CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29

Lecture April 29
1
Chapter 11: Sec. 11.2,11.4,11.5
Vapor pressure - partial pressure of a solvent
- Raoults Law
Boiling Point Elevation
Freezing Point Depression
Osmotic Pressure
Colligative Properties
Determination of Molar Mass using
Colligative Properties
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Announcements
2
Hour Exam III Monday, May 6th
SmartWork Chap 11 Due Saturday May 4 8 AM!!!
Review Session Sunday, May 5
4PM CHM1402
Study Guide and Practice Exam posted
FINAL EXAM Monday, May 13 10:30 AM
TYDINGS 0130
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Calculating the Energy Released in
Alpha Decay
3
Alpha Decay (from last lecture)
238
Pu !
234
U +
4
He + energy
energy = 238.0495534 - (234.0409456
+ 4.00260325) = .00600455 amu
E = mc
2
931.5 MeV/amu
Energy for a single decay =5.593 MeV
conversion factor 1 MeV = 1.602 x 10
-13
J
OR 8.690 x 10
-13
J/decay
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Vapor Pressure of Water
4
The pressure of water vapor that is
in equilibrium with the liquid water
at a given temperature
H2O(l) H2O(g)
Vapor pressure as a function
temperature - Fig. 11.7
Boiling point of any liquid is when the
vapor pressure = external pressure
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Phase Diagram for
Water
5
Vapor pressure
1 atm
Intersection is the boiling point
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Temperature Dependence of
Vapor Pressure
6
Vapor Pressure of Water
increases with temperature -
molecules are moving faster so
escape more easily
Relative humidity - amount of
water vapor in the air relative to the
saturation value
Warm saturated air from 0
o
C ! 25
o
C
6.11/31.68 = only 19.3%
relative humidity!
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Colligative Properties
7
Vapor Pressure - Raoults Law
Psolution = Ppure solvent x Xsolvent
vapor pressure of solvent
over the solution
OR "Psolution = Ppure solvent x Xsolute
Vapor pressure lowering:
for a non-volatile solute
Xsolvent =
moles solvent / (moles solvent + moles solute)
Mole Fraction
Only depends on the number of moles of
solute molecules or ions not the identity
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Examples of Raoults Law
8
What is the vapor pressure at 25.0
o
C of a
solution of glucose and water made from
2.00 mol of glucose and 10.00 mol of water?
(Assume that glucose is non-volatile.)
Psolution = Ppure solvent x Xsolvent
Vapor pressure of
pure water at 25
o
C
= 23.76 mm Hg
Xsolvent = 10.00/12.00 = 0.833
Xsolute = 2.00/12.00 = 0.167
Psolution = (23.76) (0.833) = 19.8 mm Hg
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
More Complex Example
9
Practice Problem p. 510
Glycerol (HOCH2CHOH)CH2O2 has a density of 1.25 g/mL.
What is the vapor pressure of a solution made by mixing
275 mL of glycerol with 375 mL of water at the boiling
point of pure water?
Psolution = Ppure solvent x Xsolvent
XH2O = 20.81/24.02 = 0.866
#moles H2O = (1.00g/mL)(375mL)/18.02 = 20.81
#moles glycerol =
(1.25g/mL)(275mL)/107.1 = 3.21
Psolution = (1atm)(0.866) = 0.866 atm
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Colligative Properties - 2
10
Ionic substances dissociate - ideally into the
constituent ions - can use to determine the
degree of dissociation of a compound
vant Ho# factor i = moles of particles in
solution/moles of dissolved solute
NaCl is only i = 1.9 rather than 2 for a
0.05 m solution
Comment: Colligative properties can be used to
determine the degree of dissociation or
concentration
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Phase Diagram of Water
11
new freezing point lower
!
new
boiling
point
$ higher
Also see Fig.
11.17
vapor
pressure
decreased
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Boiling Point Elevation/Freezing
Point Depression
12
"Tb = i Kb x m
"Tf = i Kf x m
elevation or
raising
depression
or lowering
Note: also sensitive to the degree of
dissociation and the vant Ho# factor i
Also see Table 11.4 Text
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Molality
13
molality m = nsolute/kg solvent
What is the molality of a 0.500 M solution of
acetic acid and water if the density of the
solution is 1.0042 g/mL?
Answer:
1) Assume 1 L of solution then you have 0.500 moles of acetic acid
2) Using the density multiply by 1000 to get 1.0042 kg in 1 L of solution
3) Total mass of acetic acid = 0.500 moles (60.05 g/mol) = 30.0 g acetic acid
4) mass of solvent = mass of solution - mass solute
= 1.0042 kg - 0.030 kg = 0.974 kg solvent
5) m = moles acetic acid/kg water = 0.500/.974 = 0.513 m
Must make sure that you subtract the
mass of the solute from the total mass
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Quiz of the Day
14
If the vapor pressure of pure water at 20
o
C
is 17.54 mm Hg, what is the vapor pressure
of a solution of 1.20 kg of ethylene glycol
(62.1 g/mol) and 2.00 kg of water (18.0 g/
mol)?
#moles ethylene glycol = (1.20 x 10
3
)/62.1
= 19.3 mol
#moles H2O = (2.00 x 10
3
)/18.0 = 111.1
xH2O = 111.1/130.4 = 0.852
Vapor pressure = (0.852) x (17.54) = 14.9
mm Hg (OR 14.94 with the "P method)