applications laboratory papers

Laboratory Paper 1:
To calculate the seismic loads by the procedure of equivalent static force for a
cantiliver roof covering a platform in a railway station.
Laboratory Paper 2:
To calculate the seismic loads on the traversal direction for an one floor
industrial building, to resolve the seismic response in acceleration, velocity
and displacement using a numerical method.
Laboratory Paper 3:
To compute the seismic loads according the P100/2013 Code by the procedure
of equivalent static forces and by the linear modal response spectrum
analysis, for a multi-storey residential building (D+P+4E)
Laboratory Paper 4:
Experimental seismic response for an single level structure using the vibrating
table from the earthquake engineering laboratory
References
1. Yousef Bozorgnia, Vitelmo V. Bertero EARTHQUAKE ENGNEERNG from Engineering
!eismolog" to #erforman$e%Base& Engineering, 'R' #ress ((', )**+
). Ver&es ,oina Basi$s of !eismi$ Engineering, UT%#RE!!, )*11
-. Ver&es ,oina, Bom.a ,an, Bin&ea /i0ai /eto&e &e $al$ul si e1.erimentare in
.roie$tarea seismi$a, UT%#RE!! 'lu2%Na.o$a, )*1-
+. #1**%13)*1-
4. E'5
A$ti6it" E6aluation $riteria E6aluation met0o&s 8eig0t in t0e
final gra&e
$ourse Resol6ing t0eoreti$al
to.i$s
- #art
- #art
8ritten test
T0eoreti$al e1am TE19
A.ril - )*1+:
&uration 1 0our:
To ;rite a<out one gi6en
t0eoreti$al to.i$:
T0eoreti$al e1am TE)
!ummer e1am session:
,uration ) 0ours:
To ;rite a<out t;o gi6en
t0eoreti$al to.i$s
=*>
a..li$ations (a<orator" .a.ers
e6aluation
?ral test re@uire&: s a
$on&ition to e1am
entran$e.
-*>
Optional extracurricular activities in the
earthquake engineering subjects
1. !$ientifi$ resear$0 in or&er to .arti$i.ate in t0e National
!tu&ent 'onferen$e
). Un&ergra&uate !eismi$ ,esign 'om.etitions
To.i$s for stu&ent resear$0
1. T0e seismi$ res.onse of a multi%store" .re$ast reinfor$e&
$on$rete stru$ture
using t0e &is.la$ement%<ase& met0o& for seismi$ &esign of stru$tures
;it0 seismi$ energ" &issi.ati6e s"stems
;it0 semi%rigi& frame no&es
). !tu&" of seismi$ energ" &issi.ating s"stems
Re$or&s until 1* mar$0 )*1+, <" email $orres.on&en$e9
mi0ai.<in&eaA&st.ut$lu2.ro
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
% '?NTENT! %
1.1. ntro&u$tion
1.). !eismi$it"
1.-. T0e eart0@uaBe an& t0e t".es of seismi$ ;a6es
1.+. /easures of eart0@uaBe size
1.4. Re$or& of t0e groun& motion
1.C. !eismi$ 0azar& in Romania
1.1 Introduction
T0e &etaile& stu&" of eart0@uaBes an& eart0@uaBe me$0anisms lies in
t0e .ro6in$e of seismolog", <ut in 0is or 0er stu&ies t0e eart0@uaBe
engineer must taBe a &ifferent .oint of 6ie; t0an t0e seismologist.
!eismologists 0a6e fo$use& t0eir attention .rimaril" on t0e glo<al or
long%range effe$ts of eart0@uaBes an& t0erefore are $on$erne& ;it0
6er" small am.litu&e groun& motions ;0i$0 in&u$e no signifi$ant
stru$tural res.onses.
Engineers, on t0e ot0er 0an&, are $on$erne& mainl" ;it0 t0e lo$al
effe$ts of large eart0@uaBes, ;0ere t0e groun& motions are intense
enoug0 to $ause stru$tural &amage.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
life losses due to major earthquakes in the 20th century
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
Earthquake Engineering is a field of engineering that
aims to reduce the effects of earthquakes on
constructions. It covers various aspects, including:
(1) the study aspects of seismology and geology that are important
to the matter
(2) analysis the dynamic response of the structure under the action
of seismic motion
(3) development and application of methods for planning, design
and execution of constructions resistant to earthquakes.
Earthquake Engineering intertwines with geosciences on
the one hand, and social sciences, architecture and
authorities on the other.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
Seismology is the study of the generation, propagation and
measurement of seismic waves through earth and the
sources that generate them (natural sources such as
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and artificial sources such
as underground explosions).
Engineering seismology aims to explain and predict strong
seismic motions from one site and study the seismic motion
characteristics that are important for the response of
engineering structures.
In the 19
th
century a number of English engineers became
interested in earthquakes and contributed significantly to
earthquake knowledge. They included Robert Mallet (a civil
engineer) who invented the word seismology, witch is derived
from Greek words meaning shake-knowledge. He also coined
the term epicenter.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
1.2. Seismicity
T0e seismi$it" of a region &etermines t0e e1tent to ;0i$0
eart0@uaBe loa&ings ma" $ontrol t0e &esign of an" stru$ture
.lanne& for t0at lo$ation.
T0e .rin$i.al in&i$ator of t0e &egree of seismi$it" is t0e 0istori$al
re$or& of eart0@uaBes t0at 0a6e o$$urre& in t0e region. Be$ause
ma2or eart0@uaBes often 0a6e 0a& &isastrous $onse@uen$es,
t0e" 0a6e <een note& in $0roni$les &ating <a$B to t0e <eginning
of $i6ilization.
T0e eart0@uaBe o$$urren$es are not &istri<ute& uniforml" on t0e
surfa$e of t0e eart0: instea& t0e" ten& to <e $on$entrate& along
;ell%&efine& lines ;0i$0 are Bno;n to <e asso$iate& ;it0 t0e
<oun&aries of D.latesE of t0e Eart0Fs $rust.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
Glo<al &istri<ution of seismi$it"
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
Glo<al &istri<ution of seismi$it"
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
Euro.ean &istri<ution of seismi$it"
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
!eismote$toni$s in Romania
re6eals a $onglomerate of .lates
an& su<%.lates t0at $on6erge in
t0e Vran$ea &istri$t
Structure of the Earth
T0e eart0Fs s0a.e is an o<late s.0eroi& ;it0 a &iameter along t0e
e@uator of a<out 1)=+* Bm ;it0 t0e .olar &iameter as 1)=**Bm. T0e
interior of t0e eart0 $an <e $lassifie& into t0ree ma2or $ategories as
'rust, /antle an& 'ore.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
Structure of the Earth
'rust9 or t0e lit0os.0ere, is t0e outer .art of t0e eart0 is ;0ere t0e life e1ist.
T0e a6erage t0i$Bness of $rust <eneat0 $ontinents is a<out +*Bm ;0ere as it
&e$reases to as mu$0 as 4Bm <eneat0 o$eans. 'om.are& to t0e la"ers <elo;,
t0is la"er 0as 0ig0 rigi&it" an& anisotro.".
/antle9 is a )G** Bm t0i$B la"er. T0e mantle $onsists of9
1HU..er /antle rea$0ing a &e.t0 of a<out +** Bm, $alle& t0e asthenosphere
)H(o;er /antle
No eart0@uaBes are re$or&e& in t0e lo;er mantle. T0e mantle a$ts liBe flui& in
res.onse to slo;l" a$ting stresses an& $ree.s un&er slo; loa&s. But it <e0a6es
liBe as soli& in .resen$e of ra.i&l" a$ting stresses, e.g. t0at $ause& <"
eart0@uaBe ;a6es.
'ore9 0as a ra&ius of -+=* Bm an& $onsists of an inner $ore an& an outer $ore,
an& is $om.ose& of molten iron, .ro<a<l" mi1e& ;it0 small @uantities of ot0er
elements su$0 as ni$Bel an& sul.0ur or sili$on.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
Alt0oug0 t0e ast0enos.0ere re.resents onl" a small fra$tion of t0e
total t0i$Bness of t0e mantle, it is <e$ause of its 0ig0l" .lasti$ $0ara$ter
t0at t0e lit0os.0ere &oes mo6e as a single unit, 0o;e6er:
nstea& it is &i6i&e& into a .attern of .lates of 6arious sizes, an& it is t0e
relati6e mo6ements along t0e .late <oun&aries t0at $ause t0e
eart0@uaBe o$$urren$e .atterns.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
Eart0@uaBe Iaults
Irom t0e stu&" of geolog", it 0as <e$ome a..arent t0at t0e
ro$B near t0e surfa$e of t0e eart0 is not as rigi& an&
motionless as it a..ears to <e.
T0ere is am.le e6i&en$e in man" geologi$al formations t0at
t0e ro$B ;as su<2e$te& to e1tensi6e &eformations at a time
;0en it ;as <urie& at some &e.t0.
80en su$0 ru.tures o$$urre&, relati6e sli&ing motions ;ere
&e6elo.e& <et;een t0e o..osite si&e of t0e ru.ture surfa$e
$reating ;0at is $alle& a geologi$al fault.
T0e" $an 0a6e lengt0s ranging from a fe; meters an&
0un&re&s of miles. T0ese &is.la$ements $an <e eit0er slo;
sli., ;0i$0 &o not .ro&u$e eart0@uaBes or su&&en ru.ture,
.ro&u$ing eart0@uaBes.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
n most eart0@uaBes, faults &o not rea$0
t0e groun& surfa$e an& t0erefore are not
6isi<le. An e1am.le of a fault ;it0 effe$ts
on t0e lan& surfa$e is re.resente& in figure
a<o6e.
Iaults are $lassifie& a$$or&ing to t0eir
geometr" an& t0e &ire$tion of relati6e
sli&ing. T0e main t".es of faults are s0o;n
in figure <elo;. A striBe%sli. fault in6ol6es
mo6ing <lo$Bs of ro$B .arallel to t0e fault.
!li..ing on a normal fault o$$urs 6erti$all"
J.arallel to t0e fault .laneH, u..er .late
fault in$line& mo6ing &o;n to t0e <ottom
.late Jfaulting .ro&u$es a stret$0ing of t0e
$rustH.
!li..ing on a re6erse fault o$$urs 6erti$all"
J.arallel to t0e slo.eH, u..er .late fault
in$line& mo6ing u. to t0e <ottom .late
Jfaulting .ro&u$es s0ortening $rustH.
/ost $ommon faults are o<li@ue faults,
;0i$0 is a $om<ination of 0orizontal an&
6erti$al mo6ements.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
1.-. T0e eart0@uaBe an& t0e t".es of seismi$ ;a6es
most eart0@uaBes of engineering signifi$an$e are of te$toni$ origin an& is
$ause& <" sli. along geologi$al faults
T0e im.ortant fa$t a<out an" fault ru.ture is t0at t0e fra$ture o$$urs ;0en
t0e &eformations an& stresses in t0e ro$B rea$0 t0e <reaBing strengt0 of
t0e material. A$$or&ingl" it is asso$iate& ;it0 a su&&en release of strain
energ" ;0i$0 t0en is transmitte& t0roug0 t0e eart0 in t0e form of 6i<rator"
elasti$ ;a6es ra&iating out;ar& in all &ire$tions from t0e ru.ture .oint.
T0ese &is.la$ement ;a6es .assing an" s.e$ifie& lo$ation on t0e eart0
$onstitute ;0at is $alle& an eart0@uaBe.
T0e .oint on t0e fault surfa$e
;0ere t0e ru.ture first <egan is
$alle& t0e eart0@uaBe fo$us, an&
t0e .oint on t0e groun& surfa$e
&ire$tl" a<o6e t0e fo$us is $alle&
t0e e.i$enter.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
T0e t".es of seismi$ ;a6es
T;o t".es of ;a6es ma" <e i&entifie& in t0e eart0@uaBe motions
t0at are .ro.agate& &ee. ;it0in t0e eart09
D#E ;a6es J.us0%.ull ;a6es, longitu&inal ;a6es,
$om.ressional ;a6esH, in ;0i$0 t0e material .arti$les mo6e
along t0e .at0 of t0e ;a6e .ro.agation in&u$ing an
alternation <et;een tension an& $om.ression &eformations,
an&
D!E ;a6es Js0ear ;a6es, se$on&ar" ;a6es, trans6erse ;a6esH,
in ;0i$0 t0e material .arti$les mo6e in a &ire$tion
.er.en&i$ular to t0e ;a6e .ro.agation .at0, t0us in&u$ing
s0ear &eformations.
T0e surfa$e ;a6es9 80en t0e 6i<rator" ;a6e energ" is
.ro.agating near t0e surfa$e of t0e eart0 rat0er t0an &ee. in t0e
interior, t;o ot0er t".es of ;a6es Bno;n as Ra"leig0 an& (o6e
$an <e i&entifie&.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
T0e D#E or #rimar" ;a6e &esignation refers to t0e fa$t t0at t0ese normal
stress ;a6es tra6el most ra.i&l" t0roug0 t0e ro$B an& t0erefore are t0e
first to arri6e at an" gi6en .oint. D#E ;a6es are t0e fastest among t0e
seismi$ ;a6es an& tra6el as fast as 5 to 1- Bm .er se$on&. T0erefore, ;0en
an eart0@uaBe o$$urs, t0ese are t0e first ;a6es to rea$0 an" seismi$ station
an& 0en$e t0e first to <e re$or&e&.
T0e D!E or !e$on&ar" ;a6e &esignation refers $orres.on&ingl" to t0e fa$t
t0at t0ese s0ear stress ;a6es tra6el more slo;l" an& t0erefore arri6e after
t0e D#E ;a6es. T0e" tra6el at t0e rate of 4 to = Bm .er se$on&. Ior t0is
reason t0ese ;a6es are al;a"s re$or&e& after # ;a6es in a seismi$ station.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
T0e Ra"leig0 surfa$e ;a6es are tension%$om.ression ;a6es
similar to t0e D#E ;a6es e1$e.t t0at t0eir am.litu&e
&iminis0es ;it0 &istan$e <elo; t0e surfa$e of t0e groun&.
!imilarl" t0e (o6e ;a6es are t0e $ounter.art of t0e D!E <o&"
;a6es: t0e" are s0ear ;a6es t0at &iminis0 ra.i&l" ;it0 t0e
&istan$e <elo; t0e surfa$e.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
1.+. /easures of Eart0@uaBe !ize
T0e most im.ortant measure of size from a seismologi$al .oint of 6ie;
is t0e amount of strain energ" release& at t0e sour$e, an& t0is is
in&i$ate& @uantitati6el" as t0e Magnitude.
B" &efinition, Ri$0ter magnitu&e is t0e J<ase 1*H logarit0m of t0e
ma1imum am.litu&e, measure& in mi$rometers J1*
%C
mH of t0e
eart0@uaBe re$or& o<taine& <" 8oo&%An&erson seismogra.0,
$orre$te& to a &istan$e of 1** Km.
T0is magnitu&e rating 0as <een relate& em.iri$all" to t0e amount
of eart0@uaBe energ" release&, E, <" t0e formula9
log E K 11.5 L 1.4 M
in ;0i$0 M is t0e magnitu&e. B" t0is formula, t0e energ" in$reases
<" a fa$tor of -) for ea$0 unit in$rease of magnitu&e. /ore
im.ortant to engineers, 0o;e6er, is t0e em.iri$al o<ser6ation t0at
eart0@uaBes of magnitu&e less t0an 4 are not e1.e$te& to $ause
stru$tural &amage, ;0ereas for magnitu&es greater t0an 4,
.otentiall" &amaging groun& motions ;ill <e .ro&u$e&.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
T0e magnitu&e of an eart0@uaBe <" itself is not suffi$ient to in&i$ate
;0et0er stru$tural &amage $an <e e1.e$te&. T0is is a measure of
t0e size of t0e eart0@uaBe at its sour$e, <ut t0e &istan$e of t0e
stru$ture from t0e sour$e 0as an e@uall" im.ortant effe$t on t0e
am.litu&e of its res.onse.
T0e se6erit" of t0e groun& motions o<ser6e& at an" .oint is $alle&
t0e earthquake intensity: it &iminis0es generall" ;it0 t0e &istan$e
from t0e sour$e, alt0oug0 anomalies &ue to lo$al geologi$al
$on&itions are not un$ommon. T0e ol&est measures of intensit" are
<ase& on o<ser6ations of t0e effe$ts of t0e groun& motions on
natural an& man%ma&e o<2e$ts.
T0e stan&ar& measure of intensit" for man" "ears 0as <een t0e
Modified Mercalli (MM) s$ale. T0is is a 1)%.oint s$ale ranging from
Jnot felt <" an"oneH to M Jtotal &estru$tionH. Results of eart0@uaBe
intensit" o<ser6ations are t".i$all" $om.ile& in t0e form of
isoseismal ma.s.
/o&ifie& /er$alli ntensit" !$ale
/o&ifie& /er$alli ntensit" !$ale
T0e /e&6e&e6!.on0euerKarniB s$ale JMSK-6H
. Not .er$e.ti<le
. Har&l" .er$e.ti<le
. 8eaB
V. (argel" o<ser6e&
V. Iairl" strong
V. !trong
V. Ver" strong
V. ,amaging
M. ,estru$ti6e
M. ,e6astating
M. 'atastro.0i$
M. Ver" $atastro.0i$
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
Eart0@uaBes9 /agnitu&e3energ"
An a..ro1imate relations0i.
<et;een surfa$e ;a6e magnitu&e,
/s, an& t0e energ" release& <" an
eart0@uaBe, E, is gi6en <"9
log1*E K +.5 L1.4/s
;0ere E is measure& in 2oules. T0us
t0e ratio of energies release& <" t;o
eart0@uaBes &iffering <" 1 is
magnitu&e is e@ual to -1.C. T0e ratio
is 1*** for eart0@uaBes &iffering <"
) in magnitu&e
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
T0e t0ree $om.onents of groun& motion re$or&e& <" a
strongmotion a$$elerogra.0 .ro6i&e a $om.lete &es$ri.tion of t0e
eart0@uaBe ;0i$0 ;oul& a$t u.on an" stru$ture at t0at site.
Ho;e6er, t0e most im.ortant features of t0e re$or& o<taine& in
ea$0 $om.onent, from t0e stan&.oint of its effe$ti6eness in
.ro&u$ing stru$tural res.onse, are t0e am.litu&e, t0e fre@uen$"
$ontent, an& t0e &uration.
T0e am.litu&e generall" is $0ara$terize& <" t0e .eaB 6alue of
a$$eleration or sometimes <" t0e num<er of a$$eleration .eaBs
e1$ee&ing a s.e$ifi$ le6el.
T0e fre@uen$" $ontent $an <e re.resente& a.ro1imate <" t0e
num<er of zero $rossings .er se$on& in t0e a$$elerogram, an& t0e
&uration <" t0e lengt0 of time <et;een t0e first an& t0e last .eaBs
e1$ee&ing a gi6en t0res0ol& le6el.
t is e6i&ent, 0o;e6er, t0at all t0ese @uantitati6e measures taBen
toget0er .ro6i&e onl" a 6er" limite& &es$ri.tion of t0e groun&
motion an& $ertainl" &o not @uantif" its &amage%.ro&u$ing
.otential a&e@uatel"
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
!eismogra.0s
T0e motion of t0e groun& is re$or&e& &uring eart0@uaBes <"
instruments Bno;n as seismographs. T0ese instruments ;ere first
&e6elo.e& aroun& 15G*, so ;e 0a6e re$or&ings of eart0@uaBes onl"
sin$e t0at time. To&a", t0ere are 0un&re&s of seismogra.0s installe& in
t0e groun& t0roug0out t0e ;orl&, o.erating as .art of a ;orl&;i&e
seismogra.0i$ net;orB for monitoring eart0@uaBes an& stu&"ing t0e
.0"si$s of t0e eart0.
!$0emati$ of a seismogra.0
!eismograms
Re$or&s of soil &is.la$ements
.ro&u$e& <" seismogra.0s,
$alle& seismograms, are use& in
$al$ulating t0e lo$ation an&
magnitu&e of an eart0@uaBe.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
1.4 Re$or& of t0e groun& motion
T0e motion of t0e groun& at an" .oint is t0ree%&imensional, ;0i$0
means t0at t0e .oint mo6es in s.a$e an& not merel" in a .lane or in a
straig0t line. To $om.letel" re$or& t0is motion, t0ree seismometers
must <e <uilt into ea$0 seismogra.0. T0ese seismometers mo6e in
t0ree .er.en&i$ular &ire$tions, t;o 0orizontal an& one 6erti$al, an&
generate t0ree $orres.on&ing seismograms.
!eismogra.0s are &esigne& to re$or& small &is.la$ements $ause& <"
&istant eart0@uaBes an& are use& <" seismologists intereste& in
lo$ating 0".o$enters, estimating magnitu&es, an& stu&"ing t0e
me$0ani$s of eart0@uaBes t0e Bin& of s0aBing t0at $auses &amage.
To re$or& t0is t".e of groun& s0aBing re@uires a &ifferent t".e of
instrument, one t0at measures groun& a$$eleration instea& of groun&
&is.la$ement. !u$0 instruments are $alle& accelerographs, an& t0e
mass%s.ring s"stem is $alle& accelerometer.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
A$$elerogram%A$$elerogra.0
T0e re$or& generate&, Bno;n as an a$$elerogram, 0as t0e general
a..earan$e of a seismogram, <ut its mat0emati$al $0ara$teristi$s are
@uite &ifferent.
A$$eleorgra.0s &o not 0a6e a $ontinuous re$or&ing s"stem, as
seismogra.0s &o: instea&, t0e" are triggere& <" an eart0@uaBe an&
o.erate form <atteries J<e$ause t0e .o;er often is &isru.te& &uring an
eart0@uaBeH.
Nort0%sout0 $om.onent of
0orizontal groun& a$$eleration
re$or&e& at El 'entro, 'alifonia
&uring t0e m.erial Vale"
rrigation &istri$t of 15 /a"
1G+*
T0e nort0%sout0 a$$elerogram Vran$ea /ar$0 1G==
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
1.C. !eismi$ 0azar& in Romania
T0e seismi$ 0azar& in Romania is &ue to $ontri<ution of t;o fa$tors 9
t0e ma2or $ontri<ution of su<$rustal seismi$ zone Vran$ea
ot0ers $ontri<utions &ue to t0e ot0ers surfa$e seismi$ zone
s.rea& to $ountr" territor".
Vran$ea seismi$ zone is lo$ate& at t0e <en& of t0e 'ar.at0ians.
Vran$ea sour$e is $a.a<le of .ro&u$ing great &estru$tion all o6er
t;o t0ir&s of Romania an& foremost in Bu$0arest.
T0e famous Ameri$an seismologist '0 Ri$0ter e1.resse& after t0e
eart0@uaBe in /ar$0 +, 1G== as9 !"no#here else in the #orld is a
center of population so e$posed to earthquake originating repeatedly
from the same source%.
Anot0er sour$e of groun& motions is Banat region ;it0 t0e
surroun&ings of Timisoara.
E.i$enters of eart0@uaBes t0at tooB .la$e in Romania in t0e .erio& G5+ 1GGG
(Lungu et al, 2003)
Romanian eart0@uaBes in )*
t0
$entur"
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
!trongest Vran$ea eart0@uaBe is $onsi&ere& to <e t0e one
mentione& at ?$to<er )C, 15*). T0e Guten<erg % Ri$0ter magnitu&e
/ ;as estimate& <" &ifferent aut0ors <et;een =.4 an& =.=.
Vran$ea eart0@uaBe ;it0 t0e <igger magnitu&e of t0is $entur" ;as
at No6em<er 1*, 1G+*, ;it0 Guten<erg % Ri$0ter magnitu&e / K =.+
an& a &e.t0 of 1+*%14* Bm.
Vran$ea eart0@uaBe ;it0 t0e most &e6astating effe$t on
$onstru$tion, an& t0e first eart0@uaBe ;it0 a$$elerograms
registere& in Romania, ;as at /ar$0 +, 1G==. T0e Guten<erg%Ri$0ter
magnitu&e / ;as =.), an& &e.t0 of 1*G Bm ;it0 t0e e.i$entral
&istan$e of 1*4 Bm from Bu$0arest.
n Bu$0arest t0is eart0@uaBe $ause& o6er 1,+** $asualties, t0e
$olla.se of )- 0ig0 reinfor$e& $on$rete <uil&ings, also C multi%store"
masonr" <uil&ings ma&e <efore t0e !e$on& 8orl& 8ar an& t0e
t0ree reinfor$e& $on$rete tall <uil&ings <uilt in t0e OC*s % =*s.
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
T0e &esign a$$eleration an& seismi$ zones of Romanian territor"
1. National territor" is su<&i6i&e& into seismi$ zones, &e.en&ing
on t0e lo$al 0azar&. B" &efinition, t0e 0azar& ;it0in ea$0 zone is
assume& to <e $onstant.
).t0e 0azar& is &es$ri<e& in terms of a single .arameter, i.e. t0e
6alue of t0e referen$e .eaB groun& a$$eleration on ro$B or firm
soil a
g
.
-. T0e referen$e .eaB groun& a$$eleration, $0osen <" t0e
National Aut0orit" for ea$0 seismi$ zone, $orres.on&s to t0e
referen$e return .erio& $0osen <" t0e same aut0orit". To t0is
referen$e a6erage return .erio& for Romanian territor" is $all
Dt0e &esign soil a$$elerationE
!eismi$ zones of Romanian territor" &e.en&ing on soil &esign a$$eleration a
g
for
seismi$ e6ents ;it0 a6erage return .erio& Jof magnitu&eH /R K 1** "ears
Chapter 1: The Seismicity of the territory
T0e $ontrol .erio&
T0e lo$al soil $on&itions are &es$ri<e& <" 6alues of $ontrol .erio&
&' of t0e res.onse s.e$trum for t0e s.e$ifi$ lo$ation. T0ese
6alues $0ara$terize s"nt0eti$all" t0e fre@uen$ies $om.osition of
t0e seismi$ mo6ement.
T0e $ontrol .erio& re.resents t0e <or&er <et;een t0e zone of
t0e ma1imum 6alues in t0e s.e$trum of a<solute a$$elerations
an& t0e zone of ma1imum 6alues in t0e s.e$trum of relati6e
6elo$it". &
'
is e1.resse& in t0e se$on&s.
Values of $ontrol .erio&s
T0e ma. of t0e Romanian territor" ;it0 t0e zones on terms of &
'
for t0e 0orizontal
$om.onents of t0e seismi$ mo6ements &ue to eart0@uaBes 0a6ing t0e /RK1** "ears.