactor)
ControlRods
Coolant
Shielding(Protectionagainstradiations)
Heat Exchanger HeatExchanger
Steamturbine
Condenserandcoolingtower
Alternator
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Nuclear Reactor
The nuclear fission of uranium is carried out in a
nuclear reactor.
Nuclear fission is a chain reaction i.e it goes on
and if not controlled, will lead to an explosion.
A nuclear reactor is a cylindrical pressure vessel
and houses following parts :
Fuel
Moderator Moderator
Reflector
ControlRods
Coolant
Shielding
Function : Carry out controlled nuclear fission
NuclearReactor
8
Fuel rods
There are rods of nuclear matter. i.e U
235
, Th
232
,
Pu
239
.
The fuel rods consist of the fission materials and
release huge amount of energy when
bombarded with slow moving neutrons.
Function : it is used for Heat generation
Coolant
It carries heat from the reactor to the heat
exchanger which generates steam.
Coolant is used to remove heat from fuel rods
directly, if the moderator and coolant are of same
materials.
In case where a separate moderator is used
coolant passed through tubes.
Water or air may be used as coolant Sometimes Water or air may be used as coolant. Sometimes
heavy water, liquid metals or even gases may be
used.
Function : Carry heat from reactor to heat
exchanger.
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Moderator
Moderator in the reactor is used to moderate or
reduce the speed of neutron.
HYDROGEN, HELIUM, BORON, NITROGEN,
OXIGEN, WATER, GRAPHITE, DEUTERIUM are the
common materials.
Sometimes the same material is used as a
coolant.
Generally graphite rods are used for this purpose Generally, graphite rods are used for this purpose.
Function : Moderate Chain reaction to required level
Control rods
Cadmium rods are used to control the chain
reaction.
The control rods are made of such materials that
can stop the nuclear reaction quickly by absorbing
the neutrons.
Materials : boron carbide, silver, indium,
cadmium and hafnium
By pulling out the control rods power of the By pulling out the control rods, power of the
nuclear reactor is increased, whereas by pushing
them in, it is reduced.
Function : Controls Chain reaction
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Heat Exchanger
It is used for converting water into steam by using
the heat generated in nuclear reactor.
Th l t t k h t f th t d i it The coolant takes heat from the reactor and gives it
to the heat exchanger, where the steam is produced.
Heat is transferred from one fluid to the other
through the tube walls.
In order to transfer heat efficiently, a large heat
transfer area should be used, leading to the use of , g
many tubes.
The coolant is again fed to the reactor for completing
the next cycle.
Function : allows heat energy in one process fluid to
pass to another process fluid in a control manner.
Types of Heat Exchanger
Tube type
Shell type
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Steam Turbine
The steam produced in the heat exchanger is p g
made to strike the blades of the steam turbine.
After doing useful work in turbine the steam is
exhausted to condenser.
Function : Convert Heat energy of the steam into
h l mechanical energy.
Condenser
After doing function in turbine, steam is fed to
condenser.
The condenser condenses the steam which is fed
to the heat exchanger through feed water pump.
Function : Condense steam(water) from turbine to
reuse as a feed water to the heat exchanger.
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Cooling Tower
It is a heat removal device used to transfer heat to
the atmosphere.
Cooling tower may either use the evaporation of
water to remove heat and cool the working fluid.
Common application include cooling the circulating
water used in oil refineries, chemical plants, power
stations.
F ti R h t f th t di h d Function : Remove heat from the water discharged
to the condenser so that the water can be reused.
Typesofcoolingtowers:
Mechanicaldraft
Naturaldraft
Alternator
Alternator generate electricity by the same principle
as a dc generator, namely when the magnetic field
around a conductor changes, a current is induced in
the conductor.
Typically a rotating magnet called the rotor turns
within a stationary set of conductors wound in coils
on an iron core called the stator.
The field cuts across the conductor generating an The field cuts across the conductor, generating an
electrical current, as the mechanical input causes
the rotor to turn.
Function : Converts mechanical energy of the
turbine in to electrical energy.
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Cooling towers
Reactor
containment
Turbine
generator
Top view Nuclear power station
g
Cooling pond
building
generator
building
Switchyard
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15
View of Kakrapar Nuclear power station
Simple diagram Nuclear power station
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Working diagram of Nuclear power station
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Pressurized water nuclear reactor
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Working diagram of Nuclear power station.`
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1. Availability of Water
More than twice the water required for
th l l t f i b it i
ChoiceofsiteSelection
the coal plant of same size because it is
also used as secondary working fluid.
2. Away from populated area (danger of
radioactivity)
3. Nearness to the load center
4. Disposal of waste
5. Transportation facilities
6. Cost and Type of land
7. Accommodation for the operational
ChoiceofsiteSelection
and maintenance staff
8. Scope of development of industries
9. Security (in case of war)
10.Pubic problems
11.Future extensions
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1. Space: A nuclear power plants needs less space
compared to other power plant of equal size.
2. Performance: They are well suited (Economical) to
Advantages
meet large power demands.
3. Fuel: Since the fuel consumption is very small as
compared to type of power plants. Therefore, there
is a saving in cost of the fuel transportation.
4. Operation: The operation of the plant is more
reliable reliable.
5. Condition: It is not affected by the adverse weather
condition. It can be operated in any type of weather
condition.
6. Capacity: high
7. Expenditure: The expenditure on metal structures piping,
storage mechanisms is much lower for this plant then a coal
burning power plant
Advantages
burning power plant.
8. Clean: There is some greenhouse gas emission associated
with the life cycle of uranium, as gases are emitted as it is
mined and transported etc. However this is significantly,
nuclear power would be carbonzero if the uranium were
mined and transported in a more efficient way.
9. Efficient: It can produce significant quantities of electricity, p g q y,
up to about 2GW. They are generally comparable in output to
coal plants.
10. Reliable: they run constantly, rather than turning on and off
to meet base load demand.
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1. Waste: High radioactive waste is very dangerous. A
sophisticated method of storing the waste for this
period of time must be designed.
Disadvantages
2. Terrorism: Nuclear power plant would be very
tempting target to anyone wanting to disrupt the
power supply and destruct an entire region.
3. Cost: These types of plants are very expensive to
install and run. The fuel is expensive and difficult to
recover recover.
4. Health of worker: Working conditions in nuclear
plants are always harmful to health of the workers.
5. Staff : highly qualified staff is required
6. Maintenance: Maintenance charges are high due to
lack of standardization. Moreover, high salaries of
specially trained personal employed to handle the
l f h i h
Disadvantages
plant further raise the cost.
7. Pollution: The fission by products is generally
radioactive and may cause a dangerous amount of
radioactive pollution.
8. Disposal: The disposal of the product, which is
radioactive is a problem They have either to be radioactive, is a problem. They have either to be
disposed off in a deep trench or at a common
disposal point to which wastes are transported.
9. Load: Plants are not well suited for varying loads, as
the reaction does not respond to the load
fluctuation efficiently.
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According to Neutron energy:
Low thermal energy : Thermal reactors : slow
reactors
TypesofReactors
Intermediate energy : Intermediate reactors
High energy : Fast reactors
According to type of fuel:
U
233
obtained from U
232
(man made)
Pu
239
obtained from U
238
(Plutonium)
U
235
Natural Uranium (99.28 % U
238
and 0.714% U
235
)
According to Fuel and Moderator Assembly
Homogenous : fuel is mixed in moderator
Heterogeneous : fuel and moderator are separate
According to Moderator
TypesofReactors
According to Moderator
Heavy water (D
2
O)
Ordinary water (H
2
O)
Graphite
Beryllium or Beryllium oxide
Hydrocarbons or Hydrides y y
According to Principal Product:
Research reactors
Power reactors
Breeder reactors (to produce fissionable materials)
Production reactors (to produce isotopes)
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According to Coolant
Gaseous
Organic liquids
TypesofReactors
Liquid metal
Heavy water
Ordinary water
According to purpose
Research
Production of fissile material like Pu
239
Power Generation
PRESSURISEDWATERREACTOR(PWR)
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PRESSURISEDWATERREACTOR(PWR)
In this reactor fuel used is enriched uranium.
Water is used both as a moderator & coolant.
Water is kept at a high pressure so that it cannot
boil within reactor.
Coolant water is passed to heat exchanger where
another feed water is converted to steam.
A pressurizer and surge tank maintain the constant A pressurizer and surge tank maintain the constant
pressure in water system. Since water passing
through reactor becomes radioactive, the entire
primary circuit with heat exchanger has to shielded.
BOILINGWATERREACTOR(BWR)
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BOILINGWATERREACTOR(BWR)
In this reactor fuel used is enriched uranium.
Water is used both as a moderator & coolant. Water is used both as a moderator & coolant.
Steam is generated within the reactor so heat
exchanger is not required.
The heat released by the nuclear reaction is
absorbed by the water and the steam is y
generated in reactor itself.
Feed water enters the reactor tank below to
pass through fuel element in the core as
coolant and also as moderator.
PRESSURIZEDHEAVYWATERREACTOR(PHWR)
CANADIANDEUTERIUMURANIUMREACTOR(CANDU):
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PRESSURIZEDHEAVYWATERREACTOR(PHWR)
CANADIANDEUTERIUMURANIUMREACTOR(CANDU):
This reactor is useful for countries which do
not produce enriched uranium.
E i h f i i l d hi Enrichment of uranium is costly and this
reactor uses natural uranium as fuel and
heavy water as a moderator.
The CANDU reactor design has been
developed since the 1950s in CANADA developed since the 1950s in CANADA.
Control rods are not required in this reactor.
Reactor control is achieved by varying
moderator level in reactor.
LIQUIDMETALFASTBREEDERREACTOR(LMFBR)
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LIQUIDMETALFASTBREEDERREACTOR(LMFBR)
In this reactor, sodium in a primary loop is pump
through the reactor core. This sodium collects the
heat and transfers it to a secondary loop in the heat heat and transfers it to a secondary loop in the heat
exchanger, which converts into steam. Then steam
drives the turbine and produce electricity.
Two heat transfer circuits. Radio active sodium
does not come in contact with steam circuit.
hi f l d fi il This types of reactor also produces more fissile
material then it consumes, so it is called a Breeder
Reactor.
ADVANCEGASCOOLEDREACTOR(AGR)
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ADVANCEGASCOOLEDREACTOR(AGR)
Gas is used as a coolant.
(a) Gas Cooled Graphite Moderated (GCGM) (a) Gas Cooled Graphite Moderated (GCGM)
Reactor uses carbon dioxide gas as a coolant.
(b) High Temperature Gas Coolant (HTGC)
uses Helium gas as a coolant.
The carbon dioxide is circulated through the g
core, reaching 650
o
C it is passed through to
the heat exchanger.
LIGHTWATERBREEDERREACTOR
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LIGHTWATERBREEDERREACTOR
In its simplest form a fast breeder reactor is a
small vessel in which necessary amount of enriched
plutonium is kept without using moderator. plutonium is kept without using moderator.
A fissible material, which absorbs neutrons,
surrounds the vessel.
The reactor core is cooled by liquid metal.
Necessary neutron shielding is provided by
graphite light water or oil graphite, light water or oil.
Additional shielding is also provided for gamma
rays.
HazardsEnvironmentalaspects
1. Radioactive waste disposal facility: The wastes of
the nuclear plant are highly radioactive and
therefore sufficient space must be available near the
l f h i ll f l i plant for short time storage as well as for long time
burial of the radioactive waste.
2. safety: the power plant should be located at a
reasonable distance from the populated area to
avoid the radiation hazards.
3 Low population zone: Area immediately 3. Low population zone: Area immediately
surrounding the exclusion area which contain
residence, the total number and density of which
are such that there a reasonable probability
measures could be taken in their behalf in the event
of a serious accident.
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4. Effects on human beings:
Radiations are toxic to kidney.
Alpha particles can damage the skin. Alpha particles can damage the skin.
If alpha particles enter in human body through
ingesting, inhaling or absorbing radioactive
chemicals, they can cause serious damage to the
organs.(ex lung cancer, bone cancer)
Health effects:
Deaths
Permanent disability
Temporary disability
5. Nuclear bombs : nuclearenergy byproducts help
people build nuclear bombs
6. Risk of catastrophic nuclear accidents 6. Risk of catastrophic nuclear accidents
7. Water pollution : due to discharge of cooling water
into the main source and waste disposal problems.
8. Land pollution
Waste disposal
Radioactive contamination (vegetation)
Land use
9. Public Attitude : The public requires assurance that
the industry truly has the issues of safety, fuel
security, and waste disposal well under control.
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10.Safeguard against earthquakes: About 300 km of
radius area around the proposed site is studied for its
past history of tremors and earthquakes past history of tremors and earthquakes
11.The site selected should also take into account the
external natural events such as floods, including those
by upstream dam failures and tropical cyclones.
12.An exclusion zone of 1.6 km radius around the plant
should be provided where no public habitation is
permitted.
13.Periodical checks be carried out to check that there
is no increase in radioactivity than permissible in the
environment.
NuclearPowerstationsinINDIA
Sr. no.
Power Plants in
India
Perticulars
Location Capacity
1 Tarapur
Maharastra (65 miles
north Mumbai) 360 MW
2 Rana pratap sagar
Near kota in
Rajasthan
400 MW
Near Chennai in
3 Kalpakkam
tamilnadu state.
470 MW
4 Narora
U.P
470 MW
5 Kakrapar
Surat district
Gujarat
470 MW
34
Sr.
No.
Point of
consideration
Steam Power
Plant
Hydro Power
Plant
Nuclear
Power Plant
1
Source of Coal, Oil, Gas Water at Nuclear Fuel
ComparisonofPowersPlants
1
Energy
, ,
certain height
2
Capital Cost /
Initial Cost
Less than
Nuclear plant
Maximum Less than
hydro Plant
3
Oper. Cost /
Runn. Cost
More than
hydro
Minimum More than
thermal plant
Nearness to Possible Less possibility Possible
4
Nearness to
Load Center
Possible Less possibility Possible
5
Cooling Water Less than
nuclear
Not required Maximum
6 Standby Loss Maximum Minimum Large
Sr.
No.
Point of
consideration
Steam Power
Plant
Hydro Power
Plant
Nuclear
Power Plant
7
Efficiency 18 to 32% 80 to 90% 30 to 40%
8
Maintenance Maximum Minimum So-so
9
Installation
time
Comparatively
less
Maximum Less than
hydro plant
10
Simplicity &
Cleanliness
Minimum Maximum More than
thermal
11
Site Supply of water
and coal
Hilly areas Away from
populated
areas
12 Fuel Trans. Maximum Practically Nil Minimum
13 Starting Lot of time Instantly Easy
35
Sr.
No.
Point of
consideration
Steam Power
Plant
Hydro Power
Plant
Nuclear
Power Plant
14
Space Large Very Large Minimum
14
p
required
g y g
15
Maintenance
Cost
High Low Very High
(trained
Personnel)
16
Tran. & dist.
cost
Low High Low
17
Pollution High
Co2
Nil High
Radioactive
18
Field of
Application
Near coal
mines
Water source Neither coal
nor water
(Rajasthan)
Sr.
No.
Point of
consideration
Steam Power
Plant
Hydro Power
Plant
Nuclear
Power Plant
19
Reliability Less More Highest
19
y g
20
Row Material Huge quantity Nil More
21
Life of Plant Lowest Long Less than
Hydro
22
Man Power Small Large Small but
highly trained highly trained
36
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Nuclear Power Plant

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