STEAM POWER PLANT

1 (a) State the simplifying assumptions for the Ideal Rankine Cycle.
(b) Determine; the Rankine Work, the power output, and the efficiency of the Ideal
Rankine Cycle, when 10 kg/s of steam is supplied to the turbine at 60 bar and 400
o
C,
and the condenser pressure is 0.06 bar. (1163 kJ/kg; 11630 kW; 0.38)

2. A steam turbine receives steam at a pressure of 150 bar and a temperature of 500
o
C.
After expansion in the turbine the steam exhaust to the condenser at a pressure of
0.05 bar. If the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 0.84, and the boiler efficiency is
88% determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Sketch the system and the
temperature/entropy diagram for the cycle. Annotate both diagrams. (0.32)

3. A boiler passes 20 kg/s of steam at 120 bar and 500
o
C to a turbine wherein it is
expanded to a pressure of 0.07 bar with an isentropic efficiency of 0.85. Determine the
power output and the thermal efficiency of the cycle if the boiler efficiency is 90%. If
the fuel used has a calorific value of 43 MJ/kg determine the mass of fuel consumed
per hour. (22.6 MW; 0.32; 5926 kg/hour)

4. Steam at 100 bar and 500
o
C is supplied to a high-pressure turbine where it is
expanded to a pressure of 30 bar. The steam is passed back to the boiler for reheating at
30 bar and 500
o
C. The steam then passes to a low pressure turbine and expands to a
condenser pressure of 0.06 bar. Determine the Ideal efficiency of the cycle. Sketch the
plant and T/s diagrams for the cycle. (0.43)

5. Steam at 170 bar and 500
o
C is supplied to a high-pressure turbine where it is
expanded to a pressure of 50 bar. The steam is passed back to the boiler for reheating at
50 bar and 500
o
C. The steam then passes to a low pressure turbine and expands to a
condenser pressure of 0.05 bar. The isentropic efficiency of both turbines is 1.
Determine the cycle efficiency and sketch the plant and T/s diagrams for the cycle.
(0.45)

6. A gas turbine is to be used in a CHP plant, the maximum cycle temperature is
1000K and the air suction temperature is 288 K. The pressure ratio is 6, and the
isentropic efficiencies of the compressor and turbine are 0.85 and 0.90 respectively.
= 1.4 and Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K for air and gas. The exhaust from the gas turbine is to
be used to generate 15 bar, 350
o
C steam in a boiler which is supplied to a steam
turbine where it exhausts at 0.04 bar. The gas and steam turbines are used to generate
electrical power. The exhaust gas leaves the boiler at 170
o
C. The isentropic efficiency
of the steam turbine is 0.85. If the gas turbine output power is 100 MW, what is the
output power of the combined cycle and what is the combined cycle efficiency?
(Approx. 140 MW, and 40 %)

7. A back-pressure steam turbine is supplied with steam at 40 bar and 500
o
C, and
exhausts to a process at 3 bar. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 0.86. Calculate
the heat to power ratio of the CHP plant. (3.95:1)



8. (a) Sketch a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant which uses a back-pressure steam
turbine as the prime mover.
(b) A boiler generates steam at a pressure of 40 bar and a temperature of 400
o
C. this
steam is supplied to a steam turbine which generates electrical power. The steam is
exhausted from the turbine at a pressure of 6 bar and is used to raise the temperature of
20 000 kg/hour of a pressurised process liquid from a temperature of 50
o
C to a
temperature of 150
o
C. Cp for the process liquid is 4.0 kJ/kg K. The turbine has an
isentropic efficiency of 0.85, and the condensate leaves the process heat exchanger at
saturation temperature at 6 bar, it then passes through a steam trap and blows down
into an atmospheric drain tank. The turbine gearbox has an efficiency of 97%, the
alternator an efficiency of 96% and the boiler an efficiency of 87%. The calorific value
of the fuel is 45 000 kJ/kg. Calculate:
(i) The electrical power produced if the process heating load is being
satisfied. (373 kW)
(ii) The overall efficiency of the plant if after make up and mixing the
condensate returns to the boiler at a temperature of 60
o
C. (74 %)
(iii) The mass of fuel burnt per hour. (281 kg/hour)
(iv) The mass of flash steam per hour lost from the atmospheric drain
tank. (416 kg/hour)

9. Steam is supplied to a 2-stage turbine at a pressure of 40 bar and a temperature of
500
o
C. In the high-pressure stage the steam expands isentropically to a pressure of 3
bar at which pressure 2500 kg/h of steam is extracted for process work. The remainder
being reheated to a temperature of 500
o
C and then expanded isentropically in the low-
pressure turbine to a pressure of 0.06 bar. The by-product power from the plant is
required to be 6000kW.
i. Calculate the steam output of the boiler. (14920 kg/h)
ii. If the process heat exchanger blows down to an atmospheric drain (collecting) tank
Determine the mass of flash steam lost per hour. (159.4 kg/h)
iii. If the flash loss is made up by water at a temperature of 15
o
C, determine the specific
enthalpy of the water leaving the drain tank. (394 kJ/kg)
iv. If the condensate from the condenser, which is at saturation temperature at 0.06 bar, is
pumped to an adiabatic mixing vessel where it mixes with the water pumped from the
drain tank, determine the specific enthalpy of the mixed water, and the heat supplied in
the boiler. (192.5 kJ/kg; 16006 kW)
v. Determine the heat to the process (1502 kW)
vi. Determine the overall efficiency of the plant. (47 %)
vii. Why is the efficiency of this plant higher than that of a Power output only plant?
viii. Sketch this plant.